Childhood exposure to violence and lifelong health: Clinical intervention science and stress-biology research join forces

Development and Psychopathology

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1619-1634

  Moffitt, Terrie E ^a,b   Arseneault, Louise ^b   Danese, Andrea ^b   Fisher, Helen ^b   Mill, Jonathan ^b   Pariante, Carmine ^b   Baucom, Don ^c   Caspi, Avshalom ^b   Chen, Edith ^d   Miller, Gregory ^d   Halweg, Kurt ^e   Job, Ann Katrin ^e   Heinrichs, Nina ^f   Haldimann, Barbara Heiniger ^g   Grawe Gerber, Mariann ^g   Kuper Yamanaka, Misa ^g   Sanders, Matt ^h   Shalev, Idan ^a   Walitza, Susanne ⁱ  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^d NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF BRAUNSCHWEIG   (Germany)

^f BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^g Klaus Grawe Institut für Psychologische Therapie   (Switzerland)

^h UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CRIME VICTIM; HUMAN; MENTAL STRESS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; VIOLENCE;

CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CRIME VICTIMS; HUMANS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84891440660     PISSN: 09545794     EISSN: 14692198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579413000801     Document Type: Article

References (200)

1. Andersen, S., & Tomada, L.A. (2008). Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, 20, 292-301.
2. Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulmen, M. H. M., & Sroufe, L.A. (2005). When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 46, 235-245.
3. Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S., (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: "Much ado about nothing"? Psychological Medicine, 40, 717-729.
4. Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Fisher, H. L., Polanczyk, G., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2011). Childhood trauma and children's emerging psychotic symptoms: A genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 65-72.
5. Aviv, A., Chen, W., Gardner, J. P., Kimura, M., Brimacombe, M., Cao, X, et al. (2009). Leukocyte telomere dynamics: Longitudinal findings among young adults in the Bogalusa Heart Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169, 323-329.
6. Barker, D. J. (Ed.). (1992). Fetal and infant origins of adult disease. New York: Wiley.
7. Beach, S. R., Brody, G. H., Todorov, A. A., Gunter, T. D., & Philibert, R. A. (2010). Methylation at SLC6A4 is linked to family history of child abuse: An examination of the Iowa Adoptee sample. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 153B, 710-713.
8. Bjornsson, H. T., Sigurdsson, M. I., Fallin, M. D., Irizarry, R. A., Aspelund, T., Cui, H., et al. (2008). Intra-individual change over time in DNA methylation with familial clustering. Journal of the American Medical Association, 299, 2877-2883.
9. Bocklandt, S., Lin,W., Sehl, M. E., Sanchez, F. J., Sinsheimer, J. S., Horvath, S., et al. (2011). Epigenetic predictors of age. PLoS ONE, 6, e14821.
10. Bodenmann, G. (2004). Verhaltenstherapie mit Paaren [Behavior therapy with couples]. Bern, Switzerland: Huber.
11. Boks, M. P., de Jong, N. M., Kas, M. J., Vinkers, C. H., Fernandes, C., Kahn, R. S., et al. (2012). Current status and future prospects for epigenetic psychopharmacology. Epigenetics, 7, 20-28.
12. Boyce, W. T., Sokolowski, M. T., & Robinson, G. E. (2012). Toward a new biology of social adversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 17143-17148. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121264109
13. Brenhouse, H. C., & Andersen, S. L. (2011). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment prevents delayed effects of early life stress in rats. Biological Psychiatry, 70, 434-440.
14. Buehler, C., Anthony, C. Krishnakumar, A., Stone, G., Gerard, J.,& Pemberton, S. (1997). Interparental conflict and youth problem behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 6, 233-247.
15. Buxton, J. L., Walters, R. G., Visvikis-Siest, S., Meyre, D., Froguel, P., & Blakemore, A. I. (2011). Childhood obesity is associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabalomics, 96, 1500-1505.
16. Carrion, V. G., & Kletter, H. (2102). Treatment of traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: Assessment and treatment strategies. Psychiatric Times, 29. Advance online publication.
17. Cawthon, R. M., Smith, K. R., O' Brien, E., Sivatchenko, A., &Kerber, R. A. (2003). Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older. Lancet, 361, 393-395.
18. Chaffin, M., Funderburk, B., Bard, D., Valle, L. A,& Gurwitch, R. (2011). A combined motivation and parent-child interaction therapy package reduces child welfare recidivism in a randomized dismantling field trial. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 79, 84-95.
19. Chaffin, M., Silovsky, J. F., Funderburk, B., Valle, L. A., Brestan, E. V., & Balachova, T. (2004). Parent-child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: Efficacy for reducing future abuse reports. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 72, 500-510.
20. Champagne, F. A., & Curley, J. P. (2005). How social experiences influence the brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 704-709.
21. Champagne, F. A., & Curley, J. P. (2009). Epigenetic mechanisms mediating the long-term effects of maternal care on development. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 593-600.
22. Chen, E., Miller, G. E., Kobor, M. S.,&Cole, S.W. (2011). Maternal warmth buffers the effects of low early-life socioeconomic status on pro-inflammatory signaling in adulthood. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 729-737.
23. Christensen, B. C., Houseman, E. A., Marsit, C. J., Zheng, S., Wrensch, M. R.,Wiemels, J. L., et al. (2009). Aging and environmental exposures alter tissue-specific DNA methylation dependent upon CpG island context. PLoS Genetics. 5, e1000602.
24. Cicchetti, D. (2013). Annual research review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children-Past, present, and future perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02608.x-2012
25. Cicchetti, D., & Curtis, W. J. (2005). An event-related potential study of the processing of affective facial expressions in young children who experienced maltreatment during the first year of life. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 641-77.
26. Cicchetti, D., & Gunnar, M. R. (2008). Integrating biological measures into the design and evaluation of preventive interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 737-743.
27. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2009). Adaptive coping under conditions of extreme stress: Multilevel influences on the determinants of resilience in maltreated children. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, 124, 47-59.
28. Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2006). Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 623-649.
29. Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Toth, S. L., & Sturge-Apple, M. (2011). Normalizing the development of cortisol regulation in maltreated infants through preventive intervention. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 789-800.
30. Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2005). Child maltreatment. Annual review of clinical psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 409-438). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
31. Cohen, J. A., Berliner, L., & Mannarino, A. (2010). Trauma focused CBT for children with co-occuring trauma and behavior problems. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 215-224.
32. Cohen, R., & Grieve, A. S. (2006). Early life stress and morphometry of the adult anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nuclei. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 975-982.
33. Cole, S.W., Conti, G., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ruggiero, A. M., Heckman, J. J., & Suomi, S. J. (2012). Transcriptional modulation of the developing immune system by early life adversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 20578-20583.
34. Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2010). Marital conflict and children. An emotional security perspective, New York: Guilford Press.
35. Danese, A., Caspi, A., Williams, B., Ambler, A., Sugden, K., & Mika, J., et al. (2011). Biological embedding of stress through inflammation processes in childhood. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 244-246.
36. Danese, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology & Behavior, 106, 29-39.
37. Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Pariante, C. M., Ambler, A., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2008). Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 409-415.
38. Danese,A., Pariante,C.M., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., &Poulton, R. (2007).Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 1319-1324.
39. Danesh, J., Collins, R., Appleby, P., & Peto, R. (1998). Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: Meta-analyses of prospective studies. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 1477-1482.
40. Dannlowski, U., & Stuhrmann, A. (2012). Limbic scars: Long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment revealed by functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 286-293.
41. Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R.W., &Kelley, K.W. (2008). From inflammation to sickness and depression: When the immune system subjugates the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 9, 46-56.
42. Daubenmier, J., Lin, J., Blackburn, E., Hecht, F. M., Kristeller, J., Maninger, N., et al. (2012). Changes in stress, eating, and metabolic factors are related to changes in telomerase activity in a randomized mindfulness intervention pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 917-928.
43. Davidson, R. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Social influences on neuroplasticity: Stress and interventions to promote well-being. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 689-695.
44. Davies, M. N., Volta, M., Pidsley, R., Lunnon, K., Dixit, A., Lovestone, S., et al. (2012). Functional annotation of the human brain methylome identifies tissue-specific epigenetic variation across brain and blood. Genome Biology, 13, R43. doi: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-r43
45. Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M C., Starr, J. M., Whalley, L. J., & Fox, H. C. (2004). The impact of childhood intelligence on later life: Following up the Scottish mental surveys of 1932 and 1947. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 86, 130-147.
46. De Bellis, M. D., & Keshavan, M. S. (2002). Brain structures in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A sociodemographically matched study. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 1066-1078.
47. De Bellis, M. D., & Kuchibhatla, M. (2006). Cerebellar volumes in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 697-703.
48. Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., Runyon,M.K., & Steer, R. A. (2011). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children: Impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length. Depression & Anxiety, 28, 67-75.
49. Diaz, V. A., & Samani, N. J. (2010). Effect of healthy lifestyle behaviors on the association between leukocyte telomere length and coronary artery calcium. American Journal of Cardiology, 106, 659-663.
50. Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Lewis, E., Laurenceau, J. P., & Levine, S. (2008). Effects of an attachment-based intervention on the cortisol production of infants and toddlers in foster care. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 845-859.
51. Drury, S. S., Theall, K., Gleason, M. M., Smyke, A. T., De Vivo, I.,Wong, J.Y. 2011.Telomere length and early severe social deprivation: Linking early adversity and cellular aging. Molecular Psychiatry.17.719-727.
52. Edmiston, E. E., Wang, F., Mazure, C. M., Guiney, J., Sinha, R., Mayes, L. C.et al.2011.Corticostriatal-limbic gray matter morphology in adolescents with self-reported exposure to childhood maltreatment. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine.165.1069-1077
53. Ehrlenbach, S., Willeit, P., Kiechl, S., Willeit, J., Reindl, M., Schanda, K., et al. (2009). Influences on the reduction of relative telomere length over 10 years in the population-based Bruneck Study: Introduction of a well-controlled high-throughput assay. International Journal of Epidemiology 38, 1725-1734.
54. Epel, E. S., Blackburn, E. H., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F. S., Adler, N. E., Morrow, J. D., et al. (2004). Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 17312-17315.
55. Epel, E. S., Merkin, S. S., Cawthon, R., Blackburn, E. H., Adler, N. E., Pletcher, M. J., et al. (2009). The rate of leukocyte telomere shortening predicts mortality from cardiovascular disease in elderly men. Aging, 1, 81-88.
56. Feinberg, A. P. (2010). Epigenomics reveals a functional genome anatomy and a new approach to common disease. Nature Biotechnology, 28, 1049-1052.
57. Felmingham, K., Kemp, A.,Williams, L., Das, P., Hughes, G., & Peduto, A. (2007). Changes in anterior cingulate and amygdala after cognitive behavior therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Science, 18, 127-129.
58. Finkelhor, D. (1997). Zur internationalen Epidemiologie von sexuellem Mißbrauch an Kindern. In G. Amann&R.Wipplinger (Hrsg.), Sexueller Missbrauch. Ü berblick zu Forschung, Beratung und Therapie. Ein Handbuch.72-85.[Sexual abuse. Review on research, counseling and therapy. A compendium] Tübingen: Dgvt-Verlag.
59. Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Re-victimization patterns in a national longitudinal sample of children and youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 479-502.
60. Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., &Turner, H. A. (2009). Lifetime assessment of poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 403-411.
61. Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., & Hamby, S. L., (2009). Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Pediatrics, 124, 1411-1423.
62. Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., Houts, R., Belsky, D. W., Arseneault, L., & Caspi, A. (2012). Bullying victimisation and risk of self harm in early adolescence: Longitudinal cohort study. British Medical Journal, 344, e2683.
63. Fisher, H. L., Schreier, A., Zammit, S., Maughan, B., Munafò, M. R., Lewis, G., & Wolke, D. (2013). Pathways between childhood victimization and psychosis-like symptoms in the ALSPAC birth cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, 1045-1055.
64. Fisher, P. A., Gunnar, M. R., Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (2000). Preventive intervention for maltreated preschool children: Impact on children's behavior, neuroendocrine activity, and foster parent functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1356-1364.
65. Flanagan, J. M., Popendikyte, V., Pozdniakovaite, N., Sobolev, M., Assadzadeh, A., Schumacher, A., et al. (2006). Intra-and interindividual epigenetic variation in human germ cells. American Journal of Human Genetics, 79, 67-84.
66. Fraga, M. F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M. F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar, M. L., et al. (2005). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 10604-10609.
67. Gilbert, R., Kemp, A., Thoburn, J., Sidebotham, P., Radford, L., & Glaser, D., et al. (2009). Recognising and responding to child maltreatment. Lancet, 373, 167-180.
68. Gilbert, R.,Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D.,Webb, E., &Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet, 373, 68-81.
69. Gilbertson, M. W., Paulus, L. A., Williston, S. K., Gurvits, T. V., Lasko, N. B., Pitman, R. K., et al. (2006). Neurocognitive function in monozygotic twins discordant for combat exposure: Relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 484-495.
70. Glass, D., Parts, L., Knowles, D., Aviv, A., & Spector, T. D. (2010). No correlation between childhood maltreatment and telomere length. Biological Psychiatry, 68, e21-e22.
71. Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., & Beedle, A. S. (2007). Early life events and their consequences for later disease: A life history and evolutionary perspective. American Journal of Human Biology, 19, 1-19.
72. Gottfredson, L. S. (2004). Intelligence: Is it the epidemiologists' elusive "fundamental cause" of social class inequalities in health? Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 86, 174-199.
73. Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., & Zaslavsky A. M. 2010 Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 67 113-123.
74. Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 145-73.
75. Hahlweg, K., Baucom, D. H., Grawe-Gerber, M., & Snyder, D. K. (2010). Strengthening couples and families: Dissemination of interventions for the treatment and prevention of couple distress. In K. Hahlweg, M. Grawe-Gerber, & D. H. Baucom (Eds.) Enhancing couples: The shape of couple therapy to come (pp. 3-30). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe
76. Grawe-Gerber, & D. H. Baucom (Eds.), Enhancing couples: The shape of couple therapy to come (pp. 3-30). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
77. Hahlweg, K., Markman, H. J., Thurmaier, F., Engl, J., & Eckert, V. (1998). Prevention of marital distress: Results of a German prospective- longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 543-556.
78. Handschin, C., &Spiegelman, B. M. (2008). The role of exercise and PGC1a in inflammation and chronic disease. Nature, 454, 463-469.
79. Hanson, J. L., Chung, M. K., Avants, B. B., Shirtcliff, E. A., Gee, J. C., & Davidson, R. J. (2010). Early stress is associated with alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex: A tensor-based morphometry investigation of brain structure and behavioral risk. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 7466-7472.
80. Hart, H., &Rubia, K. (2012). Neuroimaging of child abuse:A critical review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1-24.
81. Heidinger, B. J., Blount, J. D., Boner, W., Griffiths, K., Metcalfe, N. B., & Monaghan, P. (2012). Telomere length in early life predicts lifespan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 1743-1748.
82. Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Heit, S., Graham, Y. P., Wilcox, M., Bonsall, R., et al. (2000). Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 592-597.
83. Heijmans, B. T., & Mill, J. (2012). Commentary: The seven plagues of epigenetic epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41, 74-78.
84. Heijmans, B. T., Tobi, E. W., Lumey, L. H., & Slagboom, P. E. (2009). The epigenome: Archive of the prenatal environment. Epigenetics, 4, 526-531.
85. Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006). Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature, 444, 860-867.
86. Howren, M. B., Lamkin, D. M.,& Suls, J. (2009). Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 171-186.
87. Jacobs, T. L., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Wolkowitz, O. M., Bridwell, D. A., et al. (2011). Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 664-681.
88. Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Polo-Tomás, M., & Taylor, A. (2007). Individual, family, and neighborhood factors distinguish resilient from non-resilient maltreated children: A cumulative stressors model. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 231-253.
89. Jaffee, S. R., & Maikovich-Fong, A. K. (2011). Effects of chronic maltreatment and maltreatment timing on children's behavior and cognitive abilities. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 52, 184-194.
90. Jaffee, S. R., & Price, T. S. (2007). Gene-environment correlations: A review of the evidence and implications for prevention of mental illness. Molecular Psychiatry, 12, 432-442.
91. Jansson, E. T. (2005). Alzheimers disease is substantially preventable in the United States-Review of risk factors, therapy, and the prospects for an expert software system. Medical Hypotheses, 64, 960-967.
92. Jaskelioff, M., Muller, F. L., Paik, J. H., Thomas, E., Jiang, S., Adams, A. C., et al. (2011). Telomerase reactivation reverses tissue degeneration in aged telomerase-deficient mice. Nature, 469, 102-106.
93. Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., Rosenfield, D., Norwood,W. D., Spiller, L.,& Stephens, N. (2010). Improving parenting in families referred for child maltreatment: A randomized controlled trial examining effects of project support. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 328-338.
94. Kaiser, J. (2010). Epigenetic drugs take on cancer. Science, 330, 576-578.
95. Kananen, L., Surakka, I., Pirkola, S., Suvisaari, J., Lonnqvist, J., Peltonen, L., et al. (2010). Childhood adversities are associated with shorter telomere length at adult age both in individuals with an anxiety disorder and controls. PLoS ONE, 5, e10826.
96. Kendler, K. S., Bulik, C. M., Silberg, J., Hettema, J. M., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women-An epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 953-959.
97. Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, et al. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 378-385.
98. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Christian, L., Preston, H., Houts, C. R., Malarkey, W. B., & Emery, C. F., et al. (2010). Stress, inflammation, and yoga practice. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 113-121.
99. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Gouin, J. P.,Weng, N. P., Malarkey,W. B., Beversdorf, D. Q., & Glaser, R. (2011). Childhood adversity heightens the impact of later-life caregiving stress on telomere length and inflammation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 16-22.
100. Koenen, K. C., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., & Purcell, S. (2003). Domestic violence is associated with environmental suppression of IQ in young children. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 297-315.
101. Koenen, K. C., Roberts, A., Stone, D., & Dunn, E. (2010). The epidemiology of early childhood trauma. In R. Lanius & E. Vermetten (Eds.), The hidden epidemic: The impact of early life trauma on health and disease (pp. 13-24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. Kowalik, J.,Weller, J., Venter, J., & Drachman, D. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of pediatric posttramatic stress disorder: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 405-413.
103. Krug, E. G. (2002).World report on violence and health. Geneva:World Health Organization. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2002/9241545615-eng. pdf
104. Labonté, B., Suderman, M., Maussion, G., Navaro, L., Yerko, V., Mahar, I., et al. (2012). Genome-wide epigenetic regulation by early-life trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 722-731.
105. Leeb, R. T., Paulozzzi, L., Melanson, C., Simon, T., & Arias, I. (2008). Child maltreatment surveillance. Uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
106. Lupien, S. J., Paulozzzi, L., Melanson, C., Simon, T., & Arias, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 434-445.
107. MacMillan, H.,Wathen, C. N., Barolw, J., Fergussin, D. M., Leventhal, J. M., & Taussig, H. N. (2009). Interventions to prevent child maltreatment and associated impairment. Lancet, 373, 250-266.
108. Markman, H. J., Floyd, F., Stanley, S., & Stoorasli, R. (1988). Prevention of marital distress: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 56, 210-217.
109. Markman, H. J., Renick, M. J., Floyd, F., Stanley, S., &Clements, M. (1993). Preventing marital distress through communication and conflict management training: A 4-and 5-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 61, 70-77.
110. McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2010). Research review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 51, 1079-1095.
111. McEwen, B. S. (2012) Brain on stress: How the social environment gets under the skin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(Suppl. 2), 17180-17185.
112. McGill, H. C., & McMahon, C. A. (2003). Starting earlier to prevent heart disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 2320-2321.
113. McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonte, B., Szyf, M., et al. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 342-348.
114. Medzhitov, R. (2008). Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature, 24, 428-435.
115. Mihalopoulos, C.,Vos, T., Pirkis, J., &Carter, R. (2011). The economic analysis of prevention in mental health programs. Annual Review Clinical Psychology, 7, 169-201
116. Mikton, C., & Butchart, A. (2009). Child maltreatment prevention: A systematic review of reviews. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87, 353-361.
117. Millan, M. J., Agid, Y., Brüne, M., Bullmore, E. T., Carter, C. S., & Clayton, N. S. (2012). Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: Characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 11, 141-168.
118. Miller, A. H., Maletic, V., & Raison, C. L. (2009). Inflammation and its discontents: The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 732-741.
119. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Cole, S. W. (2009): Health psychology: Developing biologically plausible models linking the social world and physical health. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 501-524.
120. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 959-997.
121. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Sze, J., Marin, T., Arevalo, J. M., Doll, R., et al. (2008). A functional genomic fingerprint of chronic stress in humans: Blunted glucocorticoid and increased NF-kB signaling. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 266-272.
122. Miller, G. E., & Cohen, S. (2001). Psychological interventions and the immune system:Ameta-analytic reviewand critique.Health Psychology, 20, 47-63.
123. Miller, G. E., Rohleder, N., & Cole, S. W. (2009). Chronic interpersonal stress predicts activation of pro-and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways 6 months later. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 57-62.
124. Mondelli, V., Cattaneo, A., Belvederi Murri, M., Di Forti, M., Handley, R., Hepgul, N., et al. (2011). Stress and inflammation reduce brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in first-episode psychosis: A pathway to smaller hippocampal volume. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 1677-1684.
125. Nanni, V., Uher, R., & Danese, A. (2012). Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 141-151.
126. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2009). Family, school, and community interventions. In M. E. O'Connell, T. Boat, & K. E.Warner (Eds.), Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities (pp. 157-90).Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
127. Nelson, E. C., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., Cooper, M. L., Dinwiddie, S. H., & Bucholz, K. K., et al. (2002). Association between self-reported childhood sexual abuse and adverse psychosocial outcomes-Results from a twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 139-145.
128. Nguyen, M. D., Julien, J. P., & Rivest, S. (2002). Innate immunity: The missing link in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 216-227.
129. Nixon, R. D., Sterk, J., & Pearce, A. (2012). A randomized trial of cognitive behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy for children with posttraumatic stress disorder following single-incident trauma. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 327-337.
130. Nordfjall, K., Eliasson, M., Stegmayr, B., Melander, O., Nilsson, P., & Roos, G. (2008). Telomere length is associated with obesity parameters but with a gender difference. Obesity, 16, 2682-2689.
131. O'Donovan, A., Epel, E., Lin, J., Wolkowitz, O., Cohen, B., Maguen, S., et al. (2011). Childhood trauma associated with short leukocyte telomere length in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 70, 465-471.
132. O'Donovan, A., Sun, B., Cole, S., Rempel, H., Lenoci, M., Pulliam, L., & Neylan, T., (2011). Transcriptional control of monocyte gene expression in post-traumatic stress disorder. Disease Markers, 30, 123-132.
133. Oke, S. L., & Tracey, K. J. (2009). The inflammatory reflex and the role of complementary and alternative medical therapies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1172, 172-180.
134. Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of children's exposure to domestic violence and child maltreatment: Implications for prevention and intervention. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 6, 161-170.
135. Everlien, C. (2010). Children exposed to domestic violence: Conclusions from the literature and challenges ahead. Journal of Social Work, 10, 80-97.
136. Pace, T. W., Negi, L. T., Dodson-Lavelle, B., Ozawa-de Silva, B., Reddy, S. D. Cole S. P.et al. 2012 Engagement with cognitively-based compassion training is associated with reduced salivary C-reactive protein from before to after training in foster care program adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38.294-299.
137. Perez, C., &Widom, C. (1994). Childhood victimization and long-term intellectual and academic outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 617-633.
138. Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Yule,W. (2000). Practitioner review: The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 41, 277-289.
139. Petronis, A. (2010). Epigenetics as a unifying principle in the aetiology of complex traits and diseases. Nature, 465, 721-727.
140. Pollak, S. D. (2005). Early adversity and mechanisms of plasticity: Integrating affective neuroscience with developmental approaches to psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 735-752.
141. Pollitt, R. A., Rose, K. M., & Kaufman, J. S. (2005). Evaluating the evidence for models of life course socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 5, 7.
142. Prinz, R. J., Sanders, M. R., Shapiro, C. J., Whitaker, D. J., & Lutzker, J. R. (2009). Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: The U.S. Triple P system population trial. Prevention Science, 10, 1-12.
143. Radford, L., Corral, S., Bradley, C., & Fisher, H. L. (2013). The prevalence and impact of child maltreatment and other types of victimization in the UK: Findings from a population suvey of caregivers, children and young people and young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 801-813.
144. Robjant, K., & Fazel, M. (2010). The emerging evidence for narrative exposure therapy: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 1030-1039.
145. Rockhill, B., Newman, B., & Weinberg, C. (1998). Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 15-19.
146. Rodenburg, R., Benjamin, A., de Roos, C., Meijer, A. M., & Stams, G. J. (2009). Efficacy of EMDR in children: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 599-606.
147. Rolfsnes, E. S., & Idsoe, T. (2011). School-based intervention programs for PTSD symptoms: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 155-165.
148. Ross, R. (1999). Atherosclerosis-An inflammatory disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 115-126.
149. Rutten, B. P., & Mill, J. (2009). Epigenetic mediation of environmental influences in major psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 1045-1056.
150. Salloum, A., & Overstreet, S. (2012). Grief and trauma intervention for children after disaster: Exploring coping skills versus trauma narration. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 50, 169-179.
151. Sapolsky, R. (1996). Stress, glucocorticoids, and damage to the nervous system: The current state of confusion. Stress, 1, 1-19.
152. Sarapas, C., Cai, G., Bierer, L. M., Golier, J. A., Galea, S., Ising, M., et al. (2011). Genetic markers for PTSD risk and resilience among survivors of the World Trade Center attacks. Disease Markers, 30, 101-110.
153. Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., Drell, M. J., & Larrieu, J. (1995). Two approaches to the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 191-200.
154. Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. (2004). General mental ability in the world of work: Occupational attainment and job performance. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 86, 162-173.
155. Scott, K. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Smith, D. A. R., & Ellis, P. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and adult DSM-IV mental disorders: Comparison of prospective and retrospective findings. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200, 469-475.
156. Segman, R. H., Shefi, N., Goltser-Dubner, T., Friedman, N., Kaminski, N.,& Shalev, A. Y. (2005). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles identify emergent post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors. Molecular Psychiatry, 10, 500-513.
157. Shalev, I., Moffitt, T. E., Sugden, K.,Williams, B., Houts, R. M., Danese, A., et al. (2012). Exposure to violence during childhood is associated with telomere erosion from 5 to 10 years of age: A longitudinal study. Molecular Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.32
158. Shirtcliff, E. A., Coe, C. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2009). Early childhood stress is associated with elevated antibody levels to herpes simplex virus type 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106, 2963-2967.
159. Shonkoff, J. P. (2012). Leveraging the biology of adversity to address the roots of disparities in health and development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(Suppl. 2), 17302-17307.
160. Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., & the Committee on Psychosocial, Developmental, and Behavioral Pediatrics. (2012). The lifelong effects of childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129, 2011-2663.
161. Shors, T. J. (2006). Stressful experience and learning across the lifespan. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 55-85.
162. Simon, N. M., Smoller, J. W., McNamara, K. L., Maser, R. S., Zalta, A. K., Pollack, M. H., et al. (2006). Telomere shortening and mood disorders: Preliminary support for a chronic stress model of accelerated aging. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 432-435.
163. Slopen, N., Lewis, T. T., Gruenewald, T. L., Mujahid, M. S., Ryff, C. D., & Albert, M. A. (2010). Early life adversity and inflammation in African Americans and Whites in midlife in the United States survey. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 694-701.
164. Smith, A. K., Conneely, K. N., Kilaru, V., Mercer, K. B.,Weiss, T. E., Bradley, B., et al. (2011). Differential immune system DNA methylation and cytokine regulation in post-traumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 156B, 700-708.
165. Soczynska, J. K., Zhang, L., Kennedy, S. H., & McIntyre, R. S. (2012), Are psychiatric disorders inflammatory-based conditions? Psychiatric Times. Advance online publication.
166. Stallard, P. (2006). Psychological inteventions for posttraumatic reactions in children and young people: A review of randomised controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 895-911.
167. Sunde, R. A. (2010). MRNA transcripts as molecular biomarkers in medicine and nutrition. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 21, 665-670.
168. Surtees, P., Wainwright, N., Day, N., Brayne, C., Luben, R., & Khaw, K. T. (2003). Adverse experience in childhood as a developmental risk factor for altered immune status in adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 251-268.
169. Susser, E., &Widom, C. S. (2012). Still searching for the lost truths about the bitter sorrows of childhood. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 672-675.
170. Taylor, C. A., Guterman, N. B., Lee, S. H., & Rathouz, P. J. (2009). Intimate partner violence, maternal stress, nativity, and risk for maternal maltreatment of young children. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 175-183.
171. Taylor, S. E.,Way, B. M., & Seeman, T. E. (2011). Early adversity and adult health outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 939-954.
172. Teicher, M. H., Tomoda, A.,& Andersen, S. L. (2006). Neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment: Are results from human and animal studies comparable? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 313-323.
173. Thomaes, K., & Dorrepaal, E. (2012). Treatment effects on insular and anterior cingulate cortex activation during classic and emotional Stroop interference in child abuse-related complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 22, 1-13.
174. Thurmaier, F., Engl, J., & Hahlweg, K. (1999). Eheglück auf Dauer? Methodik, Inhalte und Effektivität eines präventiven Paarkommunikationstrainings. Ergebnisse nach 5 Jahren [Marital satisfaction forever? Method, content, and effectiveness of a prevention intervention. 5-year results]. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, 28, 64-62.
175. Toth, S. L., Pickreign Stronach, E., Rogosch, F. A., Caplan, R., & Cicchetti, D. (2011). Illogical thinking and thought disorder in maltreated children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 659-668.
176. Tough P. 2011 March 21) The poverty clinic: Can a stressful childhood make you sick? New Yorker Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/ 2011/03/21/110321fa-fact-tough.
177. Turner, H. A., Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. (2010). Poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38, 323-330.
178. Tyrka, A. R., Price, L. H., Kao, H. T., Porton, B., Marsella, S. A., & Carpenter, L. L. (2010). Childhood maltreatment and telomere shortening: Preliminary support for an effect of early stress on cellular aging. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 531-534.
179. Tyrka, A. R., Price, L. H., Marsit, C., Walters, O. C., & Carpenter, L. L. (2012). Childhood adversity and epigenetic modulation of the leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor: Preliminary findings in healthy adults. PLoS ONE, 7, e30148.
180. Uddin, M., Aiello, A. E.,Wildman, D. E., Koenen, K. C., Pawelec, G., de Los Santos, R., et al. (2010). Epigenetic and immune function profiles associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 9470-9475.
181. Valdes, A. M., Andrew, T., Gardner, J. P., Kimura, M., Oelsner, E., Cherkas, L. F., et al. (2005). Obesity, cigarette smoking, and telomere length in women. Lancet, 366, 662-664.
182. Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., et al. (2012). Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 661-671.
183. Vaupel, J. W. (2010). Biodemography of human aging. Nature, 464, 536-542.
184. Vythilingam, M., Heim, C., Newport, J., Miller, A. H., Anderson, E., Bronen, R., et al. (2002). Childhood trauma associated with smaller hippocampal volume in women with major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 2072-2080.
185. Weaver, I. C., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., et al. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 847-854.
186. Wellcome Trust (2006). Ageing: Can we stop the clock? London: Author.
187. Weniger, G., & Lange, C. (2008). Amygdala and hippocampal volumes and cognition in adult survivors of childhood abuse with dissociative disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118, 281-290.
188. Wethington, H. R., Hahn, R. A., Fuqua-Whitley, D. S., Sipe, T. A., Crosby, A. E., Johnson, R. L., et al. (2008). The effectiveness of interventions to reduce psychological harm from tramatic events among children and adolescents: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35, 287-313.
189. Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Bentley, T., & Johnson, M. S. (2012). A prospective investigation of physical health outcomes in abused and neglected children: New findings from a 30-year follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1135-1144.
190. Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 785-796.
191. Wiggins, T. L., Sofronoff, K., & Sanders, M. R. (2009). Pathways Triple Ppositive parenting program: Effects on parent-child relationships and child behavior problems. Family Process, 48, 517-530.
192. Wilson, K. R., Hansen, D. J., & Li, M. (2011). The traumatic stress response in child maltreatment and resultant neuropsychological effects. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 16, 87-97.
193. Winsper, C., Lereya, T., Zanarini, M., & Wolke, D. (2012). Involvement in bullying and suicide-related behavior at 11 years: A prospective birth cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 271-282.
194. Wolinsky, H. (2011). Testing time for telomeres. Telomere length can tell us something about disease susceptibility and ageing, but are commercial tests ready for prime time? EMBO Reports, 12, 897-900.
195. Wong, C. C., Caspi, A., Williams, B., Craig, I. W., Houts, R., Ambler, A., et al. (2010). A longitudinal study of epigenetic variation in twins. Epigenetics, 5, 516-526.
196. Woon, F. L., & Hedges, D.W. (2008). Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Hippocampus, 18, 729-736.
197. World Health Organization. (2001). TheWorld Health Report 2001-Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Geneva: Author.
198. Yehuda, R., Cai, G., Golier, J. A., Sarapas, C., Galea, S., Ising, M., et al. (2009). Gene expression patterns associated with posttraumatic stress disorder following exposure to the World Trade Center attacks. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 708-711.
199. Yu,W. Y., Chang, H.W., Lin, C. H., & Cho, C. L. (2008). Short telomeres in patients with chronic schizophrenia who show a poor response to treatment. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience, 33, 244-247.
200. Zhang, M. J., & Spite, M. (2012). Resolvins: Anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediators derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Annual Review of Nutrition, 32, 203-227.