Failure of Respiratory Defenses in the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Pneumonia of Cattle

Veterinary Pathology

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 393-409

  Caswell, J L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

antimicrobial peptides; bacterial pneumonia; cattle; innate immunity; lung; Mannheimia haemolytica; stress; viral infection

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; BACTERIUM; BOVINE; CATTLE DISEASE; DISEASE MODEL; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INNATE IMMUNITY; LUNG; MICROBIOLOGY; MOUSE; PATHOGENICITY; RESPIRATORY TRACT MUCOSA; RISK FACTOR; VETERINARY;

ANIMALS; BACTERIA; CATTLE; CATTLE DISEASES; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; LUNG; MICE; PNEUMONIA, BACTERIAL; RESPIRATORY MUCOSA; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84894590370     PISSN: 03009858     EISSN: 15442217     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0300985813502821     Document Type: Review

References (224)

1. Ader R,Cohen N.Psychoneuroimmunology: conditioning and stress.Annu Rev Psychol. 1993;44:53-85.
2. Alber A,Howie SE,Wallace WA, et al.The role of macrophages in healing the wounded lung.Int J Exp Pathol. 2012;93 (4): 243-251.
3. Al-Haddawi M,Mitchell GB,Clark ME, et al.Impairment of innate immune responses of airway epithelium by infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2007;116 ((3-4)): 153-162.
4. Allen-Gipson DS,Romberger DJ,Forget MA, et al.IL-8 inhibits isoproterenol-stimulated ciliary beat frequency in bovine bronchial epithelial cells.J Aerosol Med. 2004;17 (2): 107-115.
5. Almeida RA,Rosenbusch RF.Impaired tracheobronchial clearance of bacteria in calves infected with Mycoplasma dispar.Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1994;41 ((7-8)): 473-482.
6. Almirall J,Bolibar I,Serra-Prat M, et al.New evidence of risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study.Eur Respir J. 2008;31 (6): 1274-1284.
7. Anderton TL,Maskell DJ,Preston A.Ciliostasis is a key early event during colonization of canine tracheal tissue by Bordetella bronchiseptica.Microbiology. 2004;150 (pt 9): 2843-2855.
8. Arcangioli MA,Duet A,Meyer G, et al.The role of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine respiratory disease outbreaks in veal calf feedlots.Vet J. 2008;177 (1): 89-93.
9. Avadhanula V,Rodriguez CA,Devincenzo JP, et al.Respiratory viruses augment the adhesion of bacterial pathogens to respiratory epithelium in a viral species- and cell type-dependent manner.J Virol. 2006;80 (4): 1629-1636.
10. Babcock AH,Cernicchiaro N,White BJ, et al.A multivariable assessment quantifying effects of cohort-level factors associated with combined mortality and culling risk in cohorts of U.S. commercial feedlot cattle.Prev Vet Med. 2013;108 (1): 38-46.
11. Bagnicka E,Strzalkowska N,Flisikowski K, et al.The polymorphism in the beta4-defensin gene and its association with production and somatic cell count in Holstein-Friesian cows.J Anim Breed Genet. 2007;124 (3): 150-156.
12. Bahar B,O'Halloran F,Callanan MJ, et al.Bovine lactoferrin (LTF) gene promoter haplotypes have different basal transcriptional activities.Anim Genet. 2011;42 (3): 270-279.
13. Ballinger MN,Standiford TJ.Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia: host defenses gone awry.J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2010;30 (9): 643-652.
14. Behnsen J,Lessing F,Schindler S, et al.Secreted Aspergillus fumigatus protease Alp1 degrades human complement proteins C3, C4, and C5.Infect Immun. 2010;78 (8): 3585-3594.
15. Bemis DA,Wilson SA.Influence of potential virulence determinants on Bordetella bronchiseptica-induced ciliostasis.Infect Immun. 1985;50 (1): 35-42.
16. Beveridge JD,Mitchell GB,Brewer D, et al.Altered protein expression in neutrophils of calves treated with dexamethasone.Can J Vet Res. 2008;72 (3): 249-252.
17. Bienhoff SE,Allen GK,Berg JN.Release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from bovine alveolar macrophages stimulated with bovine respiratory viruses and bacterial endotoxins.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1992;30 (4): 341-357.
18. Briggs RE,Kehrli M,Frank GH.Effects of infection with parainfluenza-3 virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus on neutrophil functions in calves.Am J Vet Res. 1988;49 (5): 682-686.
19. Broderson JR,Lindsey JR,Crawford JE.The role of environmental ammonia in respiratory mycoplasmosis of rats.Am J Pathol. 1976;85 (1): 115-130.
20. Brscic M,Leruste H,Heutinck LF, et al.Prevalence of respiratory disorders in veal calves and potential risk factors.J Dairy Sci. 2012;95 (5): 2753-2764.
21. Bryson DG,Platten MF,McConnell S, et al.Ultrastructural features of lesions in bronchiolar epithelium in induced respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia of calves.Vet Pathol. 1991;28 (4): 293-299.
22. Burciaga-Robles LO,Step DL,Krehbiel CR, et al.Effects of exposure to calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1b and subsequent infection with Mannheima haemolytica on clinical signs and immune variables: model for bovine respiratory disease via viral and bacterial interaction.J Anim Sci. 2010;88 (6): 2166-2178.
23. Burton JL,Kehrli ME,Kapil S, et al.Regulation of L-selectin and CD18 on bovine neutrophils by glucocorticoids: effects of cortisol and dexamethasone.J Leukoc Biol. 1995;57 (2): 317-325.
24. Carter JN,Meredith GL,Montelongo M, et al.Relationship of vitamin E supplementation and antimicrobial treatment with acute-phase protein responses in cattle affected by naturally acquired respiratory tract disease.Am J Vet Res. 2002;63 (8): 1111-1117.
25. Castillo-Alcala F,Bateman KG,Cai HY, et al.Prevalence and genotype of Mycoplasma bovis in beef cattle after arrival at a feedlot.Am J Vet Res. 2012;73 (12): 1932-1943.
26. Castleman WL,Chandler SK,Slauson DO.Experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves: ultrastructural respiratory lesions.Am J Vet Res. 1985;46 (3): 554-560.
27. Castleman WL,Lay JC,Dubovi EJ, et al.Experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves: light microscopic lesions, microbiology, and studies on lavaged lung cells.Am J Vet Res. 1985;46 (3): 547-553.
28. Caswell JL,Hewson J,Slavic E, et al.Laboratory and postmortem diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease.Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2012;28 (3): 419-441.
29. Caswell JL,Middleton DM,Sorden SD, et al.Expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant interleukin-8 in the lesions of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis.Vet Pathol. 1998;35 (2): 124-131.
30. Cernicchiaro N,Renter DG,White BJ, et al.Associations between weather conditions during the first 45 days after feedlot arrival and daily respiratory disease risks in autumn-placed feeder cattle in the United States.J Anim Sci. 2012;90 (4): 1328-1337.
31. Cernicchiaro N,White BJ,Renter DG, et al.Associations between the distance traveled from sale barns to commercial feedlots in the United States and overall performance, risk of respiratory disease, and cumulative mortality in feeder cattle during 1997 to 2009.J Anim Sci. 2012;90 (6): 1929-1939.
32. Chae CH,Gentry MJ,Confer AW, et al.Resistance to host immune defense mechanisms afforded by capsular material of Pasteurella haemolytica, serotype 1.Vet Microbiol. 1990;25 ((2-3)): 241-251.
33. Chase CC.The impact of BVDV infection on adaptive immunity.Biologicals. 2013;41 (1): 52-60.
34. Chen LC,Schlesinger RB.Response of the bronchial mucociliary clearance system in rabbits to inhaled sulfite and sulfuric acid aerosols.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1983;71 (1): 123-131.
35. Chen SM,Cheng DS,Williams BJ, et al.The nuclear factor kappa-B pathway in airway epithelium regulates neutrophil recruitment and host defence following Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.Clin Exp Immunol. 2008;153 (3): 420-428.
36. Cohen S,Tyrrell DA,Smith AP.Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold.N Engl J Med. 1991;325 (9): 606-612.
37. Confer AW,Fulton RW,Step DL, et al.Viral antigen distribution in the respiratory tract of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 2a.Vet Pathol. 2005;42 (2): 192-199.
38. Cosseau C,Devine DA,Dullaghan E, et al.The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis.Infect Immun. 2008;76 (9): 4163-4175.
39. Cundell DR,Gerard NP,Gerard C, et al.Streptococcus pneumoniae anchor to activated human cells by the receptor for platelet-activating factor.Nature. 1995;377 (6548): 435-438.
40. Cusack PM,McMeniman NP,Lean IJ.Effects of injectable vitamins A, D, E and C on the health and growth rate of feedlot cattle destined for the Australian domestic market.Aust Vet J. 2008;86 (3): 81-87.
41. Czuprynski CJ.Host response to bovine respiratory pathogens.Anim Health Res Rev. 2009;10 (2): 141-143.
42. da Silva LF,Sinani D,Jones C.ICP27 protein encoded by bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bICP27) interferes with promoter activity of the bovine genes encoding beta interferon 1 (IFN-beta1) and IFN-beta3.Virus Res. 2012;169 (1): 162-168.
43. Davis KM,Weiser JN.Modifications to the peptidoglycan backbone help bacteria to establish infection.Infect Immun. 2011;79 (2): 562-570.
44. Davis MS,Williams CC,Meinkoth JH, et al.Influx of neutrophils and persistence of cytokine expression in airways of horses after performing exercise while breathing cold air.Am J Vet Res. 2007;68 (2): 185-189.
45. Derscheid RJ,Ackermann MRVet Pathol.
46. Devalia JL,Sapsford RJ,Cundell DR, et al.Human bronchial epithelial cell dysfunction following in vitro exposure to nitrogen dioxide.Eur Respir J. 1993;6 (9): 1308-1316.
47. Diesel DA,Lebel JL,Tucker A.Pulmonary particle deposition and airway mucociliary clearance in cold-exposed calves.Am J Vet Res. 1991;52 (10): 1665-1671.
48. Dobbs CM,Feng N,Beck FM, et al.Neuroendocrine regulation of cytokine production during experimental influenza viral infection: effects of restraint stress-induced elevation in endogenous corticosterone.J Immunol. 1996;157 (5): 1870-1877.
49. Donham KJ.Association of environmental air contaminants with disease and productivity in swine.Am J Vet Res. 1991;52 (10): 1723-1730.
50. Duff GC,Galyean ML.Board-invited review: recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle.J Anim Sci. 2007;85 (3): 823-840.
51. Duits LA,Rademaker M,Ravensbergen B, et al.Inhibition of hBD-3, but not hBD-1 and hBD-2, mRNA expression by corticosteroids.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280 (2): 522-525.
52. Duvel A,Frank C,Schnapper A, et al.Classically or alternatively activated bovine monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro do not resemble CD163/calprotectin biased macrophage populations in the teat.Innate Immun. 2012;18 (6): 886-896.
53. Dyer RM,Majumdar S,Douglas SD, et al.Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus selectively depletes a calcium-independent, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C and inhibits superoxide anion generation in bovine alveolar macrophages.J Immunol. 1994;153 (3): 1171-1179.
54. Eddens T,Kolls JK.Host defenses against bacterial lower respiratory tract infection.Curr Opin Immunol. 2012;24 (4): 424-430.
55. Eicher SD,McMunn KA,Hammon HM, et al.Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and acute phase cytokine gene expression in dexamethasone and growth hormone treated dairy calves.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2004;98 ((3-4)): 115-125.
56. Fach SJ,Olivier A,Gallup JM, et al.Differential expression of cytokine transcripts in neonatal and adult ovine alveolar macrophages in response to respiratory syncytial virus or Toll-like receptor ligation.Vet Immuno l Immunopathol. 2010;136 ((1-2)): 55-64.
57. Fahy JV,Dickey BF.Airway mucus function and dysfunction.N Engl J Med. 2010;363 (23): 2233-2247.
58. Fischer AJ,Lennemann NJ,Krishnamurthy S, et al.Enhancement of respiratory mucosal antiviral defenses by the oxidation of iodide.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011;45 (4): 874-881.
59. Fleshner M.Stress-evoked sterile inflammation, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the inflammasome.Brain Behav Immun. 2013;27 (1): 1-7.
60. Frank GH,Briggs RE.Colonization of the tonsils of calves with Pasteurella haemolytica.Am J Vet Res. 1992;53 (4): 481-484.
61. Frank GH,Briggs RE,Gillette KG.Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 colonization of the nasal passages of virus-infected calves.Am J Vet Res. 1987;48 (12): 1674-1677.
62. Frank GH,Briggs RE,Gillette KG.Colonization of the nasal passages of calves with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 and regeneration of colonization after experimentally induced viral infection of the respiratory tract.Am J Vet Res. 1986;47 (8): 1704-1707.
63. Frank GH,Nelson SL,Briggs RE.Infection of the middle nasal meatus of calves with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1.Am J Vet Res. 1989;50 (8): 1297-1301.
64. Frank GH,Smith PC.Prevalence of Pasteurella haemolytica in transported calves.Am J Vet Res. 1983;44 (6): 981-985.
65. Gagea MI,Bateman KG,van Dreumel T, et al.Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario beef feedlots.J Vet Diagn Invest. 2006;18 (1): 18-28.
66. Galdiero M,Pisciotta MG,Marinelli A, et al.Coinfection with BHV-1 modulates cell adhesion and invasion by P. multocida and Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica.New Microbiol. 2002;25 (4): 427-436.
67. Gershwin LJ,Gunther RA,Hornof WJ, et al.Effect of infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus on pulmonary clearance of an inhaled antigen in calves.Am J Vet Res. 2008;69 (3): 416-422.
68. Gillenwaters EN,Seabury CM,Elliott JS, et al.Sequence analysis and polymorphism discovery in 4 members of the bovine cathelicidin gene family.J Hered. 2009;100 (2): 241-245.
69. Gioia J,Qin X,Jiang H, et al.The genome sequence of Mannheimia haemolytica A1: insights into virulence, natural competence, and Pasteurellaceae phylogeny.J Bacteriol. 2006;188 (20): 7257-7266.
70. Gjerstorff M,Madsen J,Bendixen C, et al.Genomic and molecular characterization of bovine surfactant protein D (SP-D).Mol Immunol. 2004;41 (4): 369-376.
71. Goldman MJ,Anderson GM,Stolzenberg ED, et al.Human beta-defensin-1 is a salt-sensitive antibiotic in lung that is inactivated in cystic fibrosis.Cell. 1997;88 (4): 553-560.
72. Gomis SM,Godson DL,Wobeser GA, et al.Effect of Haemophilus somnus on nitric oxide production and chemiluminescence response of bovine blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages.Microb Pathog. 1997;23 (6): 327-333.
73. Gonzales XF,Deshmukh A,Pulse M, et al.Stress-induced differences in primary and secondary resistance against bacterial sepsis corresponds with diverse corticotropin releasing hormone receptor expression by pulmonary CD11c+ MHC II+ and CD11c- MHC II+ APCs.Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22 (4): 552-564.
74. Grey CL,Thomson RG.Pasteurella haemolytica in the tracheal air of calves.Can J Comp Med. 1971;35 (2): 121-128.
75. Grinberg N,Elazar S,Rosenshine I, et al.Beta-hydroxybutyrate abrogates formation of bovine neutrophil extracellular traps and bactericidal activity against mammary pathogenic Escherichia coli.Infect Immun. 2008;76 (6): 2802-2807.
76. Groskreutz DJ,Monick MM,Powers LS, et al.Respiratory syncytial virus induces TLR3 protein and protein kinase R, leading to increased double-stranded RNA responsiveness in airway epithelial cells.J Immunol. 2006;176 (3): 1733-1740.
77. Grubor B,Meyerholz DK,Ackermann MR.Collectins and cationic antimicrobial peptides of the respiratory epithelia.Vet Pathol. 2006;43 (5): 595-612.
78. Hajishengallis G,Lambris JD.Microbial manipulation of receptor crosstalk in innate immunity.Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11 (3): 187-200.
79. Hansdottir S,Monick MM.Vitamin D effects on lung immunity and respiratory diseases.Vitam Horm. 2011;86:217-237.
80. Harper M,Boyce JD,Adler B.The key surface components of Pasteurella multocida: capsule and lipopolysaccharide.Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2012;361:39-51.
81. Hastie AT,Evans LP,Allen AM.Two types of bacteria adherent to bovine respiratory tract ciliated epithelium.Vet Pathol. 1993;30 (1): 12-19.
82. Hickey MC,Drennan M,Earley B.The effect of abrupt weaning of suckler calves on the plasma concentrations of cortisol, catecholamines, leukocytes, acute-phase proteins and in vitro interferon-gamma production.J Anim Sci. 2003;81 (11): 2847-2855.
83. Hodgson PD,Aich P,Manuja A, et al.Effect of stress on viral-bacterial synergy in bovine respiratory disease: novel mechanisms to regulate inflammation.Comp Funct Genomics. 2005;6 (4): 244-250.
84. Holt PG,Strickland DH,Wikstrom ME, et al.Regulation of immunological homeostasis in the respiratory tract.Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8 (2): 142-152.
85. Hoshinoo K,Sasaki K,Tanaka A, et al.Virulence attributes of Histophilus somni with a deletion mutation in the ibpA gene.Microb Pathog. 2009;46 (5): 273-282.
86. Howard CJ,Thomas LH,Parsons KR.Comparative pathogenicity of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma dispar for the respiratory tract of calves.Isr J Med Sci. 1987;23 (6): 621-624.
87. Huang J,Wang H,Wang C, et al.Single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes and combined genotypes of lactoferrin gene and their associations with mastitis in Chinese Holstein cattle.Mol Biol Rep. 2010;37 (1): 477-483.
88. Hulbert LE,Carroll JA,Burdick NC, et al.Innate immune responses of temperamental and calm cattle after transportation.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011;143 ((1-2)): 66-74.
89. Itani OA,Chen JH,Karp PH, et al.Human cystic fibrosis airway epithelia have reduced Cl- conductance but not increased Na+ conductance.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108 (25): 10260-10265.
90. Jain R,Ray JM,Pan JH, et al.Sex hormone-dependent regulation of cilia beat frequency in airway epithelium.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2012;46 (4): 446-453.
91. Jakab GJ.Mechanisms of virus-induced bacterial superinfections of the lung.Clin Chest Med. 1981;2 (1): 59-66.
92. Jamieson AM,Pasman L,Yu S, et al.Role of tissue protection in lethal respiratory viral-bacterial coinfection.Science. 2013;340 (6137): 1230-1234.
93. Jamieson AM,Yu S,Annicelli CH, et al.Influenza virus-induced glucocorticoids compromise innate host defense against a secondary bacterial infection.Cell Host Microbe. 2010;7 (2): 103-114.
94. Jericho KW,Lejeune A,Tiffin GB.Bovine herpesvirus-1 and Pasteurella haemolytica aerobiology in experimentally infected calves.Am J Vet Res. 1986;47 (2): 205-209.
95. Johansson L,Thulin P,Sendi P, et al.Cathelicidin LL-37 in severe Streptococcus pyogenes soft tissue infections in humans.Infect Immun. 2008;76 (8): 3399-3404.
96. Jones CD.Proliferation of Pasteurella haemolytica in the calf respiratory tract after an abrupt change in climate.Res Vet Sci. 1987;42 (2): 179-186.
97. Kawashima K,Meyerholz DK,Gallup JM, et al.Differential expression of ovine innate immune genes by preterm and neonatal lung epithelia infected with respiratory syncytial virus.Viral Immunol. 2006;19 (2): 316-323.
98. Keles I,Woldehiwet Z,Murray RD.The effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on the phagocytic and antigen-presenting capacity of peripheral blood monocytes and monocytic cell lines derived from lambs and calves.J Comp Pathol. 1998;118 (4): 347-357.
99. Keller SL,Jefferson BJ,Jacobs RM, et al.Effects of noncytopathic type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus on the proliferation of bone marrow progenitor cells.Can J Vet Res. 2006;70 (1): 20-27.
100. Kilgour E,Rankin N,Ryan S, et al.Mucociliary function deteriorates in the clinical range of inspired air temperature and humidity.Intensive Care Med. 2004;30 (7): 1491-1494.
101. Kim MH,Yang JY,Upadhaya SD, et al.The stress of weaning influences serum levels of acute-phase proteins, iron-binding proteins, inflammatory cytokines, cortisol, and leukocyte subsets in Holstein calves.J Vet Sci. 2011;12 (2): 151-157.
102. Klein-Patel ME,Diamond G,Boniotto M, et al.Inhibition of beta-defensin gene expression in airway epithelial cells by low doses of residual oil fly ash is mediated by vanadium.Toxicol Sci. 2006;92 (1): 115-125.
103. Konig T,Schuberth HJ,Leibold W, et al.Dexamethasone depresses the expression of L-selectin but not the in vivo migration of bovine neutrophils into the uterus.Theriogenology. 2006;65 (7): 1227-1241.
104. Kraus D,Peschel A.Molecular mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides.Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2006;306:231-250.
105. Kravchenko VV,Kaufmann GF,Mathison JC, et al.Modulation of gene expression via disruption of NF-kappaB signaling by a bacterial small molecule.Science. 2008;321 (5886): 259-263.
106. Kreda SM,Davis CW,Rose MC.CFTR, mucins, and mucus obstruction in cystic fibrosis.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2 (9): a009589.
107. Kumar A,Garg DN,Mahajar SK.Experimental pathogenicity of Mollicutes of bovine udder origin in hamster tracheal ring organ culture.Indian J Exp Biol. 1992;30 (7): 607-610.
108. Lago A,McGuirk SM,Bennett TB, et al.Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvironments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter.J Dairy Sci. 2006;89 (10): 4014-4025.
109. Lee CW,Shewen PE.Evidence of bovine immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) protease activity in partially purified culture supernate of Pasteurella haemolytica A1.Can J Vet Res. 1996;60 (2): 127-132.
110. Lee SR,Pharr GT,Boyd BL, et al.Bovine viral diarrhea viruses modulate Toll-like receptors, cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules genes expression in bovine peripheral blood monocytes.Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;31 (5): 403-418.
111. Leite F,Atapattu D,Kuckleburg C, et al.Incubation of bovine PMNs with conditioned medium from BHV-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells increases their susceptibility to Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2005;103 ((3-4)): 187-193.
112. Liggitt D,Huston L,Silflow R, et al.Impaired function of bovine alveolar macrophages infected with parainfluenza-3 virus.Am J Vet Res. 1985;46 (8): 1740-1744.
113. Lillie BN,Hayes MA,Keirstead ND.Genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases: recent advances, key concepts and future opportunities.Vet Pathol. 2013;XX:.
114. Lillie LE,Thomson RG.The pulmonary clearance of bacteria by calves and mice.Can J Comp Med. 1972;36 (2): 129-137.
115. Liu L,Lehmkuhl HD,Kaeberle ML.Synergistic effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on selected bovine alveolar macrophage functions.Can J Vet Res. 1999;63 (1): 41-48.
116. Liu S,Shi X,Bauer I, et al.Lingual antimicrobial peptide and IL-8 expression are oppositely regulated by the antagonistic effects of NF-kappaB p65 and C/EBPbeta in mammary epithelial cells.Mol Immunol. 2011;48 ((6-7)): 895-908.
117. Loerch SC,Fluharty FL.Physiological changes and digestive capabilities of newly received feedlot cattle.J Anim Sci. 1999;77 (5): 1113-1119.
118. Lundborg GK,Svensson EC,Oltenacu PA.Herd-level risk factors for infectious diseases in Swedish dairy calves aged 0-90 days.Prev Vet Med. 2005;68 ((2-4)): 123-143.
119. Lynch EM,Earley B,McGee M, et al.Effect of abrupt weaning at housing on leukocyte distribution, functional activity of neutrophils, and acute phase protein response of beef calves.BMC Vet Res. 2010;6:39.
120. MacRedmond RE,Greene CM,Dorscheid DR, et al.Epithelial expression of TLR4 is modulated in COPD and by steroids, salmeterol and cigarette smoke.Respir Res. 2007;8:84.
121. Madsen-Bouterse SA,Rosa GJ,Burton JL.Glucocorticoid modulation of Bcl-2 family members A1 and Bak during delayed spontaneous apoptosis of bovine blood neutrophils.Endocrinology. 2006;147 (8): 3826-3834.
122. Malloy JL,Veldhuizen RA,Thibodeaux BA, et al.Pseudomonas aeruginosa protease IV degrades surfactant proteins and inhibits surfactant host defense and biophysical functions.Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005;288 (2): L409-L418.
123. Martin SW,Bateman KG,Shewen PE, et al.The frequency, distribution and effects of antibodies, to seven putative respiratory pathogens, on respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves in Ontario.Can J Vet Res. 1989;53 (3): 355-362.
124. Martin SW,Bateman KG,Shewen PE, et al.A group level analysis of the associations between antibodies to seven putative pathogens and respiratory disease and weight gain in Ontario feedlot calves.Can J Vet Res. 1990;54 (3): 337-342.
125. Martin SW,Harland RJ,Bateman KG, et al.The association of titers to Haemophilus somnus, and other putative pathogens, with the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves.Can J Vet Res. 1998;62 (4): 262-267.
126. Martin SW,Schwabe CW,Franti CE.Dairy calf mortality rate: influence of meteorologic factors on calf mortality rate in Tulare County, California.Am J Vet Res. 1975;36 (8): 1105-1109.
127. Martin TR,Frevert CW.Innate immunity in the lungs.Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2005;2 (5): 403-411.
128. Matsui H,Verghese MW,Kesimer M, et al.Reduced three-dimensional motility in dehydrated airway mucus prevents neutrophil capture and killing bacteria on airway epithelial surfaces.J Immunol. 2005;175 (2): 1090-1099.
129. McGillivary G,Mason KM,Jurcisek JA, et al.Respiratory syncytial virus-induced dysregulation of expression of a mucosal beta-defensin augments colonization of the upper airway by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae.Cell Microbiol. 2009;11 (9): 1399-1408.
130. McGuirk SM.Disease management of dairy calves and heifers.Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2008;24 (1): 139-153.
131. McKerral LJ,Lo RY.Construction and characterization of an acapsular mutant of Mannheimia haemolytica A1.Infect Immun. 2002;70 (5): 2622-2629.
132. Meyerholz DK,Ackermann MR.Antimicrobial peptides and surfactant proteins in ruminant respiratory tract disease.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2005;108 ((1-2)): 91-96.
133. Mina MJ,Klugman KP.Pathogen replication, host inflammation, and disease in the upper respiratory tract.Infect Immun. 2013;81 (3): 625-628.
134. Mitchell GB,Al-Haddawi MH,Clark ME, et al.Effect of corticosteroids and neuropeptides on the expression of defensins in bovine tracheal epithelial cells.Infect Immun. 2007;75 (3): 1325-1334.
135. Moranta D,Regueiro V,March C, et al.Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule polysaccharide impedes the expression of beta-defensins by airway epithelial cells.Infect Immun. 2010;78 (3): 1135-1146.
136. Moskwa P,Lorentzen D,Excoffon KJ, et al.A novel host defense system of airways is defective in cystic fibrosis.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175 (2): 174-183.
137. Murphy T,Cargill C,Rutley D, et al.Pig-shed air polluted by alpha-haemolytic cocci and ammonia causes subclinical disease and production losses.Vet Rec. 2012;171 (5): 123.
138. Nakamura S,Davis KM,Weiser JN.Synergistic stimulation of type I interferons during influenza virus coinfection promotes Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in mice.J Clin Invest. 2011;121 (9): 3657-3665.
139. Narciandi F,Lloyd AT,Chapwanya A, et al.Reproductive tissue-specific expression profiling and genetic variation across a 19 gene bovine beta-defensin cluster.Immunogenetics. 2011;63 (10): 641-651.
140. Negishi H,Yanai H,Nakajima A, et al.Cross-interference of RLR and TLR signaling pathways modulates antibacterial T cell responses.Nat Immunol. 2012;13 (7): 659-666.
141. Nietfeld JC,Fickbohm BL,Rogers DG, et al.Isolation of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus from pigs and calves and experimental infection of gnotobiotic pigs and rodents.J Vet Diagn Invest. 1999;11 (3): 252-258.
142. O'Brien DW,Morris MI,Lee MS, et al.Ophiopogon root (Radix Ophiopogonis) prevents ultra-structural damage by SO2 in an epithelial injury model for studies of mucociliary transport.Life Sci. 2004;74 (19): 2413-2422.
143. O'Byrne PM,Pedersen S,Carlsson LG, et al.Risks of pneumonia in patients with asthma taking inhaled corticosteroids.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183 (5): 589-595.
144. O'Halloran F,Berry DP,Bahar B, et al.Polymorphisms in the bovine lactoferrin promoter are associated with reproductive performance and somatic cell count.J Dairy Sci. 2010;93 (3): 1253-1259.
145. Olchowy TW,Ames TR,Molitor TW.Interaction of bovine respiratory syncytial virus with bovine alveolar macrophages in vivo: effects of virus infection upon selected cell functions.Can J Vet Res. 1994;58 (1): 42-48.
146. O'Loughlin A,Lynn DJ,McGee M, et al.Transcriptomic analysis of the stress response to weaning at housing in bovine leukocytes using RNA-seq technology.BMC Genomics. 2012;13:250.
147. O'Loughlin A,McGee M,Waters SM, et al.Examination of the bovine leukocyte environment using immunogenetic biomarkers to assess immunocompetence following exposure to weaning stress.BMC Vet Res. 2011;7:45.
148. Olson ME,Ceri H,Morck DW, et al.Biofilm bacteria: formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics.Can J Vet Res. 2002;66 (2): 86-92.
149. Olszewski MA,Falkowski NR,Surana R, et al.Effect of laparotomy on clearance and cytokine induction in Staphylococcus aureus infected lungs.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176 (9): 921-929.
150. Paape MJ,Gwazdauskas FC,Guidry AJ, et al.Concentrations of corticosteroids, leukocytes, and immunoglobulins in blood and milk after administration of ACTH to lactating dairy cattle: effects on phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.Am J Vet Res. 1981;42 (12): 2081-2087.
151. Pace E,Ferraro M,Minervini MI, et al.Beta defensin-2 is reduced in central but not in distal airways of smoker COPD patients.PLoS One. 2012;7 (3): e33601.
152. Palomares RA,Walz HG,Brock KV.Expression of type I interferon-induced antiviral state and pro-apoptosis markers during experimental infection with low or high virulence bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef calves.Virus Res. 2013;173 (2): 260-269.
153. Pang WY,Earley B,Sweeney T, et al.Effects of banding or burdizzo castration of bulls on neutrophil phagocytosis and respiratory burst, CD62-L expression, and serum interleukin-8 concentration.J Anim Sci. 2009;87 (10): 3187-3195.
154. Parker D,Prince A.Innate immunity in the respiratory epithelium.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011;45 (2): 189-201.
155. Perbet S,Mongardon N,Dumas F, et al.Early-onset pneumonia after cardiac arrest: characteristics, risk factors and influence on prognosis.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184 (9): 1048-1054.
156. Perretti M,D'Acquisto F.Annexin A1 and glucocorticoids as effectors of the resolution of inflammation.Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9 (1): 62-70.
157. Peschel A,Sahl HG.The co-evolution of host cationic antimicrobial peptides and microbial resistance.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006;4 (7): 529-536.
158. Pittet LA,Hall-Stoodley L,Rutkowski MR, et al.Influenza virus infection decreases tracheal mucociliary velocity and clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010;42 (4): 450-460.
159. Poole JA,Wyatt TA,Kielian T, et al.Toll-like receptor 2 regulates organic dust-induced airway inflammation.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011;45 (4): 711-719.
160. Rada B,Leto TL.Redox warfare between airway epithelial cells and Pseudomonas: dual oxidase versus pyocyanin.Immunol Res. 2009;43 ((1-3)): 198-209.
161. Ravi LI,Li L,Sutejo R, et al.A systems-based approach to analyse the host response in murine lung macrophages challenged with respiratory syncytial virus.BMC Genomics. 2013;14 (1): 190.
162. Reddy PG,McVey DS,Chengappa MM, et al.Bovine recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhancement of bovine neutrophil functions in vitro.Am J Vet Res. 1990;51 (9): 1395-1399.
163. Rhee CS,Hong SK,Min YG, et al.Effects of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta on ciliary beat frequency of human nasal ciliated epithelial cells in vitro.Am J Rhinol. 1999;13 (1): 27-30.
164. Ridpath JF.The contribution of infections with bovine viral diarrhea viruses to bovine respiratory disease.Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2010;26 (2): 335-348.
165. Rivera-Rivas JJ,Kisiela D,Czuprynski CJ.Bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection of bovine bronchial epithelial cells increases neutrophil adhesion and activation.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2009;131 ((3-4)): 167-176.
166. Roca-Ferrer J,Mullol J,Perez M, et al.Effects of topical glucocorticoids on in vitro lactoferrin glandular secretion: comparison between human upper and lower airways.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106 (6): 1053-1062.
167. Rogan MP,Geraghty P,Greene CM, et al.Antimicrobial proteins and polypeptides in pulmonary innate defence.Respir Res. 2006;7:29.
168. Rose MC,Voynow JA.Respiratory tract mucin genes and mucin glycoproteins in health and disease.Physiol Rev. 2006;86 (1): 245-278.
169. Roth JA,Kaeberle ML.Effects of in vivo dexamethasone administration on in vitro bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte function.Infect Immun. 1981;33 (2): 434-441.
170. Ruckle A,Haasbach E,Julkunen I, et al.The NS1 protein of influenza A virus blocks RIG-I-mediated activation of the noncanonical NF-kappaB pathway and p52/RelB-dependent gene expression in lung epithelial cells.J Virol. 2012;86 (18): 10211-10217.
171. Russell JP,Diamond G,Tarver AP, et al.Coordinate induction of two antibiotic genes in tracheal epithelial cells exposed to the inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha.Infect Immun. 1996;64 (5): 1565-1568.
172. Ryan LK,Dai J,Yin Z, et al.Modulation of human beta-defensin-1 (hBD-1) in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC), monocytes, and epithelial cells by influenza virus, herpes simplex virus, and Sendai virus and its possible role in innate immunity.J Leukoc Biol. 2011;90 (2): 343-356.
173. Sacco RE,Nonnecke BJ,Palmer MV, et al.Differential expression of cytokines in response to respiratory syncytial virus infection of calves with high or low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.PLoS One. 2012;7 (3): e33074.
174. Sadler AJ,Williams BR.Interferon-inducible antiviral effectors.Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8 (7): 559-568.
175. Salzman NH,Chou MM,de Jong H, et al.Enteric salmonella infection inhibits Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide expression.Infect Immun. 2003;71 (3): 1109-1115.
176. Sandal I,Shao JQ,Annadata S, et al.Histophilus somni biofilm formation in cardiopulmonary tissue of the bovine host following respiratory challenge.Microbes Infect. 2009;11 (2): 254-263.
177. Senthilkumaran C,Clark ME,Abdelaziz K, et al.Increased annexin A1 and A2 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are associated with resistance to respiratory disease in beef calves.Vet Res. 2013;44 (1): 24.
178. Shahangian A,Chow EK,Tian X, et al.Type I IFNs mediate development of postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia in mice.J Clin Invest. 2009;119 (7): 1910-1920.
179. Shen JC,Chen B,Cohen NA.Keratinocyte chemoattractant (interleukin-8) regulation of sinonasal cilia function in a murine model.Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2012;2 (1): 75-79.
180. Shivshankar P,Boyd AR,Le Saux CJ, et al.Cellular senescence increases expression of bacterial ligands in the lungs and is positively correlated with increased susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia.Aging Cell. 2011;10 (5): 798-806.
181. Short KR,Reading PC,Brown LE, et al.Influenza-induced inflammation drives pneumococcal otitis media.Infect Immun. 2013;81 (3): 645-652.
182. Siddaramppa S,Inzana TJ.Haemophilus somnus virulence factors and resistance to host immunity.Anim Health Res Rev. 2004;5 (1): 79-93.
183. Singh K,Ritchey JW,Confer AW.Mannheimia haemolytica: bacterial-host interactions in bovine pneumonia.Vet Pathol. 2011;48 (2): 338-348.
184. Slauson DO,Lay JC,Castleman WL, et al.Acute inflammatory lung injury retards pulmonary particle clearance.Inflammation. 1989;13 (2): 185-199.
185. Slauson DO,Lay JC,Castleman WL, et al.Alveolar macrophage phagocytic kinetics following pulmonary parainfluenza-3 virus infection.J Leukoc Biol. 1987;41 (5): 412-420.
186. Slocombe RF,Derksen FJ,Robinson NE.Interactions of cold stress and Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves: changes in pulmonary function.Am J Vet Res. 1984;45 (9): 1764-1770.
187. Slocombe RF,Derksen FJ,Robinson NE, et al.Interactions of cold stress and Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves: method of induction and hematologic and pathologic changes.Am J Vet Res. 1984;45 (9): 1757-1763.
188. Small CL,Shaler CR,McCormick S, et al.Influenza infection leads to increased susceptibility to subsequent bacterial superinfection by impairing NK cell responses in the lung.J Immunol. 2010;184 (4): 2048-2056.
189. Sow FB,Gallup JM,Krishnan S, et al.Respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with an altered innate immunity and a heightened pro-inflammatory response in the lungs of preterm lambs.Respir Res. 2011;12:106.
190. Sow FB,Gallup JM,Olivier A, et al.Respiratory syncytial virus is associated with an inflammatory response in lungs and architectural remodeling of lung-draining lymph nodes of newborn lambs.Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2011;300 (1): L12-L24.
191. Spears JW.Micronutrients and immune function in cattle.Proc Nutr Soc. 2000;59 (4): 587-594.
192. Spinosa MR,Progida C,Tala A, et al.The Neisseria meningitidis capsule is important for intracellular survival in human cells.Infect Immun. 2007;75 (7): 3594-3603.
193. Srikumaran S,Kelling CL,Ambagala A.Immune evasion by pathogens of bovine respiratory disease complex.Anim Health Res Rev. 2007;8 (2): 215-229.
194. Sun K,Metzger DW.Inhibition of pulmonary antibacterial defense by interferon-gamma during recovery from influenza infection.Nat Med. 2008;14 (5): 558-564.
195. Taggart CC,Greene CM,Smith SG, et al.Inactivation of human beta-defensins 2 and 3 by elastolytic cathepsins.J Immunol. 2003;171 (2): 931-937.
196. Taha-Abdelaziz K,Perez-Casal J,Schott C, et al.Bactericidal activity of tracheal antimicrobial peptide against respiratory pathogens of cattle.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2013;152 ((3-4)): 289-294.
197. Taylor JD,Fulton RW,Lehenbauer TW, et al.The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: what is the evidence for predisposing factors?.Can Vet J. 2010;51 (10): 1095-1102.
198. Thomson RG,Chander S,Savan M, et al.Investigation of factors of probable significance in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle.Can J Comp Med. 1975;39 (2): 194-207.
199. Tighe RM,Liang J,Liu N, et al.Recruited exudative macrophages selectively produce CXCL10 after noninfectious lung injury.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011;45 (4): 781-788.
200. Timsit E,Christensen H,Bareille N, et al.Transmission dynamics of Mannheimia haemolytica in newly-received beef bulls at fattening operations.Vet Microbiol. 2013;161 ((3-4)): 295-304.
201. Tomita T,Nagase T,Ohga E, et al.Molecular mechanisms underlying human beta-defensin-2 gene expression in a human airway cell line (LC2/ad).Respirology. 2002;7 (4): 305-310.
202. Trigo E,Liggitt HD,Evermann JF, et al.Effect of in vitro inoculation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on bovine pulmonary alveolar macrophage function.Am J Vet Res. 1985;46 (5): 1098-1103.
203. Uhl EW,Clarke TJ,Lester C, et al.Rats susceptible to virus-induced asthma have a persistent virus-induced change in the predominant pulmonary form of the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha.Vet Pathol. 2010;47 (6): 1021-1027.
204. Valore EV,Wiley DJ,Ganz T.Reversible deficiency of antimicrobial polypeptides in bacterial vaginosis.Infect Immun. 2006;74 (10): 5693-5702.
205. van de Sandt CE,Kreijtz JH,Rimmelzwaan GF.Evasion of influenza A viruses from innate and adaptive immune responses.Viruses. 2012;4 (9): 1438-1476.
206. Van Dyken SJ,Locksley RM.Interleukin-4- and interleukin-13-mediated alternatively activated macrophages: roles in homeostasis and disease.Annu Rev Immunol. 2013;31:317-343.
207. Van Reeth K,Adair B.Macrophages and respiratory viruses.Pathol Biol (Paris). 1997;45 (2): 184-192.
208. Vareille M,Kieninger E,Edwards MR, et al.The airway epithelium: soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24 (1): 210-229.
209. Virtala AM,Grohn YT,Mechor GD, et al.The effect of maternally derived immunoglobulin G on the risk of respiratory disease in heifers during the first 3 months of life.Prev Vet Med. 1999;39 (1): 25-37.
210. Viuff B,Tjornehoj K,Larsen LE, et al.Replication and clearance of respiratory syncytial virus: apoptosis is an important pathway of virus clearance after experimental infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.Am J Pathol. 2002;161 (6): 2195-2207.
211. Vogelweid CM,Zapien KA,Honigford MJ, et al.Effects of a 28-day cage-change interval on intracage ammonia levels, nasal histology, and perceived welfare of CD1 mice.J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2011;50 (6): 868-878.
212. Wang LF,White DR,Andreoli SM, et al.Cigarette smoke inhibits dynamic ciliary beat frequency in pediatric adenoid explants.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146 (4): 659-663.
213. Wang P,Wang X,Yang X, et al.Budesonide suppresses pulmonary antibacterial host defense by down-regulating cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide in allergic inflammation mice and in lung epithelial cells.BMC Immunol. 2013;14:7.
214. Weber PS,Toelboell T,Chang LC, et al.Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced down-regulation of neutrophil L-selectin in cattle: evidence for effects at the gene-expression level and primarily on blood neutrophils.J Leukoc Biol. 2004;75 (5): 815-827.
215. Welsh MD,Adair BM,Foster JC.Effect of BVD virus infection on alveolar macrophage functions.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1995;46 ((3-4)): 195-210.
216. Winder AA,Wohlford-Lenane C,Scheetz TE, et al.Differential effects of cytokines and corticosteroids on toll-like receptor 2 expression and activity in human airway epithelia.Respir Res. 2009;10:96.
217. Wojdak-Maksymiec K,Kmiec M,Zukiewicz A.Associations between defensin polymorphism and somatic cell count in milk and milk utility traits in Jersey dairy cows.J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2006;53 (10): 495-500.
218. Wu Q,Jiang D,Minor MN, et al.In vivo function of airway epithelial TLR2 in host defense against bacterial infection.Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2011;300 (4): L579-L586.
219. Wu Q,Jiang D,Smith S, et al.IL-13 dampens human airway epithelial innate immunity through induction of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase M.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129 (3): 825-833.
220. Wyatt TA,Sisson JH,Allen-Gipson DS, et al.Co-exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol decreases airway epithelial cell cilia beating in a protein kinase Cepsilon-dependent manner.Am J Pathol. 2012;181 (2): 431-440.
221. Wyatt TA,Sisson JH,Von Essen SG, et al.Exposure to hog barn dust alters airway epithelial ciliary beating.Eur Respir J. 2008;31 (6): 1249-1255.
222. Yagi Y,Shiono H,Chikayama Y, et al.Transport stress increases somatic cell counts in milk, and enhances the migration capacity of peripheral blood neutrophils of dairy cows.J Vet Med Sci. 2004;66 (4): 381-387.
223. Yang Y,Li Q,Ju Z, et al.Three novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms of complement component 4 gene (C4A) in Chinese Holstein cattle and their associations with milk performance traits and CH50.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2012;145 ((1-2)): 223-232.
224. Yates WD.A review of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever pneumonia and viral-bacterial synergism in respiratory disease of cattle.Can J Comp Med. 1982;46 (3): 225-263.