Veterinary drug use and environmental safety

Animal Feed: Types, Nutrition and Safety

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 61-83

  Leston, Sara ^a,b   Nunes, Margarida ^a,b   Lemos, Marco F L ^c,d   Silva, Gabriela Jorge da ^b   Pardal, Miguel Ângelo ^a   Ramos, Fernando ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^c POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF LEIRIA   (Portugal)

^d UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892034446     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (135)

1. Aarestrup, F.M., 2000. Characterization of glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium (GRE) from broilers and pigs in Denmark: genetic evidence that persistence of GRE in pig herds is associated with co-selection by resistance to macrolides. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, 2774-2777.
2. Almeida, A., Cunha A, Gomes NC, Alves E, Costa L, Faustino MA., 2009. Phage therapy and photodynamic therapy: low environmental impact approaches to inactivate microorganisms in fish farming plants. Marines Drugs 7, 268-313.
3. Antunes, P., Gil, O., 2004. PCB and DDT contamination in cultivated and wild sea bass from Ria Aveiro, Portugal. Chemosphere 54, 1503-1507.
4. Baker-Austin, C., Wright, M.S., Stepanauskas, R., McArthur, J.V., 2006. Co-selection of antibiotic and metal resistance. Trends in Microbiology 14, 176-182.
5. Barbosa, J., Cruz, C., Martins, J., Silva, J.M., Neves, C., Alves, C., Ramos, F., Silveira, M.I.N., 2005. Food poisoning by clenbuterol in Portugal. Food Additives and Contaminants 22, 563-566.
6. Barbosa, J., Ferreira, M.L., Ramos, F., Noronha da Silveira, M.I., 2007. Determination of the furaltadone metabolite 5-methylmorpholino-3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry during the nitrofuran crisis in Portugal. Accreditation and Quality Assurance 12, 543-551.
7. Barlow, M., 2009. What antimicrobial resistance has taught us about horizontal gene transfer. Methods in Molecular Biology 532, 397-411.
8. Berntssen, M.H.G., Lundebye, A.K., Maage, A., 1999. Effects of elevated dietary copper concentrations on growth, feed utilisation and nutritional status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry. Aquaculture 174, 167-181.
9. Berntssen, M.H.G., Lundebye, A.K., Torstensen, B.E., 2005. Reducing the levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in farmed Atlantic salmon by substitution of fish oil with vegetable oil in the feed. Aquaculture Nutrition 11, 219-231.
10. Berquin, I.M., Edwards, I.J., Chen, Y.Q., 2008. Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by omega-3 fatty acids. Cancer Letters 269, 363-377.
11. Björklund, H., Bondest, J., Bylund, G., 1990. Residues of oxytetracycline in wild fish and sediments from fish farms. Aquaculture 86, 359-367.
12. Boinapally, K., Jiang, X., 2007. Comparing antibiotic resistance in commensal and pathogenic bacteria isolated from wild-caught South Carolina shrimps vs. farm-raised imported shrimps. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, 919-924.
13. Bonnet, C., Diarrassouba, F., Brousseau, R., Masson, L., Topp, E., Diarra, M.S., 2009. Pathotype and antibiotic resistance gene distributions of Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens raised on antimicrobial-supplemented diets. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, 6955-6962.
14. Bound, J.P., Voulvoulis, N., 2004. Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment-a comparison of risk assessment strategies. Chemosphere 56, 1143-1155.
15. Boxall, A.B.A., Fogg, L.A., Blackwell, P.A., Kay, P., Pemberton, E.J., Croxford, A., 2004. Veterinary medicines in the environment. Reviews in Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 180, 1-91.
16. Brambilla, G., Cenci, T., Franconi, F., Galarini, R., Macrì, A., Rondoni, F., Strozzi, M., Loizzo, A., 2000. Clinical and pharmacological profile in a clenbuterol epidemic poisoning of contaminated beef meat in Italy. Toxicology Letters 114, 47-53.
17. Briggs, C.E., Fratamico, P.M., 1999. Molecular characterization of an antibiotic resistance gene cluster of Salmonella typhimurium DT104. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, 846-849.
18. Broughton, E.I., Walker, D.G., 2010. Policies and practices for aquaculture food safety in China. Food Policy 35, 471-478.
19. Burlingame, B., Pineiro, M., 2007. The essential balance: Risks and benefits in food safety and quality. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 20, 139-146.
20. Cabello, F.C., 2004. Antibiotics and aquaculture in Chile: implications for human and animal health. Revista médica de Chile 132, 1001-1006.
21. Cabello, F.C., 2006. Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environmental Microbiology 8, 1137-1144.
22. Cabello, F.C., 2009. Aquaculture and florfenicol resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, 623.
23. Capone, D.G., Weston, D.P., Miller, V., Shoemaker, C., 1996. Antibacterial residues in marine sediments and invertebrates following chemotherapy in aquaculture. Aquaculture 145, 55-75.
24. Carubelli, G., Fanelli, R., Mariam, G., Nichetti, S., Crosa, G., Calamari, D., Fattore, E., 2007. PCB contamination in farmed and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) from a coastal wetland area in central Italy. Chemosphere 68, 1630-1635.
25. Châtre, P., Haenni, M., Meunier, D., Botrel, M.A., Calavas, D., Madec, J.Y., 2010. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from cattle between 2002 and 2006 in France. Journal of Food Protection 73, 825-831.
26. Chee-Sanford, J.C., Mackie, R.I., Koike, S., Krapac, I.G., Lin, Y.F., Yannarell, A.C., Maxwell, S., Aminov, R.I., 2009. Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste. Journal of Environmental Quality 38, 1086-1088.
27. Cooper, K.M., Caddell, A., Elliott, C.T., Kennedy, D.G., 2004. Production and characterisation of polyclonal antibodies to a derivative of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, a metabolite of the nitrofuran furazolidone. Analytica Chimica Acta 520, 79-86.
28. de Jong, A., Bywater, R., Butty, P., Deroover, E., Godinho, K., Klein, U., Marion, H., Simjee, S., Smets, K., Thomas, V., Vallé, M., Wheadon, A., 2009. A pan-European survey of antimicrobial susceptibility towards human-use antimicrobial drugs among zoonotic and commensal enteric bacteria isolated from healthy food-producing animals. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 63, 733-744.
29. Delgado, C., Wada, N., Rosegrant, M., Meijer, S., Ahmed, M., 2003. Fish to 2020: Supply and demand in changing global markets. Washington, D.C., International Food Policy Research Institute and Penang, Malaysia, WFC.
30. Duran, G.M., Marshall, D.L., 2005. Ready-to-eat shrimp as an international vehicle of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Journal of Food Protection 68, 2395-2401.
31. Easton, M.D., Luszniak, D., Von der Geest, E., 2002. Preliminary examination of contaminant loadings in farmed salmon, wild salmon and commercial salmon feed. Chemosphere 46, 1053-1074.
32. Elmund, G.K., Morrison, S.M., Grant, D.W., Nevins, M.P., 1971. Role of excreted chlortetracycline in modifying the decomposition process in feedlot waste. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 6, 129-135.
33. Esposito, A., Fabrizi, L., Lucchetti, D., Marvasi, L., Coni, E., Guandalini, E., 2007. Orally administered erythromycin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Residues in edible tissues and withdrawal time. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, 1043-1047.
34. Ewers, C., Antão, E.M., Diehl, I., Philipp, H.C., Wieler, L.H., 2009. Intestine and environment of the chicken as reservoirs for extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains with zoonotic potential. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, 184-192.
35. FAO, 1997. Aquaculture Development. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries No. 5. FAO Fisheries Department, Rome, p. 40.
36. FAO, 2003a. FAO's Strategy towards a Food Chain Approach for Food Safety and Quality: A framework document for the development of future strategic direction. Committee on Agriculture, Rome.
37. FAO, 2003b. The role of aquaculture in improving food security and nutrition. FAO Committee on World Food Security, Rome, pp 12.
38. FAO, 2009. State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture-SOFIA 2008. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, pp 176.
39. FAO/WHO, 2001. Food standartds programme. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome, pp 77.
40. Feinman, S.E., Matheson, J.C., 1978. Draft environmental impact statement: sub-therapeutic antibacterial agents in animal feeds. Food and Drug Administration Department of Health, Education and Welfare Report, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., pp 372.
41. Fisher, M.H., Mrozik, H., 1992. The chemistry and pharmacology of avermectins. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 32, 537-553.
42. Foran, J.A., Carpenter, D.O., Hamilton, M.C., Knuth, B.A., Schwager, S.J., 2005. Risk-based consumption advice for farmed atlantic and wild pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 552-555.
43. Fortt, Z.A., Cabello, F.C., Buschmann, R.A., 2007. Residues of tetracycline and quinolones in wild fish living around a salmon aquaculture center in Chile. Revista Chilena de Infectología 24, 14-18.
44. Frost, L.S., Leplae, R., Summers, A.O., Toussaint, A., 2005. Mobile genetic elements: the agents of open source evolution. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3, 722-732.
45. Gartiser, S., Urich, E., Alexy, R., Kümmerer, K., 2007. Anaerobic inhibition and biodegradation of antibiotics in ISO test schemes. Chemosphere 66, 1839-1848.
46. Gordon, L., Giraud, E., Ganière, J.P., Armand, F., Bouju-Albert, A., de la Cotte, N., Mangion, C., Le Bris, H., 2007. Antimicrobial resistance survey in a river receiving effluents from freshwater fish farms. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102, 1167-1176.
47. Gray, J.T., Hungerford, L.L., Fedorka-Cray, P.J., Headrick, M.L., 2004. Extended-spectrum-cephalosporin resistance in Salmonella enterica isolates of animal origin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 488, 3179-3181.
48. Guardabassi, L., Courvalin, P., 2006. Modes of antimicrobial action and mechanisms of bacterial resistance; In: Aarestrup, F.M., Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin, ASM Press, Washington, D.C., pp 1-19.
49. Haller, M.Y., Muller, S.R., McArdell, C.S., Alder, A.C., Suter, M.J.-F., 2002. Quantification of veterinary antibiotics (sulfonamides and trimethoprim) in animal manure by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 952, 111-120.
50. Halley, B.A., Nessel, R.J., Lu, A.Y.H., 1989. Environmental aspect of ivermectin usage in livestock: general considerations. In: Campbell WC, ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. Springer Verlag, New York, pp 163-172.
51. Hamscher, G., Sczesny, S., Höper, H., Nau, H., 2002. Determination of persistent tetracycline residues in soil fertilized with liquid manure by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 74, 1509-1518.
52. Han, S., Choi, K., Kim, J., Ji, K., Kim, S., Ahn, B., Yun, J., Choi, K., Khim, J.S., Zhang, X., Giesy, J.P., 2010. Endocrine disruption and consequences of chronic exposure to ibuprofen in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and freshwater cladocerans Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa. Aquatic Toxicology 98, 256-264.
53. Harris, W.S., 2004. Are omega-3 fatty acids the most important nutritional modulators of coronary heart disease risk? Current Atherosclerosis Reports 6, 447-452.
54. Heberer, T., 2002. Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data. Toxicology Letters 131, 5-17.
55. Hektoen, H., Berge, J.A., Hormazabal, V., Yndestad, M., 1995. Persistence of antibacterial agents in marine sediments. Aquaculture 133, 175-184.
56. Heuer, O.E., Kruse, H., Grave, K., Collignon, P., Karunasagar, I., Angulo, F.J., 2009. Human health consequences of use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture. Clinical Infectious Diseases 49, 1248-1253.
57. Hites, R.A., Foran, J.A., Carpenter, D.O., Hamilton, M.C., Knuth, B.A., Schwager, S.J., 2004. Global assessment of organic contaminants in farmed salmon. Science 303, 226-229.
58. Hümmerer, K., 2009. Antibiotics in the aquatic environment-A review-Part I. Chemosphere 75, 417-434.
59. Huntington, T.C., Roberts, H., Cousins, N., Pitta, V., Marchesi, N., Sanmamed, A., Hunter-Rowe, T., Fernandes, T.F., Tett, P., McCue J., Brockie, N., 2006. Some Aspects of the environmental impact of aquaculture in sensitive areas. Report to the DG Fish and Maritime Affairs of the European Commission.
60. Jacobs, L., Chenia, H.Y., 2007. Characterization of integrons and tetracycline resistance determinants in Aeromonas spp. isolated from South African aquaculture systems. International Journal of Food Microbiology 114, 295-306.
61. Jacobs, M.N., Covaci, A., Schepens, P., 2002. Investigation of selected persistent organic pollutants in farmed atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), salmon aquaculture feed, and fish oil components of the feed. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 2797-2805.
62. Jacobsen, A.M., Halling-Sorensen, B., Ingerslev, F., Gansen, S.H., 2004. Simultaneous extraction of tetracycline, macrolide and sulfonamide antibiotics from agricultural soils using pressurized liquid extraction, followed by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1038, 157-170.
63. Jacobsen, P., Berglind, L., 1988. Persistence of oxytetracycline in sediments from fish farms. Aquaculture 70, 365-370.
64. Jacoby, G.A., 2005. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. Clinical Infectious Diseases 41, S120-S126.
65. Katranitsas, A., Castritsi-Catharios, J., Persoone, G., 2003. The effects of a copper-based anti-fouling paint on mortality and enzymatic activity of a non-target marine organism. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 1491-1494.
66. Kim, S.C., Carlson, K., 2007. Temporal and Spatial Trends in the occurrence of human and veterinary antibiotics in aqueous and river sediment matrices. Environmental Science and Technology 41, 50-57.
67. Kojima, A., Morioka, A., Kijima, M., Ishihara, K., Asai, T., Fujisawa, T., Tamura, Y., Takahashi, T., 2010. Classification and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Enterococcus species isolated from apparently healthy food-producing animals in Japan. Zoonoses and Public Health 57, 137-141.
68. Kolar, L., Erzen, N.K., 2006. Veterinary parasiticides-are they posing an environmental risk? Slovenian Veterinary Research 43, 85-96.
69. Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B., Buxton, H.T., 2002. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 1202-1211.
70. Kris-Etherton, P.M., Harris, W.S., Appel, L.J., 2002. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 106, 2747-2757.
71. Krkosek, M., Ford, J.S., Morton, A., Lele, S., Myers, R.A., Lewis, M.A., 2007. Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon. Science 318, 1772-1775.
72. Kümmerer, K., Al-Ahmad, A., Mersch-Sundermann, V., 2000. Biodegradability of some antibiotics, elimination of the genotoxicity and affection of wastewater bacteria in a simple test. Chemosphere 40, 701-710.
73. Kurath, G., 2008. Biotechnology and DNA vaccines for aquatic animals. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics) 27, 175-196.
74. Le-Minh, N., Khan, S.J., Drewes, J.E., Stuetz, R.M., 2010. Fate of antibiotics during municipal water recycling treatment processes. Water Research 44, 4295-4323.
75. Le, T.X., Munekage, Y., Kato, S., 2005. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria from shrimp farming in mangrove areas. The Science of the Total Environment 349, 95-105.
76. Leclercq, R., Courvalin P., 1991. Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 35, 1267-1272.
77. Lopes, C., Charles, S., Vollat, B., Garric, J., 2009. Toxicity of ivermectin on cladocerans: comparison of toxic effects on Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, 2160-2166.
78. Loya, Y., Lubinevsky, H., Rosenfeld, M., Kramarsky-Winter, E., 2004. Nutrient enrichment caused by in situ fish farms at Eilat, Red Sea is detrimental to coral reproduction. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49, 344-353.
79. Lunestad, B.T., Goksøyr, J., 1990. Reduction in the antibacterial effect of oxytetracycline in sea water by complex formation with magnesium and calcium. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 9, 67-72.
80. Marengo, J.R., Kok, R.A., Velagaleti, R., Stamm, J.M., 1997. Aerobic degradation of 14C-sarafloxacin hydrochloride in soil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, 462-471.
81. Martínez-Navarro, J.F., 1990. Food poisoning related to consumption of illicit b-agonist in liver. Lancet 336, 1311.
82. Martínez, J.L., 2008. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Science 321, 365-367.
83. McKellar, Q.A., 1997. Ecotoxicology and residues of anthelmintic compounds. Veterinary Parasitology 72, 413-435.
84. Mellon, M., Benbrook, C., Benbrook, K.L., Hogging, 2001. Estimation of Antimicrobial Abuse in Livestock; Union of Concerned Scientists: Cambridge, MA.
85. Muñoz, I., López-Doval, J.C., Ricart, M., Villagrasa, M., Brix, R., Geiszinger, A., Ginebreda, A., Guasch, H., Alda, M.J.L., Romaní, A.M., Sabater, S., Barceló, D., 2009. Bridging levels of pharmaceuticals in river water with biological community structure in the Llobregat River basin (Northeast Spain). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, 2706-2714.
86. Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H., Troell, M., 2000. Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405, 1017-1024.
87. O'Keeffe, M., Conneely, A., Cooper, K.M., Kennedy, D.G., Kovacsics, L., Fodor, A., Mulder, P.P.J., van Rhijn, J.A., Trigueros, G., 2004. Nitrofuran antibiotic residues in pork: The FoodBRAND retail survey. Analytica Chimica Acta 520, 125-131.
88. Official Journal of the European Communities, L181/6, Council Directive (EEC) No 86/278 of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular, of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture, Luxembourg, 1986.
89. Official Journal of the European Communities, L97/1 Commission Directive (EEC) 92/18 of 20 March 1992 modifying the Annex to Council Directive 81/852/EEC on the approximation of the laws of Member States relating to analytical, pharmacotoxicological and clinical standards and protocols in respect of the texting of veterinary medicinal products.
90. Official Journal of the European Union, L136/1 Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 laying down Community procedures for the authorisation and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Medicines Agency, Strasbourg, France, 2004.
91. Official Journal of the European Union, L143/26, Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1442/95 of 26 June 1995 amending Annexes I, II, III and IV of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 laying down a Community Procedure for the establishment of maximum residue limits of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin, Brussels, Belgium, 1995.
92. Official Journal of the European Union, L15/1, Commission Regulation (EU) No 37/2010 of 22 December 2009 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin, Brussels, Belgium, 2010.
93. Official Journal of the European Union, L152/11 Regulation (EC) No 470/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 May 2009 laying down Community procedures for the establishment of residue limits of pharmacologically active substances in foodstuffs of animal origin, repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 and amending Directive 2001/82/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Strasbourg, France, 2009.
94. Official Journal of the European Union, L22418 August 1990 Council Regulation 2377/90/EC of 26 June 1990 laying down a Community procedure for the establishment of maximum residue limits of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin, Brussels, Belgium, 1990.
95. Official Journal of the European Union, L31/1 Regulation 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the european food safety authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety, Brussels, Belgium, 2002.
96. Official Journal of the European Union, L311/1 Directive 2001/82/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to veterinary medicinal products, Brussels, Belgium, 2001.
97. Paez-Osuna, F., 2001. The environmental impact of shrimp aquaculture: causes, effects, and mitigating alternatives. Environmental Management 28, 131-140.
98. Phillips, I., 2007. Withdrawal of growth-promoting antibiotics in Europe and its effects in relation to human health. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 30, 101-107.
99. Phuong Hoa, P.T., Nonaka, L., Hung Viet, P., Suzuki, S., 2008. Detection of the sul1, sul2, and sul3 genes in sulfonamide-resistant bacteria from wastewater and shrimp ponds of north Vietnam. Science of the Total Environment 405, 377-384.
100. Pulce, C., Lamaison, D., Keck, G., Bostvironnois, C., Nicolas, J., Descotes, J.J., Moora, M., Colmant, A., 1991. Intoxication alimentaire collective due à la presence de residus de Clenbuterol dans du foie de veau. Bulletin Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire 5, 17-18.
101. Rabølle, M., Spliid, N.H., 2000. Sorption and mobility of metronidazole, olaquindox, oxytetracycline and tylosin in soil. Chemosphere 40, 715-722.
102. Ræther, W., Hänel, H., 2003. Nitroheterocyclic drugs with broad spectrum activity. Parasitology Research 90, 19-39.
103. Ramos F., Cristino, A., Carrola, P., Eloy, T., Silva, J.M., Castilho, M.C., Silveira, M.I.N., 2003. Clenbuterol food poisoning diagnosis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric serum analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta 483, 207-213.
104. Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Weinberg, H.S., 2010. Meeting Report: Pharmaceuticals in Water-An Interdisciplinary Approach to a Public Health Challenge. Environmental Health Perspectives 118, 1016-1020.
105. Römbke, J., Krogh, K.A., Moser, T., Scheffczyk, A., Liebig, M., 2010. Effects of the veterinary pharmaceutical ivermectin on soil invertebrates in laboratory tests. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58, 332-340.
106. Ruxton C.H., Reed S.C., Simpson M.J., Millington K.J., 2004. The health benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review of the evidence. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 17, 449-459.
107. Salleras, L., Dominguez, A., Mata, E., Taberner, J.L., Moro, I., Salva, P., 1995. Epidemiologic Study of an Outbreak of Clenbuterol Poisoning in Catalonia, Spain. Public Health Reports, 110, 338-342.
108. Samanidou, V.F., Evaggelopoulou, E.N., 2007. Analytical strategies to determine antibiotic residues in fish. Journal of Separation Science 30, 2549-2569.
109. Samuelsen, O.B., Lunestad, B.T., Fjelde, S., 1994. Stability of antibacterial agents in an artificial marine aquaculture sediment studied under laboratory conditions. Aquaculture 126, 183-290.
110. Samuelsen, O.B., Torsvik, V., Ervik, A., 1992. Long-range changes in oxytetracycline concentration and bacterial resistance towards oxytetracycline in fish farm sediment after medication. Science of Total Environment 114, 25-36.
111. Schlusener, M.P., Bester, K., Spiteller, M., 2003. Determination of antibiotics such as macrolide, ionophores and tiamulin in liquid manure by HPLC-MS/MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 375, 942-947.
112. Sinclair, A.J., Begg, D., Mathai, M., Weizinger, R.S., 2007. Omega 3 fatty acids and the brain: review of studies in depression. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 16, 391-397.
113. Smith, P., Samuelesen, O.B., 1996. Estimates of the significance of out-washing of oxytetracycline from sediments under Atlantic salmon sea-cages. Aquaculture 144, 17-26.
114. Sobecky, P.A., Hazen, T.H., 2009. Horizontal gene transfer and mobile genetic elements in marine systems. Methods in Molecular Biology 532, 435-453.
115. Soonthornchaikul, N., Garelick, H., 2009. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species isolated from edible bivalve molluscs purchased from Bangkok markets, Thailand. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6, 947-951.
116. Sørum, H., 2006. Antimicrobial drug-resistance in fish pathogens. In: Aarestrup, F.M., Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin, ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp 213-238.
117. Tacon, A.G.J., 2001. Increasing contribution of aquaculture for food security and poverty alleviation, pp. 63-72. In: Subasinghe, R.P., Bueno, P., Phillips, M.J., Hough, C., McGladdery, S.E., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.). Aquaculture in the Third Millenium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millenium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000.
118. Tauxe, R.V., 2002. Emerging food-borne pathogens. International Journal of Food Microbiology 78, 31-41.
119. Taylor, S.M., 1999. Sheep scab-environmental considerations of treatment with doramectin. Veterinary Parasitology 83, 309-317.
120. Tendencia, E.A., de la Pena, L.D., 2001. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria from shrimp ponds. Aquaculture 195, 193-204.
121. Ter Laak, T.L., Gebbink, W.A., Tolls, J., 2006a. Estimation of sorption coefficients of veterinary medicines from soil properties. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 933-941.
122. Ter Laak, T.L., Gebbink, W.A., Tolls, J., 2006b. The effect of pH and ionic strength on the sorption of sulfachloropyridazine, tylosin and oxytetracycline to soil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 904-911.
123. Thiele-Bruhn, S., 2003. Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils-a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 166, 145-167.
124. Threlfall, E.J., 2000. Epidemic Salmonella Typhimurium DT104-a truly international multi-resistant clone. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 46, 7-10.
125. Tolls, J., 2001. Sorption of veterinary pharmaceuticals-a review. Environmental Science and Technology 35, 3397-3406.
126. Tovar, A., Moreno, C., Mánuel-Vez, M., García-Vargas, M., 2000. Environmental implications of intensive marine aquaculture in earthen ponds. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40, 981-988.
127. Uauy, R., Hoffman, D.R., Peirano, P., Birch, D.G., Birch, E.E., 2001. Essential fatty acids in visual and brain development. Lipids 36, 885-895.
128. Van, T.T., Moutafis, G., Istivan, T., Tran, L.T., Coloe, P.J., 2007. Detection of Salmonella spp. in retail raw food samples from Vietnam and characterization of their antibiotic resistance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, 6885-6890.
129. Vass, M., Hruska, K., Franek, M., 2008. Nitrofuran antibiotics: a review on the application, prohibition and residual analysis. Veterinarni Medicina Czech 53, 469-500.
130. World Food Summit, 1996, Rome Declaration on World Food Security.
131. Wright, G.D., 2007. The antibiotic resistome: the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity. Nature Reviews Microbiology 5, 175-186.
132. Wu, S., Dalsgaard, A., Vieira, A.R., Emborg, H.D., Jensen, L.B., 2009. Prevalence of tetracycline resistance and genotypic analysis of populations of Escherichia coli from animals, carcasses and cuts processed at a pig slaughterhouse. International Journal of Food Microbiology 135, 254-259.
133. Yim, G., Wang, H.H., Davies, J., 2007. Antibiotics as signalling molecules. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 362, 1195-200.
134. Youngson, A.F., Dosdat, A., Saroglia, M., Jordan, W.C., 2001. Genetic interactions between marine finfish species in European aquaculture and wild conspecifics. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 17, 153-162.
135. Zhao, J-L., Ying, G-G., Liu, Y-S., Chen, F., Yang, J-F., Wang, L., Yang, X-B., Stauber, J.L., Warne, M.St.J., 2010. Occurrence and a screening-level risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals in the Pearl River system, South China. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29, 1377-1384.