Solid lipid based nanocarriers: An overview

Acta Pharmaceutica

Volumn 62, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 433-472

  Pardeshi, Chandrakantsing ^a   Rajput, Pravin ^a   Belgamwar, Veena ^a   Tekade, Avinash ^b   Patil, Ganesh ^c   Chaudhary, Kapil ^d   Sonje, Abhijeet ^e  

^a R C PATEL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

^b Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy and Research   (India)

^c H R PATEL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

^d Verna Industrial Estate   (India)

^e Baxil Pharma Pvt Ltd   (India)

Author keywords

Colloidal drug carrier; Cytotoxicity; Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN); Stability; Stealthing of SLN; Targeting efficiency

Indexed keywords

DOXORUBICIN; EMULSIFYING AGENT; GELLING AGENT; ISONIAZID; MITOXANTRONE; NANOCARRIER; POLYMER; PYRAZINAMIDE; RIFAMPICIN; SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE; VACCINE;

ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS, FOOD AND CHEMICALS; CRYSTALLIZATION; DISPERSION; DRUG CONJUGATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG RELEASE; ECHOGRAPHY; FIELD FLOW FRACTIONATION; FREEZE DRYING; INSTRUMENT STERILIZATION; LIGHT; LIGHT SCATTERING; LIPID ANALYSIS; MICROEMULSION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PACKAGING MATERIAL; PARTICLE SIZE; PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; REVIEW; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY; SPRAY DRYING; TEMPERATURE; THERMAL ANALYSIS; TOXICITY; ZETA POTENTIAL;

EID: 84876545158     PISSN: 13300075     EISSN: 18469558     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2478/v10007-012-0040-z     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. C. V. Pardeshi, P. V. Rajput, V. S. Belgamwar and A. R. Tekade, Formulation, optimization and evaluation of spray-dried mucoadhesive microspheres as intranasal carriers for valsartan, J. Microencapsul. 29 (2011) 103-114; DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.630106.
2. W. Mehnert and K. Mader, Solid lipid nanoparticles: Production, characterization and applications, Adv. Drug. Del. Rev. 47 (2001) 165-196; DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00105-3. (Pubitemid 32324113)
3. S. Mukherjee, S. Ray and R. S. Thakur, Solid lipid nanoparticles: A modern formulation approach in drug delivery system, Ind. J. Pharm. Sci. 71 (2009) 349-358.
4. R. H. Müller, K. Mäder and S. Gohla, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery-A review of the state of the art, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50 (2000) 161-177. (Pubitemid 30326695)
5. R. H. Müller, M. Radtke and S. A. Wissing, Nanostructured lipid matrices for improved microencapsulation of drugs, Int. J. Pharm. 242 (2002) 121-128; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00180-1.
6. R. H. Müller, M. Radtke and S. A. Wissing, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 54 (Suppl. 1) (2002) S131-S155; DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00118-7. (Pubitemid 35379959)
7. R. H. Müller, R. D. Petersen, A. Hommoss and J. Pardeike, Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for cosmetic dermal products, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 59 (2007) 522-530; DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007. 04.012. (Pubitemid 47271894)
8. J. Y. Fang, C. L. Fang, C. H. Liu and Y. H. Su, Lipid nanoparticles as vehicles for psoralen delivery: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) versus nanostructured lipid carriers, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 70 (2008) 633-640; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.008.
9. E. B. Souto, S. A. Wissing, C. M. Barbosa and R. H. Müller, Development of a controlled release formulation based on SLN and NLC for topical clotrimazole delivery, Int. J. Pharm. 278 (2004) 71-77; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.02.032. (Pubitemid 38670438)
10. M. Joshi and V. Patravale, Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) based gel of celecoxib, Int. J. Pharm. 346 (2008) 124-132; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.05. 060. (Pubitemid 350110507)
11. V. Teeranachaideekul, R. H. Müller and V. B. Junyaprasert, Encapsulation of ascorbyl palmitate in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)-Effect of formulation parameters on physicochemical stability, Int. J. Pharm. 340 (2007) 198-206; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.03.022. (Pubitemid 47049784)
12. S. Doktorovova, J. Araujo, M. L. Garcia, E. Rakovsky and E. B. Souto, Formulating fluticasone propionate in novel PEG-containing nanostructured lipid carriers (PEG-NLC), Colloid Surfacec B. 75 (2010) 538-542; DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.09.033.
13. C. Olbrich, A. Gessner, W. Schroder, O. Kayser and R. H. Müller, Lipid-drug conjugate of the hydrophilic drug diminazine-cytotoxicity testing and mouse serum adsorption, J. Control. Release 96 (2004) 425-435; DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.02.024. (Pubitemid 38553921)
14. H. L. Wong, A. M. Rauth, R. Bendayan and X. Y. Wu, In-vivo evaluation of a new polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) formulation of doxorubicin in a murine solid tumor model, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 65 (2007) 300-308; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.10.022.
15. H. L. Wong, A. M. Rauth, R. Bendayan and X. Y. Wu, Simultaneous delivery of doxorubicin and GG918 (Elacridar) by new polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLN) for enhanced treatment for multidrug-resistant breast cancer, J. Control. Release 116 (2006) 275-284; DOI: 10.1016/j. jconrel.2006.09.007. (Pubitemid 44827405)
16. L. Zhang, J. M. Chan, F. X. Gu, A. Z. Wang, A. F. Radovic-Moreno, F. Alexis, R. Langer and O. C. Farokhzad, Self-assembled lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles: A robust drug delivery platform, ACS Nano. 2 (2008) 1696-1702; DOI: 10.1021/nn800275r.
17. Y. Li, H. L. Wong, A. J. Shuhendler, A. M. Rauth and X. Y. Wu, Molecular interactions, internal structure and drug release kinetics of rationally developed polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles, J. Control. Release. 128 (2008) 60-70; DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.02.014.
18. C. Salvador-Morales, L. Zhang, R. Langer and O. C. Farokhzad, Immunocompatibility properties of polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles with heterogeneous surface functional groups, Biomaterials 30 (2009) 2231-2240; DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.005.
19. R. Lander, W. Manger, M. Scouloudis, A. Ku, C. Davis and A. Lee, Gaulin homogenization: a mechanistic study, Biotechnol. Prog. 16 (2000) 80-85; DOI: 10.1021/bp990135c. (Pubitemid 30097655)
20. R. H. Müller, S. Benita and B. Bohm, Emulsions and nanosuspensions for the formulation of poorly soluble drugs, Int. J. Pharm. 212 (2001) 143-144.
21. B. Siekmann and K. Westesen, Solid lipid nanoparticles stabilized by tyloxapol, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2 (1994) 117-194; DOI: 10.1016/0928-0987(94) 90407-3.
22. H. Bunjes, B. Siekmann and K. Westesen, Emulsions of supercooled melts-a novel drug delivery system, in Submicron Emulsions in Drug Targeting and Delivery, Ed. S. Benita, Hardwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 1998, pp. 175-204.
23. V. Venkateswarlu and K. Manjunath, Preparation, characterization and in-vitro release kinetics of clozapine solid lipid nanoparticles, J. Control. Release 95 (2004) 627-638; DOI: 10.1016/j. jconrel.2004.01.005.
24. S. Gande, V. Vobalaboina, M. Kopparam, V. Venkateswarlu and S. Vemula, Preparation, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of lovastatin solid lipid nanoparticles, AAPS PharmSciTech. 8 (2007) E1-E9.
25. S. P. Vyas and R. K. Khar, Targeted and Controlled Drug Delivery: A Novel Carrier System, 1st ed., CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi 2002, pp. 346-348.
26. S. Xie, L. Zhu, Z. Dong, X. Wang, Y. Wang, X. Li and W. Zhou, Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Influences of fatty acids, Colloid Surface B 83 (2011) 382-387; DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.12.014; DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb. 2010.12.014.
27. A. V. Heydenreich, R. Westmeier, N. Pedersen, H. S. Poulsen and H. G. Kristensen, Preparation and purification of cationic solid lipid nanospheres-effects on particle size, physical stability and cell toxicity, Int. J. Pharm. 254 (2003) 83-87; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00688-9. (Pubitemid 36259816)
28. N. K. Jain, Advances in Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery, 1st ed., CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi 2001, pp. 418-424.
29. H. Zhou, T. Gu, D. Yang, Z. Jiang and J. Zeng, Griseofulvin solid lipid nanoparticles based on microemulsion technique, Adv. Mater. Res. 197-198 (2011) 47-50; DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific. net/AMR.197-198.47.
30. M. R. Gasco and L. P. Antonelli, Method for producing solid lipid nanospheres having a narrow size distribution, US Pat. 5,250,236, 05 Oct. 1993.
31. S. Morel, M. R. Gasco and R. Cavalli, Incorporation in lipospheres of [D-Trp-6]LHRH, Int. J. Pharm. 105 (1994) RI-R3; DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90466- 9. (Pubitemid 124013770)
32. S. Morel, E. Ugazio, R. Cavalli and M. R. Gasco, Thymopentin in solid lipid nanoparticles, Int. J. Pharm. 132 (1996) 259-261; DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04388-8. (Pubitemid 26158724)
33. T. Hammady, A. El-Gindy, E. Lejmi, R. S. Dhanikula, P. Moreau and P. Hildgen, Characteristics and properties of nanospheres co-loaded with lipophilic and hydrophilic drug models, Int. J. Pharm. 369 (2009) 185-195; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.10.034.
34. M. Trotta, F. Debernardi and O. Caputo, Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles by solvent emulsification-diffusion technique, Int. J. Pharm. 257 (2003) 153-160; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173 (03)00135-2. (Pubitemid 36507041)
35. L. Battaglia, M. Trotta, M. M. E. G. P. A. Solid lipid nanoparticles formed by solvent-in-eater emulsion-diffusion technique, J. Microencapsul. 5 (2009) 394-402.
36. H. Yuan, L. F. Huang, Y. Z. Du, X. Y. Ying, J. You, F. Q. Hu and S. Zeng, Solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by solvent diffusion method in nanoreactor system, Colloid Surface B 61 (2008) 132-137; DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.07. 015.
37. J. Jaiswal, S. K. Gupta and J. Kreuter, Preparation of biodegradable cyclosporine nanoparticles by high-pressure emulsification-solvent evaporation process, J. Control Release 96 (2004) 169-178; DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.01. 017. (Pubitemid 38438499)
38. B. Sjostrom and B. Bergenstahl, Preparation of submicron drug particles in lecithin stabilized o/w emulsions I. Model studies of the precipitation of cholesteryl acetate, Int. J. Pharm. 88 (1992) 53-62; DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(92) 90303-J. (Pubitemid 23000408)
39. K. Okuyama, M. Abdullah, I. W. Lenggoro and F. Iskandar, Preparation of functional nanostructured particles by spray drying, Adv. Powder Technol. 17 (2006) 587-611; DOI: 10.1163/156855 206778917733. (Pubitemid 46127244)
40. K. Okuyama and I. W. Lenggoro, Preparation of nanoparticles via spray route, Chem. Eng. Sci. 58 (2003) 537-547; DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00578-X. (Pubitemid 36310111)
41. P. Luo and T. G. Nieh, Synthesis of ultrafine hydroxyapatite particles by spray dry method, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 3 (1995) 75-78; DOI: 10.1016/0928-4931(95) 00089-5.
42. C. Freitas and R. H. Müller, Spray-drying of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNTM), Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 46 (1998) 145-151; DOI: 10.1016/S0939-6411(97)00172-0. (Pubitemid 28414472)
43. P. Tewa-Tange, S. Briancon and H. Fessi, Preparation of redispersible dry nanocapsules by means of spray-drying: Development and characterisation, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 30 (2007) 124-135; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.10.006. (Pubitemid 46157175)
44. P. M. Gosselin, R. Thibert, M. Preda and J. N. McMullen, Polymorphic properties of micronized carbamazepine produced by RESS, Int. J. Pharm. 252 (2003) 225-233; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173 (02)00649-X. (Pubitemid 36126631)
45. A. J. Thote and R. B. Gupta, Formation of nanoparticles of a hydrophilic drug using supercritical carbon dioxide and microencapsulation for sustained release, Nanomedicine 1 (2005) 85-90; DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2004.12.001. (Pubitemid 43963611)
46. J. Vandervoort and A. Ludwig, Preparation and evaluation of drug loaded gelatin nanoparticles for topical ophthalmic use, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 57 (2004) 251-261; DOI: 10.1016/S0939-6411 (03)00187-5. (Pubitemid 38283701)
47. R. Paliwal, S. Rai, B. Vaidya, K. Khatri, A. K. Goyal, N. Mishra, A. Mehta and S. P. Vyas, Effect of lipid core material on characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles designed for oral lymphatic delivery, Nanomedicine 5 (2009) 184-191; DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.08.003.
48. C. Olbrich and R. H. Müller, Enzymatic degradation of SLN-Effect of surfactant and surfactant mixtures, Int. J. Pharm. 180 (1999) 31-39; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(98)00404-9. (Pubitemid 29131440)
49. C. C. Chen, T. H. Tsai, Z. R. Huang and J. Y. Fang, Effects of lipophilic emulsifiers on the oral administration of lovastatin from nanostructured lipid carriers: Physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 74 (2010) 474-482; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009. 12.008.
50. S. Y. Xie, S. L. Wang, B. K. Zhao, C. Han, M. Wang and W. Z. Zhou, Effect of PLGA as a polymeric emulsifier on preparation of hydrophilic protein-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles, Colloid Surface B 67 (2008) 199-204; DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.08.018.
51. R. Cavalli, O. Caputo, M. E. Carlotti, M. Trotta, C. Scarnecchia and M. R. Gasco, Sterilization and freeze-drying of drug-free and drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles, Int. J. Pharm. 148 (1997) 47-54; DOI: 10.1016/S0378- 5173(96)04822-3. (Pubitemid 27152216)
52. C. Schwarz, W. Mehnert, J. S. Lucks and R. H. Müller, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery. I. Production, characterisation and sterilization, J. Control Release 30 (1994) 83-96. (Pubitemid 24173181)
53. W. Abdelwahed, G. Degobert, S. Stainmesse and H. Fessi, Freeze-drying of nanoparticles: Formulation, process and storage considerations, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 58 (2006) 1688-1713; DOI: 10. 1016/j.addr.2006.09.017.
54. S. D. Allison, Md. C. Molina and T. J. Anchordoquy, Stabilization of lipid/DNA complexes during the freezing step of the lyophilization process: the particle isolation hypothesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1468 (2000) 127-138; DOI: 10.1016/S0005-2736(00)00251-0.
55. J. H. Crowe, J. F. Carpenter and L. M. Crowe, The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60 (1998) 73-103; DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.73. (Pubitemid 28157865)
56. K. Westesen, B. Siekmann and M. H. J. Koch, Investigations on the physical state of lipid nanoparticles by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, Int. J. Pharm. 93 (1993) 189-199; DOI: 10. 1016/0378-5173(93)90177- H. (Pubitemid 23181296)
57. H. Bunjes, K. Westesen and M. H. J. Koch, Crystallization tendencies and polymorphic transitions in triglyceride nanoparticles, Int. J. Pharm. 129 (1996) 159-173; DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173 (95)04286-5. (Pubitemid 26098737)
58. A. Z. Muhlen, C. Schwarz and W. Mehnert, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery-Drug release and release mechanism, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 45 (1998) 149-155. (Pubitemid 28167741)
59. S. Chakraborty, D. Shukla, B. Mishra and S. Singh, Lipid-An emerging platform for oral delivery of drugs with poor bioavailability, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 73 (2009) 1-15; DOI: 10.1016/j. ejpb.2009.06.001.
60. A. Radomska-Soukharev, Stability of lipid excipients in solid lipid nanoparticles, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 59 (2007) 411-418; DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007. 04.004. (Pubitemid 47259223)
61. B. Heurtault, P. Saulnier, B. Pech, J.-E. Proust and J. P. Benoit, Physico-chemical stability of colloidal lipid particles, Biomaterials 24 (2003) 4283-4300; DOI: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00331-4. (Pubitemid 36814076)
62. B. Siekmann and K. Westesen, Thermoanalysis of recrystallization process of melt homogenised glyceride nanoparticles, Colloid Surface B 3 (1994) 159-175.
63. C. Freitas and R. H. Müller, Effect of light and temperature on zeta potential and physical stability of solid lipid nanoparticle (SLNTM) dispersions, Int. J. Pharm. 168 (1998) 221-229. (Pubitemid 28349963)
64. C. Freitas and R. H. Müller, Stability determination of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) in aqueous dispersion after addition of electrolyte, J. Microencapsul. 16 (1999) 59-71; DOI: 10.1080/026520499289310. (Pubitemid 29045852)
65. C. Freitas and R. H. Müller, Correlation between long term stability of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNTM) and crystallinity of lipid phase, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 47 (1999) 125-132. (Pubitemid 29185115)
66. K. Westesen and B. Siekmann, Investigation of the gel formation of phospholipid-stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles, Int. J. Pharm. 151 (1997) 35-45; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(97)04890-4. (Pubitemid 27212302)
67. R. H. Müller and S. Heinemann, Fat emulsions for parenteral nutrition. III. Lipofundin MCT/LCT regimens for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with low electrolyte load, Int. J. Pharm. 101 (1994) 175-189; DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90213-5. (Pubitemid 24025152)
68. C. Freitas, J. Lucks and R. H. Müller, Effect of storage conditions on long-term stability of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) in aqueous dispersion, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2 (1994) 117-194; DOI: 10.1016/0928-0987(94)90411-1.
69. B. Borgstrom, Importance of phospholipids, pancreatic phospholipase A2, and fatty acid for the digestion of dietary fat: in vitro experiments with the porcine enzymes, Gastroenterology 78 (1980) 954-962.
70. R. O. Scow and T. Olivecrona, Effect of albumin on products formed from chylomicron triacylglycerol by lipoprotein lipase in vitro, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 487 (1977) 472-486; DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(77)90217-X. (Pubitemid 8095041)
71. R. Pandey, S. Sharma and G. K. Khuller, Oral solid lipid nanoparticle-based antitubercular chemotherapy, Tuberculosis 85 (2005) 415-420, DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2005.08.009. (Pubitemid 41617396)
72. N. Zhang, Q. Ping, G. Huang, W. Xua, Y. Cheng and X. Han, Lectin-modified solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers for oral administration of insulin, Int. J. Pharm. 327 (2006) 153-159; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.07.026. (Pubitemid 44667334)
73. M. D. Joshi and R. H. Müller, Lipid nanoparticles for parenteral delivery of actives, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 71 (2009) 161-172; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.003.
74. S. A. Wissing, O. Kayser and R. H. Müller, Solid lipid nanoparticles for parenteral drug delivery, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 56 (2004) 1257-1272; DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.12.002. (Pubitemid 38510473)
75. A. Fundarò, O, R. Cavalli, A. Bargoni, D. Vighetto, G. P. Zara and M. R. Gasco, Non-stealth and stealth solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) carrying doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and tissue Distribution after i.v. administration to rats, Pharmacol. Res. 42 (2000) 337-343; DOI: 10.1006/phrs. 2000.0695.
76. S. C. Yang, L. F. Lu, Y. Cai, J. B. Zhu, B. W. Liang and C. Z. Yanga, Body distribution in mice of intravenously injected camptothecin solid lipid nanoparticles and targeting effect on brain, J. Control. Release 59 (1999) 299-307; DOI: 10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00007-3. (Pubitemid 29238174)
77. L. H. Reddy, R. K. Sharma, K. Chuttani, A. K. Mishra and R. S. R. Murthy, Influence of administration route on tumor uptake and biodistribution of etoposide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in Dalton's lymphoma tumor bearing mice, J. Control. Release 105 (2005) 185-198; DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.02. 028. (Pubitemid 40941985)
78. M. Schafer-Korting, W. Mehnert and H. C. Korting, Lipid nanoparticles for improved topical application of drugs for skin diseases, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 59 (2007) 427-443; DOI: 10.1016/j. addr.2007.04.006. (Pubitemid 47259224)
79. V. Jenning, M. Schafer-Korting and S. Gohla, Vitamin A-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical use: drug release properties, J. Control. Release 66 (2000) 115-126; DOI: 10.1016/S0168-3659 (99)00007-3. (Pubitemid 30160850)
80. P. V. Pople and K. K. Singh, Development and evaluation of topical formulation containing solid lipid nanoparticles of vitamin A, AAPS PharmSciTech. 4 (2006) E1-E7; DOI: 10.1208/pt070491. (Pubitemid 44867029)
81. S. K. Jain, M. K. Chourasia, R. Masuriha, V. Soni, A. Jain, Nitin K. Jain and Y. Gupta, Solid lipid nanoparticles bearing flurbiprofen for transdermal delivery, Drug Del. 12 (2005) 207-215; DOI: 10.1080/10717540590952591. (Pubitemid 40981283)
82. A. J. Almeida and E. Souto, Solid lipid nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for peptides and proteins, Ad.v Drug Del. Rev. 59 (2007) 478-490; DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.007. (Pubitemid 47260710)
83. J. Liu, T. Gong, H. Fu, C. Wang, X. Wang, Q. Chena, Q. Zhang, Q. Hea and Z. Zhang, Solid lipid nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery of insulin, Int. J. Pharm. 356 (2008) 333-344; DOI: 10. 1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.008.
84. J. Araujo, E. Gonzalez, M. A. Egea, M. L. Garcia and E. B. Souto, Nanomedicines for ocular NSAIDs: safety on drug delivery, Nanomedicine 5 (2009) 394-401; DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.02. 003.
85. M. I. Alam, S. Beg, A. Samad, S. Baboota, K. Kohli, J. Ali, A. Ahuja and M. Akbar, Strategy for effective brain drug delivery, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 40 (2010) 385-403; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.05. 003.
86. I. P. Kaur, R. Bhandari, S. Bhandari and V. Kakkar, Potential of solid lipid nanoparticles in brain targeting, J. Control. Release 127 (2008) 97-100; DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.018.
87. A. Mistry, S. Stolnik and L. Illum, Nanoparticles for direct nose-to-brain delivery of drugs, Int. J. Pharm. 379 (2009) 146-157; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.06.019.
88. I. Brasnjevic, H. W. M. Steinbusch, C. Schmitz and P. Martinez-Martinez, Delivery of peptide and protein drugs over the blood-brain barrier, Prog. Neurobiol. 87 (2009) 212-251; DOI: 10. 1016/j.pneurobio.2008.12.002.
89. F. Chellat, Y. Merhi, A. Moreau and L. H. Yahia, Therapeutic potential of nanoparticulate systems for macrophage targeting, Biomaterials 26 (2005) 7260-7275; DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials. 2005.05.044. (Pubitemid 41133578)
90. H. Chen, X. Chang, D. Du, W. Liu, J. Liu, T. Weng, Y. Yang, H. Xu and X. Yang, Podophyllotoxin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for epidermal targeting, J. Control. Release 110 (2006) 296-306; DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.052. (Pubitemid 41827483)
91. R. H. Müller, S. Maaben, H. Weyhers, F. Specht and J. S. Lucks, Cytotoxicity of magnetite-loaded polylactide, polylactide/glycolide particles and solid lipid nanoparticles, Int. J. Pharm. 138 (1996) 85-94; DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(96)04539-5. (Pubitemid 26241925)
92. D. M. Radolfi, P. D. Marcato, R. A. Silva, G. Z. Justo and N. Duran, In vitro cytotoxicity assay of solid lipid nanoparticles in epithelial and dermal cells, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 304 (2011) 1-4; DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/304/1/012032.
93. H. Yuan, J. Miao, Y. Z. Du, J. You, F. Q. Hu and S. Zeng, Cellular uptake of solid lipid nanoparticles and cytotoxicity of encapsulated paclitaxel in A549 cancer cells, Int. J. Pharm. 348 (2008) 137-145; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm. 2007.07.012. (Pubitemid 350266242)
94. J. C. Olivier, Drug transport to brain with targeted nanoparticles, NeuroRx. 1 ( 2005) 108-119; DOI: 10.1602/neurorx.2.1.108. (Pubitemid 40128031)
95. T. R. Pisanic II, J. D. Blackwell, V. I. Shubayev, R. R. Fiñones and S. Jin, Nanotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticle internalization in growing neurons, Biomaterials 28 (2007) 2572-2581; DOI: 10. 1016/j.biomaterials.2007.01. 043. (Pubitemid 46367215)
96. H. C. Fischer, W. C. Chan, Nanotoxicity: the growing need for in vivo study, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 18 (2007) 565-571; DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.11. 008.
97. Y. L. Hu and J. Q. Gao, Potential neurotoxicity of nanoparticles, Int. J. Pharm. 394 (2010) 115-121; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.026.
98. K. Jores, W. Mehnert, M. Drechsler, H. Bunjes, C. Johann and K. Mäder, Investigations on the structure of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by photon correlation spectroscopy, field-flow fractionation and transmission electron microscopy, J. Control. Release 95 (2004) 217-227; DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.11.012. (Pubitemid 38230037)
99. S. Chakraborty, B. Sahoo, I. Teraoka and R. A. Gross, Solution properties of starch nanoparticles in water and DMSO as studied by dynamic light scattering, Carbohydr Polym. 60 (2005) 475-481; DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.03. 011. (Pubitemid 40744088)
100. B. G. Zanetti-Ramos, M. B. Fritzen-Garcia, C. S. de Oliveira, A. A. Pasa, V. Soldi, R. Borsali and T. B. Creczynski-Pasa, Dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy techniques for size determination of polyurethane nanoparticles, Mater. Sci. Eng. C. Mater. Biol. App. 29 (2009) 638-640; DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.10.040.
101. L. Dulog and T. Schauer, Field flow fractionation for particle size determination, Prog. Org. Coat. 28 (1996) 25-31; DOI: 10.1016/0300-9440(95) 00584-6. (Pubitemid 126405282)
102. A. S. Dukhin, P. J. Goetz, X. Fang and P. Somasundaran, Monitoring nanoparticles in the presence of larger particles in liquids using acoustics and electron microscopy, J. Colloid Inter. Sci. 342 (2010) 18-25; DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.07.001.
103. V. Jenning, K. Mäder and S. H. Gohla, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) based on binary mixtures of liquid and solid lipids: 1H-NMR study, Int. J. Pharm. 205 (2000) 15-21; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00462-2.
104. A. Dubes, H. Parrot-Lopez, W. Abdelwahed, G. Degobert, H. Fessi, P. Shahgaldian and A. W. Coleman, Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy imaging of solid lipid nanoparticles derived from amphiphilic cyclodextrins, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 55 (2003) 279-282; DOI: 10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00020-1. (Pubitemid 36561554)
105. M. Albrecht, V. Janke, S. Sievers, U. Siegner, D. Schulerb and U. Heyen, Scanning force microscopy study of biogenic nanoparticles for medical applications, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 290-291 (2005) 269-271; DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.11.206. (Pubitemid 40370564)
106. N. [kalko, J. Bouwstra, F. Spies, M. Stuart, P. M. Frederik and G. Gregoriadis, Morphological observations on liposomes bearing covalently bound protein: Studies with freeze-fracture and cryo electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering techniques, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1370 (1998) 151-160; DOI: 10.1016/S0005-2736(97)00256-3. (Pubitemid 28164200)
107. K. Fowler, L. A. Bottomley and H. Schreier, Surface topography of phospholipid bilayer and vesicles (liposomes) by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), J. Control. Release 22 (1992) 283-292; DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(92)90103-X.
108. O. Robach, C. Quiros, S. M. Valvidares, C. J. Walker and S. Ferrer, Structure and Pt magnetism of FePt nanoparticles investigated with X-ray diffraction, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 264 (2003) 202-208; DOI: 10.1016/S0304- 8853(03)00205-1.
109. M. A. Schubert, B. C. Schicke and C. C. Muller-Goymann, Thermal analysis of the crystallization and melting behaviour of lipid matrices and lipid nanoparticles containing high amounts of lecithin, Int. J. Pharm. 298 (2005) 242-254; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.04.014. (Pubitemid 40828345)
110. S. A. Wissing and R. H. Müller, Solid lipid nanoparticles as carrier for sunscreens: in vitro release and in vivo skin penetration, J. Control. Release 81 (2002) 225-233; DOI: 10.1016/S0168-3659(02)00056-1. (Pubitemid 34607144)
111. C. Song and S. Liu, A new healthy sunscreen system for human: Solid lipid nannoparticles as carrier for 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoylchitin and the improvement by adding vitamin E, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 36 (2005) 116-119; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.05.003. (Pubitemid 40966964)
112. J. Pardeike, A. Hommoss and R. H. Müller, Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products, Int. J. Pharm. 366 (2009) 170-184; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm. 2008.10.003.
113. S. A. Wissing and R. H. Müller, Cosmetic applications for solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), Int. J. Pharm. 254 (2003) 65-68; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00684-1. (Pubitemid 36259812)
114. K. A. Shah, A. A. Date, M. D. Joshi and V. B. Patravale, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of tretinoin: Potential in topical delivery, Int. J. Pharm. 345 (2007) 163-171; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm. 2007.05.061. (Pubitemid 350087549)
115. J. Liu, W. Hu, H. Chen, Q. Ni, H. Xu and X. Yang, Isotretinoin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with skin targeting for topical delivery, Int. J. Pharm. 328 (2007) 191-195; DOI: 10.1016/j. ijpharm.2006.08.007. (Pubitemid 44880576)
116. M. S. Korting, W. Mehnert and H. C. Korting, Lipid nanoparticles for improved topical application of drugs for skin diseases, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 59 (2007) 427-443; DOI: 10.1016/j.addr. 2007.04.006. (Pubitemid 47259224)
117. A. del Pozo-Rodrigueza, D. Delgadoa, M. A. Solinis, J. L. Pedraza, E. Echevarria, J. M. Rodriguez and A. R. Gascona, Solid lipid nanoparticles as potential tools for gene therapy: In vivo protein expression after intravenous administration, Int. J. Pharm. 385 (2010) 157-162; DOI: 10. 1016/j.ijpharm.2009. 10.020.
118. S. H. Choi, S. E. Jin, M. K. Lee, S. J. Lim, J. S. Park, B. G. Kim, W. S. Ahn and C. K. Kim, Novel cationic solid lipid nanoparticles enhanced p53 gene transfer to lung cancer cells, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 68 (2008) 545-554; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.07.011. (Pubitemid 351318200)
119. N. Pedersen, S. Hansen, A. V. Heydenreich, H. G. Kristensen and H. S. Poulsen, Solid lipid nanoparticles can effectively bind DNA, streptavidin and biotinylated ligands, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 62 (2006) 155-162; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.09.003. (Pubitemid 43143267)
120. H. L. Wong, R. Bendayan, A. M. Rauth, Y. Li and X. Y. Wu, Chemotherapy with anticancer drugs encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 59 (2007) 491-504; DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.008. (Pubitemid 47259227)
121. H. L. Wong, R. Bendayan, A. M. Rauth and X. Y. Wu, Simultaneous delivery of doxorubicin and GG918 (Elacridar) by new Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles (PLN) for enhanced treatment of multidrug-resistant breast cancer, J. Control. Release 116 (2006) 275-284; DOI: 10.1016/j. jconrel.2006.09.007. (Pubitemid 44827405)
122. R. K. Subedi, K. W. Kang and H. K. Choi, Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 37 (2009) 508-513; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps. 2009.04.008.
123. B. Lu, S. B. Xiong, H. Yang, X. D. Yin and R. B. Chao, Solid lipid nanoparticles of mitoxantrone for local injection against breast cancer and its lymph node metastases, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 28 (2006) 86-95; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.01.001.
124. N. Csaba, M. Garcia-Fuentes and M. J. Alonso, Nanoparticles for nasal vaccination, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 61 (2009) 140-157; DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09. 005.
125. S. M. Moghimi and J. Szebeni, Stealth liposomes and long circulating nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties, Prog. Lipid Res. 42 (2003) 463-478; DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00033-X. (Pubitemid 37237636)
126. Y. Wang and W. Wu, In situ evading of phagocytic uptake of stealth solid lipid nanoparticles by mouse peritoneal macrophages, Drug Deliv. 3 (2006) 189-192; DOI: 10.1080/10717540-500-315330.
127. M. R. Gasco, Lipid nanoparticles: perspectives and challenges, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 59 (2007) 377-378; DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.004. (Pubitemid 47259229)
128. A. J. Domb, Long acting injectable oxytetracycline-liposphere formulations, Int. J. Pharm. 124 (1995) 271-278; DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95) 00098-4.
129. C. Schwarz and W. Mehnert, Freeze-drying of drug-free and drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), Int. J. Pharm. 157 (1997) 171-179; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(97)00222-6. (Pubitemid 27471169)
130. K. Westesen, H. Bunjes and M. H. J. Koch, Physicochemical characterization of lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of their drug loading capacity and sustained release potential, J. Control. Release 48 (1997) 223-236; DOI: 10.1016/S0168-3659(97)00046-1. (Pubitemid 27401980)
131. K. Westesen, B. Siekmann and M. H. J. Koch, Investigations on the physical state of lipid nanoparticles by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, Int. J. Pharm. 93 (1993) 189-199; DOI: 10. 1016/0378-5173(93)90177- H. (Pubitemid 23181296)
132. A. J. Almeida, S. Runge and R. H. Müller, Peptide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): influence of production parameters, Int. J. Pharm. 149 (1997) 255-265; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173 (97)04885-0. (Pubitemid 27193412)
133. R. Cavalli, E. Peira, O. Caputo and M. R. Gasco, Solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers of hydrocortisone and progesterone complexes with a-cyclodextrins, Int. J. Pharm. 182 (1999) 59-69. (Pubitemid 29229795)
134. H. Ali, A. B. Shirode, P. W. Sylvester and S. Nazzal, Preparation and in vitro antiproliferative effect of tocotrienol loaded lipid nanoparticles, Colloid Surface A 353 (2010) 43-51; DOI: 10. 1016/j.colsurfa.2009.10.020.
135. R. Cavalli, S. Morel, M. R. Gasco, P. Chetoni and M. F. Saettone, Preparation and evaluation in vitro of colloidal lipospheres containing pilocarpine as ion pair, Int. J. Pharm. 117 (1995) 243-246; DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)00339-7.
136. S. Morel, E. Terreno, E. Ugazio, S. Aime and M. R. Gasco, NMR relaxometric investigations of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing gadolinium(III) complexes, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 45 (1998) 157-163; DOI: 10.1016/S0939-6411(97)00107-0. (Pubitemid 28167742)
137. M. R. Gasco, R. Cavalli and M. E. Carlotti, Timolol in lipospheres, Pharmazie 47 (1992) 119-121.
138. A. A. Attama and C. C. Müller-Goymann, Effect of beeswax modification on the lipid matrix and solid lipid nanoparticle crystallinity, Colloid Surface A 315 (2008) 189-195; DOI: 10.1016/j. colsurfa.2007.07.035. (Pubitemid 350298854)
139. S. Kheradmandia, E. Vasheghani-Farahani, M. Nosrati and F. Atyabi, Preparation and characterization of ketoprofen-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles made from beeswax and carnauba wax, Nanomedicine 6 (2010) 753-759; DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2010.06.003.
140. B. D. Kim, K. Na and H. K. Choi, Preparation and characterization of
141. C. Bocca, O. Caputo, R. Cavalli, L. Gabrial, A. Miglietta and M. R. Gasco, Phagocytic uptake of fluorescent stealth and non-stealth solid lipid nanoparticles, Int. J. Pharm. 175 (1998) 185-193; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(98) 00282-8. (Pubitemid 28517974)
142. T. M. Goppert and R. H. Müller, Protein adsorption patterns on poloxamer-and poloxamine-stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 60 (2005) 361-372; DOI: 10. 1016/j.ejpb.2005.02.006. (Pubitemid 40922833)
143. H. M. Redhead, S. S. Davis and L. Illum, Drug delivery in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles surface modified with poloxamer 407 and poloxamine 908: in vitro characterisation and in vivo evaluation, J. Control. Release 70 (2001) 353-363. (Pubitemid 32155458)
144. C. Olbrich, O. Kayser and R. H. Müller, Lipase degradation of Dynasan 114 and 116 solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)-effect of surfactants, storage time and crystallinity, Int. J. Pharm. 237 (2002) 119-128; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00035-2. (Pubitemid 34310485)
145. C. C. Shen, W. L. Tseng and M. M. Hsieh, Selective enrichment of aminothiols using polysorbate 20-capped gold nanoparticles followed by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence, J. Chromatogr. A 1216 (2009) 288-293; DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.044.
146. L. D. Marzio, C. Marianecci, M. Petrone, F. Renaldi and M. Carafa, Novel pH-sensitive non-ionic surfactant vesicles: comparison between Tween 21 and Tween 20, Colloid Surface B 82 (2011) 18-24; DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.08. 004.
147. L. H. Reddy, K. Vivek, N. Bakshi and R. S. R. Murthy, Tamoxifen citrate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): Preparation, characterization, in vitro drug release, and pharmacokinetic evaluation, Pharm. Dev. Technol. 11 (2006) 167-177; 2006, DOI: 10.1080/10837450600561265. (Pubitemid 43879940)
148. F. Q. Hu, H. Yuan, H. H. Zhang and M. Fang, Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles with clobetasol propionate by a novel solvent diffusion method in aqueous system and physicochemical characterization, Int. J. Pharm. 239 (2002) 121-128; DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00081-9. (Pubitemid 34615801)