Mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of garlic bioactives

Nutrition Research

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 106-115

  Shouk, Reem ^a   Abdou, Aya ^b   Shetty, Kalidas ^c   Sarkar, Dipayan ^c   Eid, Ali H ^d  

^a UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNIVERSITY   (United Arab Emirates)

^b WESTERN UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Qatar University ^*  (Qatar)

Author keywords

Allicin; Allium sativum; Garlic; Hypertension; S Allyl cysteine

Indexed keywords

AJOENE; ALLICIN; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; NITRIC OXIDE; S ALLYLCYSTEINE;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; DIET THERAPY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SCREENING; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FUNCTIONAL FOOD; GARLIC; HUMAN; HYPERPLASIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ALLIUM SATIVUM;

ACE; ALLICIN; ALLIUM SATIVUM; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CVD; DBP; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; GARLIC; HYPERTENSION; S-ALLYL CYSTEINE; SAC; SBP; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL; VSMC;

ANIMALS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CYSTEINE; GARLIC; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; SULFINIC ACIDS;

EID: 84892900687     PISSN: 02715317     EISSN: 18790739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.12.005     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. WHO Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Fact Sheet No. 317 2011, World Health Organization.
2. Sobenin I.A., Andrianova I.V., Demidova O.N., Gorchakova T., Orekhov A.N. Lipid-lowering effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2008, 15:334-338.
3. WHO Hypertension fact sheet 2011, World Health Organization; Department of Sustainable Development and healthy Environments.
4. Chen Z.Y., Peng C., Jiao R., Wong Y.M., Yang N., Huang Y. Anti-hypertensive nutraceuticals and functional foods. J Agric Food Chem 2009, 57:4485-4499.
5. Varon J., Marik P.E. Clinical review: the management of hypertensive crises. Crit Care 2003, 7:374-384.
6. NHLBI What is high blood pressure 2011, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute.
7. Chiong J.R., Aronow W.S., Khan I.A., Nair C.K., Vijayaraghavan K., Dart R.A., et al. Secondary hypertension: current diagnosis and treatment. Int J Cardiol 2008, 124:6-21.
8. Grossman E., Messerli F.H. Drug-induced hypertension: an unappreciated cause of secondary hypertension. Am J Med 2012, 125:14-22.
9. Fallon M.B., Abrams G.A., Abdel-Razek T.T., Dai J., Chen S.J., Chen Y.F., et al. Garlic prevents hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am J Physiol 1998, 275:L283-L287.
10. Foote J., Cohen B. Medicinal herb use and the renal patient. J Ren Nutr 1998, 8:40-42.
11. Ojewole J.A., Odebiyi O.O. Neuromuscular and cardiovascular actions of tetramethylpyrazine from the stem of Jatropha podagrica. Planta Med 1980, 38:332-338.
12. Kwan C.Y. Plant-derived drugs acting on cellular Ca2+ mobilization in vascular smooth muscle: tetramethylpyrazine and tetrandrine. Stem cells 1994, 12:64-67.
13. Lip G.Y., Felmeden D.C., Dwivedi G. Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, CD003186.
14. Manunta P., Hamilton J., Rogowski A.C., Hamilton B.P., Hamlyn J.M. Chronic hypertension induced by ouabain but not digoxin in the rat: antihypertensive effect of digoxin and digitoxin. Hypertens Res 2000, 23:S77-S85. [Suppl].
15. Cai X.-H., Wang S., Chen B.-A. Research advances on the pharmacological effects of tetrandrine. Chin J Nat Med 2011, 9:473-480.
16. Wang H.L., Zhang X.H., Chang T.H. Effects of tetrandrine on smooth muscle contraction induced by mediators in pulmonary hypertension. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2002, 23:1114-1120.
17. Lai X.L., Tang B. Recent advances in the experimental study and clinical application of Pueraria lobata (Willd) Ohwi. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1989, 14:308-311. [277].
18. Tseng K.Y., Chou Y.P., Chang L.Y., Fang L.L. Pharmacologic studies of Radix puerariae. I. Its effect on dog arterial pressure, vascular reactivity, and cerebral and peripheral circulation. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1974, 5:265-270.
19. Liu X., Wei J., Tan F., Zhou S., Wurthwein G., Rohdewald P. Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patients. Life Sci 2004, 74:855-862.
20. Engelhard Y.N., Gazer B., Paran E. Natural antioxidants from tomato extract reduce blood pressure in patients with grade-1 hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am Heart J 2006, 151:100.
21. Paran E., Novack V., Engelhard Y.N., Hazan-Halevy I. The effects of natural antioxidants from tomato extract in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2009, 23:145-151.
22. Navarro E., Alonso J., Rodriguez R., Trujillo J., Boada J. Diuretic action of an aqueous extract of Lepidium latifolium L. J Ethnopharmacol 1994, 41:65-69.
23. Gilani A.H., Aziz N., Khan M.A., Shaheen F., Jabeen Q., Siddiqui B.S., et al. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of the anticonvulsant, sedative and antispasmodic activities of Lavandula stoechas L. J Ethnopharmacol 2000, 71:161-167.
24. Nakano D., Itoh C., Takaoka M., Kiso Y., Tanaka T., Matsumura Y. Antihypertensive effect of sesamin. IV. Inhibition of vascular superoxide production by sesamin. Biol Pharm Bull 2002, 25:1247-1249.
25. Yang Y.C., Lu F.H., Wu J.S., Wu C.H., Chang C.J. The protective effect of habitual tea consumption on hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:1534-1540.
26. Somanadhan B., Varughese G., Palpu P., Sreedharan R., Gudiksen L., Smitt U.W., et al. An ethnopharmacological survey for potential angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors from Indian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 1999, 65:103-112.
27. Tenorio F.A., del Valle L., Gonzalez A., Pastelin G. Vasodilator activity of the aqueous extract of Viscum album. Fitoterapia 2005, 76:204-209.
28. Rivlin R.S. Historical perspective on the use of garlic. J Nutr 2001, 131:951S-954S.
29. Ernst E. Cardiovascular effects of garlic (Allium sativum): a review. Pharmatherapeutica 1987, 5:83-89.
30. Yeh G.Y., Davis R.B., Phillips R.S. Use of complementary therapies in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2006, 98:673-680.
31. Iberl B., Winkler G., Muller B., Knobloch K. Quantitative Determination of Allicin and Alliin from Garlic by HPLC*. Planta Med 1990, 56:320-326.
32. Iberl B., Winkler G., Knobloch K. Products of Allicin transformation: ajoenes and dithiins, characterization and their determination by HPLC*. Planta Med 1990, 56:202-211.
33. Chen S., Shen X., Cheng S., Li P., Du J., Chang Y., et al. Evaluation of garlic cultivars for polyphenolic content and antioxidant properties. PLoS One 2013, 8:e79730.
34. Iyer A., Panchal S., Poudyal H., Brown L. Potential health benefits of Indian spices in the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome: a review. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2009, 46:467-481.
35. Sreenivasamurthy V., Sreekantiah K.R., Johar D.S. Studies on the stability of allicin & alliin present in garlic. J Sci Ind Res (C) 1961, 20C:292-295.
36. Lawson L.D., Gardner C.D. Composition, stability, and bioavailability of garlic products used in a clinical trial. J Agric Food Chem 2005, 53:6254-6261.
37. Freeman F., Kodera Y. Garlic chemistry: stability of S-(2-propenyl)-2-propene-1-sulfinothioate (allicin) in blood, solvents, and simulated physiological fluids. J Agric Food Chem 1995, 43:2332-2338.
38. Reinhart K.M., Coleman C.I., Teevan C., Vachhani P., White C.M. Effects of garlic on blood pressure in patients with and without systolic hypertension: a meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2008, 42:1766-1771.
39. Ried K., Frank O.R., Stocks N.P., Fakler P., Sullivan T. Effect of garlic on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2008, 8:13.
40. Kaye A.D., Nossaman B.D., Ibrahim I.N., Feng C.J., McNamara D.B., Agrawal K.C., et al. Analysis of responses of allicin, a compound from garlic, in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat and in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1995, 276:21-26.
41. Simons S., Wollersheim H., Thien T. A systematic review on the influence of trial quality on the effect of garlic on blood pressure. Neth J Med 2009, 67:212-219.
42. Touyz R.M., Briones A.M. Reactive oxygen species and vascular biology: implications in human hypertension. Hypertens Res 2011, 34:5-14.
43. Beswick R.A., Dorrance A.M., Leite R., Webb R.C. NADH/NADPH oxidase and enhanced superoxide production in the mineralocorticoid hypertensive rat. Hypertension 2001, 38:1107-1111.
44. Cai H., Harrison D.G. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circ Res 2000, 87:840-844.
45. Laursen J.B., Rajagopalan S., Galis Z., Tarpey M., Freeman B.A., Harrison D.G. Role of superoxide in angiotensin II-induced but not catecholamine-induced hypertension. Circulation 1997, 95:588-593.
46. Nakazono K., Watanabe N., Matsuno K., Sasaki J., Sato T., Inoue M. Does superoxide underlie the pathogenesis of hypertensionα. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991, 88:10045-10048.
47. Zhan C.D., Sindhu R.K., Vaziri N.D. Up-regulation of kidney NAD(P)H oxidase and calcineurin in SHR: reversal by lifelong antioxidant supplementation. Kidney Int 2004, 65:219-227.
48. Ceriello A., Giugliano D., Quatraro A., Lefebvre P.J. Anti-oxidants show an anti-hypertensive effect in diabetic and hypertensive subjects. Clin Sci 1991, 81:739-742.
49. Galley H.F., Thornton J., Howdle P.D., Walker B.E., Webster N.R. Combination oral antioxidant supplementation reduces blood pressure. Clin Sci 1997, 92:361-365.
50. Tian N., Thrasher K.D., Gundy P.D., Hughson M.D., Manning R.D. Antioxidant treatment prevents renal damage and dysfunction and reduces arterial pressure in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 2005, 45:934-939.
51. Nakano D., Kwak C.J., Fujii K., Ikemura K., Satake A., Ohkita M., et al. Sesamin metabolites induce an endothelial nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation through their antioxidative property-independent mechanisms: possible involvement of the metabolites in the antihypertensive effect of sesamin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006, 318:328-335.
52. Maldonado P.D., Barrera D., Rivero I., Mata R., Medina-Campos O.N., Hernandez-Pando R., et al. Antioxidant S-allylcysteine prevents gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and renal damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2003, 35:317-324.
53. Ali M., Al-Qattan K.K., Al-Enezi F., Khanafer R.M., Mustafa T. Effect of allicin from garlic powder on serum lipids and blood pressure in rats fed with a high cholesterol diet. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000, 62:253-259.
54. Cruz C., Correa-Rotter R., Sanchez-Gonzalez D.J., Hernandez-Pando R., Maldonado P.D., Martinez-Martinez C.M., et al. Renoprotective and antihypertensive effects of S-allylcysteine in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007, 293:F1691-F1698.
55. Liu C., Cao F., Tang Q.Z., Yan L., Dong Y.G., Zhu L.H., et al. Allicin protects against cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis via attenuating reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2010, 21:1238-1250.
56. Luo H., Huang J., Liao W.G., Huang Q.Y., Gao Y.Q. The antioxidant effects of garlic saponins protect PC12 cells from hypoxia-induced damage. Br J Nutr 2011, 105:1164-1172.
57. Naznin M.T., Maeda T., Morita N. Antioxidant Functions of E- AND Z-ajoene derived from Japanese garlic. Int J Food Prop 2010, 13:821-829.
58. Prasad K., Laxdal V.A., Yu M., Raney B.L. Antioxidant activity of allicin, an active principle in garlic. Mol Cell Biochem 1995, 148:183-189.
59. Rabinkov A., Miron T., Konstantinovski L., Wilchek M., Mirelman D., Weiner L. The mode of action of allicin: trapping of radicals and interaction with thiol containing proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998, 1379:233-244.
60. Sun X., Ku D.D. Allicin in garlic protects against coronary endothelial dysfunction and right heart hypertrophy in pulmonary hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006, 291:H2431-H2438.
61. Kim-Park S., Ku D.D. Garlic elicits a nitric oxide-dependent relaxation and inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000, 27:780-786.
62. Elks C.M., Mariappan N., Haque M., Guggilam A., Majid D.S., Francis J. Chronic NF-{kappa}B blockade reduces cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative stress and attenuates renal injury and hypertension in SHR. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009, 296:F298-F305.
63. Geng Z., Rong Y., Lau B.H. S-allyl cysteine inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa B in human T cells. Free Radic Biol Med 1997, 23:345-350.
64. Ide N., Lau B.H. Garlic compounds minimize intracellular oxidative stress and inhibit nuclear factor-kappa b activation. J Nutr 2001, 131:1020S-1026S.
65. Ho S.E., Ide N., Lau B.H. S-allyl cysteine reduces oxidant load in cells involved in the atherogenic process. Phytomedicine 2001, 8:39-46.
66. Lee E.N., Choi Y.W., Kim H.K., Park J.K., Kim H.J., Kim M.J., et al. Chloroform extract of aged black garlic attenuates TNF-alpha-induced ROS generation, VCAM-1 expression, NF-kappaB activation and adhesiveness for monocytes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Phytother Res 2011, 25:92-100.
67. Dirsch V.M., Keiss H.P., Vollmar A.M. Garlic metabolites fail to inhibit the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and subsequent expression of the adhesion molecule E-selectin in human endothelial cells. Eur J Nutr 2004, 43:55-59.
68. Ahmad F.U., Sattar M.A., Rathore H.A., Abdullah M.H., Tan S., Abdullah N.A., et al. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) reduces blood pressure and prevents the progression of diabetic nephropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Ren Fail 2012, 34:203-210.
69. Benavides G.A., Squadrito G.L., Mills R.W., Patel H.D., Isbell T.S., Patel R.P., et al. Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:17977-17982.
70. Heeneman S., Sluimer J.C., Daemen M.J. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and vascular remodeling. Circ Res 2007, 101:441-454.
71. Liu Y.H., Lu M., Hu L.F., Wong P.T., Webb G.D., Bian J.S. Hydrogen sulfide in the mammalian cardiovascular system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012, 7:141-185.
72. Ma B., Liang G., Zhang F., Chen Y., Zhang H. Effect of hydrogen sulfide on restenosis of peripheral arteries after angioplasty. Mol Med Rep 2012, 5:1497-1502.
73. Mulvany M.J., Baandrup U., Gundersen H.J. Evidence for hyperplasia in mesenteric resistance vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats using a three-dimensional disector. Circ Res 1985, 57:794-800.
74. Seutsuna K. Isolation and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor dipeptides derived from Allium sativum L (garlic). J Nutr Biochem 1998, 9:415-419.
75. Skovgaard N., Gouliaev A., Aalling M., Simonsen U. The role of endogenous H2S in cardiovascular physiology. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011, 12:1385-1393.
76. Yan H., Du J., Tang C. The possible role of hydrogen sulfide on the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004, 313:22-27.
77. Chuah S.C., Moore P.K., Zhu Y.Z. S-allylcysteine mediates cardioprotection in an acute myocardial infarction rat model via a hydrogen sulfide-mediated pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007, 293:H2693-H2701.
78. Zhong G., Chen F., Cheng Y., Tang C., Du J. The role of hydrogen sulfide generation in the pathogenesis of hypertension in rats induced by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. J Hypertens 2003, 21:1879-1885.
79. Touyz R.M., Schiffrin E.L. Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 2004, 122:339-352.
80. Zalba G., San Jose G., Moreno M.U., Fortuno M.A., Fortuno A., Beaumont F.J., et al. Oxidative stress in arterial hypertension: role of NAD(P)H oxidase. Hypertension 2001, 38:1395-1399.
81. Torok J. Participation of nitric oxide in different models of experimental hypertension. Physiol Res 2008, 57:813-825.
82. Al-Qattan K.K., Thomson M., Al-Mutawa'a S., Al-Hajeri D., Drobiova H., Ali M. Nitric oxide mediates the blood-pressure lowering effect of garlic in the rat two-kidney, one-clip model of hypertension. J Nutr 2006, 136:774S-776S.
83. Morihara N., Sumioka I., Ide N., Moriguchi T., Uda N., Kyo E. Aged garlic extract maintains cardiovascular homeostasis in mice and rats. J Nutr 2006, 136:777S-781S.
84. Kim K.M., Chun S.B., Koo M.S., Choi W.J., Kim T.W., Kwon Y.G., et al. Differential regulation of NO availability from macrophages and endothelial cells by the garlic component S-allyl cysteine. Free Radic Biol Med 2001, 30:747-756.
85. Yu J., Feng L., Hu Y., Zhou Y. Effects of SAC on oxidative stress and NO availability in placenta: potential benefits to preeclampsia. Placenta 2012, 33:487-494.
86. Ku D.D., Abdel-Razek T.T., Dai J., Kim-Park S., Fallon M.B., Abrams G.A. Garlic and its active metabolite allicin produce endothelium- and nitric oxide-dependent relaxation in rat pulmonary arteries. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002, 29:84-91.
87. Hernandez-Hernandez R., Sosa-Canache B., Velasco M., Armas-Hernandez M.J., Armas-Padilla M.C., Cammarata R. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists role in arterial hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2002, 16(Suppl 1):S93-S99.
88. Castro C., Lorenzo A.G., Gonzalez A., Cruzado M. Garlic components inhibit angiotensin II-induced cell-cycle progression and migration: involvement of cell-cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010, 54:781-787.
89. Asdaq S.M., Inamdar M.N. Potential of garlic and its active constituent, S-allyl cysteine, as antihypertensive and cardioprotective in presence of captopril. Phytomedicine 2010, 17:1016-1026.
90. Sharifi A.M., Darabi R., Akbarloo N. Investigation of antihypertensive mechanism of garlic in 2K1C hypertensive rat. J Ethnopharmacol 2003, 86:219-224.
91. Krumm P., Giraldez T., Alvarez de la Rosa D., Clauss W.G., Fronius M., Althaus M. Thiol-reactive compounds from garlic inhibit the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Bioorg Med Chem 2012, 20:3979-3984.
92. Bagheri F., Gol A., Dabiri S., Javadi A. Preventive effect of garlic juice on renal reperfusion injury. Iran J Kidney Dis 2011, 5:194-200.
93. Al-Qattan K.K., Khan I., Alnaqeeb M.A., Ali M. Mechanism of garlic (Allium sativum) induced reduction of hypertension in 2K-1C rats: a possible mediation of Na/H exchanger isoform-1. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003, 69:217-222.
94. Wegmann M., Nusing R.M. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates sodium reabsorption in MDCK C7 cells, a renal collecting duct principal cell model. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003, 69:315-322.
95. Amann K., Gharehbaghi H., Stephen S., Mall G. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells of small intramyocardial arteries in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1995, 25:124-131.
96. Rizzoni D., Porteri E., Piccoli A., Castellano M., Bettoni G., Muiesan M.L., et al. Effects of losartan and enalapril on small artery structure in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1998, 32:305-310.
97. Lemarie C.A., Schiffrin E.L. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010, 11:19-31.
98. Touyz R.M. The role of angiotensin II in regulating vascular structural and functional changes in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2003, 5:155-164.
99. Ferri N., Yokoyama K., Sadilek M., Paoletti R., Apitz-Castro R., Gelb M.H., et al. Ajoene, a garlic compound, inhibits protein prenylation and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Br J Pharmacol 2003, 138:811-818.