Bitter-sweet symphony: Glycan-lectin interactions in virus biology

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 598-632

  Van Breedam, Wander ^a   Pöhlmann, Stefan ^b   Favoreel, Herman W ^a   de Groot, Raoul J ^c   Nauwynck, Hans J ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b GERMAN PRIMATE CENTER   (Germany)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Antiviral; Collectin; DC SIGN; Galectin; Hemagglutinin; Receptor destroying enzyme

Indexed keywords

GLYCAN; LECTIN;

ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; BIOSYNTHESIS; HOST; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; TARGET CELL; VIRION; VIROLOGY; VIRUS ATTACHMENT; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANIMALIA;

ANTIVIRAL; COLLECTIN; DC-SIGN; GALECTIN; HEMAGGLUTININ; RECEPTOR-DESTROYING ENZYME;

ANIMALS; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; LECTINS; POLYSACCHARIDES; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 84904067014     PISSN: 01686445     EISSN: 15746976     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12052     Document Type: Review

References (339)

1. Aguilar HC, Matreyek KA, Filone CM et al. (2006) N-glycans on Nipah virus fusion protein protect against neutralization but reduce membrane fusion and viral entry. J Virol 80: 4878-4889.
2. Alexandre KB, Gray ES, Mufhandu H, McMahon JB, Chakauya E, O'Keefe BR, Chikwamba R & Morris L (2012) The lectins griffithsin, cyanovirin-N and scytovirin inhibit HIV-1 binding to the DC-SIGN receptor and transfer to CD4(+) cells. Virology 423: 175-186.
3. Alymova IV, Taylor G & Portner A (2005) Neuraminidase inhibitors as antiviral agents. Curr Drug Targets 5: 401-409.
4. Anders EM, Hartley CA, Reading PC & Ezekowitz RA (1994) Complement-dependent neutralization of influenza virus by a serum mannose-binding lectin. J Gen Virol 75: 615-622.
5. Arrighi JF, Pion M, Wiznerowicz M et al. (2004) Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference of DC-SIGN expression inhibits human immunodeficiency virus transmission from dendritic cells to T cells. J Virol 78: 10848-10855.
6. Auerbach DJ, Lin Y, Miao HY, Cimbro R, DiFiore MJ, Gianolini ME, Furci L, Biswas P, Fauci AS & Lusso P (2012) Identification of the platelet-derived chemokine CXCL4/PF-4 as a broad-spectrum HIV-1 inhibitor. P Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 9569-9574.
7. Back NK, Smit L, De Jong JJ, Keulen W, Schutten M, Goudsmit J & Tersmette M (1994) An N-glycan within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 V3 loop affects virus neutralization. Virology 199: 431-438.
8. Balzarini J (2007a) The alpha(1, 2)-mannosidase I inhibitor 1-deoxymannojirimycin potentiates the antiviral activity of carbohydrate-binding agents against wild-type and mutant HIV-1 strains containing glycan deletions in gp120. FEBS Lett 581: 2060-2064.
9. Balzarini J (2007b) Carbohydrate-binding agents: a potential future cornerstone for the chemotherapy of enveloped viruses? Antiviral Chem Chemother 18: 1-11.
10. Balzarini J (2007c) Targeting the glycans of glycoproteins: a novel paradigm for antiviral therapy. Nat Rev Microbiol 5: 583-597.
11. Balzarini J, Van Laethem K, Hatse S, Vermeire K, De Clercq E, Peumans W, Van Damme E, Vandamme AM, Bolmstedt A & Schols D (2004) Profile of resistance of human immunodeficiency virus to mannose-specific plant lectins. J Virol 78: 10617-10627.
12. Balzarini J, Van Laethem K, Hatse S, Froeyen M, Peumans W, Van Damme E & Schols D (2005a) Carbohydrate-binding agents cause deletions of highly conserved glycosylation sites in HIV GP120: a new therapeutic concept to hit the achilles heel of HIV. J Biol Chem 280: 41005-41014.
13. Balzarini J, Van Laethem K, Hatse S, Froeyen M, Van Damme E, Bolmstedt A, Peumans W, De Clercq E & Schols D (2005b) Marked depletion of glycosylation sites in HIV-1 gp120 under selection pressure by the mannose-specific plant lectins of Hippeastrum hybrid and Galanthus nivalis. Mol Pharmacol 67: 1556-1565.
14. Balzarini J, Van Laethem K, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJ, Bolmstedt A, Gago F & Schols D (2006) Mutational pathways, resistance profile, and side effects of cyanovirin relative to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains with N-glycan deletions in their gp120 envelopes. J Virol 80: 8411-8421.
15. Balzarini J, Van Herrewege Y, Vermeire K, Vanham G & Schols D (2007a) Carbohydrate-binding agents efficiently prevent dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)-directed HIV-1 transmission to T lymphocytes. Mol Pharmacol 71: 3-11.
16. Balzarini J, Van Laethem K, Daelemans D, Hatse S, Bugatti A, Rusnati M, Igarashi Y, Oki T & Schols D (2007b) Pradimicin A, a carbohydrate-binding nonpeptidic lead compound for treatment of infections with viruses with highly glycosylated envelopes, such as human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 81: 362-373.
17. Balzarini J, Francois KO, Van Laethem K, Hoorelbeke B, Renders M, Auwerx J, Liekens S, Oki T, Igarashi Y & Schols D (2010) Pradimicin S, a highly soluble nonpeptidic small-size carbohydrate-binding antibiotic, is an anti-HIV drug lead for both microbicidal and systemic use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 1425-1435.
18. Baribaud F, Pohlmann S & Doms RW (2001) The role of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR in HIV and SIV attachment, infection, and transmission. Virology 286: 1-6.
19. Baribaud F, Pohlmann S, Leslie G, Mortari F & Doms RW (2002) Quantitative expression and virus transmission analysis of DC-SIGN on monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Virol 76: 9135-9142.
20. Barrere B, Driguez PA, Maudrin J, Doutheau A, Aymard M & Quash G (1997) A novel synthetic reversible inhibitor of sialidase efficiently blocks secondary but not primary influenza virus infection of MDCK cells in culture. Arch Virol 142: 1365-1380.
21. Bax M, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Jang-Lee J et al. (2007) Dendritic cell maturation results in pronounced changes in glycan expression affecting recognition by siglecs and galectins. J Immunol 179: 8216-8224.
22. Becer CR, Gibson MI, Geng J, Ilyas R, Wallis R, Mitchell DA & Haddleton DM (2010) High-affinity glycopolymer binding to human DC-SIGN and disruption of DC-SIGN interactions with HIV envelope glycoprotein. J Am Chem Soc 132: 15130-15132.
23. Belser JA, Lu X, Szretter KJ et al. (2007) DAS181, a novel sialidase fusion protein, protects mice from lethal avian influenza H5N1 virus infection. J Infect Dis 196: 1493-1499.
24. Belshaw R, Gardner A, Rambaut A & Pybus OG (2008) Pacing a small cage: mutation and RNA viruses. Trends Ecol Evol 23: 188-193.
25. Benne CA, Kraaijeveld CA, van Strijp JA, Brouwer E, Harmsen M, Verhoef J, van Golde LM & van Iwaarden JF (1995) Interactions of surfactant protein A with influenza A viruses: binding and neutralization. J Infect Dis 171: 335-341.
26. Benne CA, Benaissa-Trouw B, van Strijp JA, Kraaijeveld CA & van Iwaarden JF (1997) Surfactant protein A, but not surfactant protein D, is an opsonin for influenza A virus phagocytosis by rat alveolar macrophages. Eur J Immunol 27: 886-890.
27. Bertaux C, Daelemans D, Meertens L et al. (2007) Entry of hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus is selectively inhibited by carbohydrate-binding agents but not by polyanions. Virology 366: 40-50.
28. Berzi A, Reina JJ, Ottria R et al. (2012) A glycomimetic compound inhibits DC-SIGN-mediated HIV infection in cellular and cervical explant models. AIDS 26: 127-137.
29. Blue CE, Spiller OB & Blackbourn DJ (2004) The relevance of complement to virus biology. Virology 319: 176-184.
30. Boggiano C, Manel N & Littman DR (2007) Dendritic cell-mediated trans-enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity is independent of DC-SIGN. J Virol 81: 2519-2523.
31. Boily-Larouche G, Milev MP, Zijenah LS et al. (2012) Naturally-occurring genetic variants in human DC-SIGN increase HIV-1 capture, cell-transfer and risk of mother-to-child transmission. PLoS One 7: e40706.
32. Bolmstedt A, Hinkula J, Rowcliffe E, Biller M, Wahren B & Olofsson S (2001) Enhanced immunogenicity of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env DNA vaccine by manipulating N-glycosylation signals. Effects of elimination of the V3 N306 glycan. Vaccine 20: 397-405.
33. Bonomelli C, Doores KJ, Dunlop DC, Thaney V, Dwek RA, Burton DR, Crispin M & Scanlan CN (2011) The glycan shield of HIV is predominantly oligomannose independently of production system or viral clade. PLoS One 6: e23521.
34. Botarelli P, Houlden BA, Haigwood NL, Servis C, Montagna D & Abrignani S (1991) N-glycosylation of HIV-gp120 may constrain recognition by T lymphocytes. J Immunol 147: 3128-3132.
35. Bottazzi B, Doni A, Garlanda C & Mantovani A (2010) An integrated view of humoral innate immunity: pentraxins as a paradigm. Annu Rev Immunol 28: 157-183.
36. Boukour S, Masse JM, Benit L, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A & Cramer EM (2006) Lentivirus degradation and DC-SIGN expression by human platelets and megakaryocytes. J Thromb Haemost 4: 426-435.
37. Bowden TA, Crispin M, Jones EY & Stuart DI (2010) Shared paramyxoviral glycoprotein architecture is adapted for diverse attachment strategies. Biochem Soc Trans 38: 1349-1355.
38. Brudner M, Karpel M, Lear C et al. (2013) Lectin-dependent enhancement of Ebola virus infection via soluble and transmembrane C-type lectin receptors. PLoS One 8: e60838.
39. Bu W, Mamedova A, Tan M, Xia M, Jiang X & Hegde RS (2008) Structural basis for the receptor binding specificity of Norwalk virus. J Virol 82: 5340-5347.
40. Burleigh L, Lozach PY, Schiffer C, Staropoli I, Pezo V, Porrot F, Canque B, Virelizier JL, Arenzana-Seisdedos F & Amara A (2006) Infection of dendritic cells (DCs), not DC-SIGN-mediated internalization of human immunodeficiency virus, is required for long-term transfer of virus to T cells. J Virol 80: 2949-2957.
41. Cambi A & Figdor CG (2003) Dual function of C-type lectin-like receptors in the immune system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 15: 539-546.
42. Cambi A, Koopman M & Figdor CG (2005) How C-type lectins detect pathogens. Cell Microbiol 7: 481-488.
43. Cao S, Lou Z, Tan M, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang XC, Jiang X, Li X & Rao Z (2007) Structural basis for the recognition of blood group trisaccharides by norovirus. J Virol 81: 5949-5957.
44. Cavrois M, Neidleman J, Kreisberg JF & Greene WC (2007) In vitro derived dendritic cells trans-infect CD4 T cells primarily with surface-bound HIV-1 virions. PLoS Pathog 3: e4.
45. Cebulla CM, Miller DM, Knight DA, Briggs BR, McGaughy V & Sedmak DD (2000) Cytomegalovirus induces sialyl Lewis(x) and Lewis(x) on human endothelial cells. Transplantation 69: 1202-1209.
46. Chaipan C, Soilleux EJ, Simpson P et al. (2006) DC-SIGN and CLEC-2 mediate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capture by platelets. J Virol 80: 8951-8960.
47. Chan RW, Chan MC, Wong AC et al. (2009) DAS181 inhibits H5N1 influenza virus infection of human lung tissues. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 3935-3941.
48. Chang A & Dutch RE (2012) Paramyxovirus fusion and entry: multiple paths to a common end. Viruses 4: 613-636.
49. Chang WC, White MR, Moyo P, McClear S, Thiel S, Hartshorn KL & Takahashi K (2010) Lack of the pattern recognition molecule mannose-binding lectin increases susceptibility to influenza A virus infection. BMC Immunol 11: 64.
50. Chen Y, Maguire T, Hileman RE, Fromm JR, Esko JD, Linhardt RJ & Marks RM (1997) Dengue virus infectivity depends on envelope protein binding to target cell heparan sulfate. Nat Med 3: 866-871.
51. Chen CH, Zhang XQ, Lo CW, Liu PF, Liu YT, Gallo RL, Hsieh MF, Schooley RT & Huang CM (2010) The essentiality of alpha-2-macroglobulin in human salivary innate immunity against new H1N1 swine origin influenza A virus. Proteomics 10: 2396-2401.
52. Choi JM, Hutson AM, Estes MK & Prasad BV (2008) Atomic resolution structural characterization of recognition of histo-blood group antigens by Norwalk virus. P Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 9175-9180.
53. Colman PM (1994) Influenza virus neuraminidase: structure, antibodies, and inhibitors. Protein Sci 3: 1687-1696.
54. Comelli EM, Sutton-Smith M, Yan Q et al. (2006) Activation of murine CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes leads to dramatic remodeling of N-linked glycans. J Immunol 177: 2431-2440.
55. Crocker PR & Redelinghuys P (2008) Siglecs as positive and negative regulators of the immune system. Biochem Soc Trans 36: 1467-1471.
56. Crocker PR, Paulson JC & Varki A (2007) Siglecs and their roles in the immune system. Nat Rev 7: 255-266.
57. Curtis BM, Scharnowske S & Watson AJ (1992) Sequence and expression of a membrane-associated C-type lectin that exhibits CD4-independent binding of human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120. P Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 8356-8360.
58. Cwach KT, Sandbulte HR, Klonoski JM & Huber VC (2012) Contribution of murine innate serum inhibitors toward interference within influenza virus immune assays. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 6: 127-135.
59. da Silva RC, Segat L & Crovella S (2011) Role of DC-SIGN and L-SIGN receptors in HIV-1 vertical transmission. Hum Immunol 72: 305-311.
60. Dam TK & Brewer CF (2010) Lectins as pattern recognition molecules: the effects of epitope density in innate immunity. Glycobiology 20: 270-279.
61. Davicino RC, Elicabe RJ, Di Genaro MS & Rabinovich GA (2011) Coupling pathogen recognition to innate immunity through glycan-dependent mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 11: 1457-1463.
62. de Groot RJ (2006) Structure, function and evolution of the hemagglutinin-esterase proteins of corona- and toroviruses. Glycoconj J 23: 59-72.
63. de Witte L, Nabatov A, Pion M, Fluitsma D, de Jong MA, de Gruijl T, Piguet V, van Kooyk Y & Geijtenbeek TB (2007) Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells. Nat Med 13: 367-371.
64. Dechecchi MC, Tamanini A, Bonizzato A & Cabrini G (2000) Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are involved in adenovirus type 5 and 2-host cell interactions. Virology 268: 382-390.
65. Dechecchi MC, Melotti P, Bonizzato A, Santacatterina M, Chilosi M & Cabrini G (2001) Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are receptors sufficient to mediate the initial binding of adenovirus types 2 and 5. J Virol 75: 8772-8780.
66. Dejnirattisai W, Webb AI, Chan V, Jumnainsong A, Davidson A, Mongkolsapaya J & Screaton G (2011) Lectin switching during dengue virus infection. J Infect Dis 203: 1775-1783.
67. Delputte PL & Nauwynck HJ (2004) Porcine arterivirus infection of alveolar macrophages is mediated by sialic acid on the virus. J Virol 78: 8094-8101.
68. Delputte PL, Vanderheijden N, Nauwynck HJ & Pensaert MB (2002) Involvement of the matrix protein in attachment of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus to a heparinlike receptor on porcine alveolar macrophages. J Virol 76: 4312-4320.
69. Delputte PL, Van Breedam W, Delrue I, Oetke C, Crocker PR & Nauwynck HJ (2007) Porcine arterivirus attachment to the macrophage-specific receptor sialoadhesin is dependent on the sialic acid-binding activity of the N-terminal immunoglobulin domain of sialoadhesin. J Virol 81: 9546-9550.
70. Dommett RM, Klein N & Turner MW (2006) Mannose-binding lectin in innate immunity: past, present and future. Tissue Antigens 68: 193-209.
71. Donaldson EF, Lindesmith LC, Lobue AD & Baric RS (2008) Norovirus pathogenesis: mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion in human populations. Immunol Rev 225: 190-211.
72. Doores KJ, Bonomelli C, Harvey DJ, Vasiljevic S, Dwek RA, Burton DR, Crispin M & Scanlan CN (2010) Envelope glycans of immunodeficiency virions are almost entirely oligomannose antigens. P Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 13800-13805.
73. Dormitzer PR, Sun ZY, Blixt O, Paulson JC, Wagner G & Harrison SC (2002) Specificity and affinity of sialic acid binding by the rhesus rotavirus VP8* core. J Virol 76: 10512-10517.
74. Durantel D (2009) Celgosivir, an alpha-glucosidase I inhibitor for the potential treatment of HCV infection. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 10: 860-870.
75. Durantel D, Alotte C & Zoulim F (2007) Glucosidase inhibitors as antiviral agents for hepatitis B and C. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 8: 125-129.
76. Dwek RA, Butters TD, Platt FM & Zitzmann N (2002) Targeting glycosylation as a therapeutic approach. Nat Rev Drug Discov 1: 65-75.
77. Eggink D, Melchers M, Wuhrer M et al. (2010) Lack of complex N-glycans on HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins preserves protein conformation and entry function. Virology 401: 236-247.
78. Eisen DP & Minchinton RM (2003) Impact of mannose-binding lectin on susceptibility to infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 37: 1496-1505.
79. Elgavish S & Shaanan B (1997) Lectin-carbohydrate interactions: different folds, common recognition principles. Trends Biochem Sci 22: 462-467.
80. Estes MK, Prasad BV & Atmar RL (2006) Noroviruses everywhere: has something changed? Curr Opin Infect Dis 19: 467-474.
81. Farkas T, Cross RW, Hargitt E 3rd, Lerche NW, Morrow AL & Sestak K (2010) Genetic diversity and histo-blood group antigen interactions of rhesus enteric caliciviruses. J Virol 84: 8617-8625.
82. Feinberg H, Mitchell DA, Drickamer K & Weis WI (2001) Structural basis for selective recognition of oligosaccharides by DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Science 294: 2163-2166.
83. Francica JR, Varela-Rohena A, Medvec A, Plesa G, Riley JL & Bates P (2010) Steric shielding of surface epitopes and impaired immune recognition induced by the ebola virus glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 6: e1001098.
84. Francois KO & Balzarini J (2012) Potential of carbohydrate-binding agents as therapeutics against enveloped viruses. Med Res Rev 32: 349-387.
85. Fujita T (2002) Evolution of the lectin-complement pathway and its role in innate immunity. Nat Rev 2: 346-353.
86. Gabius HJ, Andre S, Jimenez-Barbero J, Romero A & Solis D (2011) From lectin structure to functional glycomics: principles of the sugar code. Trends Biochem Sci 36: 298-313.
87. Gaiha GD, Dong T, Palaniyar N, Mitchell DA, Reid KB & Clark HW (2008) Surfactant protein A binds to HIV and inhibits direct infection of CD4+ cells, but enhances dendritic cell-mediated viral transfer. J Immunol 181: 601-609.
88. Gamblin SJ & Skehel JJ (2010) Influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase membrane glycoproteins. J Biol Chem 285: 28403-28409.
89. Garcia-Vallejo JJ & van Kooyk Y (2009) Endogenous ligands for C-type lectin receptors: the true regulators of immune homeostasis. Immunol Rev 230: 22-37.
90. Garman E & Laver G (2004) Controlling influenza by inhibiting the virus's neuraminidase. Curr Drug Targets 5: 119-136.
91. Garner OB, Aguilar HC, Fulcher JA et al. (2010) Endothelial galectin-1 binds to specific glycans on nipah virus fusion protein and inhibits maturation, mobility, and function to block syncytia formation. PLoS Pathog 6: e1000993.
92. Ge Q, McManus MT, Nguyen T, Shen CH, Sharp PA, Eisen HN & Chen J (2003) RNA interference of influenza virus production by directly targeting mRNA for degradation and indirectly inhibiting all viral RNA transcription. P Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 2718-2723.
93. Ge Q, Eisen HN & Chen J (2004) Use of siRNAs to prevent and treat influenza virus infection. Virus Res 102: 37-42.
94. Geijtenbeek TB & Gringhuis SI (2009) Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: shaping immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 9: 465-479.
95. Geijtenbeek TB, Torensma R, van Vliet SJ, van Duijnhoven GC, Adema GJ, van Kooyk Y & Figdor CG (2000a) Identification of DC-SIGN, a novel dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 receptor that supports primary immune responses. Cell 100: 575-585.
96. Geijtenbeek TB, Kwon DS, Torensma R et al. (2000b) DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells. Cell 100: 587-597.
97. Gill DJ, Clausen H & Bard F (2011) Location, location, location: new insights into O-GalNAc protein glycosylation. Trends Cell Biol 21: 149-158.
98. Gimsa U, Grotzinger I & Gimsa J (1996) Two evolutionary strategies of influenza viruses to escape host non-specific inhibitors: alteration of hemagglutinin or neuraminidase specificity. Virus Res 42: 127-135.
99. Gordon S (2002) Pattern recognition receptors: doubling up for the innate immune response. Cell 111: 927-930.
100. Gottschalk A (1957) Neuraminidase: the specific enzyme of influenza virus and Vibrio cholerae. Biochim Biophys Acta 23: 645-646.
101. Granelli-Piperno A, Pritsker A, Pack M, Shimeliovich I, Arrighi JF, Park CG, Trumpfheller C, Piguet V, Moran TM & Steinman RM (2005) Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin/CD209 is abundant on macrophages in the normal human lymph node and is not required for dendritic cell stimulation of the mixed leukocyte reaction. J Immunol 175: 4265-4273.
102. Gringhuis SI, den Dunnen J, Litjens M, van Het Hof B, van Kooyk Y & Geijtenbeek TB (2007) C-type lectin DC-SIGN modulates Toll-like receptor signaling via Raf-1 kinase-dependent acetylation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Immunity 26: 605-616.
103. Gringhuis SI, van der Vlist M, van den Berg LM, den Dunnen J, Litjens M & Geijtenbeek TB (2010) HIV-1 exploits innate signaling by TLR8 and DC-SIGN for productive infection of dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 11: 419-426.
104. Guillon P, Ruvoen-Clouet N, Le Moullac-Vaidye B, Marchandeau S & Le Pendu J (2009) Association between expression of the H histo-blood group antigen, alpha1, 2fucosyltransferases polymorphism of wild rabbits, and sensitivity to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Glycobiology 19: 21-28.
105. Gurney KB, Elliott J, Nassanian H, Song C, Soilleux E, McGowan I, Anton PA & Lee B (2005) Binding and transfer of human immunodeficiency virus by DC-SIGN+ cells in human rectal mucosa. J Virol 79: 5762-5773.
106. Harrison SC (2008) Viral membrane fusion. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15: 690-698.
107. Harrison MS, Sakaguchi T & Schmitt AP (2010) Paramyxovirus assembly and budding: building particles that transmit infections. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 42: 1416-1429.
108. Hart ML, Saifuddin M, Uemura K, Bremer EG, Hooker B, Kawasaki T & Spear GT (2002) High mannose glycans and sialic acid on gp120 regulate binding of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) to HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 18: 1311-1317.
109. Hart ML, Saifuddin M & Spear GT (2003) Glycosylation inhibitors and neuraminidase enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 binding and neutralization by mannose-binding lectin. J Gen Virol 84: 353-360.
110. Hartshorn KL, Sastry K, White MR, Anders EM, Super M, Ezekowitz RA & Tauber AI (1993) Human mannose-binding protein functions as an opsonin for influenza A viruses. J Clin Invest 91: 1414-1420.
111. Hartshorn KL, Crouch EC, White MR, Eggleton P, Tauber AI, Chang D & Sastry K (1994) Evidence for a protective role of pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) against influenza A viruses. J Clin Invest 94: 311-319.
112. Hartshorn KL, Reid KB, White MR, Jensenius JC, Morris SM, Tauber AI & Crouch E (1996) Neutrophil deactivation by influenza A viruses: mechanisms of protection after viral opsonization with collectins and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. Blood 87: 3450-3461.
113. Hartshorn KL, White MR, Shepherd V, Reid K, Jensenius JC & Crouch EC (1997) Mechanisms of anti-influenza activity of surfactant proteins A and D: comparison with serum collectins. Am J Physiol 273: L1156-L1166.
114. Hartshorn KL, White MR, Voelker DR, Coburn J, Zaner K & Crouch EC (2000) Mechanism of binding of surfactant protein D to influenza A viruses: importance of binding to haemagglutinin to antiviral activity. Biochem J 351: 449-458.
115. Haslam SM, Julien S, Burchell JM, Monk CR, Ceroni A, Garden OA & Dell A (2008) Characterizing the glycome of the mammalian immune system. Immunol Cell Biol 86: 564-573.
116. Hawgood S, Brown C, Edmondson J, Stumbaugh A, Allen L, Goerke J, Clark H & Poulain F (2004) Pulmonary collectins modulate strain-specific influenza a virus infection and host responses. J Virol 78: 8565-8572.
117. Heitzeneder S, Seidel M, Forster-Waldl E & Heitger A (2012) Mannan-binding lectin deficiency - Good news, bad news, doesn't matter? Clin Immunol 143: 22-38.
118. Herrler G & Compans RW (1983) Posttranslational modification and intracellular transport of mumps virus glycoproteins. J Virol 47: 354-362.
119. Herrler G & Klenk HD (1991) Structure and function of the HEF glycoprotein of influenza C virus. Adv Virus Res 40: 213-234.
120. Herrler G, Rott R & Klenk HD (1985a) Neuraminic acid is involved in the binding of influenza C virus to erythrocytes. Virology 141: 144-147.
121. Herrler G, Rott R, Klenk HD, Muller HP, Shukla AK & Schauer R (1985b) The receptor-destroying enzyme of influenza C virus is neuraminate-O-acetylesterase. EMBO J 4: 1503-1506.
122. Herrler G, Durkop I, Becht H & Klenk HD (1988) The glycoprotein of influenza C virus is the haemagglutinin, esterase and fusion factor. J Gen Virol 69: 839-846.
123. Herrler G, Szepanski S & Schultze B (1991) 9-O-acetylated sialic acid, a receptor determinant for influenza C virus and coronaviruses. Behring Inst Mitt, 89: 177-184.
124. Hickling TP, Malhotra R, Bright H, McDowell W, Blair ED & Sim RB (2000) Lung surfactant protein A provides a route of entry for respiratory syncytial virus into host cells. Viral Immunol 13: 125-135.
125. Hijazi K, Wang Y, Scala C et al. (2011) DC-SIGN increases the affinity of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein interaction with CD4. PLoS One 6: e28307.
126. Hillaire ML, van Eijk M, van Trierum SE et al. (2011) Assessment of the antiviral properties of recombinant porcine SP-D against various influenza A viruses in vitro. PLoS One 6: e25005.
127. Hiraiwa N, Hiraiwa M & Kannagi R (1997) Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 encoded Tax protein transactivates alpha 1->3 fucosyltransferase Fuc-T VII, which synthesizes sialyl Lewis X, a selectin ligand expressed on adult T-cell leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 231: 183-186.
128. Hiraiwa N, Yabuta T, Yoritomi K, Hiraiwa M, Tanaka Y, Suzuki T, Yoshida M & Kannagi R (2003) Transactivation of the fucosyltransferase VII gene by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax through a variant cAMP-responsive element. Blood 101: 3615-3621.
129. Hodges A, Sharrocks K, Edelmann M et al. (2007) Activation of the lectin DC-SIGN induces an immature dendritic cell phenotype triggering Rho-GTPase activity required for HIV-1 replication. Nat Immunol 8: 569-577.
130. Holmes EC (2009) The Evolution and Emergence of RNA Viruses. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
131. Hong PW, Flummerfelt KB, de Parseval A, Gurney K, Elder JH & Lee B (2002) Human immunodeficiency virus envelope (gp120) binding to DC-SIGN and primary dendritic cells is carbohydrate dependent but does not involve 2G12 or cyanovirin binding sites: implications for structural analyses of gp120-DC-SIGN binding. J Virol 76: 12855-12865.
132. Hong PW, Nguyen S, Young S, Su SV & Lee B (2007) Identification of the optimal DC-SIGN binding site on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. J Virol 81: 8325-8336.
133. Hoorelbeke B, Van Damme EJ, Rouge P, Schols D, Van Laethem K, Fouquaert E & Balzarini J (2011) Differences in the mannose oligomer specificities of the closely related lectins from Galanthus nivalis and Zea mays strongly determine their eventual anti-HIV activity. Retrovirology 8: 10.
134. Huang PW, Farkas T, Zhong WM, Thornton S, Morrow AL & Xi J (2005) Norovirus and histo-blood group antigens: Demonstration of a wide spectrum of strain specificities and classification of two major binding groups among multiple binding patterns. J Virol 79: 6714-6722.
135. Hulst MM, van Gennip HG & Moormann RJ (2000) Passage of classical swine fever virus in cultured swine kidney cells selects virus variants that bind to heparan sulfate due to a single amino acid change in envelope protein E(rns). J Virol 74: 9553-9561.
136. Huskens D, Van Laethem K, Vermeire K, Balzarini J & Schols D (2007) Resistance of HIV-1 to the broadly HIV-1-neutralizing, anti-carbohydrate antibody 2G12. Virology 360: 294-304.
137. Huskens D, Ferir G, Vermeire K, Kehr JC, Balzarini J, Dittmann E & Schols D (2010) Microvirin, a novel alpha(1, 2)-mannose-specific lectin isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, has anti-HIV-1 activity comparable with that of cyanovirin-N but a much higher safety profile. J Biol Chem 285: 24845-24854.
138. Ikematsu H & Kawai N (2011) Laninamivir octanoate: a new long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of influenza. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 9: 851-857.
139. Izquierdo-Useros N, Lorizate M, Puertas MC et al. (2012) Siglec-1 Is a novel dendritic cell receptor that mediates HIV-1 trans-infection through recognition of viral membrane gangliosides. PLoS Biol 10: e1001448.
140. Jackson RJ, Hall DF & Kerr PJ (1999) Myxoma virus encodes an alpha2, 3-sialyltransferase that enhances virulence. J Virol 73: 2376-2384.
141. Janeway CA Jr & Medzhitov R (2002) Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 20: 197-216.
142. Jensen PH, Kolarich D & Packer NH (2010) Mucin-type O-glycosylation-putting the pieces together. FEBS J 277: 81-94.
143. Job ER, Deng YM, Barfod KK, Tate MD, Caldwell N, Reddiex S, Maurer-Stroh S, Brooks AG & Reading PC (2013) Addition of glycosylation to influenza A virus hemagglutinin modulates antibody-mediated recognition of H1N1 2009 pandemic viruses. J Immunol 190: 2169-2177.
144. Kang SM, Quan FS, Huang C, Guo L, Ye L, Yang C & Compans RW (2005) Modified HIV envelope proteins with enhanced binding to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Virology 331: 20-32.
145. Kase T, Suzuki Y, Kawai T, Sakamoto T, Ohtani K, Eda S, Maeda A, Okuno Y, Kurimura T & Wakamiya N (1999) Human mannan-binding lectin inhibits the infection of influenza A virus without complement. Immunology 97: 385-392.
146. Katz E, Margalith E & Duksin D (1980) Antiviral activity of tunicamycin on herpes simplex virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 17: 1014-1022.
147. Kim JI & Park MS (2012) N-linked glycosylation in the hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. Yonsei Med J 53: 886-893.
148. Kim CU, Chen X & Mendel DB (1999) Neuraminidase inhibitors as anti-influenza virus agents. Antiviral Chem Chemother 10: 141-154.
149. Kingma PS, Zhang L, Ikegami M, Hartshorn K, McCormack FX & Whitsett JA (2006) Correction of pulmonary abnormalities in Sftpd-/- mice requires the collagenous domain of surfactant protein D. J Biol Chem 281: 24496-24505.
150. Klimstra WB, Ryman KD & Johnston RE (1998) Adaptation of Sindbis virus to BHK cells selects for use of heparan sulfate as an attachment receptor. J Virol 72: 7357-7366.
151. Kobayashi Y & Suzuki Y (2012) Evidence for N-glycan shielding of antigenic sites during evolution of human influenza A virus hemagglutinin. J Virol 86: 3446-3451.
152. Koizumi Y, Kageyama S, Fujiyama Y, Miyashita M, Lwembe R, Ogino K, Shioda T & Ichimura H (2007) RANTES -28G delays and DC-SIGN - 139C enhances AIDS progression in HIV type 1-infected Japanese hemophiliacs. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 23: 713-719.
153. Krempl C, Schultze B, Laude H & Herrler G (1997) Point mutations in the S protein connect the sialic acid binding activity with the enteropathogenicity of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. J Virol 71: 3285-3287.
154. Krempl C, Ballesteros ML, Zimmer G, Enjuanes L, Klenk HD & Herrler G (2000) Characterization of the sialic acid binding activity of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus by analysis of haemagglutination-deficient mutants. J Gen Virol 81: 489-496.
155. Krusat T & Streckert HJ (1997) Heparin-dependent attachment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to host cells. Arch Virol 142: 1247-1254.
156. Kumagai Y & Akira S (2010) Identification and functions of pattern-recognition receptors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125: 985-992.
157. Kunkel F & Herrler G (1993) Structural and functional analysis of the surface protein of human coronavirus OC43. Virology 195: 195-202.
158. Kwon DS, Gregorio G, Bitton N, Hendrickson WA & Littman DR (2002) DC-SIGN-mediated internalization of HIV is required for trans-enhancement of T cell infection. Immunity 16: 135-144.
159. Lamb RA & Krug RM (2001) Orthomyxoviridae: The Viruses and their Replication. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
160. Landers JJ, Cao Z, Lee I, Piehler LT, Myc PP, Myc A, Hamouda T, Galecki AT & Baker JR Jr (2002) Prevention of influenza pneumonitis by sialic Acid-conjugated dendritic polymers. J Infect Dis 186: 1222-1230.
161. Lanteri M, Giordanengo V, Hiraoka N, Fuzibet JG, Auberger P, Fukuda M, Baum LG & Lefebvre JC (2003) Altered T cell surface glycosylation in HIV-1 infection results in increased susceptibility to galectin-1-induced cell death. Glycobiology 13: 909-918.
162. Larkin A & Imperiali B (2011) The expanding horizons of asparagine-linked glycosylation. Biochemistry 50: 4411-4426.
163. Lauring AS & Andino R (2010) Quasispecies theory and the behavior of RNA viruses. PLoS Pathog 6: e1001005.
164. Lazar C, Durantel D, Macovei A, Zitzmann N, Zoulim F, Dwek RA & Branza-Nichita N (2007) Treatment of hepatitis B virus-infected cells with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors results in production of virions with altered molecular composition and infectivity. Antiviral Res 76: 30-37.
165. Le Pendu J, Ruvoen-Clouet N, Kindberg E & Svensson L (2006) Mendelian resistance to human norovirus infections. Semin Immunol 18: 375-386.
166. Leavitt R, Schlesinger S & Kornfeld S (1977) Tunicamycin inhibits glycosylation and multiplication of Sindbis and vesicular stomatitis viruses. J Virol 21: 375-385.
167. Lee B & Ataman ZA (2011) Modes of paramyxovirus fusion: a Henipavirus perspective. Trends Microbiol 19: 389-399.
168. Lee B, Leslie G, Soilleux E et al. (2001) cis Expression of DC-SIGN allows for more efficient entry of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses via CD4 and a coreceptor. J Virol 75: 12028-12038.
169. Lekkerkerker AN, van Kooyk Y & Geijtenbeek TB (2006) Viral piracy: HIV-1 targets dendritic cells for transmission. Curr HIV Res 4: 169-176.
170. LeVine AM, Whitsett JA, Hartshorn KL, Crouch EC & Korfhagen TR (2001) Surfactant protein D enhances clearance of influenza A virus from the lung in vivo. J Immunol 167: 5868-5873.
171. LeVine AM, Hartshorn K, Elliott J, Whitsett J & Korfhagen T (2002) Absence of SP-A modulates innate and adaptive defense responses to pulmonary influenza infection. Am J Physiol 282: L563-L572.
172. LeVine AM, Elliott J, Whitsett JA, Srikiatkhachorn A, Crouch E, DeSilva N & Korfhagen T (2004) Surfactant protein-d enhances phagocytosis and pulmonary clearance of respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 31: 193-199.
173. Levroney EL, Aguilar HC, Fulcher JA, Kohatsu L, Pace KE, Pang M, Gurney KB, Baum LG & Lee B (2005) Novel innate immune functions for galectin-1: galectin-1 inhibits cell fusion by Nipah virus envelope glycoproteins and augments dendritic cell secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. J Immunol 175: 413-420.
174. Lew W, Chen X & Kim CU (2000) Discovery and development of GS 4104 (oseltamivir): an orally active influenza neuraminidase inhibitor. Curr Med Chem 7: 663-672.
175. Li G, Siddiqui J, Hendry M, Akiyama J, Edmondson J, Brown C, Allen L, Levitt S, Poulain F & Hawgood S (2002) Surfactant protein-A-deficient mice display an exaggerated early inflammatory response to a beta-resistant strain of influenza A virus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26: 277-282.
176. Liao CF, Wang SF, Lin YT, Ho DD & Chen YM (2011) Identification of the DC-SIGN-interactive domains on the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 CRF07_BC. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 27: 831-839.
177. Liedtke S, Adamski M, Geyer R, Pfutzner A, Rubsamen-Waigmann H & Geyer H (1994) Oligosaccharide profiles of HIV-2 external envelope glycoprotein: dependence on host cells and virus isolates. Glycobiology 4: 477-484.
178. Liedtke S, Geyer R & Geyer H (1997) Host-cell-specific glycosylation of HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein. Glycoconj J 14: 785-793.
179. Lin G, Simmons G, Pohlmann S et al. (2003) Differential N-linked glycosylation of human immunodeficiency virus and Ebola virus envelope glycoproteins modulates interactions with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. J Virol 77: 1337-1346.
180. Liu H, Hwangbo Y, Holte S et al. (2004) Analysis of genetic polymorphisms in CCR5, CCR2, stromal cell-derived factor-1, RANTES, and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin in seronegative individuals repeatedly exposed to HIV-1. J Infect Dis 190: 1055-1058.
181. Loris R (2002) Principles of structures of animal and plant lectins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1572: 198-208.
182. Luallen RJ, Fu H, Agrawal-Gamse C, Mboudjeka I, Huang W, Lee FH, Wang LX, Doms RW & Geng Y (2009) A yeast glycoprotein shows high-affinity binding to the broadly neutralizing human immunodeficiency virus antibody 2G12 and inhibits gp120 interactions with 2G12 and DC-SIGN. J Virol 83: 4861-4870.
183. Madsen J, Gaiha GD, Palaniyar N, Dong T, Mitchell DA & Clark HW (2013) Surfactant Protein D modulates HIV infection of both T-cells and dendritic cells. PLoS One 8: e59047.
184. Malakhov MP, Aschenbrenner LM, Smee DF et al. (2006) Sialidase fusion protein as a novel broad-spectrum inhibitor of influenza virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 1470-1479.
185. Malhotra R, Haurum JS, Thiel S & Sim RB (1994) Binding of human collectins (SP-A and MBP) to influenza virus. Biochem J 304(Pt 2): 455-461.
186. Mandl CW, Kroschewski H, Allison SL, Kofler R, Holzmann H, Meixner T & Heinz FX (2001) Adaptation of tick-borne encephalitis virus to BHK-21 cells results in the formation of multiple heparan sulfate binding sites in the envelope protein and attenuation in vivo. J Virol 75: 5627-5637.
187. Manzo C, Torreno-Pina JA, Joosten B, Reinieren-Beeren I, Gualda EJ, Loza-Alvarez P, Figdor CG, Garcia-Parajo MF & Cambi A (2012) The neck region of the C-type lectin DC-SIGN regulates its surface spatiotemporal organization and virus-binding capacity on antigen-presenting cells. J Biol Chem 287: 38946-38955.
188. Markine-Goriaynoff N, Georgin JP, Goltz M, Zimmermann W, Broll H, Wamwayi HM, Pastoret PP, Sharp PM & Vanderplasschen A (2003) The core 2 beta-1, 6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-mucin encoded by bovine herpesvirus 4 was acquired from an ancestor of the African buffalo. J Virol 77: 1784-1792.
189. Markine-Goriaynoff N, Gillet L, Van Etten JL, Korres H, Verma N & Vanderplasschen A (2004a) Glycosyltransferases encoded by viruses. J Gen Virol 85: 2741-2754.
190. Markine-Goriaynoff N, Gillet L, Karlsen OA, Haarr L, Minner F, Pastoret PP, Fukuda M & Vanderplasschen A (2004b) The core 2 beta-1, 6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-M encoded by bovine herpesvirus 4 is not essential for virus replication despite contributing to post-translational modifications of structural proteins. J Gen Virol 85: 355-367.
191. Martin MP, Lederman MM, Hutcheson HB et al. (2004) Association of DC-SIGN promoter polymorphism with increased risk for parenteral, but not mucosal, acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 78: 14053-14056.
192. Martinez-Avila O, Bedoya LM, Marradi M, Clavel C, Alcami J & Penades S (2009a) Multivalent manno-glyconanoparticles inhibit DC-SIGN-mediated HIV-1 trans-infection of human T cells. ChemBioChem 10: 1806-1809.
193. Martinez-Avila O, Hijazi K, Marradi M, Clavel C, Campion C, Kelly C & Penades S (2009b) Gold manno-glyconanoparticles: multivalent systems to block HIV-1 gp120 binding to the lectin DC-SIGN. Chemistry 15: 9874-9888.
194. Matrosovich M & Klenk HD (2003) Natural and synthetic sialic acid-containing inhibitors of influenza virus receptor binding. Rev Med Virol 13: 85-97.
195. Matrosovich MN, Gambaryan AS & Chumakov MP (1992) Influenza viruses differ in recognition of 4-O-acetyl substitution of sialic acid receptor determinant. Virology 188: 854-858.
196. Matrosovich M, Gao P & Kawaoka Y (1998) Molecular mechanisms of serum resistance of human influenza H3N2 virus and their involvement in virus adaptation in a new host. J Virol 72: 6373-6380.
197. Matsubara T, Onishi A, Saito T, Shimada A, Inoue H, Taki T, Nagata K, Okahata Y & Sato T (2010) Sialic acid-mimic peptides as hemagglutinin inhibitors for anti-influenza therapy. J Med Chem 53: 4441-4449.
198. McDonald D, Wu L, Bohks SM, KewalRamani VN, Unutmaz D & Hope TJ (2003) Recruitment of HIV and its receptors to dendritic cell-T cell junctions. Science 300: 1295-1297.
199. McGreal EP, Martinez-Pomares L & Gordon S (2004) Divergent roles for C-type lectins expressed by cells of the innate immune system. Mol Immunol 41: 1109-1121.
200. McGreal EP, Miller JL & Gordon S (2005) Ligand recognition by antigen-presenting cell C-type lectin receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 17: 18-24.
201. Mehta A, Zitzmann N, Rudd PM, Block TM & Dwek RA (1998) Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as potential broad based anti-viral agents. FEBS Lett 430: 17-22.
202. Mercier S, St-Pierre C, Pelletier I, Ouellet M, Tremblay MJ & Sato S (2008) Galectin-1 promotes HIV-1 infectivity in macrophages through stabilization of viral adsorption. Virology 371: 121-129.
203. Merry T & Astrautsova S (2010) Alternative approaches to antiviral treatments: focusing on glycosylation as a target for antiviral therapy. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 56: 103-109.
204. Mikerov AN, White M, Hartshorn K, Wang G & Floros J (2008) Inhibition of hemagglutination activity of influenza A viruses by SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants expressed in CHO cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 197: 9-12.
205. Mikulak J, Teichberg S, Arora S, Kumar D, Yadav A, Salhan D, Pullagura S, Mathieson PW, Saleem MA & Singhal PC (2010) DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin mediates internalization of HIV-1 into human podocytes. Am J Physiol 299: F664-F673.
206. Montefiori DC, Robinson WE Jr & Mitchell WM (1988) Role of protein N-glycosylation in pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. P Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 9248-9252.
207. Moris A, Nobile C, Buseyne F, Porrot F, Abastado JP & Schwartz O (2004) DC-SIGN promotes exogenous MHC-I-restricted HIV-1 antigen presentation. Blood 103: 2648-2654.
208. Moris A, Pajot A, Blanchet F, Guivel-Benhassine F, Salcedo M & Schwartz O (2006) Dendritic cells and HIV-specific CD4+ T cells: HIV antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and viral transfer. Blood 108: 1643-1651.
209. Mummidi S, Catano G, Lam L, Hoefle A, Telles V, Begum K, Jimenez F, Ahuja SS & Ahuja SK (2001) Extensive repertoire of membrane-bound and soluble dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin 1 (DC-SIGN1) and DC-SIGN2 isoforms. Inter-individual variation in expression of DC-SIGN transcripts. J Biol Chem 276: 33196-33212.
210. Nair MP, Reynolds JL, Mahajan SD, Schwartz SA, Aalinkeel R, Bindukumar B & Sykes D (2005) RNAi-directed inhibition of DC-SIGN by dendritic cells: prospects for HIV-1 therapy. AAPS J 7: E572-E578.
211. Nakada S, Creager RS, Krystal M, Aaronson RP & Palese P (1984) Influenza C virus hemagglutinin: comparison with influenza A and B virus hemagglutinins. J Virol 50: 118-124.
212. Nash P, Barry M, Seet BT, Veugelers K, Hota S, Heger J, Hodgkinson C, Graham K, Jackson RJ & McFadden G (2000) Post-translational modification of the myxoma-virus anti-inflammatory serpin SERP-1 by a virally encoded sialyltransferase. Biochem J 347: 375-382.
213. Navarro-Sanchez E, Altmeyer R, Amara A, Schwartz O, Fieschi F, Virelizier JL, Arenzana-Seisdedos F & Despres P (2003) Dendritic-cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin is essential for the productive infection of human dendritic cells by mosquito-cell-derived dengue viruses. EMBO Rep 4: 723-728.
214. Nikolic DS, Lehmann M, Felts R, Garcia E, Blanchet FP, Subramaniam S & Piguet V (2011) HIV-1 activates Cdc42 and induces membrane extensions in immature dendritic cells to facilitate cell-to-cell virus propagation. Blood 118: 4841-4852.
215. Nobile C, Petit C, Moris A, Skrabal K, Abastado JP, Mammano F & Schwartz O (2005) Covert human immunodeficiency virus replication in dendritic cells and in DC-SIGN-expressing cells promotes long-term transmission to lymphocytes. J Virol 79: 5386-5399.
216. Nystrom K, Le Gall-Recule G, Grassi P et al. (2011) Histo-blood group antigens act as attachment factors of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus infection in a virus strain-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 7: e1002188.
217. Ochiel DO, Ochsenbauer C, Kappes JC, Ghosh M, Fahey JV & Wira CR (2010) Uterine epithelial cell regulation of DC-SIGN expression inhibits transmitted/founder HIV-1 trans infection by immature dendritic cells. PLoS One 5: e14306.
218. Ohuchi M, Ohuchi R, Feldmann A & Klenk HD (1997) Regulation of receptor binding affinity of influenza virus hemagglutinin by its carbohydrate moiety. J Virol 71: 8377-8384.
219. Osorio F & Reis e Sousa, C (2011) Myeloid C-type lectin receptors in pathogen recognition and host defense. Immunity 34: 651-664.
220. Ouellet M, Mercier S, Pelletier I, Bounou S, Roy J, Hirabayashi J, Sato S & Tremblay MJ (2005) Galectin-1 acts as a soluble host factor that promotes HIV-1 infectivity through stabilization of virus attachment to host cells. J Immunol 174: 4120-4126.
221. Pal R, Hoke GM & Sarngadharan MG (1989) Role of oligosaccharides in the processing and maturation of envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. P Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 3384-3388.
222. Pantophlet R & Burton DR (2006) GP120: Target for neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. Annu Rev Immunol 24: 739-769.
223. Papp I, Sieben C, Ludwig K, Roskamp M, Bottcher C, Schlecht S, Herrmann A & Haag R (2010) Inhibition of influenza virus infection by multivalent sialic-acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Small 6: 2900-2906.
224. Papp I, Sieben C, Sisson AL, Kostka J, Bottcher C, Ludwig K, Herrmann A & Haag R (2011) Inhibition of influenza virus activity by multivalent glycoarchitectures with matched sizes. Chembiochem 12: 887-895.
225. Patel M, Yanagishita M, Roderiquez G, Bou-Habib DC, Oravecz T, Hascall VC & Norcross MA (1993) Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan mediates HIV-1 infection of T-cell lines. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 9: 167-174.
226. Paulick MG & Bertozzi CR (2008) The glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor: a complex membrane-anchoring structure for proteins. Biochemistry 47: 6991-7000.
227. Pekosz A & Lamb RA (1999) Cell surface expression of biologically active influenza C virus HEF glycoprotein expressed from cDNA. J Virol 73: 8808-8812.
228. Peter-Katalinic J (2005) Methods in enzymology: O-glycosylation of proteins. Methods Enzymol 405: 139-171.
229. Piguet V & Steinman RM (2007) The interaction of HIV with dendritic cells: outcomes and pathways. Trends Immunol 28: 503-510.
230. Pizer LI, Cohen GH & Eisenberg RJ (1980) Effect of tunicamycin on herpes simplex virus glycoproteins and infectious virus production. J Virol 34: 142-153.
231. Pohlmann S, Baribaud F, Lee B, Leslie GJ, Sanchez MD, Hiebenthal-Millow K, Munch J, Kirchhoff F & Doms RW (2001) DC-SIGN interactions with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 75: 4664-4672.
232. Pritchett TJ & Paulson JC (1989) Basis for the potent inhibition of influenza virus infection by equine and guinea pig alpha 2-macroglobulin. J Biol Chem 264: 9850-9858.
233. Prydz K & Dalen KT (2000) Synthesis and sorting of proteoglycans. J Cell Sci 113: 193-205.
234. Rademacher C, Krishna NR, Palcic M, Parra F & Peters T (2008) NMR experiments reveal the molecular basis of receptor recognition by a calicivirus. J Am Chem Soc 130: 3669-3675.
235. Rappocciolo G, Piazza P, Fuller CL, Reinhart TA, Watkins SC, Rowe DT, Jais M, Gupta P & Rinaldo CR (2006) DC-SIGN on B lymphocytes is required for transmission of HIV-1 to T lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2: e70.
236. Raza A, Shareef H, Salim H, Khushal R & Bokhari H (2011) Selection of predicted siRNA as potential antiviral therapeutic agent against influenza virus. Bioinformation 6: 340-343.
237. Reading PC, Hartley CA, Ezekowitz RA & Anders EM (1995) A serum mannose-binding lectin mediates complement-dependent lysis of influenza virus-infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 217: 1128-1136.
238. Reading PC, Morey LS, Crouch EC & Anders EM (1997) Collectin-mediated antiviral host defense of the lung: evidence from influenza virus infection of mice. J Virol 71: 8204-8212.
239. Reading PC, Tate MD, Pickett DL & Brooks AG (2007) Glycosylation as a target for recognition of influenza viruses by the innate immune system. Adv Exp Med Biol 598: 279-292.
240. Reading PC, Pickett DL, Tate MD, Whitney PG, Job ER & Brooks AG (2009) Loss of a single N-linked glycan from the hemagglutinin of influenza virus is associated with resistance to collectins and increased virulence in mice. Respir Res 10: 117.
241. Reitter JN, Means RE & Desrosiers RC (1998) A role for carbohydrates in immune evasion in AIDS. Nat Med 4: 679-684.
242. Relloso M, Puig-Kroger A, Pello OM, Rodriguez-Fernandez JL, de la Rosa G, Longo N, Navarro J, Munoz-Fernandez MA, Sanchez-Mateos P & Corbi AL (2002) DC-SIGN (CD209) expression is IL-4 dependent and is negatively regulated by IFN, TGF-beta, and anti-inflammatory agents. J Immunol 168: 2634-2643.
243. Roberts NA (2001) Anti-influenza drugs and neuraminidase inhibitors. Prog Drug Res. Spec No: 35-77.
244. Rogers GN, Pritchett TJ, Lane JL & Paulson JC (1983) Differential sensitivity of human, avian, and equine influenza A viruses to a glycoprotein inhibitor of infection: selection of receptor specific variants. Virology 131: 394-408.
245. Rogers GN, Herrler G, Paulson JC & Klenk HD (1986) Influenza C virus uses 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid as a high affinity receptor determinant for attachment to cells. J Biol Chem 261: 5947-5951.
246. Rosenthal PB, Zhang X, Formanowski F, Fitz W, Wong CH, Meier-Ewert H, Skehel JJ & Wiley DC (1998) Structure of the haemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein of influenza C virus. Nature 396: 92-96.
247. Roth J (1996) Protein glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus and cell type-specificity of cell surface glycoconjugate expression: analysis by the protein A-gold and lectin-gold techniques. Histochem Cell Biol 106: 79-92.
248. Ruvoen-Clouet N, Ganiere JP, Andre-Fontaine G, Blanchard D & Le Pendu J (2000) Binding of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus to antigens of the ABH histo-blood group family. J Virol 74: 11950-11954.
249. Ryan-Poirier KA & Kawaoka Y (1991) Distinct glycoprotein inhibitors of influenza A virus in different animal sera. J Virol 65: 389-395.
250. Ryan-Poirier KA & Kawaoka Y (1993) Alpha 2-macroglobulin is the major neutralizing inhibitor of influenza A virus in pig serum. Virology 193: 974-976.
251. Sa-Carvalho D, Rieder E, Baxt B, Rodarte R, Tanuri A & Mason PW (1997) Tissue culture adaptation of foot-and-mouth disease virus selects viruses that bind to heparin and are attenuated in cattle. J Virol 71: 5115-5123.
252. Sakuntabhai A, Turbpaiboon C, Casademont I et al. (2005) A variant in the CD209 promoter is associated with severity of dengue disease. Nat Genet 37: 507-513.
253. Sancho D & Reis e Sousa, C (2012) Signaling by myeloid C-type lectin receptors in immunity and homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol 30: 491-529.
254. Sano H, Nagai K, Tsutsumi H & Kuroki Y (2003) Lactoferrin and surfactant protein A exhibit distinct binding specificity to F protein and differently modulate respiratory syncytial virus infection. Eur J Immunol 33: 2894-2902.
255. Sato S, St-Pierre C, Bhaumik P & Nieminen J (2009) Galectins in innate immunity: dual functions of host soluble beta-galactoside-binding lectins as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and as receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Immunol Rev 230: 172-187.
256. Sato S, Ouellet M, St-Pierre C & Tremblay MJ (2012) Glycans, galectins, and HIV-1 infection. Ann NY Acad Sci 1253: 133-148.
257. Sattin S, Daghetti A, Thepaut M, Berzi A, Sanchez-Navarro M, Tabarani G, Rojo J, Fieschi F, Clerici M & Bernardi A (2010) Inhibition of DC-SIGN-mediated HIV infection by a linear trimannoside mimic in a tetravalent presentation. ACS Chem Biol 5: 301-312.
258. Scanlan CN, Offer J, Zitzmann N & Dwek RA (2007) Exploiting the defensive sugars of HIV-1 for drug and vaccine design. Nature 446: 1038-1045.
259. Schauer R, Reuter G, Stoll S, Posadas del Rio F, Herrler G & Klenk HD (1988) Isolation and characterization of sialate 9(4)-O-acetylesterase from influenza C virus. Bio Chem Hoppe-Seyler 369: 1121-1130.
260. Schultze B, Gross HJ, Brossmer R & Herrler G (1991) The S protein of bovine coronavirus is a hemagglutinin recognizing 9-O-acetylated sialic acid as a receptor determinant. J Virol 65: 6232-6237.
261. Schultze B, Krempl C, Ballesteros ML, Shaw L, Schauer R, Enjuanes L & Herrler G (1996) Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, but not the related porcine respiratory coronavirus, has a sialic acid (N-glycolylneuraminic acid) binding activity. J Virol 70: 5634-5637.
262. Schwarz F & Aebi M (2011) Mechanisms and principles of N-linked protein glycosylation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 21: 576-582.
263. Schwegmann-Wessels C, Bauer S, Winter C, Enjuanes L, Laude H & Herrler G (2011) The sialic acid binding activity of the S protein facilitates infection by porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. Virol J 8: 435.
264. Selvaraj P, Alagarasu K, Swaminathan S, Harishankar M & Narendran G (2009) CD209 gene polymorphisms in South Indian HIV and HIV-TB patients. Infect Genet Evol 9: 256-262.
265. Serrano-Gomez D, Sierra-Filardi E, Martinez-Nunez RT, Caparros E, Delgado R, Munoz-Fernandez MA, Abad MA, Jimenez-Barbero J, Leal M & Corbi AL (2008) Structural requirements for multimerization of the pathogen receptor dendritic cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin (CD209) on the cell surface. J Biol Chem 283: 3889-3903.
266. Sewell AK & Price DA (2001) Dendritic cells and transmission of HIV-1. Trends Immunol 22: 173-175.
267. Shirato H (2011) Norovirus and histo-blood group antigens. Jpn J Infect Dis 64: 95-103.
268. Skehel JJ & Wiley DC (2000) Receptor binding and membrane fusion in virus entry: the influenza hemagglutinin. Annu Rev Biochem 69: 531-569.
269. Soilleux EJ, Morris LS, Leslie G et al. (2002) Constitutive and induced expression of DC-SIGN on dendritic cell and macrophage subpopulations in situ and in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 71: 445-457.
270. St-Pierre C, Manya H, Ouellet M, Clark GF, Endo T, Tremblay MJ & Sato S (2011) Host-soluble galectin-1 promotes HIV-1 replication through a direct interaction with glycans of viral gp120 and host CD4. J Virol 85: 11742-11751.
271. Stuart AD & Brown TD (2007) Alpha2, 6-linked sialic acid acts as a receptor for Feline calicivirus. J Gen Virol 88: 177-186.
272. Su SV, Hong P, Baik S, Negrete OA, Gurney KB & Lee B (2004) DC-SIGN binds to HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 in a distinct but overlapping fashion compared with ICAM-2 and ICAM-3. J Biol Chem 279: 19122-19132.
273. Sujino K, Jackson RJ, Chan NW, Tsuji S & Palcic MM (2000) A novel viral alpha2, 3-sialyltransferase (v-ST3Gal I): transfer of sialic acid to fucosylated acceptors. Glycobiology 10: 313-320.
274. Summerford C & Samulski RJ (1998) Membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan is a receptor for adeno-associated virus type 2 virions. J Virol 72: 1438-1445.
275. Sun XJ, Jayaraman A, Maniprasad P, Raman R, Houser KV, Pappas C, Zeng H, Sasisekharan R, Katz JM & Tumpey TM (2013) N-linked glycosylation of the hemagglutinin protein influences virulence and antigenicity of the 1918 pandemic and seasonal H1N1 influenza A viruses. J Virol 87: 8756-8766.
276. Suzuki Y (2005) Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses. Biol Pharm Bull 28: 399-408.
277. Suzuki Y & Nei M (2002) Origin and evolution of influenza virus hemagglutinin genes. Mol Biol Evol 19: 501-509.
278. Suzuki T, Tsukimoto M, Kobayashi M, Yamada A, Kawaoka Y, Webster RG & Suzuki Y (1994) Sialoglycoproteins that bind influenza A virus and resist viral neuraminidase in different animal sera. J Gen Virol 75(Pt 7): 1769-1774.
279. Svajger U, Anderluh M, Jeras M & Obermajer N (2010) C-type lectin DC-SIGN: an adhesion, signalling and antigen-uptake molecule that guides dendritic cells in immunity. Cell Signal 22: 1397-1405.
280. Tan M & Jiang X (2007) Norovirus-host interaction: implications for disease control and prevention. Expert Rev Mol Med 9: 1-22.
281. Tate MD, Brooks AG & Reading PC (2011a) Specific sites of N-linked glycosylation on the hemagglutinin of H1N1 subtype influenza A virus determine sensitivity to inhibitors of the innate immune system and virulence in mice. J Immunol 187: 1884-1894.
282. Tate MD, Job ER, Brooks AG & Reading PC (2011b) Glycosylation of the hemagglutinin modulates the sensitivity of H3N2 influenza viruses to innate proteins in airway secretions and virulence in mice. Virology 413: 84-92.
283. Taube S, Perry JW, Yetming K et al. (2009) Ganglioside-linked terminal sialic acid moieties on murine macrophages function as attachment receptors for murine noroviruses. J Virol 83: 4092-4101.
284. Taube S, Jiang M & Wobus CE (2010) Glycosphingolipids as receptors for non-enveloped viruses. Viruses 2: 1011-1049.
285. Taube S, Perry JW, McGreevy E, Yetming K, Perkins C, Henderson K & Wobus CE (2012) Murine noroviruses bind glycolipid and glycoprotein attachment receptors in a strain-dependent manner. J Virol 86: 5584-5593.
286. Taylor ME & Drickamer K (2011) Introduction to Glycobiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
287. Triana-Baltzer GB, Gubareva LV, Klimov AI, Wurtman DF, Moss RB, Hedlund M, Larson JL, Belshe RB & Fang F (2009a) Inhibition of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant influenza virus by DAS181, a novel sialidase fusion protein. PLoS One 4: e7838.
288. Triana-Baltzer GB, Gubareva LV, Nicholls JM et al. (2009b) Novel pandemic influenza A(H1N1) viruses are potently inhibited by DAS181, a sialidase fusion protein. PLoS One 4: e7788.
289. Triana-Baltzer GB, Babizki M, Chan MC et al. (2010) DAS181, a sialidase fusion protein, protects human airway epithelium against influenza virus infection: an in vitro pharmacodynamic analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 65: 275-284.
290. Triana-Baltzer GB, Sanders RL, Hedlund M, Jensen KA, Aschenbrenner LM, Larson JL & Fang F (2011) Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of influenza virus mutants selected with the sialidase fusion protein DAS181. J Antimicrob Chemother 66: 15-28.
291. Trybala E, Roth A, Johansson M, Liljeqvist JA, Rekabdar E, Larm O & Bergstrom T (2002) Glycosaminoglycan-binding ability is a feature of wild-type strains of herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology 302: 413-419.
292. Tsegaye TS & Pohlmann S (2010) The multiple facets of HIV attachment to dendritic cell lectins. Cell Microbiol 12: 1553-1561.
293. Tsegaye TS, Gnirss K, Rahe-Meyer N, Kiene M, Kramer-Kuhl A, Behrens G, Munch J & Pohlmann S (2013) Platelet activation suppresses HIV-1 infection of T cells. Retrovirology 10: 48.
294. Tsuchiya E, Sugawara K, Hongo S, Matsuzaki Y, Muraki Y, Li ZN & Nakamura K (2002) Effect of addition of new oligosaccharide chains to the globular head of influenza A/H2N2 virus haemagglutinin on the intracellular transport and biological activities of the molecule. J Gen Virol 83: 1137-1146.
295. Turville SG, Cameron PU, Handley A, Lin G, Pohlmann S, Doms RW & Cunningham AL (2002) Diversity of receptors binding HIV on dendritic cell subsets. Nat Immunol 3: 975-983.
296. Turville SG, Santos JJ, Frank I et al. (2004) Immunodeficiency virus uptake, turnover, and 2-phase transfer in human dendritic cells. Blood 103: 2170-2179.
297. Van Breedam W, Van Gorp H, Zhang JQ, Crocker PR, Delputte PL & Nauwynck HJ (2010a) The M/GP(5) glycoprotein complex of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus binds the sialoadhesin receptor in a sialic acid-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 6: e1000730.
298. Van Breedam W, Delputte PL, Van Gorp H, Misinzo G, Vanderheijden N, Duan X & Nauwynck HJ (2010b) Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus entry into the porcine macrophage. J Gen Virol 91: 1659-1667.
299. van de Wetering JK, van Golde LM & Batenburg JJ (2004) Collectins: players of the innate immune system. Eur J Biochem 271: 1229-1249.
300. Van den Steen P, Rudd PM, Dwek RA & Opdenakker G (1998) Concepts and principles of O-linked glycosylation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 33: 151-208.
301. van der Vlist M & Geijtenbeek TB (2010) Langerin functions as an antiviral receptor on Langerhans cells. Immunol Cell Biol 88: 410-415.
302. van der Vlist M, van der Aar AM, Gringhuis SI & Geijtenbeek TB (2011) Innate signaling in HIV-1 infection of dendritic cells. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 6: 348-352.
303. van Eijk M, van de Lest CH, Batenburg JJ, Vaandrager AB, Meschi J, Hartshorn KL, van Golde LM & Haagsman HP (2002) Porcine surfactant protein D is N-glycosylated in its carbohydrate recognition domain and is assembled into differently charged oligomers. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26: 739-747.
304. van Eijk M, White MR, Crouch EC, Batenburg JJ, Vaandrager AB, Van Golde LM, Haagsman HP & Hartshorn KL (2003) Porcine pulmonary collectins show distinct interactions with influenza A viruses: role of the N-linked oligosaccharides in the carbohydrate recognition domain. J Immunol 171: 1431-1440.
305. van Eijk M, White MR, Batenburg JJ, Vaandrager AB, van Golde LM, Haagsman HP & Hartshorn KL (2004) Interactions of influenza A virus with sialic acids present on porcine surfactant protein D. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 30: 871-879.
306. van Kooyk Y & Rabinovich GA (2008) Protein-glycan interactions in the control of innate and adaptive immune responses. Nat Immunol 9: 593-601.
307. van Liempt E, Bank CM, Mehta P, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Kawar ZS, Geyer R, Alvarez RA, Cummings RD, Kooyk Y & van Die I (2006) Specificity of DC-SIGN for mannose- and fucose-containing glycans. FEBS Lett 580: 6123-6131.
308. Vanderheijden N, Delputte P, Nauwynck H & Pensaert M (2001) Effects of heparin on the entry of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus into alveolar macrophages. Adv Exp Med Biol 494: 683-689.
309. Vanderplasschen A, Markine-Goriaynoff N, Lomonte P et al. (2000) A multipotential beta-1, 6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase is encoded by bovine herpesvirus type 4. P Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 5756-5761.
310. Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, Bertozzi CR, Hart GW & Etzler ME (2009) Essentials of Glycobiology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor.
311. Veldhuizen EJ, van Eijk M & Haagsman HP (2011) The carbohydrate recognition domain of collectins. FEBS J 278: 3930-3941.
312. Vigerust DJ, Ulett KB, Boyd KL, Madsen J, Hawgood S & McCullers JA (2007) N-linked glycosylation attenuates H3N2 influenza viruses. J Virol 81: 8593-8600.
313. Vlasak R, Krystal M, Nacht M & Palese P (1987) The influenza C virus glycoprotein (HE) exhibits receptor-binding (hemagglutinin) and receptor-destroying (esterase) activities. Virology 160: 419-425.
314. von Itzstein M (2007) The war against influenza: discovery and development of sialidase inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6: 967-974.
315. von Itzstein M & Thomson R (2009) Anti-influenza drugs: the development of sialidase inhibitors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 189: 111-154.
316. Wagner R, Wolff T, Herwig A, Pleschka S & Klenk HD (2000) Interdependence of hemagglutinin glycosylation and neuraminidase as regulators of influenza virus growth: a study by reverse genetics. J Virol 74: 6316-6323.
317. Wagner R, Matrosovich M & Klenk HD (2002) Functional balance between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in influenza virus infections. Rev Med Virol 12: 159-166.
318. Wang JH, Janas AM, Olson WJ & Wu L (2007a) Functionally distinct transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mediated by immature and mature dendritic cells. J Virol 81: 8933-8943.
319. Wang Q, Tian X, Chen X & Ma J (2007b) Structural basis for receptor specificity of influenza B virus hemagglutinin. P Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 16874-16879.
320. Wang Q, Cheng F, Lu M, Tian X & Ma J (2008a) Crystal structure of unliganded influenza B virus hemagglutinin. J Virol 82: 3011-3020.
321. Wang SK, Liang PH, Astronomo RD, Hsu TL, Hsieh SL, Burton DR & Wong CH (2008b) Targeting the carbohydrates on HIV-1: Interaction of oligomannose dendrons with human monoclonal antibody 2G12 and DC-SIGN. P Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 3690-3695.
322. Wang CC, Chen JR, Tseng YC et al. (2009) Glycans on influenza hemagglutinin affect receptor binding and immune response. P Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 18137-18142.
323. Wang L, Chen RF, Liu JW, Lee IK, Lee CP, Kuo HC, Huang SK & Yang KD (2011) DC-SIGN (CD209) Promoter -336 A/G polymorphism is associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever and correlated to DC-SIGN expression and immune augmentation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e934.
324. Wanzeck K, Boyd KL & McCullers JA (2011) Glycan shielding of the influenza virus hemagglutinin contributes to immunopathology in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183: 767-773.
325. Weerapana E & Imperiali B (2006) Asparagine-linked protein glycosylation: from eukaryotic to prokaryotic systems. Glycobiology 16: 91R-101R.
326. Wei X, Decker JM, Wang S et al. (2003) Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1. Nature 422: 307-312.
327. Wei CJ, Boyington JC, Dai KF, Houser KV, Pearce MB, Kong WP, Yang ZY, Tumpey TM & Nabel GJ (2010) Cross-neutralization of 1918 and 2009 influenza viruses: role of glycans in viral evolution and vaccine design. Sci Transl Med 2: 24ra21.
328. Weis WI (1997) Cell-surface carbohydrate recognition by animal and viral lectins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 7: 624-630.
329. White TA, Bartesaghi A, Borgnia MJ et al. (2010) Molecular architectures of trimeric SIV and HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins on intact viruses: strain-dependent variation in quaternary structure. PLoS Pathog 6: e1001249.
330. Willer DO, McFadden G & Evans DH (1999) The complete genome sequence of shope (rabbit) fibroma virus. Virology 264: 319-343.
331. Willey RL, Shibata R, Freed EO, Cho MW & Martin MA (1996) Differential glycosylation, virion incorporation, and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope produced from infected primary T-lymphocyte and macrophage cultures. J Virol 70: 6431-6436.
332. Witvrouw M, Fikkert V, Hantson A, Pannecouque C, O'Keefe BR, McMahon J, Stamatatos L, de Clercq E & Bolmstedt A (2005) Resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the high-mannose binding agents cyanovirin N and concanavalin A. J Virol 79: 7777-7784.
333. Wu L & KewalRamani VN (2006) Dendritic-cell interactions with HIV: infection and viral dissemination. Nat Rev 6: 859-868.
334. Wu SF, Lee CJ, Liao CL, Dwek RA, Zitzmann N & Lin YL (2002) Antiviral effects of an iminosugar derivative on flavivirus infections. J Virol 76: 3596-3604.
335. Yagi Y, Watanabe E, Watari E, Shinya E, Satomi M, Takeshita T & Takahashi H (2010) Inhibition of DC-SIGN-mediated transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by Toll-like receptor 3 signalling in breast milk macrophages. Immunology 130: 597-607.
336. Yu HJ, Reuter MA & McDonald D (2008) HIV traffics through a specialized, surface-accessible intracellular compartment during trans-infection of T cells by mature dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000134.
337. Yu RK, Tsai YT, Ariga T & Yanagisawa M (2011) Structures, biosynthesis, and functions of gangliosides-an overview. J Oleo Sci 60: 537-544.
338. Zhang L, Hartshorn KL, Crouch EC, Ikegami M & Whitsett JA (2002) Complementation of pulmonary abnormalities in SP-D(-/-) mice with an SP-D/conglutinin fusion protein. J Biol Chem 277: 22453-22459.
339. Zhu XG, Borchers C, Bienstock RJ & Tomer KB (2000) Mass spectrometric characterization of the glycosylation pattern of HIV-gp120 expressed in CHO cells. Biochemistry 39: 11194-11204.