Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia: Host defenses gone awry

Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research

Volumn 30, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 643-652

  Ballinger, Megan N ^a   Standiford, Theodore J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED KINASE 3; INTERLEUKIN 17; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLUENZA; INFLUENZA VIRUS; INNATE IMMUNITY; LUNG; LUNG ALVEOLUS MACROPHAGE; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; PANDEMIC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; SUPERINFECTION; T LYMPHOCYTE; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; LUNG; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PNEUMONIA, BACTERIAL; RISK; SUPERINFECTION; UNITED STATES;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 77956581302     PISSN: 10799907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0049     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Aldridge JR, Jr., Moseley CE, Boltz DA, Negovetich NJ, Reynolds C, Franks J, Brown SA, Doherty PC, Webster RG, Thomas PG. 2009. TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells are the necessary evil of lethal influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci\USA 106:5306-5311.
2. Ank N, Iversen MB, Bartholdy C, Staeheli P, Hartmann R, Jensen UB, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Thomsen AR, Chen Z, Haugen H, and others. 2008. An important role for type III interferon (IFN-lambda/IL-28) in TLR-induced antiviral activity. J Immunol 180:2474-2485.
3. Avadhanula V, Rodriguez CA, Devincenzo JP, Wang Y, Webby RJ, Ulett GC, Adderson EE. 2006. Respiratory viruses augment the adhesion of bacterial pathogens to respiratory epithelium in a viral species-and cell type-dependent manner. J Virol 80:1629-1636.
4. Bhatia A, Kast RE. 2007. How influenza's neuraminidase promotes virulence and creates localized lung mucosa immunodeficiency. Cell Mol Biol Lett 12:111-119.
5. Biswas SK, Bist P, Dhillon MK, Kajiji T, Del Fresno C, Yamamoto M, Lopez-Collazo E, Akira S, Tergaonkar V. 2007. Role for MyD88-independent, TRIF pathway in lipid A/TLR4-induced endotoxin tolerance. J Immunol 179:4083-4092.
6. Brincks EL, Katewa A, Kucaba TA, Griffith TS, Legge KL. 2008. CD8 T cells utilize TRAIL to control influenza virus infection. J Immunol 181:4918-4925.
7. Broug-Holub E, Toews GB, van Iwaarden JF, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Paine R, 3rd, Standiford TJ. 1997. Alveolar mac-rophages are required for protective pulmonary defenses in murine Klebsiella pneumonia: Elimination of alveolar macro-phages increases neutrophil recruitment but decreases bacterial clearance and survival. Infect Immun 65:1139-1146.
8. Chang YS, van Hal SJ, Spencer PM, Gosbell IB, Collett PW. 2010. Comparison of adult patients hospitalised with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza and seasonal influenza during the "PROTECT" phase of the pandemic response. Med J Aust 192:90-93.
9. Crowe CR, Chen K, Pociask DA, Alcorn JF, Krivich C, Enelow RI, Ross TM, Witztum JL, Kolls JK. 2009. Critical role of IL-17RA in immunopathology of influenza infection. J Immunol 183:5301-5310.
10. Cundell DR, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Idanpaan-Heikkila I, Tuo-manen EI. 1995. Streptococcus pneumoniae anchor to activated human cells by the receptor for platelet-activating factor. Nature 377:435-438.
11. Cunha BA. 2004. Influenza: Historical aspects of epidemics and pandemics. Infect Dis Clin North Am 18:141-155.
12. De Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, Hien VM, Smith GJ, Chau TN, Hoang DM, Chau NV, Khanh TH, Dong VC, and others. 2006. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and ypercytokinemia. Nat Med 12:1203-1207.
13. Deng JC, Cheng G, Newstead MW, Zeng X, Kobayashi K, Flavell RA, Standiford TJ. 2006. Sepsis-induced suppression of lung innate immunity is mediated by IRAK-M. J Clin Invest 116: 2532-2542.
14. Deng JC, Standiford TJ. 2005. The systemic response to lung infection. Clin Chest Med 26:1-9.
15. Ehrhardt C, Seyer R, Hrincius ER, Eierhoff T, Wolff T, Ludwig S. 2010. Interplay between influenza A virus and the innate immune signaling. Microbes Infect 12:81-87.
16. Engelich G, White M, Hartshorn KL. 2001. Neutrophil survival is markedly reduced by incubation with influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae: Role of respiratory burst. J Leukoc Biol 69:50-56.
17. Fernandez-Sesma A. 2007. The influenza virus NS1 protein: Inhibitor of innate and adaptive immunity. Infect Disord Drug Targets 7:336-343.
18. Gaffen SL. 2008. An overview of IL-17 function and signaling. Cytokine 43:402-407.
19. Hashimoto Y, Moki T, Takizawa T, Shiratsuchi A, Nakanishi Y. 2007. Evidence for phagocytosis of influenza virus-infected, apoptotic cells by neutrophils and macrophages in mice. J Immunol 178:2448-2457.
20. Herold S, Steinmueller M, von Wulffen W, Cakarova L, Pinto R, Pleschka S, Mack M, Kuziel WA, Corazza N, Brunner T, and others. 2008. Lung epithelial apoptosis in influenza virus pneumonia: The role of macrophage-expressed TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. J Exp Med 205:3065-3077.
21. Hussell T, Williams A. 2004. Menage a trois of bacterial and viral pulmonary pathogens delivers coup de grace to the lung. Clin Exp Immunol 137:8-11.
22. Imai Y, Kuba K, Neely GG, Yaghubian-Malhami R, Perkmann T, van Loo G, Ermolaeva M, Veldhuizen R, Leung YH, Wang H, and others. 2008. Identification of oxidative stress and toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury. Cell 133:235-249.
23. Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J, Sugerman DE, Druckenmiller JK, Ritger KA, Chugh R, and others. 2009. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April-June 2009. N Engl J Med 361:1935-1944.
24. Jakab GJ. 1981. Mechanisms of virus-induced bacterial superin-fections of the lung. Clin Chest Med 2:59-66.
25. Kobayashi K, Hernandez LD, Galan JE, Janeway CA, Jr., Medzhitov R, Flavell RA. 2002. IRAK-M is a negative regulator of toll-like receptor signaling. Cell 110:191-202.
26. Le Goffic R, Pothlichet J, Vitour D, Fujita T, Meurs E, Chignard M, Si-Tahar M. 2007. Cutting edge: Influenza A virus activates TLR3-dependent inflammatory and RIG-I-dependent antiviral responses in human lung epithelial cells. J Immunol 178:3368-3372.
27. LeVine AM, Koeningsknecht V, Stark JM. 2001. Decreased pulmonary clearance of S. pneumoniae following influenza A infection in mice. J Virol Methods 94:173-186.
28. Lindenmann J, Burke DC, Isaacs A. 1957. Studies on the production, mode of action and properties of interferon. Br J Exp Pathol 38:551-562.
29. Littman DR, Rudensky AY. 2010. Th17 and regulatory T cells in mediating and restraining inflammation. Cell 140:845-858.
30. Louie JK, Acosta M, Winter K, Jean C, Gavali S, Schechter R, Vugia D, Harriman K, Matyas B, Glaser CA, and others. 2009. Factors associated with death or hospitalization due to pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in California. JAMA 302:1896-1902.
31. Lowen AC, Mubareka S, Tumpey TM, Garcia-Sastre A, Palese P. 2006. The guinea pig as a transmission model for human influenza viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci\USA 103:9988-9992.
32. Maines TR, Szretter KJ, Perrone L, Belser JA, Bright RA, Zeng H, Tumpey TM, Katz JM. 2008. Pathogenesis of emerging avian influenza viruses in mammals and the host innate immune response. Immunol Rev 225:68-84.
33. McCullers JA. 2006. Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 19: 571-582.
34. McCullers JA, Rehg JE. 2002. Lethal synergism between influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae: Characterization of a mouse model and the role of platelet-activating factor receptor. J Infect Dis 186:341-350.
35. McGill J, Heusel JW, Legge KL. 2009. Innate immune control and regulation of influenza virus infections. J Leukoc Biol 86: 803-812.
36. McGill J, Van Rooijen N, Legge KL. 2010. IL-15 trans-presentation by pulmonary dendritic cells promotes effector CD8 T cell survival during influenza virus infection. J Exp Med 207:521-534.
37. McKinstry KK, Strutt TM, Buck A, Curtis JD, Dibble JP, Huston G, Tighe M, Hamada H, Sell S, Dutton RW, and others. 2009. IL-10 deficiency unleashes an influenza-specific Th17 response and enhances survival against high-dose challenge. J Immunol 182:7353-7363.
38. McMurry JA, Johansson BE, De Groot AS. 2008. A call to cellular & humoral arms: enlisting cognate T cell help to develop broad-spectrum vaccines against influenza A. Hum Vaccine 4:148-157.
39. McNamee LA, Harmsen AG. 2006. Both influenza-induced neutrophil dysfunction and neutrophil-independent mechanisms contribute to increased susceptibility to a secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Infect Immun 74:6707-6721.
40. Medzhitov R. 2001. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 1:135-145.
41. Nakayama K, Okugawa S, Yanagimoto S, Kitazawa T, Tsukada K, Kawada M, Kimura S, Hirai K, Takagaki Y, Ota Y. 2004. Involvement of IRAK-M in peptidoglycan-induced tolerance in macrophages. J Biol Chem 279:6629-6634.
42. Peck A, Mellins ED. 2010. Precarious balance: Th17 cells in host defense. Infect Immun 78:32-38.
43. Pittet LA, Hall-Stoodley L, Rutkowski MR, Harmsen AG. 2010. Influenza virus infection decreases tracheal mucociliary velocity and clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 42:450-460.
44. Plotkowski MC, Puchelle E, Beck G, Jacquot J, Hannoun C. 1986. Adherence of type I Streptococcus pneumoniae to tracheal epithelium of mice infected with influenza A/PR8 virus. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1040-1044.
45. Price GE, Gaszewska-Mastarlarz A, Moskophidis D. 2000. The role of alpha/beta and gamma interferons in development of immunity to influenza A virus in mice. J Virol 74:3996-4003.
46. Ramphal R, Fischlschweiger W, Shands JW, Jr., Small PA, Jr. 1979. Murine influenzal tracheitis: A model for the study of influenza and tracheal epithelial repair. Am Rev Respir Dis 120:1313-1324.
47. Satoh T, Kato H, Kumagai Y, Yoneyama M, Sato S, Matsushita K, Tsujimura T, Fujita T, Akira S, Takeuchi O. 2010. LGP2 is a positive regulator of RIG-I-and MDA5-mediated antiviral responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci\USA 107:1512-1517.
48. Schultz-Cherry S, Hinshaw VS. 1996. Influenza virus neur-aminidase activates latent transforming growth factor beta. J Virol 70:8624-8629.
49. Seki M, Higashiyama Y, Tomono K, Yanagihara K, Ohno H, Kaneko Y, Izumikawa K, Miyazaki Y, Hirakata Y, Mizuta Y, and others. 2004. Acute infection with influenza virus enhances susceptibility to fatal pneumonia following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice with chronic pulmonary colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Exp Immunol 137:35-40.
50. Seki M, Kohno S, Newstead MW, Zeng X, Bhan U, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL, Standiford TJ. 2010. Critical role of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-M in regulating chemokine-dependent deleterious inflammation in murine influenza pneumonia. J Immunol 184:1410-1418.
51. Shahangian A, Chow EK, Tian X, Kang JR, Ghaffari A, Liu SY, Belperio JA, Cheng G, Deng JC. 2009. Type I IFNs mediate development of postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia in mice. J Clin Invest 119:1910-1920.
52. Small CL, Shaler CR, McCormick S, Jeyanathan M, Damjanovic D, Brown EG, Arck P, Jordana M, Kaushic C, Ashkar AA, and others. 2010. Influenza infection leads to increased susceptibility to subsequent bacterial superinfec-tion by impairing NK cell responses in the lung. J Immunol 184:2048-2056.
53. Smith MW, Schmidt JE, Rehg JE, Orihuela CJ, McCullers JA. 2007. Induction of pro-and anti-inflammatory molecules in a mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia after influenza. Comp Med 57:82-89.
54. Speshock JL, Doyon-Reale N, Rabah R, Neely MN, Roberts PC. 2007. Filamentous influenza A virus infection predisposes mice to fatal septicemia following superinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3. Infect Immun 75:3102-3111.
55. Standiford TJ, Strieter RM, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL. 1995. Neutralization of IL-10 increases lethality in endotoxemia. Cooperative effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 155:2222-2229.
56. Stegemann S, Dahlberg S, Kroger A, Gereke M, Bruder D, Henriques-Normark B, Gunzer M. 2009. Increased susceptibility for superinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae during influenza virus infection is not caused by TLR7-mediated lymphopenia. PLoS One 4:e4840.
57. Steinhauser ML, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL, Lukacs NW, Stri-eter RM, Standiford TJ. 1999. IL-10 is a major mediator of sepsis-induced impairment in lung antibacterial host defense. J Immunol 162:392-399.
58. Sun K, Metzger DW. 2008. Inhibition of pulmonary antibacterial defense by interferon-gamma during recovery from influenza infection. Nat Med 14:558-564.
59. Takeuchi O, Akira S. 2010. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 140:805-820.
60. Tamura S, Kurata T. 2004. Defense mechanisms against influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract mucosa. Jpn J Infect Dis 57:236-247.
61. Tilg H, Moschen AR, Kaser A. 2009. Suppression of interleukin-17 by type I interferons: A contributing factor in virus-induced immunosuppression? Eur Cytokine Netw 20:1-6.
62. Van Der Meer FJ, Orsel K, Barkema HW. 2010. The new influenza A H1N1 virus: Balancing on the interface of humans and animals. Can Vet J 51:56-62.
63. Van Der Sluijs KF, van Elden LJ, Nijhuis M, Schuurman R, Florquin S, Shimizu T, Ishii S, Jansen HM, Lutter R, van Der Poll T. 2006. Involvement of the platelet-activating factor receptor in host defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae during postinfluenza pneumonia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 290:L194-L199.
64. Van Der Sluijs KF, van Elden LJ, Nijhuis M, Schuurman R, Pater JM, Florquin S, Goldman M, Jansen HM, Lutter R, van Der Poll T. 2004. IL-10 is an important mediator of the enhanced susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia after influenza infection. J Immunol 172:7603-7609.
65. Wadowsky RM, Mietzner SM, Skoner DP, Doyle WJ, Fireman P. 1995. Effect of experimental influenza A virus infection on isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other aerobic bacteria from the oropharynges of allergic and nonallergic adult subjects. Infect Immun 63:1153-1157.
66. Wang J, Oberley-Deegan R, Wang S, Nikrad M, Funk CJ, Hartshorn KL, Mason RJ. 2009. Differentiated human alveolar type II cells secrete antiviral IL-29 (IFN-lambda 1) in response to influenza A infection. J Immunol 182:1296-1304.
67. Wareing MD, Shea AL, Inglis CA, Dias PB, Sarawar SR. 2007. CXCR2 is required for neutrophil recruitment to the lung during influenza virus infection, but is not essential for viral clearance. Viral Immunol 20:369-378.
68. Zhang J, Zhang Z, Fan X, Liu Y, Wang J, Zheng Z, Chen R, Wang P, Song W, Chen H, and others. 2010. 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Replicates in Human Lung Tissues. J Infect Dis 201:1522-1526.