Nanotechnology applications for the therapy of liver fibrosis

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 23, 2014, Pages 7242-7251

  Giannitrapani, Lydia ^a   Soresi, Maurizio ^a   Bondì, Maria Luisa ^b   Montalto, Giuseppe ^b   Cervello, Melchiorre ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antifibrotic drugs; Cirrhosis; Hepatic stellate cells; Liver fibrosis; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology

Indexed keywords

ANTIFIBROTIC AGENT; GALACTOSE; INTEGRIN; LIPOSOME; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN; SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE; SOMATOMEDIN B RECEPTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; DRUG CARRIER; NANOPARTICLE;

APOPTOSIS; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; FIBROGENESIS; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; POLYMERIZATION; PREVALENCE; RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM; REVIEW; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ANIMAL; MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY; NANOMEDICINE; PROCEDURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; DRUG CARRIERS; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; NANOMEDICINE; NANOPARTICLES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84902687883     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7242     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Rockey DC. Current and future anti-fibrotic therapies for chronic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2008; 12: 939-962, xi [PMID: 18984475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2008.07.011]
2. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC. Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice. Pharmacol Rev 2001; 53: 283-318 [PMID: 11356986]
3. Demoy M, Gibaud S, Andreux JP, Weingarten C, Gouritin B, Couvreur P. Splenic trapping of nanoparticles: complementary approaches for in situ studies. Pharm Res 1997; 14: 463-468 [PMID: 9144732 DOI: 10.1023/A:1012095431931]
4. Li SD, Huang L. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2008; 5: 496-504 [PMID: 18611037 DOI: 10.1021/mp800049w]
5. Owens DE, Peppas NA. Opsonization, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2006; 307: 93-102 [PMID: 16303268 DOI: 10.1016/ j.ijpharm.2005.10.010]
6. Jokerst JV, Lobovkina T, Zare RN, Gambhir SS. Nanoparticle PEGylation for imaging and therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6: 715-728 [PMID: 21718180 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.19]
7. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC. Nanomedicine: current status and future prospects. FASEB J 2005; 19: 311-330 [PMID: 15746175 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2747rev]
8. Sandhiya S, Dkhar SA, Surendiran A. Emerging trends of nanomedicine--an overview. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 23: 263-269 [PMID: 19527298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00692. x]
9. Teli MK, Mutalik S, Rajanikant GK. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine: going small means aiming big. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16: 1882-1892 [PMID: 20222866 DOI: 10.2174/13816 1210791208992]
10. Sekhon BS, Kamboj SR. Inorganic nanomedicine--part 2. Nanomedicine 2010; 6: 612-618 [PMID: 20417314 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2010.04.003]
11. Heneweer C, Gendy SE, Peñate-Medina O. Liposomes and inorganic nanoparticles for drug delivery and cancer imaging. Ther Deliv 2012; 3: 645-656 [PMID: 22834408 DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.38]
12. Chithrani DB. Nanoparticles for improved therapeutics and imaging in cancer therapy. Recent Pat Nanotechnol 2010; 4: 171-180 [PMID: 20618149 DOI: 10.2174/187221010792483726]
13. Das A, Mukherjee P, Singla SK, Guturu P, Frost MC, Mukhopadhyay D, Shah VH, Patra CR. Fabrication and characterization of an inorganic gold and silica nanoparticle mediated drug delivery system for nitric oxide. Nanotechnology 2010; 21: 305102 [PMID: 20610873]
14. Lebre F, Bento D, Jesus S, Borges O. Chitosan-based nanoparticles as a hepatitis B antigen delivery system. Methods Enzymol 2012; 509: 127-142 [PMID: 22568904 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-391858-1.00007-1]
15. Kamaly N, Xiao Z, Valencia PM, Radovic-Moreno AF, Farokhzad OC. Targeted polymeric therapeutic nanoparticles: design, development and clinical translation. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41: 2971-3010 [PMID: 22388185 DOI: 10.1039/ c2cs15344k]
16. Elsabahy M, Wooley KL. Design of polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical delivery applications. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41: 2545-2561 [PMID: 22334259 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15327k]
17. Craparo EF, Teresi G, Licciardi M, Bondí ML, Cavallaro G. Novel composed galactosylated nanodevices containing a ribavirin prodrug as hepatic cell-targeted carriers for HCV treatment. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2013; 9: 1107-1122 [PMID: 23858977 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2013.1608]
18. Dreaden EC, Austin LA, Mackey MA, El-Sayed MA. Size matters: gold nanoparticles in targeted cancer drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2012; 3: 457-478 [PMID: 22834077]
19. Immordino ML, Dosio F, Cattel L. Stealth liposomes: review of the basic science, rationale, and clinical applications, existing and potential. Int J Nanomedicine 2006; 1: 297-315 [PMID: 17717971]
20. Müller RH, Mäder K, Gohla S. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery-a review of the state of the art. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2000; 50: 161-177 [PMID: 10840199 DOI: 10.1016/S0939-6411(00)00087-4]
21. Bondì ML, Fontana G, Carlisi B, Giammona G. Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles containing cloricromene. Drug Deliv 2003; 10: 245-250 [PMID: 14612340]
22. Wissing SA, Kayser O, Müller RH. Solid lipid nanoparticles for parenteral drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56: 1257-1272 [PMID: 15109768 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.12.002]
23. Puri A, Loomis K, Smith B, Lee JH, Yavlovich A, Heldman E, Blumenthal R. Lipid-based nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: from concepts to clinic. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2009; 26: 523-580 [PMID: 20402623]
24. Pardeike J, Hommoss A, Müller RH. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products. Int J Pharm 2009; 366: 170-184 [PMID: 18992314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.10.003]
25. Pardeshi C, Rajput P, Belgamwar V, Tekade A, Patil G, Chaudhary K, Sonje A. Solid lipid based nanocarriers: an overview. Acta Pharm 2012; 62: 433-472 [PMID: 23333884 DOI: 10.2478/v10007-012-0040-z]
26. Müller RH, Radtke M, Wissing SA. Nanostructured lipid matrices for improved microencapsulation of drugs. Int J Pharm 2002; 242: 121-128 [PMID: 12176234 DOI: 10.1016/ S0378-5173(02)00180-1]
27. Bondì ML, Azzolina A, Craparo EF, Capuano G, Lampiasi N, Giammona G, Cervello M. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing nimesulide: preparation, characterization and in cytotoxicity studies. Curr Nanosc 2009; 5: 39-44
28. Müller RH, Radtke M, Wissing SA. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54 Suppl 1: S131-S155 [PMID: 12460720 DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00118-7]
29. Müller RH, Petersen RD, Hommoss A, Pardeike J. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic dermal products. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59: 522-530 [PMID: 17602783 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.012]
30. Bondì ML, Craparo EF, Giammona G, Cervello M, Azzolina A, Diana P, Martorana A, Cirrincione G. Nanostructured lipid carriers-containing anticancer compounds: preparation, characterization, and cytotoxicity studies. Drug Deliv 2007; 14: 61-67 [PMID: 17364869 DOI: 10.1080/10717540600739914]
31. Bondi ML, Azzolina A, Craparo EF, Lampiasi N, Capuano G, Giammona G, Cervello M. Novel cationic solid-lipid nanoparticles as non-viral vectors for gene delivery. J Drug Target 2007; 15: 295-301 [PMID: 17487698 DOI: 10.1080/1061 1860701324698]
32. Li JT, Liao ZX, Ping J, Xu D, Wang H. Molecular mechanism of hepatic stellate cell activation and antifibrotic therapeutic strategies. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43: 419-428 [PMID: 18600385 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2180-y]
33. He Q, Zhang J, Chen F, Guo L, Zhu Z, Shi J. An anti-ROS/ hepatic fibrosis drug delivery system based on salvianolic acid B loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 7785-7796 [PMID: 20674009 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials. 2010.07.008]
34. Siegmund SV, Dooley S, Brenner DA. Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis. Dig Dis 2005; 23: 264-274 [PMID: 16508291]
35. Zan Y, Zhang Y, Tien P. Hepatitis B virus e antigen induces activation of rat hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435: 391-396 [PMID: 23665329 DOI: 10.1016/ j.bbrc.2013.04.098]
36. Bataller R, Brenner DA. Liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 209-218 [PMID: 15690074 DOI: 10.1172/JCI200524282]
37. Hernandez-Gea V, Friedman SL. Pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Annu Rev Pathol 2011; 6: 425-456 [PMID: 21073339 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130246]
38. de Bleser PJ, Jannes P, van Buul-Offers SC, Hoogerbrugge CM, van Schravendijk CF, Niki T, Rogiers V, van den Brande JL, Wisse E, Geerts A. Insulinlike growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor is expressed on CCl4-exposed rat fatstoring cells and facilitates activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta in cocultures with sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology 1995; 21: 1429-1437 [PMID: 7737649]
39. Greupink R, Bakker HI, van Goor H, de Borst MH, Beljaars L, Poelstra K. Mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-Like growth factor-II receptors may represent a target for the selective delivery of mycophenolic acid to fibrogenic cells. Pharm Res 2006; 23: 1827-1834 [PMID: 16850269 DOI: 10.1007/ s11095-006-9025-2]
40. Hayashi H, Sakai T. Biological Significance of Local TGF-β Activation in Liver Diseases. Front Physiol 2012; 3: 12 [PMID: 22363291 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00012]
41. Beljaars L, Molema G, Weert B, Bonnema H, Olinga P, Groothuis GM, Meijer DK, Poelstra K. Albumin modified with mannose 6-phosphate: A potential carrier for selective delivery of antifibrotic drugs to rat and human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1486-1493 [PMID: 10216133 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290526]
42. Adrian JE, Poelstra K, Scherphof GL, Molema G, Meijer DK, Reker-Smit C, Morselt HW, Kamps JA. Interaction of targeted liposomes with primary cultured hepatic stellate cells: Involvement of multiple receptor systems. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 560-567 [PMID: 16368158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.08.027]
43. Adrian JE, Kamps JA, Scherphof GL, Meijer DK, van Loenen-Weemaes AM, Reker-Smit C, Terpstra P, Poelstra K. A novel lipid-based drug carrier targeted to the nonparenchymal cells, including hepatic stellate cells, in the fibrotic livers of bile duct ligated rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1768: 1430-1439 [PMID: 17493581 DOI: 10.1016/ j.bbamem.2007.03.027]
44. Adrian JE, Kamps JA, Poelstra K, Scherphof GL, Meijer DK, Kaneda Y. Delivery of viral vectors to hepatic stellate cells in fibrotic livers using HVJ envelopes fused with targeted liposomes. J Drug Target 2007; 15: 75-82 [PMID: 17365276 DOI: 10.1080/10611860601141481]
45. Zardi EM, Navarini L, Sambataro G, Piccinni P, Sambataro FM, Spina C, Dobrina A. Hepatic PPARs: their role in liver physiology, fibrosis and treatment. Curr Med Chem 2013; 20: 3370-3396 [PMID: 23746272]
46. Rodríguez-Vilarrupla A, Laviña B, García-Calderó H, Russo L, Rosado E, Roglans N, Bosch J, García-Pagán JC. PPARα activation improves endothelial dysfunction and reduces fibrosis and portal pressure in cirrhotic rats. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 1033-1039 [PMID: 22245887]
47. Toyama T, Nakamura H, Harano Y, Yamauchi N, Morita A, Kirishima T, Minami M, Itoh Y, Okanoue T. PPARalpha ligands activate antioxidant enzymes and suppress hepatic fibrosis in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324: 697-704 [PMID: 15474484]
48. Kostadinova R, Montagner A, Gouranton E, Fleury S, Guillou H, Dombrowicz D, Desreumaux P, Wahli W. GW501516-activated PPARβ/δ promotes liver fibrosis via p38-JNK MAPK-induced hepatic stellate cell proliferation. Cell Biosci 2012; 2: 34 [PMID: 23046570 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-34]
49. Chen H, He YW, Liu WQ, Zhang JH. Rosiglitazone prevents murine hepatic fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 2905-2911 [PMID: 18473419]
50. Zhang F, Kong D, Lu Y, Zheng S. Peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-γ as a therapeutic target for hepatic fibrosis: from bench to bedside. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70: 259-276 [PMID: 22699820 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1046-x]
51. Rodríguez-Vilarrupla A, Laviña B, García-Calderó H, Russo L, Rosado E, Roglans N, Bosch J, García-Pagán JC. PPARα activation improves endothelial dysfunction and reduces fibrosis and portal pressure in cirrhotic rats. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 1033-1039 [PMID: 22245887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.12.008]
52. Zhang F, Lu Y, Zheng S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ cross-regulation of signaling events implicated in liver fibrogenesis. Cell Signal 2012; 24: 596-605 [PMID: 22108088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.11.008]
53. Patel G, Kher G, Misra A. Preparation and evaluation of hepatic stellate cell selective, surface conjugated, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand loaded liposomes. J Drug Target 2012; 20: 155-165 [PMID: 21913877 DOI: 10.3109/1061186X.2011.610800]
54. Patsenker E, Stickel F. Role of integrins in fibrosing liver diseases. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301: G425-G434 [PMID: 21659620 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00050.2011]
55. Levine D, Rockey DC, Milner TA, Breuss JM, Fallon JT, Schnapp LM. Expression of the integrin alpha8beta1 during pulmonary and hepatic fibrosis. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1927-1935 [PMID: 10854216 DOI: 10.1016/ S0002-9440(10)65066-3]
56. Zhou X, Murphy FR, Gehdu N, Zhang J, Iredale JP, Benyon RC. Engagement of alphavbeta3 integrin regulates proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 23996-24006 [PMID: 15044441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc. M311668200]
57. Beljaars L, Molema G, Schuppan D, Geerts A, De Bleser PJ, Weert B, Meijer DK, Poelstra K. Successful targeting to rat hepatic stellate cells using albumin modified with cyclic peptides that recognize the collagen type VI receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 12743-12751 [PMID: 10777570 DOI: 10.1074/ jbc.275.17.12743]
58. Du SL, Pan H, Lu WY, Wang J, Wu J, Wang JY. Cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide-labeled liposomes for targeting drug therapy of hepatic fibrosis in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322: 560-568 [PMID: 17510318 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.122481]
59. Li F, Sun JY, Wang JY, Du SL, Lu WY, Liu M, Xie C, Shi JY. Effect of hepatocyte growth factor encapsulated in targeted liposomes on liver cirrhosis. J Control Release 2008; 131: 77-82 [PMID: 18692530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.021]
60. Kim WH, Matsumoto K, Bessho K, Nakamura T. Growth inhibition and apoptosis in liver myofibroblasts promoted by hepatocyte growth factor leads to resolution from liver cirrhosis. Am J Pathol 2005; 166: 1017-1028 [PMID: 15793283 DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62323-1]
61. Bonner JC. Regulation of PDGF and its receptors in fibrotic diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004; 15: 255-273 [PMID: 15207816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.03.006]
62. Li Q, Yan Z, Li F, Lu W, Wang J, Guo C. The improving effects on hepatic fibrosis of interferon-γ liposomes targeted to hepatic stellate cells. Nanotechnology 2012; 23: 265101 [PMID: 22700686 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/26/265101]
63. Li F, Li QH, Wang JY, Zhan CY, Xie C, Lu WY. Effects of interferon-gamma liposomes targeted to platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta on hepatic fibrosis in rats. J Control Release 2012; 159: 261-270 [PMID: 22226772 DOI: 10.1016/ j.jconrel.2011.12.023]
64. Sato Y, Murase K, Kato J, Kobune M, Sato T, Kawano Y, Takimoto R, Takada K, Miyanishi K, Matsunaga T, Takayama T, Niitsu Y. Resolution of liver cirrhosis using vitamin A-coupled liposomes to deliver siRNA against a collagen-specific chaperone. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26: 431-442 [PMID: 18376398 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1396]
65. Mandal AK, Das S, Basu MK, Chakrabarti RN, Das N. Hepatoprotective activity of liposomal flavonoid against arsenite-induced liver fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 320: 994-1001 [PMID: 17138861 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.114215]
66. Ghosh D, Ghosh S, Sarkar S, Ghosh A, Das N, Das Saha K, Mandal AK. Quercetin in vesicular delivery systems: evaluation in combating arsenic-induced acute liver toxicity associated gene expression in rat model. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 186: 61-71 [PMID: 20371363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.048]
67. Ling Q, Xu X, Wei X, Wang W, Zhou B, Wang B, Zheng S. Oxymatrine induces human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells apoptosis via regulating expression of Bcl-2 and IAP families, and releasing of cytochrome c. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011; 30: 66 [PMID: 21714853 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-66]
68. Dong XQ, Yu WH, Hu YY, Zhang ZY, Huang M. Oxymatrine reduces neuronal cell apoptosis by inhibiting Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B-dependent inflammatory responses in traumatic rat brain injury. Inflamm Res 2011; 60: 533-539 [PMID: 21190123 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0300-7]
69. Chen XS, Wang GJ, Cai X, Yu HY, Hu YP. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus by oxymatrine in vivo. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7: 49-52 [PMID: 11819732]
70. Ding CB, Zhang JP, Zhao Y, Peng ZG, Song DQ, Jiang JD. Zebrafish as a potential model organism for drug test against hepatitis C virus. PLoS One 2011; 6: e22921 [PMID: 21857967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022921]
71. Wu XL, Zeng WZ, Jiang MD, Qin JP, Xu H. Effect of Oxymatrine on the TGFbeta-Smad signaling pathway in rats with CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 2100-2105 [PMID: 18395914 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2100]
72. Chai NL, Fu Q, Shi H, Cai CH, Wan J, Xu SP, Wu BY. Oxymatrine liposome attenuates hepatic fibrosis via targeting hepatic stellate cells. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 4199-4206 [PMID: 22919254 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i31.4199]
73. Yang J, Hou Y, Ji G, Song Z, Liu Y, Dai G, Zhang Y, Chen J. Targeted delivery of the RGD-labeled biodegradable polymersomes loaded with the hydrophilic drug oxymatrine on cultured hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 52: 180-190 [PMID: 24296297 DOI: 10.1016/ j.ejps.2013.11.017]
74. Gupta SC, Patchva S, Aggarwal BB. Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials. AAPS J 2013; 15: 195-218 [PMID: 23143785 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9432-8]
75. Notarbartolo M, Poma P, Perri D, Dusonchet L, Cervello M, D'Alessandro N. Antitumor effects of curcumin, alone or in combination with cisplatin or doxorubicin, on human hepatic cancer cells. Analysis of their possible relationship to changes in NF-kB activation levels and in IAP gene expression. Cancer Lett 2005; 224: 53-65 [PMID: 15911101 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.10.051]
76. Labbozzetta M, Notarbartolo M, Poma P, Giannitrapani L, Cervello M, Montalto G, D'Alessandro N. Significance of autologous interleukin-6 production in the HA22T/VGH cell model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1089: 268-275 [PMID: 17261774 DOI: 10.1196/annals. 1386.014]
77. Yao QY, Xu BL, Wang JY, Liu HC, Zhang SC, Tu CT. Inhibition by curcumin of multiple sites of the transforming growth factor-beta1 signalling pathway ameliorates the progression of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12: 156 [PMID: 22978413 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-156]
78. Tu CT, Yao QY, Xu BL, Wang JY, Zhou CH, Zhang SC. Protective effects of curcumin against hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride: modulation of high-mobility group box 1, Toll-like receptor 4 and 2 expression. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50: 3343-3351 [PMID: 22683883 DOI: 10.1016/ j.fct.2012.05.050]
79. Wang ME, Chen YC, Chen IS, Hsieh SC, Chen SS, Chiu CH. Curcumin protects against thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis by attenuating the inflammatory response and inducing apoptosis of damaged hepatocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23: 1352-1366 [PMID: 22221674 DOI: 10.1016/ j.jnutbio.2011.08.004]
80. Wu SJ, Tam KW, Tsai YH, Chang CC, Chao JC. Curcumin and saikosaponin a inhibit chemical-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis in rats. Am J Chin Med 2010; 38: 99-111 [PMID: 20128048 DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X10007695]
81. Vizzutti F, Provenzano A, Galastri S, Milani S, Delogu W, Novo E, Caligiuri A, Zamara E, Arena U, Laffi G, Parola M, Pinzani M, Marra F. Curcumin limits the fibrogenic evolution of experimental steatohepatitis. Lab Invest 2010; 90: 104-115 [PMID: 19901911 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.112]
82. Shu JC, He YJ, Lv X, Ye GR, Wang LX. Curcumin prevents liver fibrosis by inducing apoptosis and suppressing activation of hepatic stellate cells. J Nat Med 2009; 63: 415-420 [PMID: 19554395 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-009-0347-3]
83. Fu Y, Zheng S, Lin J, Ryerse J, Chen A. Curcumin protects the rat liver from CCl4-caused injury and fibrogenesis by attenuating oxidative stress and suppressing inflammation. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73: 399-409 [PMID: 18006644 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.039818]
84. Bruck R, Ashkenazi M, Weiss S, Goldiner I, Shapiro H, Aeed H, Genina O, Helpern Z, Pines M. Prevention of liver cirrhosis in rats by curcumin. Liver Int 2007; 27: 373-383 [PMID: 17355460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01453.x]
85. Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB. Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Mol Pharm 2007; 4: 807-818 [PMID: 17999464 DOI: 10.1021/ mp700113r]
86. Sharma RA, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007; 595: 453-470 [PMID: 17569224 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_20]
87. Bisht S, Feldmann G, Soni S, Ravi R, Karikar C, Maitra A, Maitra A. Polymeric nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin ("nanocurcumin"): a novel strategy for human cancer therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2007; 5: 3 [PMID: 17439648 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-5-3]
88. Bisht S, Khan MA, Bekhit M, Bai H, Cornish T, Mizuma M, Rudek MA, Zhao M, Maitra A, Ray B, Lahiri D, Maitra A, Anders RA. A polymeric nanoparticle formulation of curcumin (NanoCurc™) ameliorates CCl4-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis through reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and stellate cell activation. Lab Invest 2011; 91: 1383-1395 [PMID: 21691262 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.86]
89. Elsaesser A, Howard CV. Toxicology of nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64: 129-137 [PMID: 21925220 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.09.001]
90. Soenen SJ, Rivera-Gil P, Montenegro JM, Parak WJ, De Smedt S, Braeckmans K. Cellular toxicity of inorganic nanoparticles: Common aspects and guidelines for improved nanotoxicity evaluation. Nano Today 2011; 6: 446-465
91. Soenen SJ, Manshian B, Montenegro JM, Amin F, Meermann B, Thiron T, Cornelissen M, Vanhaecke F, Doak S, Parak WJ, De Smedt S, Braeckmans K. Cytotoxic effects of gold nanoparticles: a multiparametric study. ACS Nano 2012; 6: 5767-5783 [PMID: 22659047 DOI: 10.1021/nn301714n]
92. McClements DJ. Edible lipid nanoparticles: digestion, absorption, and potential toxicity. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52: 409-423 [PMID: 23664907 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.008]