Homeostatic mechanisms in articular cartilage and role of inflammation in osteoarthritis

Current Rheumatology Reports

Volumn 15, Issue 11, 2013, Pages

  Houard, Xavier ^a   Goldring, Mary B ^b   Berenbaum, Francis ^a,c  

^a SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^b HOSPITAL FOR SPECIAL SURGERY   (United States)

^c HÔPITAL SAINT ANTOINE   (France)

Author keywords

Adipokines; Alarmins; Articular; Cartilage; Cartilage matrix degradation; Chemokines; Chondrocytes; Homeostasis; Homeostatic mechanisms; Inflammation; Mechanical stress; Mechanotransduction; Osteoarthritis; Toll like receptors

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; CHEMOKINE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR;

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MECHANOTRANSDUCTION; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; COMPLICATION;

ADIPOKINES; CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR; CHEMOKINES; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MECHANOTRANSDUCTION, CELLULAR; OSTEOARTHRITIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS;

EID: 84893782724     PISSN: 15233774     EISSN: 15346307     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11926-013-0375-6     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Blagojevic M, Jinks C, Jeffery A, Jordan KP. Risk factors for onset of osteoarthritis of the knee in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(1):24-33.
2. Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Dieppe PA, et al. Osteoarthritis: new insights. Part 1: the disease and its risk factors. Ann Intern Med. 2010;133(8):635-46.
3. Mahjoub M, Berenbaum F, Houard X. Why subchondral bone in osteoarthritis? The importance of the cartilage bone interface in osteoarthritis. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23 Suppl 8:841-6.
4. Lyons TJ, McClure SF, Stoddart RW, McClure J. The normal human chondro-osseous junctional region: evidence for contact of uncalcified cartilage with subchondral bone and marrow spaces. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:52.
5. Fawns HT, Landells JW. Histochemical studies of rheumatic conditions. I. Observations on the fine structures of thematrix of normal bone and cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis. 1953;12(2):105-13.
6. Lyons TJ, Stoddart RW, McClure SF, McClure J. The tidemark of the chondro-osseous junction of the normal human knee joint. J Mol Histol. 2005;36(3):207-15. (Pubitemid 40768431)
7. Anderson HC, Mulhall D, Garimella R. Role of extracellular membrane vesicles in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, renal diseases, atherosclerosis, and arthritis. Lab Invest. 2010;90(11):1549-57.
8. Lane LB, Villacin A, Bullough PG. The vascularity and remodeling of subchondrial bone and calcified cartilage in adult human femoral and humeral heads. An age- and stress-related phenomenon. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;59(3):272-8. (Pubitemid 8168937)
9. Greene GW, Banquy X, Lee DW, et al. Adaptive mechanically controlled lubrication mechanism found in articular joints. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(13):5255-9.
10. Loeser RF, Goldring SR, Scanzello CR, Goldring MB. Osteoarthritis: a disease of the joint as an organ. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64: 1697-707.
11. O'Hara BP, Urban JP, Maroudas A. Influence of cyclic loading on the nutrition of articular cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis. 1990;49(7):536-9. (Pubitemid 20225408)
12. Leong DJ, Hardin JA, Cobelli NJ, Sun HB. Mechanotransduction and cartilage integrity. Ann N YAcad Sci. 2011;1240:32-7.
13. Leong DJ, Gu XI, Li Y, et al.Matrixmetalloproteinase-3 in articular cartilage is upregulated by joint immobilization and suppressed by passive joint motion. Matrix Biol. 2010;29(5):420-6.
14. Millward-Sadler SJ, Wright MO, Davies LW, Nuki G, Salter DM. Mechanotransduction via integrins and interleukin-4 results in altered aggrecan and matrix metalloproteinase 3 gene expression in normal, but not osteoarthritic, human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(9):2091-9.
15. Praetorius HA, Praetorius J, Nielsen S, Frokiaer J, Spring KR. Beta1-integrins in the primary cilium of MDCK cells potentiate fibronectin-induced Ca2+ signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004;287(5):F969-78. (Pubitemid 39391094)
16. Wann AK, Knight MM. Primary cilia elongation in response to interleukin-1 mediates the inflammatory response. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2012;69(17):2967-77.
17. Nauli SM, Alenghat FJ, Luo Y, et al. Polycystins 1 and 2 mediate mechanosensation in the primary cilium of kidney cells. Nat Genet. 2003;33(2):129-37. (Pubitemid 36177063)
18. McGlashan SR, Jensen CG, Poole CA. Localization of extracellular matrix receptors on the chondrocyte primary cilium. J Histochem Cytochem. 2006;54(9):1005-14. (Pubitemid 44298587)
19. Farnum CE, Wilsman NJ. Orientation of primary cilia of articular chondrocytes in three-dimensional space. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2011;294(3):533-49.
20. Moyer JH, Lee-Tischler MJ, Kwon HY, et al. Candidate gene associated with a mutation causing recessive polycystic kidney disease in mice. Science. 1994;264(5163):1329-33. (Pubitemid 24219084)
21. Chang CF, Ramaswamy G, Serra R. Depletion of primary cilia in articular chondrocytes results in reduced Gli3 repressor to activator ratio, increased Hedgehog signaling, and symptoms of early osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20(2):152-61.
22. Kaushik AP, Martin JA, Zhang Q, Sheffield VC, Morcuende JA. Cartilage abnormalities associated with defects of chondrocytic primary cilia in Bardet-Biedl syndrome mutant mice. J Orthop Res. 2009;27(8):1093-9.
23. McGlashan SR, Haycraft CJ, Jensen CG, Yoder BK, Poole CA. Articular cartilage and growth plate defects are associated with chondrocyte cytoskeletal abnormalities in Tg737orpk mice lacking the primary cilia protein polaris. Matrix Biol. 2007;26(4):234-46. (Pubitemid 46660586)
24. Roy S. Cilia and Hedgehog: when and how was their marriage solemnized? Differentiation. 2012;83(2):S43-8.
25. Ho L,Ali SA, Al-JazraweM, et al. Primary cilia attenuate hedgehog signalling in neoplastic chondrocytes. Oncogene. 2012.
26. Strobel S, Loparic M, Wendt D, et al. Anabolic and catabolic responses of human articular chondrocytes to varying oxygen percentages. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(2):R34.
27. Cernanec J, Guilak F, Weinberg JB, Pisetsky DS, Fermor B. Influence of hypoxia and reoxygenation on cytokine-induced production of proinflammatory mediators in articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(4):968-75. (Pubitemid 34303809)
28. Duval E, Leclercq S, Elissalde JM, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha inhibits the fibroblast-like markers type 1 and type 3 collagen during hypoxia-induced chondrocyte redifferentiation: hypoxia not only induces type 2 collagen and aggrecan, but it also inhibits type 1 and type 3 collagen in the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha- dependent redifferentiation of chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(10):3038-48.
29. Pfander D, Cramer T, Schipani E, Johnson RS. HIF-1alpha controls extracellular matrix synthesis by epiphyseal chondrocytes. J Cell Sci. 2003;116(Pt 9):1819-26. (Pubitemid 36582168)
30. Schipani E, Ryan HE, Didrickson S, et al. Hypoxia in cartilage: HIF-1alpha is essential for chondrocyte growth arrest and survival. Genes Dev. 2001;15(21):2865-76. (Pubitemid 33042056)
31. Pfander D, Gelse K. Hypoxia and osteoarthritis: how chondrocytes survive hypoxic environments. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007;19(5): 457-62. (Pubitemid 47344238)
32. Andriacchi TP, Mundermann A, Smith RL, et al. A framework for the in vivo pathomechanics of osteoarthritis at the knee. Ann Biomed Eng. 2004;32(3):447-57.
33. Goldring MB, Otero M, Plumb DA, et al. Roles of inflammatory and anabolic cytokines in cartilage metabolism: signals and multiple effectors converge upon MMP-13 regulation in osteoarthritis. Eur Cell Mater. 2011;21:202-20.
34. van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. Chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoarthritis: role in initiation and progression of cartilage degeneration? Osteoarthr Cartil. 2012;20(3):223-32.
35. Ko FC, Dragomir C, Plumb DA, et al. In vivo cyclic compression causes cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone changes in mouse tibiae. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(6):1569-78.
36. McGlashan SR, Cluett EC, Jensen CG, Poole CA. Primary cilia in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: from chondrons to clusters. Dev Dyn. 2008;237(8):2013-20.
37. Clark JM. The structure of vascular channels in the subchondral plate. J Anat. 1990;171:105-15. (Pubitemid 20341317)
38. Shibakawa A, Yudoh K, Masuko-Hongo K, et al. The role of subchondral bone resorption pits in osteoarthritis: MMP production by cells derived from bone marrow. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2005;13(8):679-87. (Pubitemid 41025121)
39. Guevremont M,Martel-Pelletier J, Massicotte F, et al. Human adult chondrocytes express hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) isoforms but not HgF: potential implication of osteoblasts on the presence of HGF in cartilage. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(6):1073-81. (Pubitemid 37294945)
40. Zhen G, Wen C, Jia X, et al. Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling in mesenchymal stem cells of subchondral bone attenuates osteoarthritis. Nat Med. 2013;19(6):704-12.
41. Priam S, Bougault C, Houard X, et al. Identification of soluble 14-3- 3 as a novel subchondral bone mediator involved in cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(7):1831-42.
42. Suri S, Gill SE, Massena de Camin S, et al. Neurovascular invasion at the osteochondral junction and in osteophytes in osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(11):1423-8. (Pubitemid 350032647)
43. Ashraf S, Mapp PI, Walsh DA. Contributions of angiogenesis to inflammation, joint damage, and pain in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(9):2700-10.
44. Troeberg L, Nagase H. Proteases involved in cartilage matrix degradation in osteoarthritis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1824(1): 133-45.
45. Glasson SS, Askew R, Sheppard B, et al. Deletion of active ADAMTS5 prevents cartilage degradation in a murine model of osteoarthritis. Nature. 2005;434(7033):644-8. (Pubitemid 40488556)
46. Little CB, Barai A, Burkhardt D, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 13-deficient mice are resistant to osteoarthritic cartilage erosion but not chondrocyte hypertrophy or osteophyte development. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(12):3723-33.
47. Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Levy A, et al. Mechanical stress and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in cartilage. Biorheology. 2008;45(3-4):301-20.
48. Polur I, Lee PL, Servais JM, Xu L, Li Y. Role of HTRA1, a serine protease, in the progression of articular cartilage degeneration. Histol Histopathol. 2010;25(5):599-608.
49. Xu H, Raynal N, Stathopoulos S, et al. Collagen binding specificity of the discoidin domain receptors: binding sites on collagens 2 and 3 and molecular determinants for collagen 4 recognition by DDR1. Matrix Biol. 2010;30(1):16-26.
50. Echtermeyer F, Bertrand J, Dreier R, et al. Syndecan-4 regulates ADAMTS-5 activation and cartilage breakdown in osteoarthritis. Nat Med. 2009;15(9):1072-6.
51. Homandberg GA, Wen C, Hui F. Cartilage damaging activities of fibronectin fragments derived from cartilage and synovial fluid. Osteoarthr Cartil. 1998;6(4):231-44. (Pubitemid 28341737)
52. Zack MD, Arner EC, Anglin CP, et al. Identification of fibronectin neoepitopes present in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(9):2912-22. (Pubitemid 44497770)
53. Melrose J, Fuller ES, Roughley PJ, et al. Fragmentation of decorin, biglycan, lumican and keratocan is elevated in degenerate human meniscus, knee and hip articular cartilages compared with age-matched macroscopically normal and control tissues. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(4):R79.
54. Bank RA, Krikken M, Beekman B, et al. A simplified measurement of degraded collagen in tissues: application in healthy, fibrillated and osteoarthritic cartilage. Matrix Biol. 1997;16(5):233-43. (Pubitemid 27503810)
55. Fichter M, Korner U, Schomburg J, et al. Collagen degradation products modulate matrix metalloproteinase expression in cultured articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(1):63-70. (Pubitemid 43772609)
56. Pulai JI, Chen H, Im HJ, et al. NF-kappa B mediates the stimulation of cytokine and chemokine expression by human articular chondrocytes in response to fibronectin fragments. J Immunol. 2005;174(9):5781-8. (Pubitemid 40593222)
57. Heinegard D, Saxne T. The role of the cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;7(1):50-6.
58. Happonen KE, Saxne T, Aspberg A, et al. Regulation of complement by cartilage oligomeric matrix protein allows for a novel molecular diagnostic principle in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(12):3574-83.
59. Wang Q, Rozelle AL, Lepus CM, et al. Identification of a central role for complement in osteoarthritis. Nat Med. 2011;17(12):1674-9. A clear demonstration of the role of inflammation in OA.
60. Berenbaum F. Signaling transduction: target in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2004;16(5):616-22. (Pubitemid 39128334)
61. Bougault C, Gosset M, Houard X, et al. Stress-induced cartilage degradation does not depend on the NLRP3 inflammasome in human osteoarthritis and mouse models. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(12):3972-81.
62. Gabay O, Sanchez C, Salvat C, et al. Stigmasterol: a phytosterol with potential anti-osteoarthritic properties. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(1):106-16.
63. Rogerson FM, Chung YM, Deutscher ME, Last K, Fosang AJ. Cytokine-induced increases in ADAMTS-4 messenger RNA expression do not lead to increased aggrecanase activity in ADAMTS- 5-deficient mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(11):3365-73.
64. Song RH, Tortorella MD, Malfait AM, et al. Aggrecan degradation in human articular cartilage explants is mediated by both ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(2): 575-85.
65. Dossumbekova A, Anghelina M, Madhavan S, et al. Biomechanicalsignals inhibit IKK activity to attenuate NF-kappaB transcription activity in inflamed chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(10):3284-96. (Pubitemid 47592095)
66. Knobloch TJ, Madhavan S, Nam J, Agarwal Jr S, Agarwal S. Regulation of chondrocytic gene expression by biomechanical signals. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2008;18(2):139-50. (Pubitemid 351432582)
67. Nam J, Aguda BD, Rath B, Agarwal S. Biomechanical thresholds regulate inflammation through the NF-kappaB pathway: experiments and modeling. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5262.
68. Fanning PJ, Emkey G, Smith RJ, et al. Mechanical regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in articular cartilage. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(51):50940-8. (Pubitemid 38020326)
69. Fitzgerald JB, Jin M, Chai DH, et al. Shear- and compressioninduced chondrocyte transcription requires MAPK activation in cartilage explants. J Biol Chem. 2008;283(11):6735-43.
70. Marcu KB, Otero M, Olivotto E, Borzi RM, Goldring MB. NFkappaB signaling: multiple angles to target OA. Curr Drug Targets. 2010;11(5):599-613.
71. Liu FC, Hung LF, Wu WL, et al. Chondroprotective effects and mechanisms of resveratrol in advanced glycation end productsstimulated chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(5):R167.
72. Nishitani K, Ito H, Hiramitsu T, et al. PGE2 inhibitsMMPexpressionby suppressing MKK4-JNK MAP kinase-c-JUN pathway via EP4 in human articular chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem. 2010;109(2):425-33.
73. Tetsunaga T, Nishida K, Furumatsu T, et al. Regulation of mechanical stress-induced MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5 expression by RUNX-2 transcriptional factor in SW1353 chondrocyte-like cells. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2011;19(2):222-32.
74. Thirunavukkarasu K, Pei Y, Moore TL, et al. Regulation of the human ADAMTS-4 promoter by transcription factors and cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;345(1):197-204.
75. Thirunavukkarasu K, Pei Y, Wei T. Characterization of the human ADAMTS-5 (aggrecanase-2) gene promoter. Mol Biol Rep. 2007;34(4):225-31. (Pubitemid 47624284)
76. Yang S, Kim J, Ryu JH, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha is a catabolic regulator of osteoarthritic cartilage destruction. Nat Med. 2010;16(6):687-93. This article exemplifies the role of HIF-2a in cartilage degradation.
77. Del Carlo Jr M, Loeser RF. Cell death in osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008;10(1):37-42.
78. Taniguchi N, Carames B, Ronfani L, et al. Aging-related loss of the chromatin protein HMGB2 in articular cartilage is linked to reduced cellularity and osteoarthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(4):1181-6.
79. D'Lima D, Hermida J, Hashimoto S, Colwell C, Lotz M. Caspase inhibitors reduce severity of cartilage lesions in experimental osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(6):1814-21. (Pubitemid 43877931)
80. Carames B, Taniguchi N, Otsuki S, Blanco FJ, Lotz M. Autophagy is a protective mechanism in normal cartilage, and its aging-related loss is linked with cell death and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(3):791-801. Convincing data on the role of autophagy in cartilage degradation.
81. Carames B, Hasegawa A, Taniguchi N, et al. Autophagy activation by rapamycin reduces severity of experimental osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(4):575-81.
82. Carames B, Taniguchi N, Seino D, et al. Mechanical injury suppresses autophagy regulators and pharmacologic activation of autophagy results in chondroprotection. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(4):1182-92.
83. Lotz M, Carames B. Autophagy: a new therapeutic target in cartilage injury and osteoarthritis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2012;20(4):261-2.
84. Alaaeddine N, Olee T, Hashimoto S, Creighton-Achermann L, Lotz M. Production of the chemokine RANTES by articular chondrocytes and role in cartilage degradation. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(7):1633-43. (Pubitemid 32642225)
85. Chauffier K, Laiguillon MC, Bougault C, et al. Induction of the chemokine il-8/kc by the articular cartilage: possible influence on osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2012;79(6):604-9.
86. Hsu YH, Hsieh MS, Liang YC, et al. Production of the chemokine eotaxin-1 in osteoarthritis and its role in cartilage degradation. J Cell Biochem. 2004;93(5):929-39.
87. Mazzetti I, Magagnoli G, Paoletti S, et al. A role for chemokines in the induction of chondrocyte phenotype modulation. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(1):112-22. (Pubitemid 38084295)
88. Merz D, Liu R, Johnson K, Terkeltaub R. IL-8/CXCL8 and growth-related oncogene alpha/CXCL1 induce chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation. J Immunol. 2003;171(8):4406-15. (Pubitemid 37238720)
89. Sandell LJ, Xing X, Franz C, et al. Exuberant expression of chemokine genes by adult human articular chondrocytes in response to IL-1beta. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2008;16(12):1560-71.
90. Cuellar JM, Scuderi GJ, Cuellar VG, Golish SR, Yeomans DC. Diagnostic utility of cytokine biomarkers in the evaluation of acute knee pain. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(10):2313-20.
91. Endres M, Andreas K, Kalwitz G, et al. Chemokine profile of synovial fluid from normal, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients: CCL25, CXCL10 and XCL1 recruit human subchondral mesenchymal progenitor cells. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(11):1458-66.
92. Scanzello CR, McKeon B, Swaim BH, et al. Synovial inflammation in patients undergoing arthroscopic meniscectomy: molecular characterization and relationship to symptoms. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(2):391-400.
93. Pickens SR, Chamberlain ND, Volin MV, et al. Characterization of CCL19 and CCL21 in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(4):914-22.
94. Yang MH, Wu FX, Xie CM, et al. Expression of CC chemokine ligand 5 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation with disease activity and medication. Chin Med Sci J. 2009;24(1):50-4.
95. Bondeson J, Blom AB, Wainwright S, et al. The role of synovial macrophages and macrophage-produced mediators in driving inflammatory and destructive responses in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(3):647-57.
96. Scanzello CR, Plaas A, Crow MK. Innate immune system activationin osteoarthritis: is osteoarthritis a chronic wound? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008;20(5):565-72.
97. Sellam J, Berenbaum F. The role of synovitis in pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(11):625-35.
98. Geurts J, van den Brand BT, Wolf A, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 signalling is specifically TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 independent in synovial fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(7):1216-25.
99. Midwood K, Sacre S, Piccinini AM, et al. Tenascin-C is an endogenous activator of Toll-like receptor 4 that is essential for maintaining inflammation in arthritic joint disease. Nat Med. 2009;15(7):774-80.
100. Sofat N. Analysing the role of endogenous matrix molecules in the development of osteoarthritis. Int J Exp Pathol. 2009;90(5):463-79.
101. Bobacz K, Sunk IG, Hofstaetter JG, et al. Toll-like receptors and chondrocytes: the lipopolysaccharide-induced decrease in cartilage matrix synthesis is dependent on the presence of toll-like receptor 4 and antagonized by bone morphogenetic protein 7. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(6):1880-93. (Pubitemid 47110387)
102. Haglund L, Bernier SM, Onnerfjord P, Recklies AD. Proteomic analysis of the LPS-induced stress response in rat chondrocytes reveals induction of innate immune response components in articular cartilage. Matrix Biol. 2008;27(2):107-18. (Pubitemid 351227379)
103. Kim HA, Cho ML, Choi HY, et al. The catabolic pathway mediated by Toll-like receptors in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(7):2152-63. (Pubitemid 44051072)
104. Zhang Q, Hui W, Litherland GJ, et al. Differential Toll-like receptor-dependent collagenase expression in chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(11):1633-41.
105. Liu-Bryan R, Terkeltaub R. Chondrocyte innate immune myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent signaling drives procatabolic effects of the endogenous Toll-like receptor 2/Toll-like receptor 4 ligands low molecular weight hyaluronan and high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 in mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(7):2004-12.
106. Sohn DH, Sokolove J, Sharpe O, et al. Plasma proteins present in osteoarthritic synovial fluid can stimulate cytokine production via Toll-like receptor 4. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(1):R7.
107. Ea HK, Nguyen C, Bazin D, et al. Articular cartilage calcification in osteoarthritis: insights into crystal-induced stress. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(1):10-8.
108. Musacchio E, Ramonda R, Perissinotto E, et al. The impact of knee and hip chondrocalcinosis on disability in older people: the ProVA Study from northeastern Italy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(11):1937-43.
109. Liu-Bryan R, Pritzker K, Firestein GS, Terkeltaub R. TLR2 signaling in chondrocytes drives calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and monosodium urate crystal-induced nitric oxide generation. J Immunol. 2005;174(8):5016-23. (Pubitemid 40514462)
110. JinC,Frayssinet P, Pelker R, CwirkaD, et al.NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hydroxyapatite-associated arthropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(36):14867-72.
111. Rasheed Z, Akhtar N, Haqqi TM. Advanced glycation end products induce the expression of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 by receptor for advanced glycation end product-mediated activation of mitogenactivated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappaB in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(5):838-51.
112. Yammani RR, Carlson CS, Bresnick AR, Loeser RF. Increase in production of matrix metalloproteinase 13 by human articular chondrocytes due to stimulation with S100A4: Role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(9):2901-11. (Pubitemid 44497769)
113. Zreiqat H, Belluoccio D, Smith MM, et al. S100A8 and S100A9 in experimental osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(1):R16.
114. Cecil DL, Johnson K, Rediske J, et al. Inflammation-induced chondrocyte hypertrophy is driven by receptor for advanced glycation end products. J Immunol. 2005;175(12):8296-302. (Pubitemid 41798395)
115. Cecil DL, Terkeltaub R. Transamidation by transglutaminase 2 transforms S100A11 calgranulin into a procatabolic cytokine for chondrocytes. J Immunol. 2008;180(12):8378-85.
116. Heinola T, Kouri VP, Clarijs P, et al. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) in osteoarthritic cartilage. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28(4):511-8.
117. Garcia-Arnandis I, Guillen MI, Gomar F, et al. High mobility group box 1 potentiates the pro-inflammatory effects of interleukin-1beta in osteoarthritic synoviocytes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(4):R165.
118. van Lent PL, Grevers L, Blom AB, et al. Myeloid-related proteins S100A8/S100A9 regulate joint inflammation and cartilage destruction during antigen-induced arthritis. Ann RheumDis. 2008;67(12):1750-8.
119. van Lent PL, Grevers LC, Blom AB, et al. Stimulation of chondrocyte-mediated cartilage destruction by S100A8 in experimental murine arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(12):3776-87.
120. Conde J, Scotece M, Gomez R, et al. Adipokines: biofactors from white adipose tissue. A complex hub among inflammation, metabolism, and immunity. Biofactors. 2011;37(6):413-20.
121. Pottie P, Presle N, Terlain B, et al. Obesity and osteoarthritis: more complex than predicted! Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(11):1403-5. (Pubitemid 44629113)
122. Conde J,GomezR,BiancoG, et al. Expanding the adipokine network in cartilage: identification and regulation of novel factors in human and murine chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(3):551-9.
123. Jacques C, Holzenberger M, Mladenovic Z, et al. Proinflammatory actions of visfatin/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) involve regulation of insulin signaling pathway and Nampt enzymatic activity. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(18):15100-8.
124. Kang EH, Lee YJ, Kim TK, et al. Adiponectin is a potential catabolic mediator in osteoarthritis cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(6):R231.
125. Koskinen A, Juslin S, Nieminen R, et al. Adiponectin associates with markers of cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis and induces production of proinflammatory and catabolic factors through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(6):R184.
126. Koskinen A, Vuolteenaho K, Nieminen R, Moilanen T, Moilanen E. Leptin enhances MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 production in human osteoarthritic cartilage and correlates with MMP-1 and MMP-3 in synovial fluid from OA patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(1):57-64.
127. Zhang Z, Xing X, Hensley G, et al. Resistin induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human articular chondrocytes via transcription and messenger RNA stabilization. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(7):1993-2003.
128. Chen TH, Chen L, HsiehMS, et al. Evidence for a protective role for adiponectin in osteoarthritis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1762(8): 711-8. (Pubitemid 44293372)
129. Griffin TM, Fermor B, Huebner JL, et al. Diet-induced obesity differentially regulates behavioral, biomechanical, and molecular risk factors for osteoarthritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(4):R130.
130. Griffin TM, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, Guilak F. Extreme obesity due to impaired leptin signaling in mice does not cause knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(10):2935-44.
131. Berenbaum F. Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease (osteoarthritis is not osteoarthrosis!). Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21(1):16-21.