The molecular biology of mycobacterial trehalose in the quest for advanced tuberculosis therapies

Microbiology (United Kingdom)

Volumn 160, Issue PART 8, 2014, Pages 1547-1570

  Nobre, Ana ^a   Alarico, Susana ^a   Maranha, Ana ^a   Mendes, Vitor ^a,b   Empadinhas, Nuno ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENT; BACTERIAL ENZYME; GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE; GLYCOLIPID; GLYCOSIDASE; IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; MALTOOLIGOSYLTREHALOSE SYNTHASE; MALTOOLIGOSYLTREHALOSE TREHALOHYDROLASE; OTSA ENZYME; OTSB ENZYME; TREHALOSE; TREHALOSE CONTAINING GLYCOLIPID; TREHALOSE GLYCOSYLTRANSFERRING SYNTHASE; TREHALOSE PHOSPHORYLASE; TREHALOSE SYNTHASE; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS; CATABOLISM; CELL NUCLEUS MEMBRANE; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MYCOBACTERIUM; MYCOBACTERIUM ABSCESSUS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECYCLING; REVIEW; TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL;

EID: 84905216311     PISSN: 13500872     EISSN: 14652080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075895-0     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Alarico, S., Empadinhas, N., Mingote, A., Simões, C., Santos, M. S. & da Costa, M. S. (2007). Mannosylglycerate is essential for osmotic adjustment in Thermus thermophilus strains HB27 and RQ-1. Extremophiles 11, 833-840.
2. Alarico, S., da Costa, M. S. & Empadinhas, N. (2008). Molecular and physiological role of the trehalose-hydrolyzing alpha-glucosidase from Thermus thermophilus HB27. J Bacteriol 190, 2298-2305.
3. Alarico, S., Empadinhas, N. & da Costa, M. S. (2013). A new bacterial hydrolase specific for the compatible solutes a-D-mannopyranosyl-(1A2)-D-glycerate and a-D-glucopyranosyl-(1A2)-D-glycerate. Enzyme Microb Technol 52, 77-83.
4. Alibaud, L., Pawelczyk, J., Gannoun-Zaki, L., Singh, V. K., Rombouts, Y., Drancourt, M., Dziadek, J., Guérardel, Y. & Kremer, L. (2014). Increased phagocytosis of Mycobacterium marinum mutants defective in lipooligosaccharide production: a structure-activity relationship study. J Biol Chem 289, 215-228.
5. Andersen, C. S., Agger, E. M., Rosenkrands, I., Gomes, J. M., Bhowruth, V., Gibson, K. J., Petersen, R. V., Minnikin, D. E., Besra, G. S. & Andersen, P. (2009). A simple mycobacterial monomycolated glycerol lipid has potent immunostimulatory activity. J Immunol 182, 424-432.
6. Anderson, D. H., Harth, G., Horwitz, M. A. & Eisenberg, D. (2001). An interfacial mechanism and a class of inhibitors inferred from two crystal structures of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 30 kDa major secretory protein (antigen 85B), a mycolyl transferase. J Mol Biol 307, 671-681.
7. Armitige, L. Y., Jagannath, C., Wanger, A. R. & Norris, S. J. (2000). Disruption of the genes encoding antigen 85A and antigen 85B of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: effect on growth in culture and in macrophages. Infect Immun 68, 767-778.
8. Azad, G. K., Singh, V., Mandal, P., Singh, P., Golla, U., Baranwal, S., Chauhan, S. & Tomar, R. S. (2014). Ebselen induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)- ediated cytotoxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase being a target. FEBS Open Bio 4, 77-89.
9. Backus, K. M., Boshoff, H. I., Barry, C. S., Boutureira, O., Patel, M. K., D'Hooge, F., Lee, S. S., Via, L. E., Tahlan, K. & other authors (2011). Uptake of unnatural trehalose analogs as a reporter for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Chem Biol 7, 228-235.
10. Barry, C. S., Backus, K. M., Barry, C. E., III & Davis, B. G. (2011). ESI-MS assay of M. tuberculosis cell wall antigen 85 enzymes permits substrate profiling and design of a mechanism-based inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 133, 13232-13235.
11. Belisle, J. T. & Brennan, P. J. (1989). Chemical basis of rough and smooth variation in mycobacteria. J Bacteriol 171, 3465-3470.
12. Belisle, J. T., Vissa, V. D., Sievert, T., Takayama, K., Brennan, P. J. & Besra, G. S. (1997). Role of the major antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cell wall biogenesis. Science 276, 1420-1422.
13. Berthelot, M. (1858). Sur le trehalose, nouvelle espéce de sucre. Compt Rend Hebd Seanc Acad Sci, Paris 46, 1276-1279.
14. Besra, G. S., McNeil, M. R., Khoo, K. H., Dell, A., Morris, H. R. & Brennan, P. J. (1993). Trehalose-containing lipooligosaccharides of Mycobacterium gordonae: presence of a mono-O-methyltetra-O-acyltrehalose "core" and branching in the oligosaccharide backbone. Biochemistry 32, 12705-12714.
15. Besra, G. S., Khoo, K. H., Belisle, J. T., McNeil, M. R., Morris, H. R., Dell, A. & Brennan, P. J. (1994). New pyruvylated, glycosylated acyltrehaloses from Mycobacterium smegmatis strains, and their implications for phage resistance in mycobacteria. Carbohydr Res 251, 99-114.
16. Bhatt, K., Gurcha, S. S., Bhatt, A., Besra, G. S. & Jacobs, W. R., Jr (2007). Two polyketide-synthase-associated acyltransferases are required for sulfolipid biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiology 153, 513-520.
17. Biava, M., Porretta, G. C. & Manetti, F. (2007). New derivatives of BM212: a class of antimycobacterial compounds based on the pyrrole ring as a scaffold. Mini Rev Med Chem 7, 65-78.
18. Billi, D. & Potts, M. (2002). Life and death of dried prokaryotes. Res Microbiol 153, 7-12.
19. Bloch, H., Sorkin, E. & Erlenmeyer, H. (1953). A toxic lipid component of the tubercle bacillus (cord factor). I. Isolation from petroleum ether extracts of young bacterial cultures. Am Rev Tuberc 67, 629-643.
20. Brennan, P. J. (1989). Structure of mycobacteria: recent developments in defining cell wall carbohydrates and proteins. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl. 2), S420-S430.
21. Burguiére, A., Hitchen, P. G., Dover, L. G., Kremer, L., Ridell, M., Alexander, D. C., Liu, J., Morris, H. R., Minnikin, D. E. & other authors (2005). LosA, a key glycosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of a novel family of glycosylated acyltrehalose lipooligosaccharides from Mycobacterium marinum. J Biol Chem 280, 42124-42133.
22. Cambier, C. J., Takaki, K. K., Larson, R. P., Hernandez, R. E., Tobin, D. M., Urdahl, K. B., Cosma, C. L. & Ramakrishnan, L. (2014). Mycobacteria manipulate macrophage recruitment through coordinated use of membrane lipids. Nature 505, 218-222.
23. Caner, S., Nguyen, N., Aguda, A., Zhang, R., Pan, Y. T., Withers, S. G. & Brayer, G. D. (2013). The structure of the Mycobacterium smegmatis trehalose synthase reveals an unusual active site configuration and acarbose-binding mode. Glycobiology 23, 1075-1083.
24. Cardoso, F. S., Castro, R. F., Borges, N. & Santos, H. (2007). Biochemical and genetic characterization of the pathways for trehalose metabolism in Propionibacterium freudenreichii, and their role in stress response. Microbiology 153, 270-280.
25. Carroll, J. D., Pastuszak, I., Edavana, V. K., Pan, Y. T. & Elbein, A. D. (2007). A novel trehalase from Mycobacterium smegmatis - purification, properties, requirements. FEBS J 274, 1701-1714.
26. Chandra, G., Chater, K. F. & Bornemann, S. (2011). Unexpected and widespread connections between bacterial glycogen and trehalose metabolism. Microbiology 157, 1565-1572.
27. Chen, W., Biswas, T., Porter, V. R., Tsodikov, O. V. & Garneau-Tsodikova, S. (2011). Unusual regioversatility of acetyltransferase Eis, a cause of drug resistance in XDR-TB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108, 9804-9808.
28. Converse, S. E., Mougous, J. D., Leavell, M. D., Leary, J. A., Bertozzi, C. R. & Cox, J. S. (2003). MmpL8 is required for sulfolipid-1 biosynthesis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100, 6121-6126.
29. Crowe, J. H., Hoekstra, F. A. & Crowe, L. M. (1992). Anhydrobiosis. Annu Rev Physiol 54, 579-599.
30. Cruz-Hervert, L. P., García-García, L., Ferreyra-Reyes, L., Bobadilla-del-Valle, M., Cano-Arellano, B., Canizales-Quintero, S., Ferreira-Guerrero, E., Báez-Saldaña, R., Téllez-Vá zquez, N. & other authors (2012). Tuberculosis in ageing: high rates, complex diagnosis and poor clinical outcomes. Age Ageing 41, 488-495.
31. Daffe, M., McNeil, M. & Brennan, P. J. (1991). Novel type-specific lipooligosaccharides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 30, 378-388.
32. De Smet, K. A., Weston, A., Brown, I. N., Young, D. B. & Robertson, B. D. (2000). Three pathways for trehalose biosynthesis in myco- bacteria. Microbiology 146, 199-208.
33. Deidda, D., Lampis, G., Fioravanti, R., Biava, M., Porretta, G. C., Zanetti, S. & Pompei, R. (1998). Bactericidal activities of the pyrrole derivative BM212 against multidrug-resistant and intramacrophagic Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42, 3035-3037.
34. Devulder, G., Pérouse de Montclos, M. & Flandrois, J. P. (2005). A multigene approach to phylogenetic analysis using the genus Mycobacterium as a model. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 293-302.
35. Dhiman, R. K., Dinadayala, P., Ryan, G. J., Lenaerts, A. J., Schenkel, A. R. & Crick, D. C. (2011). Lipoarabinomannan localization and abundance during growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 193, 5802-5809.
36. Dias, M. V., Snee, W. C., Bromfield, K. M., Payne, R. J., Palaninathan, S. K., Ciulli, A., Howard, N. I., Abell, C., Sacchettini, J. C. & Blundell, T. L. (2011). Structural investigation of inhibitor designs targeting 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase from the shikimate pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochem J 436, 729-739.
37. Djonović, S., Urbach, J. M., Drenkard, E., Bush, J., Feinbaum, R., Ausubel, J. L., Traficante, D., Risech, M., Kocks, C. & other authors (2013). Trehalose biosynthesis promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity in plants. PLoS Pathog 9, e1003217.
38. Doherty, T. M. (2012). Immunotherapy for TB. Immunotherapy 4, 629-647.
39. Domenech, P., Reed, M. B. & Barry, C. E., III (2005). Contribution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL protein family to virulence and drug resistance. Infect Immun 73, 3492-3501.
40. Dubey, V. S., Sirakova, T. D. & Kolattukudy, P. E. (2002). Disruption of msl3 abolishes the synthesis of mycolipanoic and mycolipenic acids required for polyacyltrehalose synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and causes cell aggregation. Mol Microbiol 45, 1451-1459.
41. Edavana, V. K., Pastuszak, I., Carroll, J. D., Thampi, P., Abraham, E. C. & Elbein, A. D. (2004). Cloning and expression of the trehalose-phosphate phosphatase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: comparison to the enzyme from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Arch Biochem Biophys 426, 250-257.
42. Ehrt, S. & Schnappinger, D. (2009). Mycobacterial survival strategies in the phagosome: defence against host stresses. Cell Microbiol 11, 1170-1178.
43. Eis, C., Watkins, M., Prohaska, T. & Nidetzky, B. (2001). Fungal trehalose phosphorylase: kinetic mechanism, pH-dependence of the reaction and some structural properties of the enzyme from Schizophyllum commune. Biochem J 356, 757-767.
44. Elbein, A. D. & Mitchell, M. (1974). Effects of polyanions and polycations on the trehalose phosphate synthetase of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Carbohydr Res 37, 223-238.
45. Elbein, A. D., Pan, Y. T., Pastuszak, I. & Carroll, D. (2003). New insights on trehalose: a multifunctional molecule. Glycobiology 13, 17R-27R.
46. Elbein, A. D., Pastuszak, I., Tackett, A. J., Wilson, T. & Pan, Y. T. (2010). Last step in the conversion of trehalose to glycogen: a mycobacterial enzyme that transfers maltose from maltose 1-phosphate to glycogen. J Biol Chem 285, 9803-9812.
47. Etienne, G., Malaga, W., Laval, F., Lemassu, A., Guilhot, C. & Daffé, M. (2009). Identification of the polyketide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of the surface-exposed lipooligosaccharides in mycobac-teria. J Bacteriol 191, 2613-2621.
48. Falkinham, J. O., III (2009). Surrounded by mycobacteria: non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the human environment. J Appl Microbiol 107, 356-367.
49. Favrot, L. & Ronning, D. R. (2012). Targeting the mycobacterial envelope for tuberculosis drug development. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10, 1023-1036.
50. Favrot, L., Grzegorzewicz, A. E., Lajiness, D. H., Marvin, R. K., Boucau, J., Isailovic, D., Jackson, M. & Ronning, D. R. (2013). Mechanism of inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85 by ebselen. Nat Commun 4, 2748.
51. Fitzpatrick, D. A. (2009). Lines of evidence for horizontal gene transfer of a phenazine producing operon into multiple bacterial species. J Mol Evol 68, 171-185.
52. Flynn, J. L. & Chan, J. (2005). What's good for the host is good for the bug. Trends Microbiol 13, 98-102.
53. Freeman, B. C., Chen, C. & Beattie, G. A. (2010). Identification of the trehalose biosynthetic loci of Pseudomonas syringae and their contribution to fitness in the phyllosphere. Environ Microbiol 12, 1486-1497.
54. Fujita, Y., Naka, T., McNeil, M. R. & Yano, I. (2005). Intact molecular characterization of cord factor (trehalose 6,69-dimycolate) from nine species of mycobacteria by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Microbiology 151, 3403-3416.
55. Furukawa, A., Kamishikiryo, J., Mori, D., Toyonaga, K., Okabe, Y., Toji, A., Kanda, R., Miyake, Y., Ose, T. & other authors (2013). Structural analysis for glycolipid recognition by the C-type lectins Mincle and MCL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110, 17438-17443.
56. Geerdink, D. & Minnaard, A. J. (2014). Total synthesis of sulfolipid-1. Chem Commun (Camb) 50, 2286-2288.
57. Gilmore, S. A., Schelle, M. W., Holsclaw, C. M., Leigh, C. D., Jain, M., Cox, J. S., Leary, J. A. & Bertozzi, C. R. (2012). Sulfolipid-1 biosynthesis restricts Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in human macrophages. ACS Chem Biol 7, 863-870.
58. Glickman, M. S. (2008). Cording, cord factors, and trehalose dimycolate. In The Mycobacterial Cell Envelope, pp. 63-73. Edited by M. Daffé& J. M. Reyrat. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
59. Gobec, S., Plantan, I., Mravljak, J., Svajger, U., Wilson, R. A., Besra, G. S., Soares, S. L., Appelberg, R. & Kikelj, D. (2007). Design, synthesis, biochemical evaluation and antimycobacterial action of phosphonate inhibitors of antigen 85C, a cucial enzyme involved in biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall. Eur J Med Chem 42, 54-63.
60. Griffin, J. E., Gawronski, J. D., Dejesus, M. A., Ioerger, T. R., Akerley, B. J. & Sassetti, C. M. (2011). High-resolution phenotypic profiling defines genes essential for mycobacterial growth and cholesterol catabolism. PLoS Pathog 7, e1002251.
61. Grzegorzewicz, A. E., Pham, H., Gundi, V. A., Scherman, M. S., North, E. J., Hess, T., Jones, V., Gruppo, V., Born, S. E. & other authors (2012). Inhibition of mycolic acid transport across the Mycobacterium tuberculosis plasma membrane. Nat Chem Biol 8, 334-341.
62. Guenin-Macé, L., Siméone, R. & Demangel, C. (2009). Lipids of pathogenic mycobacteria: contributions to virulence and host immune suppression. Transbound Emerg Dis 56, 255-268.
63. Guiard, J., Collmann, A., Garcia-Alles, L. F., Mourey, L., Brando, T., Mori, L., Gilleron, M., Prandi, J., De Libero, G. & Puzo, G. (2009). Fatty acyl structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sulfoglycolipid govern T cell response. J Immunol 182, 7030-7037.
64. Harland, C. W., Rabuka, D., Bertozzi, C. R. & Parthasarathy, R. (2008). The Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factor trehalose dimycolate imparts desiccation resistance to model mycobacterial membranes. Biophys J 94, 4718-4724.
65. Harth, G., Zamecnik, P. C., Tabatadze, D., Pierson, K. & Horwitz, M. A. (2007). Hairpin extensions enhance the efficacy of mycolyl transfer-ase-specific antisense oligonucleotides targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104, 7199-7204.
66. Hartkoorn, R. C., Pojer, F., Read, J. A., Gingell, H., Neres, J., Horlacher, O. P., Altmann, K. H. & Cole, S. T. (2014). Pyridomycin bridges the NADH- and substrate-binding pockets of the enoyl reductase InhA. Nat Chem Biol 10, 96-98.
67. Hatzios, S. K., Schelle, M. W., Holsclaw, C. M., Behrens, C. R., Botyanszki, Z., Lin, F. L., Carlson, B. L., Kumar, P., Leary, J. A. & Bertozzi, C. R. (2009). PapA3 is an acyltransferase required for polyacyltrehalose biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 284, 12745-12751.
68. Hegde, S. S., Vetting, M. W., Roderick, S. L., Mitchenall, L. A., Maxwell, A., Takiff, H. E. & Blanchard, J. S. (2005). A fluoroquinolone resistance protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mimics DNA. Science 308, 1480-1483.
69. Hoefsloot, W., van Ingen, J., Andrejak, C., Angeby, K., Bauriaud, R., Bemer, P., Beylis, N., Boeree, M. J., Cacho, J. & other authors (2013). The geographic diversity of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from pulmonary samples: an NTM-NET collaborative study. Eur Respir J 42, 1604-1613.
70. Hunter, S. W., Murphy, R. C., Clay, K., Goren, M. B. & Brennan, P. J. (1983). Trehalose-containing lipooligosaccharides. A new class of species-specific antigens from Mycobacterium. J Biol Chem 258, 10481-10487.
71. Ibrahim, D. A., Boucau, J., Lajiness, D. H., Veleti, S. K., Trabbic, K. R., Adams, S. S., Ronning, D. R. & Sucheck, S. J. (2012). Design, synthesis, and X-ray analysis of a glycoconjugate bound to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85C. Bioconjug Chem 23, 2403- 2416.
72. Ishikawa, E., Ishikawa, T., Morita, Y. S., Toyonaga, K., Yamada, H., Takeuchi, O., Kinoshita, T., Akira, S., Yoshikai, Y. & Yamasaki, S. (2009). Direct recognition of the mycobacterial glycolipid, trehalose dimycolate, by C-type lectin Mincle. J Exp Med 206, 2879-2888.
73. Iturriaga, G., Suá rez, R. & Nova-Franco, B. (2009). Trehalose metabolism: from osmoprotection to signaling. Int J Mol Sci 10, 3793-3810.
74. Jackson, M., Raynaud, C., Lanéelle, M. A., Guilhot, C., Laurent-Winter, C., Ensergueix, D., Gicquel, B. & Daffé, M. (1999). Inactivation of the antigen 85C gene profoundly affects the mycolate content and alters the permeability of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope. Mol Microbiol 31, 1573-1587.
75. Jackson, M., Stadthagen, G. & Gicquel, B. (2007). Long-chain multiple methyl-branched fatty acid-containing lipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: biosynthesis, transport, regulation and biological activities. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 87, 78-86.
76. Jackson, M., McNeil, M. R. & Brennan, P. J. (2013). Progress in targeting cell envelope biogenesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 8, 855-875.
77. Jankute, M., Grover, S., Rana, A. K. & Besra, G. S. (2012). Arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis: structure, biogenesis and their potential as drug targets. Future Microbiol 7, 129-147.
78. Julián, E., Roldán, M., Sánchez-Chardi, A., Astola, O., Agustí, G. & Luquin, M. (2010). Microscopic cords, a virulence-related characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are also present in nonpathogenic mycobacteria. J Bacteriol 192, 1751-1760.
79. Kalscheuer, R., Syson, K., Veeraraghavan, U., Weinrick, B., Biermann, K. E., Liu, Z., Sacchettini, J. C., Besra, G., Bornemann, S. & Jacobs, W. R., Jr (2010a). Self-poisoning of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting GlgE in an alpha-glucan pathway. Nat Chem Biol 6, 376-384.
80. Kalscheuer, R., Weinrick, B., Veeraraghavan, U., Besra, G. S. & Jacobs, W. R., Jr (2010b). Trehalose-recycling ABC transporter LpqY-SugA-SugB-SugC is essential for virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107, 21761-21766.
81. Kandror, O., DeLeon, A. & Goldberg, A. L. (2002). Trehalose synthesis is induced upon exposure of Escherichia coli to cold and is essential for viability at low temperatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 9727- 9732.
82. Kaur, D., Guerin, M. E., Skovierová, H., Brennan, P. J. & Jackson, M. (2009). Chapter 2. Biogenesis of the cell wall and other glycoconju-gates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Adv Appl Microbiol 69, 23-78.
83. Khan, A. A., Kamena, F., Timmer, M. S. & Stocker, B. L. (2013). Development of a benzophenone and alkyne functionalised trehalose probe to study trehalose dimycolate binding proteins. Org Biomol Chem 11, 881-885.
84. Klotzsche, M., Ehrt, S. & Schnappinger, D. (2009). Improved tetracycline repressors for gene silencing in mycobacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 37, 1778-1788.
85. Koester, D. C., Awan, S. I. & Werz, D. B. (2011). Hot on the trail of trehalose: a carbohydrate-based method for imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ChemioCchem 12, 1975-1977.
86. Korf, J., Stoltz, A., Verschoor, J., De Baetselier, P. & Grooten, J. (2005). The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall component mycolic acid elicits pathogen-associated host innate immune responses. Eur J Immunol 35, 890-900.
87. Kumar, P., Schelle, M. W., Jain, M., Lin, F. L., Petzold, C. J., Leavell, M. D., Leary, J. A., Cox, J. S. & Bertozzi, C. R. (2007). PapA1 and PapA2 are acyltransferases essential for the biosynthesis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factor sulfolipid-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104, 11221-11226.
88. La Rosa, V., Poce, G., Canseco, J. O., Buroni, S., Pasca, M. R., Biava, M., Raju, R. M., Porretta, G. C., Alfonso, S. & other authors (2012). MmpL3 is the cellular target of the antitubercular pyrrole derivative BM212. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56, 324-331.
89. Lang, R. (2013). Recognition of the mycobacterial cord factor by Mincle: relevance for granuloma formation and resistance to tuberculosis. Front Immunol 4, 5.
90. Lee, J. H., Lee, K. H., Kim, C. G., Lee, S. Y., Kim, G. J., Park, Y. H. & Chung, S. O. (2005). Cloning and expression of a trehalose synthase from Pseudomonas stutzeri CJ38 in Escherichia coli for the production of trehalose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68, 213-219.
91. Lee, J., Repasy, T., Papavinasasundaram, K., Sassetti, C. & Kornfeld, H. (2011). Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces an atypical cell death mode to escape from infected macrophages. PLoS ONE 6, e18367.
92. Lee, J., Lin, E. W., Lau, U. Y., Hedrick, J. L., Bat, E. & Maynard, H. D. (2013). Trehalose glycopolymers as excipients for protein stabilization. Biomacromolecules 14, 2561-2569.
93. Legendre, D. P., Muzny, C. A. & Swiatlo, E. (2012). Hansen's disease (leprosy): current and future pharmacotherapy and treatment of disease-related immunologic reactions. Pharmacotherapy 32, 27-37.
94. Lew, J. M., Kapopoulou, A., Jones, L. M. & Cole, S. T. (2011). TubercuList-10 years after. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 91, 1-7.
95. Li, K., Schurig-Briccio, L. A., Feng, X., Upadhyay, A., Pujari, V., Lechartier, B., Fontes, F. L., Yang, H., Rao, G. & other authors (2014). Multitarget drug discovery for tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. J Med Chem 57, 3126-3139.
96. Liebl, M., Nelius, V., Kamp, G., Ando, O. & Wegener, G. (2010). Fate and effects of the trehalase inhibitor trehazolin in the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria). J Insect Physiol 56, 567-574.
97. 2+ signaling pathway and caspase activity. PLoS ONE 6, e15808.
98. Lun, S., Guo, H., Onajole, O. K., Pieroni, M., Gunosewoyo, H., Chen, G., Tipparaju, S. K., Ammerman, N. C., Kozikowski, A. P. & Bishai, W. R. (2013). Indoleamides are active against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 4, 2907.
99. Marrakchi, H., Lanéelle, M. A. & Daffé, M. (2014). Mycolic acids: structures, biosynthesis, and beyond. Chem Biol 21, 67-85.
100. Matsunaga, I., Naka, T., Talekar, R. S., McConnell, M. J., Katoh, K., Nakao, H., Otsuka, A., Behar, S. M., Yano, I. & other authors (2008). Mycolyltransferase-mediated glycolipid exchange in mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 283, 28835-28841.
101. Mendes, V., Maranha, A., Lamosa, P., da Costa, M. S. & Empadinhas, N. (2010). Biochemical characterization of the maltokinase from Mycobacterium bovis BCG. BMC Biochem 11, 21.
102. Miah, F., Koliwer-Brandl, H., Rejzek, M., Field, R. A., Kalscheuer, R. & Bornemann, S. (2013). Flux through trehalose synthase flows from trehalose to the alpha anomer of maltose in mycobacteria. Chem Biol 20, 487-493.
103. Middlebrook, G., Coleman, C. M. & Schaefer, W. B. (1959). Sulfolipid from virulent tubercle bacilli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 45, 1801-1804.
104. Migliardo, F., Salmeron, C. & Bayan, N. (2014). Mobility and temperature resistance of trehalose mycolates as key characteristics of the outer membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn [Epub ahead of print].
105. Miller, C. D., Hall, K., Liang, Y. N., Nieman, K., Sorensen, D., Issa, B., Anderson, A. J. & Sims, R. C. (2004). Isolation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading Mycobacterium isolates from soil. Microb Ecol 48, 230-238.
106. Minnikin, D. E., Kremer, L., Dover, L. G. & Besra, G. S. (2002). The methyl-branched fortifications of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Biol 9, 545-553.
107. Mishra, A. K., Driessen, N. N., Appelmelk, B. J. & Besra, G. S. (2011). Lipoarabinomannan and related glycoconjugates: structure, biogenesis and role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis physiology and host-pathogen interaction. FEMS Microbiol Rev 35, 1126-1157.
108. Miyake, Y., Toyonaga, K., Mori, D., Kakuta, S., Hoshino, Y., Oyamada, A., Yamada, H., Ono, K., Suyama, M. & other authors (2013). C-type lectin MCL is an FcRc-coupled receptor that mediates the adjuvanticity of mycobacterial cord factor. Immunity 38, 1050-1062.
109. Morbidoni, H. R., Vilchè ze, C., Kremer, L., Bittman, R., Sacchettini, J. C. & Jacobs, W. R., Jr (2006). Dual inhibition of mycobacterial fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation by 2-alkynoic acids. Chem Biol 13, 297-307.
110. Mougous, J. D., Petzold, C. J., Senaratne, R. H., Lee, D. H., Akey, D. L., Lin, F. L., Munchel, S. E., Pratt, M. R., Riley, L. W. & other authors (2004). Identification, function and structure of the mycobacterial sulfotransferase that initiates sulfolipid-1 biosynthesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11, 721-729.
111. Mullis, S. N. & Falkinham, J. O., III (2013). Adherence and biofilm formation of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium abscessus to household plumbing materials. J Appl Microbiol 115, 908-914.
112. Murphy, H. N., Stewart, G. R., Mischenko, V. V., Apt, A. S., Harris, R., McAlister, M. S., Driscoll, P. C., Young, D. B. & Robertson, B. D. (2005). The OtsAB pathway is essential for trehalose biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 280, 14524-14529.
113. Narumi, K. & Tsumita, T. (1964). Isolation of a new polymer of a, a-trehalose 6,6'-diphosphate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Jpn J Exp Med 34, 375-377.
114. Narumi, K. & Tsumita, T. (1965). The isolation and identification of a,a-trehalose 6,6'-diphosphate, a subunit of the phosphorylated polysaccharide of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 240, 2271- 2276.
115. Narumi, K. & Tsumita, T. (1967). Identification of a,a-trehalose 6,69-dimannosylphosphate and a-maltose 1-phosphate of Mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 242, 2233-2239.
116. Nessar, R., Reyrat, J. M., Davidson, L. B. & Byrd, T. F. (2011). Deletion of the mmpL4b gene in the Mycobacterium abscessus glycopeptido-lipid biosynthetic pathway results in loss of surface colonization capability, but enhanced ability to replicate in human macrophages and stimulate their innate immune response. Microbiology 157, 1187- 1195.
117. Nessar, R., Cambau, E., Reyrat, J. M., Murray, A. & Gicquel, B. (2012). Mycobacterium abscessus: a new antibiotic nightmare. J Antimicrob Chemother 67, 810-818.
118. Nguyen, L., Chinnapapagari, S. & Thompson, C. J. (2005). FbpA-dependent biosynthesis of trehalose dimycolate is required for the intrinsic multidrug resistance, cell wall structure, and colonial morphology of Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 187, 6603-6611.
119. Nobre, A., Alarico, S., Fernandes, C., Empadinhas, N. & da Costa, M. S. (2008). A unique combination of genetic systems for the synthesis of trehalose in Rubrobacter xylanophilus: properties of a rare actinobacterial TreT. J Bacteriol 190, 7939-7946.
120. Ohta, M., Pan, Y. T., Laine, R. A. & Elbein, A. D. (2002). Trehalose-based oligosaccharides isolated from the cytoplasm of Mycobacterium smegmatis: relation to trehalose-based oligosaccharides attached to lipid. Eur J Biochem 269, 3142-3149.
121. Ojha, A. K., Trivelli, X., Guerardel, Y., Kremer, L. & Hatfull, G. F. (2010). Enzymatic hydrolysis of trehalose dimycolate releases free mycolic acids during mycobacterial growth in biofilms. J Biol Chem 285, 17380-17389.
122. Pan, Y. T. & Elbein, A. D. (1996). Inhibition of the trehalose-P synthase of mycobacteria by various antibiotics. Arch Biochem Biophys 335, 258-266.
123. Pan, Y. T., Koroth Edavana, V., Jourdian, W. J., Edmondson, R., Carroll, J. D., Pastuszak, I. & Elbein, A. D. (2004). Trehalose synthase of Mycobacterium smegmatis: purification, cloning, expression, and properties of the enzyme. Eur J Biochem 271, 4259-4269.
124. Pan, Y. T., Carroll, J. D., Asano, N., Pastuszak, I., Edavana, V. K. & Elbein, A. D. (2008). Trehalose synthase converts glycogen to trehalose. FEBS J 275, 3408-3420.
125. Pangborn, M. C. & Anderson, R. J. (1933). The chemistry of the lipids of tubercle bacilli: XXXII. isolation of trehalose from the timothy-grass bacillus. J Biol Chem 101, 105-109.
126. Poce, G., Bates, R. H., Alfonso, S., Cocozza, M., Porretta, G. C., Ballell, L., Rullas, J., Ortega, F., De Logu, A. & other authors (2013). Improved BM212 MmpL3 inhibitor analogue shows efficacy in acute murine model of tuberculosis infection. PLoS ONE 8, e56980.
127. Protopopova, M., Hanrahan, C., Nikonenko, B., Samala, R., Chen, P., Gearhart, J., Einck, L. & Nacy, C. A. (2005). Identification of a new antitubercular drug candidate, SQ109, from a combinatorial library of 1,2-ethylenediamines. J Antimicrob Chemother 56, 968-974.
128. Puech, V., Guilhot, C., Perez, E., Tropis, M., Armitige, L. Y., Gicquel, B. & Daffé, M. (2002). Evidence for a partial redundancy of the fibronectin-binding proteins for the transfer of mycoloyl residues onto the cell wall arabinogalactan termini of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 44, 1109-1122.
129. Rao, S. P., Lakshminarayana, S. B., Kondreddi, R. R., Herve, M., Camacho, L. R., Bifani, P., Kalapala, S. K., Jiricek, J., Ma, N. L. & other authors (2013). Indolcarboxamide is a preclinical candidate for treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Sci Transl Med 5, 214ra168.
130. Rayasam, G. V. (2014). MmpL3 a potential new target for development of novel anti-tuberculosis drugs. Expert Opin Ther Targets 18, 247-256.
131. Remuiñán, M. J., Pérez-Herrán, E., Rullás, J., Alemparte, C., Martínez-Hoyos, M., Dow, D. J., Afari, J., Mehta, N., Esquivias, J. & other authors (2013). Tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide and N-benzyl-69,79-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,49-thieno[3,2-c]pyran] analogues with bactericidal efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis targeting MmpL3. PLoS ONE 8, e60933.
132. Ren, H., Dover, L. G., Islam, S. T., Alexander, D. C., Chen, J. M., Besra, G. S. & Liu, J. (2007). Identification of the lipooligosaccharide biosynthetic gene cluster from Mycobacterium marinum. Mol Microbiol 63, 1345-1359.
133. Rengarajan, J., Bloom, B. R. & Rubin, E. J. (2005). Genome-wide requirements for Mycobacterium tuberculosis adaptation and survival in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102, 8327-8332.
134. Rombouts, Y., Burguière, A., Maes, E., Coddeville, B., Elass, E., Guérardel, Y. & Kremer, L. (2009). Mycobacterium marinum lipooligosaccharides are unique caryophyllose-containing cell wall glycolipids that inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in macrophages. J Biol Chem 284, 20975-20988.
135. Rombouts, Y., Elass, E., Biot, C., Maes, E., Coddeville, B., Burguière, A., Tokarski, C., Buisine, E., Trivelli, X. & other authors (2010). Structural analysis of an unusual bioactive N-acylated lipo-oligosac-charide LOS-IV in Mycobacterium marinum. J Am Chem Soc 132, 16073-16084.
136. Rombouts, Y., Alibaud, L., Carrè re-Kremer, S., Maes, E., Tokarski, C., Elass, E., Kremer, L. & Guérardel, Y. (2011). Fatty acyl chains of Mycobacterium marinum lipooligosaccharides: structure, localization and acylation by PapA4 (MMAR_2343) protein. J Biol Chem 286, 33678-33688.
137. Ronning, D. R., Vissa, V., Besra, G. S., Belisle, J. T. & Sacchettini, J. C. (2004). Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85A and 85C structures confirm binding orientation and conserved substrate specificity. J Biol Chem 279, 36771-36777.
138. Rønnow, T. E., Meldal, M. & Bock, K. (1994). Gram-scale synthesis of alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-monophosphate and alpha,alpha-trehalose 6,69-diphosphate. Carbohydr Res 260, 323-328.
139. Rose, J. D., Maddry, J. A., Comber, R. N., Suling, W. J., Wilson, L. N. & Reynolds, R. C. (2002). Synthesis and biological evaluation of trehalose analogs as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Carbohydr Res 337, 105-120.
140. Rosenkrands, I., Agger, E. M., Olsen, A. W., Korsholm, K. S., Andersen, C. S., Jensen, K. T. & Andersen, P. (2005). Cationic liposomes containing mycobacterial lipids: a new powerful Th1 adjuvant system. Infect Immun 73, 5817-5826.
141. Rousseau, C., Neyrolles, O., Bordat, Y., Giroux, S., Sirakova, T. D., Prevost, M. C., Kolattukudy, P. E., Gicquel, B. & Jackson, M. (2003). Deficiency in mycolipenate- and mycosanoate-derived acyltrehaloses enhances early interactions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with host cells. Cell Microbiol 5, 405-415.
142. Roy, R., Usha, V., Kermani, A., Scott, D. J., Hyde, E. I., Besra, G. S., Alderwick, L. J. & Fütterer, K. (2013). Synthesis of a-glucan in mycobacteria involves a hetero-octameric complex of trehalose synthase TreS and Maltokinase Pep2. ACS Chem Biol 8, 2245-2255.
143. Rozwarski, D. A., Grant, G. A., Barton, D. H., Jacobs, W. R., Jr & Sacchettini, J. C. (1998). Modification of the NADH of the isoniazid target (InhA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 279, 98-102.
144. Saadat, S. & Ballou, C. E. (1983). Pyruvylated glycolipids from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Structures of two oligosaccharide components. J Biol Chem 258, 1813-1818.
145. Sacksteder, K. A., Protopopova, M., Barry, C. E., III, Andries, K. & Nacy, C. A. (2012). Discovery and development of SQ109: a new antitubercular drug with a novel mechanism of action. Future Microbiol 7, 823-837.
146. Sakamoto, K., Kim, M. J., Rhoades, E. R., Allavena, R. E., Ehrt, S., Wainwright, H. C., Russell, D. G. & Rohde, K. H. (2013). Mycobacterial trehalose dimycolate reprograms macrophage global gene expression and activates matrix metalloproteinases. Infect Immun 81, 764-776.
147. Sanki, A. K., Boucau, J., Umesiri, F. E., Ronning, D. R. & Sucheck, S. J. (2009). Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of sugar-derived esters, alpha-ketoesters and alpha-ketoamides as inhibitors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85C. Mol Biosyst 5, 945-956.
148. Sarkar, D., Sidhu, M., Singh, A., Chen, J., Lammas, D. A., van der Sar, A. M., Besra, G. S. & Bhatt, A. (2011). Identification of a glycosyltransferase from Mycobacterium marinum involved in addition of a caryophyllose moiety in lipooligosaccharides. J Bacteriol 193, 2336-2340.
149. Schoenen, H., Bodendorfer, B., Hitchens, K., Manzanero, S., Werninghaus, K., Nimmerjahn, F., Agger, E. M., Stenger, S., Andersen, P. & other authors (2010). Cutting edge: Mincle is essential for recognition and adjuvanticity of the mycobacterial cord factor and its synthetic analog trehalose-dibehenate. J Immunol 184, 2756-2760.
150. Seeliger, J. C., Holsclaw, C. M., Schelle, M. W., Botyanszki, Z., Gilmore, S. A., Tully, S. E., Niederweis, M., Cravatt, B. F., Leary, J. A. & Bertozzi, C. R. (2012). Elucidation and chemical modulation of sulfolipid-1 biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 287, 7990-8000.
151. Seibold, G. M. & Eikmanns, B. J. (2007). The glgX gene product of Corynebacterium glutamicum is required for glycogen degradation and for fast adaptation to hyperosmotic stress. Microbiology 153, 2212- 2220.
152. Seibold, G. M., Wurst, M. & Eikmanns, B. J. (2009). Roles of maltodextrin and glycogen phosphorylases in maltose utilization and glycogen metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbiology 155, 347-358.
153. Simeone, R., Bobard, A., Lippmann, J., Bitter, W., Majlessi, L., Brosch, R. & Enninga, J. (2012). Phagosomal rupture by Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in toxicity and host cell death. PLoS Pathog 8, e1002507.
154. Singer, M. A. & Lindquist, S. (1998). Thermotolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the Yin and Yang of trehalose. Trends Biotechnol 16, 460-468.
155. Singh, P. & Cole, S. T. (2011). Mycobacterium leprae: genes, pseudogenes and genetic diversity. Future Microbiol 6, 57-71.
156. Stanley, S. A. & Cox, J. S. (2013). Host-pathogen interactions during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 374, 211-241.
157. Stanley, S. A., Grant, S. S., Kawate, T., Iwase, N., Shimizu, M., Wivagg, C., Silvis, M., Kazyanskaya, E., Aquadro, J. & other authors (2012). Identification of novel inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth using whole cell based high-throughput screening. ACS Chem Biol 7, 1377-1384.
158. Stehr, M., Elamin, A. A. & Singh, M. (2014). Filling the pipeline - new drugs for an old disease. Curr Top Med Chem 14, 110-129.
159. Swarts, B. M., Holsclaw, C. M., Jewett, J. C., Alber, M., Fox, D. M., Siegrist, M. S., Leary, J. A., Kalscheuer, R. & Bertozzi, C. R. (2012). Probing the mycobacterial trehalome with bioorthogonal chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 134, 16123-16126.
160. Tahlan, K., Wilson, R., Kastrinsky, D. B., Arora, K., Nair, V., Fischer, E., Barnes, S. W., Walker, J. R., Alland, D. & other authors (2012). SQ109 targets MmpL3, a membrane transporter of trehalose monomycolate involved in mycolic acid donation to the cell wall core of Mycobac-terium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56, 1797-1809.
161. Takayama, K., Wang, C. & Besra, G. S. (2005). Pathway to synthesis and processing of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 18, 81-101.
162. Tiago, I., Maranha, A., Mendes, V., Alarico, S., Moynihan, P. J., Clarke, A. J., Macedo-Ribeiro, S., Pereira, P. J. & Empadinhas, N. (2012). Genome sequence of Mycobacterium hassiacum DSM 44199, a rare source of heat-stable mycobacterial proteins. J Bacteriol 194, 7010-7011.
163. Tropis, M., Meniche, X., Wolf, A., Gebhardt, H., Strelkov, S., Chami, M., Schomburg, D., Krämer, R., Morbach, S. & Daffé, M. (2005). The crucial role of trehalose and structurally related oligosaccharides in the biosynthesis and transfer of mycolic acids in Corynebacterineae. J Biol Chem 280, 26573-26585.
164. Tsukamura, M., Mizuno, S. & Toyama, H. (1983). Mycobacterium pulveris sp. nov., a nonphotochromogenic Mycobacterium with an intermediate growth rate. Int J Syst Bacteriol 33, 811-815.
165. van der Wel, N., Hava, D., Houben, D., Fluitsma, D., van Zon, M., Pierson, J., Brenner, M. & Peters, P. J. (2007). M. tuberculosis and M. leprae translocate from the phagolysosome to the cytosol in myeloid cells. Cell 129, 1287-1298.
166. van der Woude, A. D., Sarkar, D., Bhatt, A., Sparrius, M., Raadsen, S. A., Boon, L., Geurtsen, J., van der Sar, A. M., Luirink, J. & other authors (2012). Unexpected link between lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis and surface protein release in Mycobacterium marinum. J Biol Chem 287, 20417-20429.
167. Varela, C., Rittmann, D., Singh, A., Krumbach, K., Bhatt, K., Eggeling, L., Besra, G. S. & Bhatt, A. (2012). MmpL genes are associated with mycolic acid metabolism in mycobacteria and corynebacteria. Chem Biol 19, 498-506.
168. Varghese, B., Memish, Z., Abuljadayel, N., Al-Hakeem, R., Alrabiah, F. & Al-Hajoj, S. A. (2013). Emergence of clinically relevant non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in Saudi Arabia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7, e2234.
169. Verschoor, J. A., Baird, M. S. & Grooten, J. (2012). Towards understanding the functional diversity of cell wall mycolic acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Prog Lipid Res 51, 325-339.
170. Villeneuve, C., Etienne, G., Abadie, V., Montrozier, H., Bordier, C., Laval, F., Daffe, M., Maridonneau-Parini, I. & Astarie-Dequeker, C. (2003). Surface-exposed glycopeptidolipids of Mycobacterium smeg-matis specifically inhibit the phagocytosis of mycobacteria by human macrophages. Identification of a novel family of glycopeptidolipids. J Biol Chem 278, 51291-51300.
171. Viveiros, M., Martins, M., Rodrigues, L., Machado, D., Couto, I., Ainsa, J. & Amaral, L. (2012). Inhibitors of mycobacterial efflux pumps as potential boosters for anti-tubercular drugs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10, 983-998.
172. Wallace, R. J., Jr, Brown, B. A. & Griffith, D. E. (1998). Nosocomial outbreaks/pseudo-outbreaks caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 52, 453-490.
173. Wang, J., Elchert, B., Hui, Y., Takemoto, J. Y., Bensaci, M., Wennergren, J., Chang, H., Rai, R. & Chang, C. W. (2004). Synthesis of trehalose-based compounds and their inhibitory activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Bioorg Med Chem 12, 6397-6413.
174. Wang, H., Edwards, M., Falkinham, J. O., III & Pruden, A. (2012). Molecular survey of the occurrence of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and amoeba hosts in two chlorami-nated drinking water distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 78, 6285-6294.
175. Warrier, T., Tropis, M., Werngren, J., Diehl, A., Gengenbacher, M., Schlegel, B., Schade, M., Oschkinat, H., Daffe, M. & other authors (2012). Antigen 85C inhibition restricts Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth through disruption of cord factor biosynthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56, 1735-1743.
176. 2+ and compatible solutes in the radiation resistance of thermophilic bacteria and archaea. Archaea 2012, 845756.
177. Welsh, K. J., Hunter, R. L. & Actor, J. K. (2013). Trehalose 6,69-dimycolate-a coat to regulate tuberculosis immunopathogenesis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 93 (Suppl.), S3-S9.
178. Wiggers, H. A. L. (1832). Untersuchung über das Mutterkorn, Secale cornutum. Ann Pharmacie 1, 129-182.
179. Wilson, R. A., Maughan, W. N., Kremer, L., Besra, G. S. & Fütterer, K. (2004). The structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MPT51 (FbpC1) defines a new family of non-catalytic alpha/beta hydrolases. J Mol Biol 335, 519-530.
180. Woodruff, P. J., Carlson, B. L., Siridechadilok, B., Pratt, M. R., Senaratne, R. H., Mougous, J. D., Riley, L. W., Williams, S. J. & Bertozzi, C. R. (2004). Trehalose is required for growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Biol Chem 279, 28835-28843.
181. Yang, Y., Kulka, K., Montelaro, R. C., Reinhart, T. A., Sissons, J., Aderem, A. & Ojha, A. K. (2014). A hydrolase of trehalose dimycolate induces nutrient influx and stress sensitivity to balance intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe 15, 153-163.
182. Zhang, M., Yang, Y., Xu, Y., Qie, Y., Wang, J., Zhu, B., Wang, Q., Jin, R., Xu, S. & Wang, H. (2007). Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces humoral and cellular immune responses. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 49, 68-74.
183. Zhang, R., Pan, Y. T., He, S., Lam, M., Brayer, G. D., Elbein, A. D. & Withers, S. G. (2011). Mechanistic analysis of trehalose synthase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Biol Chem 286, 35601-35609.
184. Zumla, A., Nahid, P. & Cole, S. T. (2013). Advances in the development of new tuberculosis drugs and treatment regimens. Nat Rev Drug Discov 12, 388-404.
185. Zumla, A. I., Gillespie, S. H., Hoelscher, M., Philips, P. P., Cole, S. T., Abubakar, I., McHugh, T. D., Schito, M., Maeurer, M. & Nunn, A. J. (2014). New antituberculosis drugs, regimens, and adjunct therapies: needs, advances, and future prospects. Lancet Infect Dis 14, 327-340.