The antecedents and drivers of employee engagement

Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 57-81

  Crawford, Eean R ^a   Rich, Bruce Louis ^b   Buckman, Brooke ^d   Bergeron, Jenny ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900855516     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203076965     Document Type: Chapter

References (138)

1. Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F. O., Zhou, Q., and Hartnell, C. A. (2012). Transformational leadership, innovative behavior, and task performance: Test of mediation and moderation processes. Human Performance, 25, 1-25.
2. Babcock-Roberson, M. E., and Strickland, O. J. (2010). The relationship between charismatic leadership, work engagement, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Psychology, 144, 313-26.
3. Bakker, A. B., and Bal, P. M. (2010). Weekly work engagement and performance: A study among starting teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 189-206.
4. Bakker, A. B., and Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13, 209-23.
5. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands-resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12, 393-417.
6. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). The crossover of burnout and work engagement among working couples. Human Relations, 58, 661-89.
7. Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E., and Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 274-84.
8. Bakker, A. B., and Leiter, M. P. (2010). Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research. New York: Psychology Press.
9. Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., and Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22, 187-200.
10. Bakker, A. B., van Emmerik, H., and Euwema, M. C. (2006). Crossover of burnout and engagement in work teams. Work & Occupations, 33, 464-89.
11. Balducci, C., Fraccaroli, F., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9): A cross-cultural analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 143-9.
12. Barling, J., Weber, T., and Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 827-32.
13. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., and Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 9-30.
14. Bass, B. M. (1997). Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist, 52, 130-9.
15. Beckers, D. G. J., van der Linden, D., Smulders, P. G. W., Kompier, M. A. J., van Veldhoven, M. J. P., and van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Working overtime hours: Relations with fatigue, work motivation, and the quality of work. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 46, 1282-9.
16. Beehr, T. A., Walsh, J. T., and Taber, T. D. (1976). Relationship of stress to individually and organizationally valued states: Higher order needs as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 41-7.
17. Bion, W. R. (1961). Experiences in groups. New York: Basic Books.
18. Bledow, R., Schmitt, A., Frese, M., and Kuhnel, J. (2011). The affective shift model of work engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology,96, 1246-57.
19. Britt, T. W. (1999). Engaging the self in the field: Testing the triangle model of responsibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 696-706.
20. Britt, T. W. (2003). Aspects of identity predict engagement in work under adverse conditions. Self & Identity, 2, 31-45.
21. Britt, T. W., and Bliese, P. D. (2003). Testing the stress-buffering effects of self engagement among soldiers on a military operation. Journal of Personality, 71, 245-66.
22. Britt, T. W., Castro, C. A., and Adler, A. B. (2005). Self-engagement, stressors, and health: A longitudinal study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1475-86.
23. Britt, T. W., Thomas, J. L., and Dawson, C. R. (2006). Self-engagement magnifies the relationship between qualitative overload and performance in a training setting. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 2100-14.
24. Britt, T. W., Dickinson, J. M., Greene-Shortridge, T. M., and McKibben, E. S. (2007). Self-engagement at work. In D. L. Nelson and C. L. Cooper (eds), Positive organizational behavior (pp. 143-58). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
25. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
26. Cavanaugh, M. A., Boswell, W. R., Roehling, M. V., and Boudreau, J. W. (2000). An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among U.S. Managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 65-74.
27. Chambel, M. J., and Oliveira-Cruz, F. (2010). Breach of psychological contract and the development of burnout and engagement: A longitudinal study among soldiers on a peacekeeping mission. Military Psychology, 22, 110-27.
28. Chen, G., Gully, S. M., and Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 62-83.
29. Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., and Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64, 89-136.
30. Cohen, D. J. (2007). The very separate worlds of academic and practitioner publications in human resource management: Reasons for the divide and concrete solutions for bridging the gap. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 1013-19.
31. Cole, M. S., Walter, F., Bedeian, A. G., and O'Boyle, E. H. (2012). Job burnout and employee engagement: A meta-analytic examination of construct proliferation. Journal of Management, 38, 1550-81.
32. Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H., and Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millenium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 425-45.
33. Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., and Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 834-48.
34. Dienesch, R. M., and Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11, 618-34.
35. Eden, D. (1990). Pygmalion without interpersonal contrast effects: Whole groups gain from raising manager expectations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 394-8.
36. Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., and Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500-7.
37. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology - the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-26.
38. Freud, S. (1922). Group psychology and the analysis of the ego (vol. 18). London: International Psychoanalytic Press.
39. Glick, W. H. (1985). Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate pitfalls in multilevel research. Academy of Management Review, 10, 601-16.
40. Goffman, E. (1961a). Asylums. New York: Doubleday Anchor.
41. Goffman, E. (1961b). Encounters: Two studies in the sociology of interaction. Oxford, England: Bobbs- Merrill.
42. Gorter, R. C., te Brake, J. H. M., Hoogstraten, J., and Eijkman, M. A. J. (2008). Positive engagement and job resources in dental practice. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 36, 47-54.
43. Graen, G. B., and Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multidomain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219-47.
44. Grant, A. M. (2012). Leading with meaning: Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55, 458-76.
45. Greenhaus, J. H., and Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
46. Hackman, J. R., and Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-70.
47. Hackman, J. R., and Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
48. Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., and Demerouti, E. (2005). How dentists cope with their job demands and stay engaged: The moderating role of job resources. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 113, 479-87.
49. Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 495-513.
50. Hakanen, J. J., and Lindbohm, M.-L. (2008). Work engagement among breast cancer survivors and the referents: The importance of optimism and social resources at work. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 2, 283-95.
51. Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., and Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 78-91.
52. Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., and Ahola, K. (2008). The job demands-resources model: A three- year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work & Stress, 22, 224-41.
53. Halbesleben, J. R. B., Harvey, J., and Bolino, M. C. (2009). Too engaged? A conservation of resources view of the relationship between work engagement and work interference with family. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1452-65.
54. Hallberg, U. E., Johansson, G., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). Type a behavior and work situation: Associations with burnout and work engagement. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 135-42.
55. Hallberg, U. E., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). 'Same same' but different? Can work engagement be discriminated from job involvement and organizational commitment? European Psychologist, 11, 119-27.
56. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., and Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 268-79.
57. Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., and Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 632-43.
58. Hornung, S., Rousseau, D. M., Glaser, J., Angerer, P., and Weigl, M. (2010). Beyond top-down and bottom-up work redesign: Customizing job content through idiosyncratic deals. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 187-215.
59. Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., Ishizaki, M., Shimazu, A., Tsuchiya, M., Tabata, M., Kuroda, M. (2010). Organizational justice, psychological distress, and work engagement in Japanese workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 83, 29-38.
60. Ironson, G. H., Brannick, M. T., Smith, P. C., Gibson, W. M., and Paul, K. B. (1989). Construction of a job in general scale - a comparison of global, composite, and specific measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 193-200.
61. Jackson, L. T. B., Rothmann, S., and Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2006). A model of work-related wellbeing for educators in South Africa. Stress & Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 22, 263-74.
62. Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724.
63. Kahn, W. A. (1992). To be fully there: Psychological presence at work. Human Relations, 45, 321-49.
64. Kim, H. J., Shin, K. H., and Swanger, N. (2009). Burnout and engagement: A comparative analysis using the big five personality dimensions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 96-104.
65. Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., and Siltaloppi, M. (2010). Job insecurity, recovery and well-being at work: Recovery experiences as moderators. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31, 179-94.
66. Korunka, C., Kubicek, B., Schaufeli, W. B., and Hoonakker, P. (2009). Work engagement and bumout: Testing the robustness of the job demands-resources model. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 243-55.
67. Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., and Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences of individual's fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit. Personnel Psychology, 58, 281-342.
68. Lazarus, R. S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Pub. Co.
69. LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., and LePine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor- hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 764-75.
70. Levinson, H. (1965). Reciprocation: The relationship between man and organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 9, 370-90.
71. Lewin, K. (1945). The research center for group dynamics at massachusetts institute of technology. Sociometry, 8, 126-36.
72. Lisbona, A., Morales, J. F., and Palací, F. J. (2009). El engagement como resultado de la socialización organizacional. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 9, 89-100.
73. Little, L. M., Simmons, B. L., and Nelson, D. L. (2007). Health among leaders: Positive and negative affect, engagement and burnout, forgiveness and revenge. Journal of Management Studies, 44, 243-60.
74. Llorens, S., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W., and Salanova, M. (2006). Testing the robustness of the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 13, 378-91.
75. Locke, E. A., and Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting & task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
76. Lorente, L., Salanova, M., Martínez, I. M., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Extension of the job demands- resources model in the prediction of burnout and engagement among teachers over time. Psicothema, 20, 354-60.
77. Macey, W. H., and Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 3-30.
78. Macey, W. H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K. M., and Young, S. A. (2009). Employee engagement: Tools for analysis, practice, and competitive advantage. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
79. Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., Makikangas, A., and Nátti, J. (2005). Psychological consequences of fixed- term employment and perceived job insecurity among health care staff. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 14, 209-37.
80. Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., and Ruokolainen, M. (2007). Job demands and resources as antecedents of work engagement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 149-71.
81. May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., and Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 11-37.
82. McCrae, R. R., and Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90.
83. Merton, R. K. (1957). Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
84. Montgomery, A. J., Peeters, M. C. W., Schaufeli, W. B., and Den Ouden, M. (2003). Work-home interference among newspaper managers: Its relationship with burnout and engagement. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 16, 195-211.
85. Moss, S. (2009). Cultivating the regulatory focus of followers to amplify their sensitivity to transformational leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15, 241-59.
86. Mostert, K., and Rothmann, S. (2006). Work-related well-being in the South African police service. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 479-91.
87. Nahrgang, J. D., Morgeson, F. P., and Ilies, R. (2009). The development of leader-member exchanges: Exploring how personality and performance influence leader and member relationships over time. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 256-66.
88. Naudé, J. L. P., and Rothmann, S. (2006). Work-related well-being of emergency workers in Gauteng. South African Journal of Psychology, 36, 63-81.
89. Nembhard, I. M., and Edmondson, A. C. (2006). Making it safe: The effects of leader inclusiveness and professional status on psychological safety and improvement efforts in health care teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 941-66.
90. Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., and McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400-10.
91. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., and Wright, P. M. (2010). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage (7th edn). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
92. Parker, S. L., Jimmieson, N. L., and Amiot, C. E. (2010). Self-determination as a moderator of demands and control: Implications for employee strain and engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 52-67.
93. Peeters, M., Wattez, C., Demerouti, E., and de Regt, W. (2009). Work-family culture, work-family interference and well-being at work: Is it possible to distinguish between a positive and a negative process? Career Development International, 14, 700-13.
94. Pierce, J. L., Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., and Dunham, R. B. (1989). Organization-based selfesteem - construct definition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 622-48.
95. Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., and Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 825-36.
96. Rich, B. L., LePine, J. A., and Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 617-35.
97. Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., and Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, 150-62.
98. Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655-84.
99. Rothmann, S., and Joubert, J. H. M. (2007). Job demands, job resources, burnout and work engagement of managers at a platinum mine in the North West province. South African Journal of Business Management, 38, 49-61.
100. Russell, S. S., Spitzmuller, C., Lin, L. F., Stanton, J. M., Smith, P. C., and Ironson, G. H. (2004). Shorter can also be better: The abridged job in general scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 878-93.
101. Ryan, R., and Deci, E. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
102. Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 600-19.
103. Salanova, M., Agut, S., and Peiro, J. M. (2005). Linking organizational resources and work engagement to employee performance and customer loyalty: The mediation of service climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1217-27.
104. Salanova, M., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). A cross-national study of work engagement as a mediator between job resources and proactive behaviour. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 116-31.
105. Schaufeli, W. B., and Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
106. Schaufeli, W. B., and Salanova, M. (2007). Work engagement: An emerging psychological concept and its implications for organizations. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner and D. P. Skarlicki (eds), Research in social issues in management: Managing social and ethical issues in organizations (vol. 5, pp. 135-77). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
107. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., and van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 173-203.
108. Scheier, M. F., and Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health - assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-47.
109. Schneider, B., Macey, W. H., Barbera, K. M., and Martin, N. (2009). Driving customer satisfaction and financial success through employee engagement. People & Strategy, 32, 22-7.
110. Schneider, B., and Reichers, A. E. (1983). On the etiology of climates. Personnel Psychology, 36, 19-39.
111. Shamir, B., House, R. J., and Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership - a self-concept based theory. Organization Science, 4, 577-94.
112. Siltaloppi, M., Kinnunen, U., and Feldt, T. (2009). Recovery experiences as moderators between psychosocial work characteristics and occupational well-being. Work & Stress, 23, 330-48.
113. Simbula, S. (2010). Daily fluctuations in teachers' well-being: A diary study using the job demands- resources model. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 23, 563-84.
114. Slater, P. E. (1966). Microcosm. New York: Wiley.
115. Smith, K. K., and Berg, D. N. (1987). Paradoxes of group life: Understanding conflict, paralysis, and movement in group dynamics. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
116. Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 518-28.
117. Sonnentag, S., Binnewies, C., and Mojza, E. J. (2010). Staying well and engaged when demands are high: The role of psychological detachment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 965-76.
118. Sonnentag, S., Mojza, E. J., Binnewies, C., and Scholl, A. (2008). Being engaged at work and detached at home: A week-level study on work engagement, psychological detachment, and affect. Work & Stress, 22, 257-76.
119. Sosik, J. J. (2006). Full range leadership: Model, research, extensions, and training. In C. L. Cooper and R. J. Burke (eds), Inspiring leaders. New York, NY: Routledge.
120. Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., and Naswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 242-64.
121. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., and Xanthopoulou, D. (2011). Do transformational leaders enhance their followers' daily work engagement? Leadership Quarterly, 22, 121-31.
122. Totterdell, P., Spelten, E., Smith, L., Barton, J., and Folkard, S. (1995). Recovery from work shifts - how long does it take. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 43-57.
123. Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H., and Lens, W. (2008). Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress, 22, 277-94.
124. van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Schreurs, B. H. J., Bakker, A. B., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Does meaning-making help during organizational change? Development and validation of a new scale. Career Development International, 14, 508-33.
125. Vance, R. J. (2006). Employee engagement and commitment: A guide to understanding, measuring and increasing engagement in your organization. Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management Foundation.
126. Vander Elst, T., Baillien, E., De Cuyper, N., and De Witte, H. (2010). The role of organizational communication and participation in reducing job insecurity and its negative association with work- related well-being. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31, 249-64.
127. Vansteenkiste, M., Neyrinck, B., Niemiec, C. P., Soenens, B., De Witte, H., and Van Den Broeck, A. (2007). On the relations among work value orientations, psychological need satisfaction and job outcomes: A self-determination theory approach. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 80, 251-77.
128. Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., and Zhu, W. (2008). How transformational leadership weaves its influence on individual job performance: The role of identification and efficacy beliefs. Personnel Psychology, 61, 793-825.
129. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., and Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-70.
130. Whitford, T., and Moss, S. A. (2009). Transformational leadership in distributed work groups: The moderating role of follower regulatory focus and goal orientation. Communication Research, 36, 810-37.
131. Williams, S. A., Wissing, M. P., Rothmann, S., and Temane, Q. M. (2009). Emotional intelligence, work, and psychological outcomes in a public service context. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 19, 531-40.
132. Witt, L. A., Burke, L. A., Barrick, M. A., and Mount, M. K. (2002). The interactive effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 164-9.
133. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 121-41.
134. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2009a). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 235-44.
135. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2009b). Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 183-200.
136. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Heuven, E., Demerouti, E., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Working in the sky: A diary study on work engagement among flight attendants. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 345-56.
137. Zapf, D. (1993). Stress-oriented analysis of computerized office work. European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 3, 85-100.
138. Zhu, W., Avolio, B. J., and Walumbwa, F. O. (2009). Moderating role of follower characteristics with transformational leadership and follower work engagement. Group & Organization Management, 34, 590-619.