Psychological interventions for post-traumatic reactions in children and young people: A review of randomised controlled trials

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 26, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 895-911

  Stallard, Paul ^a,b  

^a ROYAL UNITED HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BATH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CBT; Children: Post traumatic reactions; Randomised controlled trials

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; ATTITUDE TO ILLNESS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE REHABILITATION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISASTER; EARTHQUAKE; ELECTRIC ACCIDENT; ELECTRIC INJURY; FLOODING; HUMAN; MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE, SEXUAL; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEOPLASMS; PARENTS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; VIOLENCE;

EID: 33749066732     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.09.005     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Aaron J., Zaglul H., and Emery R.E. Post-traumatic stress in children following acute physical injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 24 (1999) 335-343
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th Ed (1994) Washington DC
3. Begg C.B., Cho M.K., Eastwood S., Horton R., Moher D., Olkin I., et al. Improving the quality of reporting randomised controlled trials: The CONSORT statement. Journal of the American Medical Association 276 (1996) 637-639
4. Bisson J.I., Shepherd J.P., Joy D., Probert R., and Newcombe R.G. Early cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms after physical injury. British Journal of Psychiatry 184 (2004) 63-69
5. Brewin C.R., Dalgleish T., and Joseph S. A dual representation theory of post traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review 103 (1996) 670-686
6. Brewin C.R., and Holmes E.A. Psychological theories of post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review 23 (2003) 339-376
7. Brown E.J., and Kolko D.J. Child victims' attributions about being physically abused: An examination of factors associated with symptom severity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 27 4 (1999) 311-322
8. Bryant B., Mayou R., Wiggs L., Ehlers A., and Stores G. Psychological consequences of road traffic accidents for children and their mothers. Psychological Medicine 34 (2004) 335-346
9. Bryant R.A., Harvey A.G., Dang S.T., Sackville T., and Basten C. Treatment of acute stress disorder: A comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy and supportive counselling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998) 862-866
10. Bryant R.A., Moulds M.L., and Nixon R.V.D. Cognitive behaviour therapy for acute stress disorder: A four-year follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy 41 (2003) 489-494
11. Bryant R.A., Sackville T., Dang S.T., Moulds M., and Guthrie R. Treating acute stress disorder: An evaluation of cognitive behaviour therapy and supportive counselling techniques. American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (1999) 1780-1786
12. Carrion V.G., Weems C.F., Ray R., and Reiss A.L. Towards an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: The phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41 2 (2002) 166-173
13. Casswell G. Learning from the aftermath: The response of mental health workers to a school bus crash. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2 4 (1997) 517-523
14. Celano M., Hazzard A., Webb C., and McCall C. Treatment of traumagenic beliefs among sexually abused girls and their mothers: An evaluation study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 24 (1996) 1-16
15. Chemtob C., Nakashima J., and Carlson J. Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related post traumatic stress disorder: A field study. Journal of Clinical Psychology 58 (2002) 99-112
16. Clarke G.N., Rhode P., Lewinsohn P.M., Hops H., and Seeley J.R. Cognitive behavioural treatment of adolescent depression: Efficacy of acute group treatment and booster sessions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38 3 (1999) 272-279
17. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behaviour sciences. 2nd Ed (1988), Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J
18. Cohen J.A. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37 10 Supplement (1998)
19. Cohen J.A., Deblinger E., Mannarino A.P., and Steer R.A. A multisite randomised controlled trial for children with sexual abuse related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43 4 (2004) 393-402
20. Cohen J.A., and Mannarino A.P. A treatment outcome study for sexually abused children: Initial findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35 1 (1996) 42-50
21. Cohen J.A., and Mannarino A.P. A treatment study for sexually abused preschool children: Outcome during a one-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36 9 (1997) 1228-1235
22. Cohen J.A., and Mannarino A.P. Interventions for sexually abused children; initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment 3 1 (1998) 17-26
23. Cohen J., Mannarino A.P., Berliner L., and Deblinger E. Trauma focused cognitive behaviour therapy for children and adolescents: An empirical update. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 15 11 (2000) 1202-1223
24. Cohen J.A., Mannarino A.P., and Knudsen K. Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43 10 (2004) 1225-1233
25. Cohen J.A., Mannarino A.P., and Knudsen K. Treating sexually abused children: 1-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Child Abuse and Neglect 29 (2005) 135-145
26. Curran P.S., Bell P., Murray A., Loughrey G., Roddy R., and Rocke L.G. Psychological consequences of the Enniskillen bombing. British Journal of Psychiatry 156 (1990) 479-482
27. Deblinger E., Lippmann J., and Steer R. Sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment 1 4 (1996) 310-321
28. Deblinger E., Stauffer L.B., and Steer R.A. Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioural group therapies for young children who have been sexually abused and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreatment 6 4 (2001) 332-343
29. Deblinger E., Steer R.A., and Lippmann J. Two-year follow-up study of cognitive behavioural therapy for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms. Child Abuse and Neglect 23 12 (1999) 1371-1378
30. Dollinger S.J., O'Donnell J.P., and Staley A.A. Lightening-strike disaster; effects on children's fears and worries. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 52 (1984) 1028-1038
31. Dyregrov A., Gupta L., Gjestad R., and Mukanoheli E. Trauma exposure and psychological reactions to genocide among Rwandan children. Journal of Traumatic Stress 13 (2000) 3-21
32. Ehlers A., and Clark D.M. A cognitive model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 (2000) 319-345
33. Ehlers A., Clark D.M., Hackmann A., McManus F., and Fennell M. Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Development and evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43 (2005) 413-431
34. Ehlers A., Mayou R.A., and Bryant B. Cognitive predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in children: Results of a prospective longitudinal study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 41 1 (2003) 1-10
35. Ehntholt K.A., Smith P.A., and Yule W. School-based cognitive-behavioural therapy group intervention for refugee children who have experienced war-related trauma. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 10 2 (2005) 235-250
36. Fergusson D.M., Lynskey M.T., and Horwood L.J. Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: 1. Prevalence of sexual abuse and factors associated with sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 10 (1996) 1355-1364
37. Finkelhor D., and Browne A. The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 55 (1985) 500-541
38. Fletcher K.E. Childhood post-traumatic stress disorder. In: Mash E.J., and Barkley R. (Eds). Child psychopathology (1996), Guilford Press, New York 248-276
39. Foa E.B., Steketee G., and Rothbaum B.O. Behavioral/cognitive conceptualization of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy 20 (1989) 155-176
40. Goenjian A.K., Karayan I., Pynoos R.S., Minassian D., Najarian L.N., Steinberg A.M., et al. Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 4 (1997) 536-542
41. Green B.L., Korol M., Grace M.C., Vary M.G., Leonard A.C., Glesser G.C., et al. Children and disaster: Age, gender and parental effects on PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30 (1991) 945-951
42. Hulley S.B., Cummings S.R., Browner W.S., Grady D., Hearst N., and Newman T.B. Designing clinical research - an epidemiological approach (1988), Lippincott, Williams and Watkins
43. Jaberghaderi N., Greenwald R., Rubin A., Zand S.O., and Dolatabadi S. A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused Iranian girls. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 11 (2004) 358-368
44. Joseph S., Brewin C., Yule W., and Williams R. Causal attributions and post-traumatic stress in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 34 (1993) 247-253
45. Kassam-Adams N., and Winston F.K. Predicting child PTSD: The relationship between acute stress disorder and PTSD in injured children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43 4 (2004) 403-411
46. Kazak A.E., Alderfer M.A., Rourke M.T., Simms S., Streisand R., and Grossman J.R. Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in families of adolescent childhood cancer survivors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 29 3 (2004) 211-219
47. Kazak A.E., Alderfer M.A., Streisand R., Simms S., Rourke M.T., Barakat L.P., et al. Treatment of post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescent survivors of childhood cancer and their families: A randomised clinical trial. Journal of Family Psychology 18 3 (2004) 493-504
48. Kazdin A.E., and Weisz R. Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent therapy outcome research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998) 19-26
49. Keppel-Benson J.M., Ollendick T.H., and Benson M.J. Post traumatic stress in children following motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 43 2 (2001) 203-212
50. King N.J., Tonge B.J., Mullen P., Myerson N., Heyne D., Rollings S., et al. Treating sexually abused children with post-traumatic stress symptoms: A randomised clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39 11 (2000) 1347-1355
51. Kolko D.J. Individual cognitive behavioural treatment and family therapy for physically abused children and their offending parents: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Child Maltreatment 1 4 (1996) 322-342
52. Lacey G.N. Observations of Aberfan. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 16 (1972) 257-260
53. March J.S., Amaya-Jackson L., Murray M.C., and Schulte A. Cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy for children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder after a single-incident stressor. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37 6 (1998) 585-593
54. McFarlane A. Family functioning and overprotection following a natural disaster; the longitudinal effect of post-traumatic morbidity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 21 (1987) 210-218
55. Meiser-Stedman R. Towards a cognitive-behavioural model of PTSD in children and adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 5 (2002) 217-232
56. Mowrer O.H. Learning theory and behaviour (1960), Wiley, New York
57. National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care (2005). http://www.nice.org.uk www.nice.org.uk
58. Nauta M.H., Scholing A., Emmelkamp P.M.G., and Minderaa R.B. Cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety disordered children in a clinical setting: Does additional cognitive parent training enhance treatment effectiveness?. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 8 (2001) 300-340
59. Nauta M.H., Scholing A., Emmelkamp P.M.G., and Minderaa R.B. Cognitive behaviour therapy for children with anxiety disorders in a clinical setting: No additional effect of a cognitive parent training. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42 11 (2003) 1270-1278
60. Parker J., Watts H., and Allsopp M.R. Post-traumatic stress symptoms in children and parents following a school-based fatality. Child: Care, Health and Development 21 3 (1995) 183-189
61. Pynoos R.S., Fredrick C., Nader K., Arroyo W., Steinberg A., Eth S., et al. Life threat and post traumatic stress in school-age children. Archives of General Psychiatry 44 (1987) 1057-1063
62. Pynoos R.S., Goenjian A., Tashjian M., Karakashian M., Manjikian R., Manoukian G., et al. Post-traumatic stress reactions in children after the 1988 Armenian Earthquake. British Journal of Psychiatry 163 (1993) 239-247
63. Ramchandani P., and Jones D.P.H. Treating psychological symptoms in sexually abused children. British Journal of Psychiatry 183 (2003) 484-490
64. Salmon K., and Bryant R.A. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors. Clinical Psychology Review 22 (2002) 163-188
65. Scheeringa M.S., Peebles C.D., Cook C.A., and Zeanah C.H. Towards establishing procedural, criterion, and discriminative validity for PTSD in early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40 1 (2001) 52-60
66. Scheeringa M.S., and Zeanah C.H. A relational perspective on PTSD in early childhood. Journal of Traumatic Stress 14 4 (2001) 799-815
67. Scheeringa M.S., Zeanah C.H., Drell M.J., and Larrieu J.A. Two approaches to diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 (1995) 191-200
68. Scheeringa M.S., Zeanah C.H., Myers L., and Putman F.W. New findings on alternative criteria for PTSD in preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42 (2003) 561-570
69. Spence S.H., Donovan C., and Brechman-Toussaint M. The treatment of childhood social phobia: The effectiveness of a social skills training based, cognitive-behavioural intervention, with and without parental involvement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41 6 (2000) 713-726
70. Stallard P. A retrospective analysis to explore the applicability of the Ehlers and Clark (2000) cognitive model to explain PTSD in children. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 31 (2003) 337-345
71. Stallard P., Salter E., and Velleman R. Post-traumatic stress disorder following road traffic accidents; a second prospective study. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 13 (2004) 172-178
72. Stallard P., Velleman R., and Baldwin S. Prospective study of post-traumatic stress disorder in children involved in road traffic accidents. British Medical Journal 317 (1998) 1619-1623
73. Stallard P., Velleman R., Langsford J., and Baldwin S. Coping and psychological distress in children involved in road traffic accidents. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 40 (2001) 197-208
74. Stein B., Comer D., Gardner W., and Kelleher K. Prospective study of displaced children's symptoms in wartime Bosnia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 34 (1999) 464-469
75. Stein B.D., Jaycox L.H., Kataoka S.H., Wong M., Tu W., Elliott M.N., et al. A mental health intervention for school children exposed to violence: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 290 5 (2003) 603-611
76. Terr L.C. Chowchilla revisited: The effect of psychic trauma four years after a school bus kidnapping. American Journal of Psychiatry 140 (1983) 1543-1550
77. Thabet A.A.M., and Vostanis P. Post-traumatic stress reactions in children of war. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 3 (1999) 385-391
78. Trowell J., Kolvin I., Weeramanthri H., Sadowski, Berelowitz M., Galsser D., et al. Psychotherapy for sexually abused girls: Psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. British Journal of Psychiatry 180 (2002) 234-247
79. Udwin O., Boyle S., Yule W., Bolton D., and O'Ryan D. Risk factors for long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: Predictors of post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41 8 (2000) 969-979
80. Vernberg E.M., La Greca A.M., Silverman W.K., and Prinstein M.J. Prediction of post-traumatic stress symptoms in children after Hurricane Andrew. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105 (1996) 237-248
81. Vickers B. Cognitive model of the maintenance and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder applied to children and adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 10 2 (2005) 217-234
82. Vila G., Porche L.M., and Mouren-Simeoni M.C. An 18-month longitudinal study of post-traumatic disorders in children who were taken hostage in their school. Psychosomatic Medicine 61 (1999) 746-754
83. Winje D., and Ulvik A. Long-term outcome of trauma in children: The psychological consequences of a bus accident. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39 5 (1998) 635-642
84. Yule W., Bolton D., Udwin O., Boyle S., O'Ryan D., and Nurrish J. The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: 1. The incidence and course of PTSD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41 4 (2000) 503-511
85. Yule W., and Williams R. Post-traumatic stress reactions in children. Journal of Traumatic Stress 3 (1990) 279-295