A review of melatonin as a suitable antioxidant against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and clinical heart diseases

Journal of Pineal Research

Volumn 57, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 357-366

  Yang, Yang ^a,b   Sun, Yang ^a   Yi, Wei ^a   Li, Yue ^a   Fan, Chongxi ^c   Xin, Zhenlong ^a   Jiang, Shuai ^a   Di, Shouyin ^c   Qu, Yan ^a   Reiter, Russel J ^d   Yi, Dinghua ^a  

^a FOURTH MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b FOURTH MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c FOURTH MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardioprotection; Clinical heart diseases; Melatonin; Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; JANUS KINASE 2; MELATONIN; NEURONAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; STAT3 PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROTECTION; CYTOLOGY; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; HEART DISEASE; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REPERFUSION INJURY; SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; ANIMAL; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; HUMANS; MELATONIN; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY;

EID: 84919345872     PISSN: 07423098     EISSN: 1600079X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12175     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. YANG Y, DUAN W, LI Y et al. Novel role of silent information regulator 1 in myocardial ischemia. Circulation 2013; 128:2232-2240.
2. RAINS MG, LANEY CA, BAILEY AL et al. Biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly: troponin and beyond. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:1081-1090.
3. CHU LM, LASSALETTA AD, ROBICH MP et al. Effects of red wine and vodka on collateral-dependent perfusion and cardiovascular function in hypercholesterolemic swine. Circulation 2012; 126:S65-S72.
4. ZIEGLER M, ELVERS M, BAUMER Y et al. The bispecific SDF1-GPVI fusion protein preserves myocardial function after transient ischemia in mice. Circulation 2012; 125:685-696.
5. YANG Y, DUAN W, LIN Y et al. SIRT1 activation by curcumin pretreatment attenuates mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:667-679.
6. TAN DX, CHEN LD, POEGGELER B et al. Melatonin: a potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocr J 1993; 1:57-60.
7. GALANO A, TAN DX, REITER RJ. On the free radical scavenging activities of melatonin's metabolites, AFMK and AMK. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:245-257.
8. HARDELAND R. Melatonin and the theories of aging: a critical appraisal of melatonin's role in antiaging mechanisms. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:325-356.
9. TAN DX, MANCHESTER LC, REITER RJ et al. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in the isolated rat heart: prevention by melatonin. J Pineal Res 1998; 25:184-191.
10. TENGATTINI S, REITER RJ, TAN DX et al. Cardiovascular diseases: protective effects of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:16-25.
11. NDUHIRABANDI F, DU TOIT EF, BLACKHURST D et al. Chronic melatonin consumption prevents obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and protects the heart against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in a prediabetic model of diet-induced obesity. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:171-182.
12. SEHIRLI A€ O, KOYUN D, TETIK S et al. Melatonin protects against ischemic heart failure in rats. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:138-148.
13. SEWERYNEK E, REITER RJ, MELCHIORRI D et al. Oxidative damage in the liver induced by ischemia-reperfusion: protection by melatonin. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:898-905.
14. ZAOUALI MA, REITER RJ, PADRISSA-ALTÉS S et al. Melatonin protects steatotic and nonsteatotic liver grafts against cold ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:213-221.
15. KANG JW, LEE SM. Melatonin inhibits type 1 interferon signaling of toll-like receptor 4 via heme oxygenase-1 induction in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. J Pineal Res 2012; 53:67-76.
16. KANG JW, KOH EJ, LEE SM. Melatonin protects liver against ischemia and reperfusion injury through inhibition of toll-like receptor signaling pathway. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:403-411.
17. REITER RJ, TAN DX, LEON J et al. When melatonin gets on your nerves: its beneficial actions in experimental models of stroke. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230:104-117.
18. TAI SH, CHEN HY, LEE EJ et al. Melatonin inhibits postischemic matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation via dual modulation of plasminogen/plasmin system and endogenous MMP inhibitor in mice subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Pineal Res 2010; 49:332-341.
19. KILIC U, YILMAZ B, UGUR M et al. Evidence that membrane-bound G protein-coupled melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 are not involved in the neuroprotective effects of melatonin in focal cerebral ischemia. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:228-235.
20. LI Z, NICKKHOLGH A, YI X et al. Melatonin protects kidney grafts from ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of NF-jB and apoptosis after experimental kidney transplantation. J Pineal Res 2009; 46:365-372.
21. ATES B, YILMAZ I, GECKIL H et al. Protective role of melatonin given either before ischemia or prior to reperfusion on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion damage. J Pineal Res 2004; 37:149-152.
22. YIP HK, CHANG YC, WALLACE CG et al. Melatonin treatment improves adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for acute lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:207-221.
23. KOKSAL M, OGUZ E, BABA F et al. Effects of melatonin on testis histology, oxidative stress and spermatogenesis after experimental testis ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16:582-588.
24. BENOVA T, VICZENCZOVA C, RADOSINSKA J et al. Melatonin attenuates hypertension-related proarrhythmic myocardial maladaptation of connexin-43 and propensity of the heart to lethal arrhythmias. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:633-639.
25. HUNG MW, KRAVTSOV GM, LAU CF et al. Melatonin ameliorates endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and systemic hypertension in rats with chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:247-256.
26. DOMINGUEZ-RODRIGUEZ A, ABREU-GONZALEZ P, REITER RJ. The potential usefulness of serum melatonin level to predict heart failure in patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:415-417.
27. LIU X, CHEN Z, CHUA CC et al. Melatonin as an effective protector against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H254-H263.
28. MUKHERJEE D, GHOSH AK, BANDYOPADHYAY A et al. Melatonin protects against isoproterenol-induced alterations in cardiac mitochondrial energy-metabolizing enzymes, apoptotic proteins, and assists in complete recovery from myocardial injury in rats. J Pineal Res 2012; 53:166-179.
29. HU ZP, FANG XL, FANG N et al. Melatonin ameliorates vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and atherosclerosis by suppressing the TLR4/NF-jB system in highfat-fed rabbits. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:388-398.
30. FAVERO G, RODELLA LF, REITER RJ et al. Melatonin and its atheroprotective effects: a review. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:926-937.
31. DOBSAK P, SIEGELOVA J, EICHER JC et al. Melatonin protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury and inhibits apoptosis in isolated working rat heart. Pathophysiology 2003; 9:179-187.
32. DIEZ ER, RENNA NF, PRADO NJ et al. Melatonin, given at the time of reperfusion, prevents ventricular arrhythmias in isolated hearts from fructose-fed rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:166-173.
33. DOMINGUEZ-RODRIGUEZ A, ABREU-GONZALEZ P, REITER RJ. Clinical aspects of melatonin in the acute coronary syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2009; 7:367-373.
34. SAHNA E, PARLAKPINAR H, TURKOZ Y et al. Protective effects of melatonin on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion induced infarct size and oxidative changes. Physiol Res 2005; 54:491-495.
35. VAZAN R, PANCZA D, BÉDER I et al. Ischemia-reperfusion injury-antiarrhythmic effect of melatonin associated with reduced recovering of contractility. Gen Physiol Biophys 2005; 24:355-359.
36. YANG Y, DUAN W, JIN Z et al. JAK2/STAT3 activation by melatonin attenuates the mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:275-286.
37. SAHACH VF, RUDYK OV, VAVILOVA HL et al. Melatonin recovers ischemic tolerance and decreases the sensitivity of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in the heart of aging rats. Fiziol Zh 2006; 52:3-14.
38. GIACOMO CG, ANTONIO M. Melatonin in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion-induced mitochondrial adaptive changes. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2007; 7:163-169.
39. PETROSILLO G, DI VENOSA N, PISTOLESE M et al. Protective effect of melatonin against mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cardiac ischemia-reperfusion: role of cardiolipin. FASEB J 2006; 20:269-276.
40. PETROSILLO G, COLANTUONO G, MORO N et al. Melatonin protects against heart ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1487-H1493.
41. PETROSILLO G, MORO N, PARADIES V et al. Increased susceptibility to Ca(2+)-induced permeability transition and to cytochrome c release in rat heart mitochondria with aging: effect of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2010; 48:340-346.
42. RODRIGUEZ C, MAYO JC, SAINZ RM et al. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: a significant role for melatonin. J Pineal Res 2004; 36:1-9.
43. REITER RJ, PAREDES SD, MANCHESTER LC et al. Reducing oxidative/nitrosative stress: a newly-discovered genre for melatonin. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 44:175-200.
44. GALANO A, TAN DX, REITER RJ. Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: a physicochemical examination. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:1-16.
45. ZHANG HM, ZHANG Y. Melatonin: a well-documented antioxidant with conditional pro-oxidant actions. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:131-146.
46. REITER RJ, TAN DX, PAREDES SD et al. Beneficial effects of melatonin in cardiovascular disease. Ann Med 2010; 42:276-285.
47. SAHNA E, DENIZ E, BAY-KARABULUT A et al. Melatonin protects myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury in hypertensive rats: role of myeloperoxidase activity. Clin Exp Hypertens 2008; 30:673-681.
48. CHEN ZY, CHUA CC, GAO J et al. Prevention of ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac apoptosis and injury by melatonin is independent of glutathione peroxdiase 1. J Pineal Res 2009; 46:235-241.
49. DIEZ ER, PRADOS LV, CARRIÖN A et al. A novel electrophysiologic effect of melatonin on ischemia/reperfusioninduced arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts. J Pineal Res 2009; 46:155-160.
50. YEUNG HM, HUNG MW, FUNG ML. Melatonin ameliorates calcium homeostasis in myocardial and ischemia-reperfusion injury in chronically hypoxic rats. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:373-382.
51. GENADE S, GENIS A, YTREHUS K et al. Melatonin receptormediated protection against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury: role of its anti-adrenergic actions. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:449-458.
52. BOENGLER K, HILFIKER-KLEINER D, DREXLER H et al. The myocardial JAK/STAT pathway: from protection to failure. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:172-185.
53. BOENGLER K, HILFIKER-KLEINER D, HEUSCH G et al. Inhibition of permeability transition pore opening by mitochondrial STAT3 and its role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol 2010; 105:771-785.
54. MCCORMICK J, BARRY SP, SIVARAJAH A et al. Free radical scavenging inhibits STAT phosphorylation following in vivo ischemia/reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2006; 20:2115-2117.
55. DUAN W, YANG Y, YAN J et al. The effects of curcumin posttreatment against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion by activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:263.
56. HATTORI R, MAULIK N, OTANI H et al. Role of STAT3 in ischemic preconditioning. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33:1929-1936.
57. TIAN Y, ZHANG W, XIA D et al. Postconditioning inhibits myocardial apoptosis during prolonged reperfusion via a JAK2-STAT3-Bcl-2 pathway. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:53.
58. LI Y, ZHU W, TAO J et al. Fasudil protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress and modulating SERCA activity: the differential role for PI3K/Akt and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways. PLoS ONE 2012; 7:e48115.
59. LUAN HF, ZHAO ZB, ZHAO QH et al. Hydrogen sulfide postconditioning protects isolated rat hearts against ischemia and reperfusion injury mediated by the JAK2/STAT3 survival pathway. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:898-905.
60. KAUR C, SIVAKUMAR V, ROBINSON R et al. Neuroprotective effect of melatonin against hypoxia-induced retinal ganglion cell death in neonatal rats. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:190-206.
61. GROSSINI E, MOLINARI C, UBERTI F et al. Intracoronary melatonin increases coronary blood flow and cardiac function through b-adrenoreceptors, MT1/MT2 receptors, and nitric oxide in anesthetized pigs. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:246-257.
62. SLOMINSKI RM, REITER RJ, SCHLABRITZ-LOUTSEVITCH N et al. Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: distribution and functions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:152-166.
63. LAU WW, NG JK, LEE MM et al. Interleukin-6 autocrine signaling mediates melatonin MT(1/2) receptor-induced STAT3 Tyr (705) phosphorylation. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:477-489.
64. WANG Z, LIU D, WANG J et al. Cytoprotective effects of melatonin on astroglial cells subjected to palmitic acid treatment in vitro. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:253-264.
65. PICINATO MC, HIRATA AE, CIPOLLA-NETO J et al. Activation of insulin and IGF-1 signaling pathways by melatonin through MT1 receptor in isolated rat pancreatic islets. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:88-94.
66. BOGDAN C. Nitric oxide and the immune response. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:907-916.
67. MONCADA S, PALMER R, HIGGS E. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43:109-142.
68. PALMER R, FERRIGE A, MONCADA S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987; 327:524-526.
69. MACMICKING J, XIE Q, NATHAN C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15:323-350.
70. HIBBS JB, TAINTOR RR, VAVRIN Z. Macrophage cytotoxicity: role for L-arginine deiminase and imino nitrogen oxidation to nitrite. Science 1987; 235:473-476.
71. GRISHAM MB, JOURD'HEUIL D, WINK DA. Nitric oxid. I. Physiological chemistry of nitric oxide and its metabolites: implications in inflammation. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: G315-G321.
72. MAHAL HS, SHARMA HS, MUKHERJEE T. Anti-oxidant properties of melatonin: a pulse radiolysis study. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:557-565.
73. BLANCHARD B, POMPON D, DUCROQ C. Nitrosation of melatonin by nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. J Pineal Res 2000; 29:184-192.
74. CHOI SI, JOO SS, YOO YM. Melatonin prevents nitric oxideinduced apoptosis by increasing the interaction between 14-3-3 beta and b-Bad in Sk-N-MC cells. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:95-100.
75. ESPOSITO E, IACONO A, MUIÀ C et al. Signal transduction pathways involved in protective effects of melatonin in C6 glioma cells. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:78-87.
76. BUCHWALOW IB, SCHULZE W, KARCZEWSKI P et al. Cellular control of nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in rat cardiomyocytes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6:345-352.
77. BALLIGAND JL. Regulation of cardiac b-adrenergic response by nitric oxide. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 43:607-620.
78. MASSION PB, PELAT M, BELGE C et al. Regulation of the mammalian heart function by nitric oxide. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 142:144-150.
79. WOOLFSON RG, PATEL VC, NEILD GH et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis reduces infarct size by an adenosinedependent mechanism. Circulation 1995; 91:1545-1551.
80. DEPRE C, VANOVERSCHELDE JL, GOUDEMANT JF et al. Protection against ischemic injury by nonvasoactive concentrations of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in the perfused rabbit heart. Circulation 1995; 92:1911-1918.
81. TATSUMI T, TAKEDA M, MANO A et al. The dual effects of nitric oxide inhibitors on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts. Basic Res Cardiol 2003; 98:319-328.
82. LI W, KONG AN. Molecular mechanisms of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:91-104.
83. JUNG KH, HONG SW, ZHENG HM et al. Melatonin ameliorates cerulein-induced pancreatitis by the modulation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappaB in rats. J Pineal Res 2010; 48:239-250.
84. CRESPO I, MIGUEL BS, LALIENA A et al. Melatonin prevents the decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes and activates nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling in an animal model of fulminant hepatic failure of viral origin. J Pineal Res 2010; 49:193-200.
85. DWIVEDI S, NAGARAJAN R, HANIF K et al. Standardized extract of bacopa monniera attenuates okadaic acid induced memory dysfunction in rats: effect on Nrf2 pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013:294501.
86. KILIC U, KILIC E, TUZCU Z et al. Melatonin suppresses cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via activation of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:7.
87. WANG Z, MA C, MENG CJ et al. Melatonin activates the Nrf2-ARE pathway when it protects against early brain injury in a subarachnoid hemorrhage model. J Pineal Res 2012; 53:129-137.
88. GIUDICE A, ARRA C, TURCO MC. Review of molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway by chemopreventive agents. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 647:37-74.
89. APARICIO-SOTO M, ALARCÖN-DE-LA-LASTRA C, CÀRDENO A et al. Melatonin modulates microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 and nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2-regulated antioxidant enzyme expressions in LPS-induced murine peritoneal macrophages. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:134-144.
90. FAN W, HUANG F, ZHU X et al. The heme oxygenase system and oral diseases. Oral Dis 2011; 17:252-257.
91. ZHU X, FAN WG, LI DP et al. Heme oxygenase-1 system and gastrointestinal inflammation: a short review. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4283-4288.
92. BAE GS, KIM MS, PARK KC et al. Effect of biologically active fraction of Nardostachys jatamansi on ceruleininduced acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3223-3234.
93. TAO RR, HUANG JY, SHAO XJ et al. Ischemic injury promotes Keap1 nitration and disturbance of antioxidative responses in endothelial cells: a potential vasoprotective effect of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:271-281.
94. LEONARD MO, KIERAN NE, HOWELL K et al. Reoxygenation-specific activation of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 mediates cytoprotective gene expression in ischemia-reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2006; 20:2624-2626.
95. HAGHJOOY JAVANMARD S, ZIAEI A, ZIAEI S et al. The effect of preoperative melatonin on nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013; 2013:676829.
96. CIOSEK J, DROBNIK J. Function of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats with myocardial infarction is modified by melatonin. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1442-1454.
97. HUBER M, TRESZL A, REIBIS R et al. Genetics of melatonin receptor type 2 is associated with left ventricular function in hypertensive patients treated according to guidelines. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24:650-655.
98. LEE YM, CHEN HR, HSIAO G et al. Protective effects of melatonin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. J Pineal Res 2002; 33:72-80.
99. SAMIMI-FARD S, ABREU-GONZALEZ P, DOMINGUEZ-RODRIGUEZ A et al. A case-control study of melatonin receptor type 1A polymorphism and acute myocardial infarction in a Spanish population. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:400-404.
100. DOMINGUEZ-RODRIGUEZ A, ABREU-GONZÀLEZ P, GARCIA MJ et al. Decreased nocturnal melatonin levels during acute myocardial infarction. J Pineal Res 2002; 33:248-252.
101. DOMINGUEZ-RODRIGUEZ A, ABREU-GONZALEZ P, GARCIAGONZALEZ MJ et al. Association of ischemia-modified albumin and melatonin in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2008; 199:73-78.
102. DOMINGUEZ-RODRIGUEZ A, ABREU-GONZALEZ P. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: possible role of melatonin. World J Cardiol 2010; 2:233-236.
103. DOMINGUEZ-RODRIGUEZ A, ABREU-GONZALEZ P, AVANZAS P. The role of melatonin in acute myocardial infarction. Front Biosci 2012; 17:2433-2441.
104. RODELLA LF, FAVERO G, FOGLIO E et al. Vascular endothelial cells and dysfunctions: role of melatonin. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2013; 5:119-129.
105. REZZANI R, FAVERO G, STACCHIOTTI A et al. Endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction mediated by cyclophylin A and the atheroprotective effects of melatonin. Life Sci 2013; 92:875-882.
106. SAHNA E, DENIZ E, AKSULU HE. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and melatonin. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2006; 6:163-168.
107. ZASLAVSKAIA RM, SHCHERBAN' EA, LILITSA GV et al. Melatonin in the combined treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Klin Med (Mosk) 2010; 88:26-30.
108. GUO XY, LUO AL, REN HZ et al. Perioperative melatonin secretion rhyme in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2003; 25:594-598.
109. SOKULLU O, SANIOGLU S, KURC E et al. Does the circadian rhythm of melatonin affect ischemia-reperfusion injury after coronary artery bypass grafting? Heart Surg Forum 2009; 12:E95-E99.
110. EWER MS, SWAIN SM, CARDINALE D et al. Cardiac dysfunction after cancer treatment. Tex Heart Inst J 2011; 38:248-252.
111. SCHLITT A, JORDAN K, VORDERMARK D et al. Cardiotoxicity and oncological treatments. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2014; 111:161-168.
112. ZHANG Y, LI L, XIANG C et al. Protective effect of melatonin against Adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1496-1500.
113. SANCHEZ-BARCELO EJ, MEDIAVILLA MD, ALONSO-GONZALEZ C et al. Melatonin uses in oncology: breast cancer prevention and reduction of the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:819-831.
114. LOCHNER A, HUISAMEN B, NDUHIRABANDI F. Cardioprotective effect of melatonin against ischaemia/reperfusion damage. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2013; 5:305-315.
115. BENOT S, GOBERNA R, REITER RJ et al. Physiological levels of melatonin contribute to the antioxidant capacity of human serum. J Pineal Res 1999; 27:59-64.
116. GENADE S, YTREHUS K, LOCHNER A. Melatonin prevents cardioprotection induced by a multi-cycle ischaemic preconditioning protocol in the isolated perfused rat heart. Cardiovasc J S Afr 2006; 17:239-244.
117. NORLUND JJ, LERNER AB. The effects of melatonin on skin color and on the release of pituitary hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977; 45:768-774.
118. SEABRA MDLV, BIGNOTTO M, PINTO LR Jr et al. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial, controlled with placebo, of the toxicology of chronic melatonin treatment. J Pineal Res 2000; 29:193-200.
119. JAN JE, HAMILTON D, SEWARD N et al. Clinical trials of controlled-released melatonin in children with sleep-wake cycle disorders. J Pineal Res 2000; 29:34-39.
120. JAHNKE G, MARR M, MYERS R et al. Maternal and developmental toxicity evaluation of melatonin administration orally to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 1999; 50:271-279.
121. CHEUNG RTF, TIPOE GL, TAM S et al. Preclinical evaluation of pharmacokinetics and safety of melatonin in propylene glycol for intravenous administration. J Pineal Res 2006; 41:337-343.
122. MORERA AL, HENRY M, de LA VARGA M. Safety in melatonin use. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2001; 29:334-337.