Adverse experience in childhood as a developmental risk factor for altered immune status in adulthood

International Journal of Behavioral Medicine

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 251-268

  Surtees, Paul ^a   Wainwright, Nicholas ^a   Day, Nicholas ^a   Brayne, Carol ^b   Luben, Robert ^a   Khaw, Kay Tee ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Abuse; Adversity; Childhood; Cohort studies; Immunity; Leukocytes

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ARTICLE; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DIVORCE; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNE STATUS; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LIFESTYLE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0041358809     PISSN: 10705503     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/S15327558IJBM1003_05     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Bifulco, A., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1994). Childhood experience of care and abuse (CECA): A retrospective interview measure. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1419-1435.
3. Bifulco, A., Brown, G. W., Moran, P., Ball, C., & Campbell, C. (1998). Predicting depression in women: The role of past and present vulnerability. Psychological Medicine, 28, 39-50.
4. Bifulco, A., & Moran, P. (1998). Wednesday's child: Research into women's experience of neglect and abuse in childhood, and adult depression. London: Routledge.
5. Bingham, S. A., Welch, A. A., McTaggart, A., Mulligan, A. A., Runswick, S. A., Luben, R., Oakes, S., Khaw, K. T., Wareham, N., & Day, N. E. (2001). Nutritional methods in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer in Norfolk. Public Health Nutrition, 4, 847-858.
6. Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1987). Statistical methods in cancer research: Volume II - The design and analysis of cohort studies. London: Oxford University Press.
7. Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Gotlib, I. H. (1993). Psychopathology & early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports. Psychological Bulletin. 113, 82-98.
8. Brown, D. W., Giles, W. H., & Croft, J. B. (2001). White blood cell count: an independent predictor of coronary heart disease mortality among a national cohort. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54, 316-322.
9. Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. London: Tavistock.
10. Brugha, T., Bebbington, P., Tennant, C., & Hurry, J. (1985). The list of threatening experiences - A subset of 12 life event categories with considerable long-term contextual threat. Psychological Medicine, 15, 189-194.
11. Brugha, T. S., & Cragg, D. (1990). The list of threatening experiences - The reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82, 77-81.
12. Caldji, C., Liu, D., Sharma, S., Diorio, J., Francis, D., Meaney, M. J., & Plotsky, P. M. (2001). Development of individual differences in behavioral and endocrine responses to stress: Role of the postnatal environment. In B. S. McEwen (Ed.), Handbook of physiology section 7 (Vol. 4, pp. 271-292). New York: Oxford University Press.
13. Cicchetti, D., & Walker, E. F. (2001). Editorial: Stress and development: Biological and psychological consequences. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 413-418.
14. Coe, C. L. (1993). Psychosocial factors and immunity in nonhuman primates - A review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 298-308.
15. Coe, C. L. (1999). Psychosocial factors and psychoneuroimmunology within a lifespan perspective. In D. P. Keating & C. Hertzman (Eds.), Developmental health and the wealth of nations: Social, biological, and educational dynamics (pp. 201-219). London: Guildford.
16. Crowell, R. J., & Samet, J. M. (1995). Invited commentary: Why does the white blood cell count predict mortality? American Journal of Epidemiology, 142, 499-501.
17. Day, N., Oakes, S., Luben, R., Khaw, K.-T., Bingham, S., Welch, A., & Wareham, N. (1999). EPIC-Norfolk: Study design and characteristics of the cohort. British Journal of Cancer, 80 (Supplement 1), 95-103.
18. De Bellis, M. D. (2001). Developmental traumatology: The psychobiological development of maltreated children and its implications for research, treatment, and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 539-564.
19. De Bellis, M. D., Baum, A. S., Birmaher, B., Keshavan, M. S., Eccard, C. H., Boring, A. M., Jenkins, F. J., & Ryan, N. D. (1999). Developmental traumatology: Part I. Biological stress systems. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1259-1270.
20. Deary, I. J., Bedford, A., & Fowkes, F. G. R. (1995). The Personality Deviance Scales: Their development, associations, factor structure and restructuring. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 275-291.
21. Dhabhar, F. S., & McEwen, B. S. (2001). Bidirectional effects of stress and glucocorticoid hormones on immune function: possible explanations for paradoxical observations. In R. Ader, D. L. Felten, & N. Cohen (Eds.), Psychoneuroimmunology (Vol. 1, pp. 301-338). San Diego: Academic.
22. Dillman, D. A. (1978). Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method. New York: Wiley.
23. Dinwiddie, S., Health, A. C., Dunne, M. P., Bucholz, E. K., Madden, P. A. F., Slutske, W. S., Bierut, L. J., Statham, D. B., & Martin, N. G. (2000). Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: A co-twin control study. Psychological Medicine, 30, 41-52.
24. Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D. F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span - Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 3089-3096.
25. Ellas, P., Halstead, K., & Prandy, K. (1993). CASOC: Computer-assisted standard occupational coding. London: HMSO.
26. Elkind, M. S., Cheng, J. F., Boden-Albala, B., Paik, M. C., & Sacco, R. L. (2001). Elevated white blood cell count and carotid plaque thickness - The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke, 32, 842-849.
27. Ernst, E., Hammerschmidt, D. E., Bagge, U., Matrai, A., & Dormandy, J. A. (1987). Leukocytes and the risk of ischemic diseases. Journal of the American Medical Association, 257, 2318-2324.
28. Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245-258.
29. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Woodward, L. J. (2000). The stability of child abuse reports: A longitudinal study of the reporting behavior of young adults. Psychological Medicine, 30, 529-544.
30. Fukunaga, T., Mizoi, Y., Yamashita, A., Yamada, M., Yamamoto, Y., Tatsuno, Y., & Nishi, K. (1992). Thymus of abused neglected children. Forensic Science International, 53, 69-79.
31. Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861-863.
32. Goldsby, R. A., Kindt, T. J., & Osborne, B. A. (2000). Kuby immunology (4th ed.). New York: Freeman.
33. Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001). The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: Preclinical and clinical studies. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1023-1039.
34. Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Bonsall, R., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001). Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 575-581.
35. Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Heit, S., Graham, Y. P., Wilcox, M., Bonsall, R., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2000). Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 592-597.
36. Herbert, T. B., & Cohen, S. (1993). Stress and immunity in humans - A meta-analytic review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 364-379.
37. Hertzman, C. (1999). The biological embedding of early experience and its effects on health in adulthood. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 85-95.
38. Hope, S., Power, C., & Rodgers, B. (1998). The relationship between parental separation in childhood and problem drinking in adulthood. Addiction, 93, 505-514.
39. James, A. L., Knuiman, M. W., Divitini, M. L., Musk, A. W., & Ryan, G. (1999). Associations between white blood cell count, lung function, respiratory illness and mortality: The Busselton Health Study. European Respiratory Journal, 13, 1115-1119.
40. Kannel, W. B., Anderson, K., & Wilson, P. W. F. (1992). White blood cell count and cardiovascular disease - insights from the Framingham Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 1253-1256.
41. Keating, D. P., & Hertzman, C. (Eds.). (1999). Developmental health and the wealth of nations. London: Guildford.
42. Kelly, S., Hertzman, C., & Daniels, M. (1997). Searching for the biological pathways between stress and health. Annual Review of Public Health, 18, 437-462.
43. Kendler, K. S., Bulik, C. M., Silberg, J., Hettema, J. M., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women - An epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 953-959.
44. Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992). Childhood parental loss and adult psychopathology in women - A twin study perspective. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 109-116.
45. Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Prescott, C. A., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., Corey, L. A., & Eaves, L. J. (1996). Childhood parental loss and alcoholism in women: A causal analysis using a twin-family design. Psychological Medicine, 26, 79-95.
46. Kessler, R. C., Davis, C. G., & Kendler, K. S. (1997). Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1101-1119.
47. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S. Y., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H. U., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States - results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
48. Khaw, K.-T., Bingham, S., Welch, A., Luben, R., Wareham, N., Oakes, S., & Day, N. (2001). Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: A prospective population study. Lancet, 357, 657-663.
49. Kuh, D., Power, C., Blane, D., & Bartley, M. (1997). Social pathways between childhood and adult health. In D. Kuh and Y. Ben-Shlomo (Eds.), A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology (pp. 169-198). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
50. Lee, C. D., Folsom, A. R., Nieto, F. J., Chambless, L. E., Shahar, E., & Wolfe, D. A. (2001). White blood cell count and incidence of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke and mortality from cardiovascular disease in African American and white men and women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154, 758-764.
51. Lewis, M. H., Gluck, J. P., Petitto, J. M., Hensley, L. L., & Ozer, H. (2000). Early social deprivation in nonhuman primates: Long-term effects on survival and cell-mediated immunity. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 119-126.
52. Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., Sharma, S., Pearson, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1997). Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, 277, 1659-1662.
53. MacMillan, H. L., Fleming, J. E., Streiner, D. L., Lin, E., Boyle, M. H., Jamieson, E., Duku, E. K., Walsh, C. A., Wong, M. Y. Y., & Beardslee, W. R. (2001). Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1878-1883.
54. Maughan, B., & Rutter, M. (1997). Retrospective reporting of childhood adversity. Issues in assessing long-term recall. Journal of Personality Disorders, 11, 19-33.
55. McCauley, J., Kern, D. E., Kolodner, K., Dill, L., Schroeder, A. F., DeChant, H. K., Ryden, J., Derogatis, L. R., & Bass, E. B. (1997). Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse - Unhealed wounds. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 1362-1368.
56. McEwen, B. S. (2001). Neurobiology of interpreting and responding to stressful events: Paradigmatic role of the hippocampus. In B. S. McEwen (Ed.), Handbook of physiology section 7 (Vol. 4, pp. 155-178). New York: Oxford University Press.
57. Molnar, B. E., Berkman, L. F., & Buka, S. L. (2001a). Psychopathology, childhood sexual abuse and other childhood adversities: Relative links to subsequent suicidal behavior in the U.S. Psychological Medicine, 31, 965-977.
58. Molnar, B. E., Buka, S. L., & Kessler, R. C. (2001b). Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 753-760.
59. Mullen, P. E., King, N. J., & Tonge, B. J. (2000). Child sexual abuse: An overview. Behavior Change, 17, 2-14.
60. Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, G. P. (1993). Childhood sexual abuse and mental health in adult life., British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 721-732.
61. Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, G. P. (1996). The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 7-21.
62. Nelson, E. C., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., Cooper, M. L., Dinwiddie, S. H., Bucholz, K. K., Glowinski, A., McLaughlin, T., Dunne, M. P., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2002). Association between self-reported childhood sexual abuse and adverse psychosocial outcomes. Results from a twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 139-145.
63. Nieto, F. J., Szklo, M., Folsom, A. R., Rock, R., & Mercuri, M. (1992). Leukocyte count correlates in middle-aged adults - The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 136, 525-537.
64. Power, C., & Hertzman, C. (1997). Social and biological pathways linking early life and adult disease. British Medical Bulletin, 53, 210-221.
65. Power, C., & Hertzman, C. (1999). Health, well-being, and coping skills. In D. P. Keating and C. Hertzman (Eds.), Developmental health and the wealth of nations: Social, biological, and educational dynamics (pp. 41-54). London: Guildford.
66. Power, C., & Matthews, S. (1998). Accumulation of health risks across social groups in a national longitudinal study. In S. S. Strickland & P. S. Shetty (Eds.), Human biology and social inequality. 39th symposium volume of the society for the study of human biology (pp. 36-57). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Power, C., Matthews, S., & Manor, O. (1998). Inequalities in self-rated health: Explanations from different stages of life. Lancet, 351, 1009-1014.
68. Putnam, F. W., & Trickett, P. K. (1997). Psychobiological effects of sexual abuse - A longitudinal study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 821, 150-159.
69. Quanjer, P. H., Tammeling, G. J., Cotes, J. E., Pedersen, O. F., Peslin, R., & Yernault, J. C. (1993). Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report working party standardization of lung function tests European Community for Steel and Coal. Official statement of the European Respiratory Society. European Respiratory Journal, 6(Suppl. 16), 5-40.
70. Romans, S. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Oshea, M. L., & Mullen, P. E. (1995). Factors that mediate between child sexual abuse and adult psychological outcome. Psychological Medicine, 25, 127-142.
71. Ross, R. (1999). Atherosclerosis - An inflammatory disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 115-126.
72. Rossi, A. S. (2001). Developmental roots of adult social responsibility. In A. S. Rossi (Ed.), Caring and doing for others: social responsibility in the domains of family, work, and community (pp. 227-320). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
73. Sanchez, M. M., Ladd, C. O., & Plotsky, P. M. (2001). Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: Evidence from rodent and primate models. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 419-449.
74. Sapolsky, R. M. (1997). The importance of a well-groomed child. Science, 277, 1620-1621.
75. Schwartz, J., & Weiss, S. T. (1991). Host and environmental factors influencing the peripheral blood leukocyte count. American Journal of Epidemiology, 134, 1402-1409.
76. Sothern, R. B., & Roitman-Johnson, B. (2001). Biological rhythms and immune function. In R. Ader, D. L. Felten & N. Cohen (Eds.), Psychoneuroimmunology (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 445-479). San Diego: Academic.
77. Spencer, R. L., Kalman, B. A., & Dhabhar, F. S. (2001). Role of endogenous glucocorticoids in immune system function: regulation and counterregulation. In B. S. McEwen (Ed.), Handbook physiology section 7 (Vol. 4, pp. 381-423). New York: Oxford University Press.
78. Surtees, P., & Wainwright, N. (2000). The timing of lives. Loss events over the life course and the onset of depression. In T. Harris (Ed.), Where inner and outer worlds meet. Psychosocial research in the tradition of George W. Brown (pp. 171-194). London: Routledge
79. Surtees, P. G., Wainwright, N. W. J., & Brayne, C. (2000). Psychosocial aetiology of chronic disease: A pragmatic approach to the assessment of lifetime affective morbidity in an EPIC component study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54, 114-122.
80. Surtees, P. G., Wainwright, N. W. J., Khaw, K.-T., Luben, R. L., Brayne, C., & Day, N. (in press). Inflammatory dispositions: A population-based study of the association between hostility and peripheral leukocyte counts. Personality and Individual Differences.
81. Sweetnam, P. M., Thomas, H. F., Yarnell, J. W. G., Baker, I. A., & Elwood, P. C. (1997). Total and differential leukocyte counts as predictors of ischemic heart disease: The Caerphilly and Speedwell studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 145, 416-421.
82. Vuilleumier, J. P., & Keck, E. (1989). Fluorometric assay of vitamin C in biological materials using a centrifugal analyser with fluorescence attachment. Journal of Micronutrient Analysis, 5, 25-34.
83. Wainwright, N. W. J., & Surtees, P. G. (2002). Childhood adversity, gender and depression over the life-course. Journal of Affective Disorders, 72, 33-44.
84. Walker, E., Gelfand, A., Katon, W. J., Koss, M. P., Von Korff, M., Bernstein, D., & Russo, J. (1999). Adult health status of women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect. American Journal of Medicine, 107, 332-339.
85. 1 and peripheral blood leukocyte count to total mortality: The Normative Aging Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142, 493-498.
86. Wong, M. Y., Day, N. E., Bashir, S. A., & Duffy, S. W. (1999a). Measurement error in epidemiology: The design of validation studies I: Univariate situation. Statistics in Medicine, 18, 2815-2829.
87. Zorrilla, E. P., Luborsky, L., McKay, J. R., Rosenthal, R., Houldin, A., Tax, A., McCorkle, R., Seligman, D. A., & Schmidt, K. (2001). The relationship of depression and stressors to immunological assays: A meta-analytic review. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 15, 199-226.