The unconscious will: How the pursuit of goals operates outside of conscious awareness

Science

Volumn 329, Issue 5987, 2010, Pages 47-50

  Custers, Ruud ^a   Aarts, Henk ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; DECISION ANALYSIS;

ACHIEVEMENT; AWARENESS; BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE; CHRONOLOGY; COGNITION; CONSCIOUSNESS; COOPERATION; CORPUS STRIATUM; DECISION MAKING; EGO DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENT; GOAL ATTAINMENT; HUMAN; LEARNING; MOTIVATION; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PERCEPTIVE THRESHOLD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; REVIEW; REWARD; SELF CONCEPT; SEMANTIC MEMORY; SOCIAL LIFE;

AWARENESS; BEHAVIOR; CUES; GOALS; HUMANS; INTENTION; MOTIVATION; SUBLIMINAL STIMULATION; UNCONSCIOUS (PSYCHOLOGY); VOLITION;

EID: 77954319558     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: 10959203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1188595     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. B. Libet, C. A. Gleason, E. W. Wright, D. K. Pearl, Brain 106, 623 (1983).
2. J. A. Bargh, P. M. Gollwitzer, A. Lee-Chai, K. Barndollar, R. Trötschel, J. Pen. Soc. Psychol. 81, 1014 (2001).
3. R. Custers, M. Maas, M. Wildenbeest, H. Aarts, Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 38, 1013 (2008).
4. P. Sheeran et al., Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 44, 47 (2005).
5. R. R. Hassin, in The New Unconscious, R. R. Hassin, J. S. Uleman, J. A. Bargh, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2005), pp. 196-224.
6. W. T. Powers, Science 179, 351 (1973).
7. S. Monsell, J. Driver, Eds., Control of Cognitive Processes: Attention and Performance XVIII (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2000).
8. H. M. Gray, K. Gray, D. M. Wegner, Science 315, 619 (2007).
9. J. A. Bargh, Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 36, 147 (2006).
10. R. R. Hassin, J. A. Bargh, S. Zimerman, Soc. Cogn. 27, 20 (2009).
11. A. Miyake et al., Cognit. Psychol. 41, 49 (2000).
12. H. Aarts et al., Soc. Cogn. 23, 465 (2005).
13. A. C. Kay, S. C. Wheeler, J. A. Bargh, L. Ross, Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 95, 83 (2004).
14. H. Aarts, A. Dijksterhuis, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 84, 18 (2003).
15. R. W. Holland, M. Hendriks, H. Aarts, Psychol. Sci. 16, 689 (2005).
16. R. L. Abrams, A. G. Greenwald, Psychol. Sci. 11, 118 (2000).
17. F. Schlaghecken, M. Eimer, Psychon. Bull. Rev. 11, 463 (2004).
18. L. Naccache, S. Dehaene, Cognition 80, 215 (2001).
19. H. C. Lau, R. E. Passingham, J. Neurosci. 27, 5805 (2007).
20. W. Hart, D. Albarradn, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 97, 1129 (2009).
21. E. J. Strahan, S. J. Spencer, M. P. Zanna, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 38, 556 (2002).
22. G. M. Fitzsimons, J. A. Bargh, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 84, 148 (2003).
23. H. Aarts, R. Custers, H. Marien, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 96, 967 (2009).
24. D. M. Wegner, The Illusion of Conscious Will (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002).
25. J. T. Austin, J. B. Vancouver, Psychol. Bull. 120, 338 (1996).
26. P. Fourneret, M. Jeannerod, Neuropsychologia 36, 1133 (1998).
27. C. D. Frith, S. J. Blakemore, D. M. Wolpert, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 355, 1771 (2000).
28. B. Hommel, J. Müsseler, G. Aschersleben, W. Prinz, Behav. Brain Sci. 24, 849, discussion 878 (2001).
29. M. A. Goodale, D. A. Westwood, A. D. Milner, Prog. Brain Res. 144, 131 (2004).
30. W. James, Principles of Psychology (Holt, New York, 1890).
31. M. Chen, J. A. Bargh, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 33, 541 (1997).
32. F. Pulvermüller, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 576 (2005).
33. H. Aarts, A. Dijksterhuis, J. Pers.Soc. Psychol. 78, 53 (2000).
34. R. Custers, H. Aarts, Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 33, 623 (2007).
35. P. M. Gollwitzer, Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 4, 141 (1993).
36. E. L. Deci, R. M. Ryan, Intrinsic Motivation and Selj-Determination in Human Behavior (Plenum, New York, 1985).
37. M. Pessiglione et al., Science 316, 904 (2007).
38. W. Schultz, Annu. Rev. Psychol. 57, 87 (2006).
39. P. Shizgal, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7, 198 (1997).
40. E. Bijleveld, R. Custers, H. Aarts, Psychol. Sci. 20, 1313 (2009).
41. E. Bijleveld, R. Custers, H. Aarts, Cognition 115, 330 (2010).
42. R. Custers, H. Aarts, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 89, 129 (2005).
43. G. Aston-Jones, J. D. Cohen, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28, 403 (2005).
44. A. Dijksterhuis, H. Aarts, Annu. Rev. Psychol. 61, 467 (2010).
45. R. Custers, H. Aarts, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 43, 312 (2007).
46. M. J. Ferguson, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 92, 596 (2007).
47. N. E. Miller, J. Dollard, Social Learning and Imitation (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT, 1941).
48. H. Aarts, R. Custers, H. Marien, Science 319, 1639 (2008).
49. M. Veitkamp, H. Aarts, R. Custers, Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 20, 345 (2009).
50. J. A. Bargh, M. J. Ferguson, Psychol. Bull. 126, 925 (2000).
51. C. Koch, N. Tsuchiya, Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 16 (2007).
52. J. Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Mariner Books, New York, 1976).
53. We thank M. Brass, D. T. Gilbert, T. M. Kenter, W. Stroebe, K. Van den Bos, the Goallab group (www.goallab.nl), and three anonymous reviewers for comments. This work was financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (VENI grant 451-06-014 and VICI grant 453-06-002).