Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 482-497

  Sheldon, Kennon M ^a   Elliot, Andrew J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SATISFACTION; SELF CONCEPT; SEX DIFFERENCE; TIME;

FEMALE; GOALS; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONAL SATISFACTION; SELF CONCEPT; SEX FACTORS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0033094952     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Allport, G. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
2. Baars, B. J., & McGovern, K. (1996). Cognitive views of consciousness: What are the facts? How can we explain them? In M. Velmans (Ed.), The science of consciousness: Psychological, neurophyiological, and clinical reviews (pp. 63-95). London: Routledge.
3. Bandura, A. (1989). Self-regulation of motivation and action through internal standards and goal systems. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (pp. 19-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
6. Bentler, P. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
7. Blasi, A. (1988). Identity and the development of the self. In D. K. Lapsley and F. C. Power (Eds.), Self, ego, and identity: Integrative approaches (pp. 226-242). New York: Springer-Verlag.
8. Brief, A. P., Butcher, A. H., George, J. M., & Link, K. E. (1993). Integrating bottom-up and top-down theories of subjective well-being: The case of health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 646-653.
9. Brunstein, J. (1993). Personal goals and subjective well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1061-1070.
10. Brunstein, J., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1996). Effects of failure on subsequent performance: The importance of self-defining goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 395-407.
11. Cantor, N., & Blanton, H. (1996). Effortful pursuit of personal goals in daily life. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 338-359). New York: Guilford Press.
12. Carver, C. S., & Baird, E. (1998). The American dream revisited: Is it what you want or why you want it that matters? Psychological Science, 9, 289-292.
13. Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (1990). Origins and function of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review, 97, 19-35.
14. Chaplin, J. P. (1985). Dictionary of psychology. New York: Dell.
15. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1993). The evolving self: A psychology for the third millenium. New York: HarperCollins.
17. deCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior. New York: Academic Press.
18. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
19. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
20. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
21. Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157.
22. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
23. Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Pavot, W. (1990). Happiness is the frequency, not the intensity, of positive versus negative affect. In F. Strack, M. Argyle, and N. Schwarz (Eds.), Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 119-139). New York: Pergamon Press.
24. Elliot, A. J., & Sheldon, K. M. (1997). Avoidance achievement motivation: A personal goals analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 171-185.
25. Elliot, A. J., & Sheldon, K. M. (1998). Avoidance personal goals and the personality-illness relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1282-1299.
26. Elliot, A. J., Sheldon, K. M., & Church, M. (1997). Avoidance personal goals and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 915-927.
27. Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1058-1068.
28. Emmons, R. A. (1989). The personal striving approach to personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (pp. 87-126). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Emmons, R. A. (1992). Abstract vs. concrete goals: Personal striving level, physical illness, and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 292-300.
30. Emmons, R. A. (1996). Striving and feeling: Personal goals and subjective well-being. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 313-337). New York: Guilford Press.
31. Feist, G. J., Bodner, T. E., Jacobs, J. F., Miles, M., & Tan, V. (1995). Integrating top-down and bottom-up structural models of subjective well-being: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 138-150.
32. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1990). Action phases and mind-sets. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 53-92). New York: Guilford Press.
33. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstatter, V. (1997). Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 186-199.
34. Hershberger, W. A. (1988). Psychology as a conative science. American Psychologist, 43, 823-824.
35. Hodgins, H., Koestner, R., & Duncan, N. (1996). On the compatibility of autonomy and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 227-237.
36. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Users reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
37. Judd, C., & Kenny, C. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5, 602-619.
38. Kahneman, D. (1997, May). The cognition of well-being. Keynote address at the annual convention of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.
39. Kanfer, R. (1989). Conative processes, dispositions, and behavior: Connecting the dots within and across paradigms. In R. Kanfer, P. L. Ackerman, & R. Cudeck (Eds.), Abilities, motivation, and methodology: The Minnesota Symposium on Learning and Individual Differences (pp. 375-388). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
40. Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.
41. Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Well-being correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 281-288.
42. Kuhl, J. (1986). Action control: The maintenance of motivational states. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 101-128). New York: Springer.
43. Kuhl, J., Goschke, T., & Kazen-Saad, M. (1994). A theory of self-regulation: Personality, assessment, and experimental analysis. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (pp. 93-124). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe & Huber.
44. Kuhl, J., & Kazen, M. (1994). Self-discrimination and memory: State orientation and false self-ascription of assigned activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1103-1115.
45. Little, B. R. (1993). Personal projects and the distributed self: Aspects of a conative psychology. In J. M. Suls (Ed.), The self in social perspective: Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 4, pp. 157-185). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
47. Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
48. McClelland, D. (1985). Human motivation. Glennville, IL: Scott, Foresman.
49. Omodei, M. M., & Wearing, A. J. (1990). Need satisfaction and involvement in personal projects: Toward an integrative model of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 762-769.
50. Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, R., & Ryan, R. (in press). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
51. Rogers, C. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
52. Ruehlman, L. S., & Wolchik, S. A. (1988). Personal goals and interpersonal support and hindrance as factors in psychological distress and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 293-301.
53. Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63, 397-427.
54. Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749-761.
55. Ryan, R. M., Kuhl, J., & Deci, E. L. (1997). Nature and autonomy: An organizational view of social and neurobiological aspects of self-regulation in behavior and development. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 701-728.
56. Ryan, R. M., Sheldon, K. M., Kasser, T., & Deci, E. L. (1996). All goals were not created equal: An organismic perspective on the nature of goals and their regulation. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 7-26). New York: Guilford Press.
57. Sansone, C., & Harackiewicz, J. (1996). "I don't feel like it": The function of interest in self-regulation. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation (pp. 203-228). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
58. Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1998). Not all personal goals are personal: Comparing autonomous and controlled reasons as predictors of effort and attainment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 546-557.
59. Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531-543.
60. Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1998). Pursuing personal goals: Skills enable progress but not all progress is beneficial. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 546-557.
61. Sheldon, K. M., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). Needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness: An evolutionary perspective. Manuscript in preparation.
62. Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Rawsthorne, L. J., & Ilardi, B. (1997). Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big-Five traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1380-1393.
63. Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., & Reis, H. (1996). What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1270-1279.
64. Sobel, M. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290-312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
65. Tanaka, J. (1987). "How big is big enough?" Sample size and goodness of fit in structural equation models with latent variables. Child Development, 58, 134-146.
66. Vallerand, R. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 271-360). New York: Academic Press.
67. Watson, D., Tellegen, A., & Clark, L. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
68. White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297-333.
69. Williams, G. C., Grow, V. M., Freedman, Z. R., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1996). Motivational predictors of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 115-126.
70. Wood, P. K., & Erickson, D. J. (1998). A note on the estimation of polynomial and interactive effects in latent variables. In R. E. Schumacker and G. A. Marcoulides (Eds.), Interaction and nonlinear effects in structural equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.