The non-coding road towards cardiac regeneration

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 909-923

  Hudson, James E ^a,b   Porrello, Enzo R ^a  

^a School of Biomedical Sciences St Lucia   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cardiac progenitor cells; Cardiomyocyte proliferation; Direct reprogramming; Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA); MicroRNA; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA; MICRORNA; MICRORNA 1; MICRORNA 133; MICRORNA 143; MICRORNA 145; MICRORNA 15; MICRORNA 17; MICRORNA 182; MICRORNA 199A; MICRORNA 208; MICRORNA 21; MICRORNA 221; MICRORNA 23; MICRORNA 24; MICRORNA 27; MICRORNA 34A; MICRORNA 378; MICRORNA 499; MICRORNA 590; MICRORNA 92A; PARVOVIRUS VECTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNTRANSLATED RNA;

ADULT STEM CELL; ARTICLE; BRAVEHEART GENE; CARDIAC REGENERATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; FENDRR GENE; FIBROBLAST; GENE; GENE TARGETING; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN RNA BINDING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE REGENERATION; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM;

ANIMALS; CELL PROLIFERATION; FIBROBLASTS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC THERAPY; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; REGENERATION; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; RNA, UNTRANSLATED; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STEM CELLS;

EID: 84890449714     PISSN: 19375387     EISSN: 19375395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9486-8     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Gaasch, W. H.; Zile, M. R. (2004). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure. Annual Review of Medicine, 55, 373-394. doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104417.
2. Mann, D. L. (1999). Mechanisms and models in heart failure: A combinatorial approach. Circulation, 100(9), 999-1008.
3. McMurray, J. J.; Adamopoulos, S.; Anker, S. D.; Auricchio, A.; Bohm, M.; Dickstein, K.; et al. (2012). ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European heart journal, 33(14), 1787-1847. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ ehs104.
4. Bristow, M. R. (2000). Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure. Circulation, 101(5), 558-569.
5. C-IIa, C. (1999). The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A randomised trial. Lancet, 353(9146), 9-13.
6. Hjalmarson, A.; Goldstein, S.; Fagerberg, B.; Wedel, H.; Waagstein, F.; Kjekshus, J.; et al. (2000). Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: The Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group. JAMA, 283(10), 1295-1302.
7. Packer, M.; Fowler, M. B.; Roecker, E. B.; Coats, A. J.; Katus, H. A.; Krum, H.; et al. (2002). Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: Results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation, 106(17), 2194-2199.
8. Garg, R.; Yusuf, S. (1995). Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. JAMA, 273(18), 1450-1456.
9. Cohn, J. N.; Tognoni, G. (2001). A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. The New England Journal of Medicine, 345(23), 1667-1675. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010713.
10. Rogers, J. H.; Bolling, S. F. (2012). What to do with functional mitral regurgitation: What do we really know and how can we find out? European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 42(6), 915-917. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs472.
11. Leon, M. B.; Smith, C. R.; Mack, M.; Miller, D. C.; Moses, J. W.; Svensson, L. G.; et al. (2010). Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363(17), 1597-1607. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1008232.
12. Yun, K. L.; Miller, D. C. (1991). Mitral valve repair versus replacement. Cardiology Clinics, 9(2), 315-327.
13. Doenst, T.; Cleland, J. G.; Rouleau, J. L.; She, L.; Wos, S.; Ohman, E. M.; et al. (2013). Influence of crossover on mortality in a randomized study of revascularization in patients with systolic heart failure and coronary artery disease. Circulation Heart Failure. doi: 10.1161/circheartfailure.112.000130.
14. Wijns, W.; Kolh, P.; Danchin, N.; Di Mario, C.; Falk, V.; Folliguet, T.; et al. (2010). Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. European Heart Journal, 31(20), 2501-2555. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq277.
15. Phillips, H. R.; O'Connor, C. M.; Rogers, J. (2007). Revascularization for heart failure. American Heart Journal, 153(4 Suppl), 65-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.01.026.
16. Krijnen, P. A.; Nijmeijer, R.; Meijer, C. J.; Visser, C. A.; Hack, C. E.; Niessen, H. W. (2002). Apoptosis in myocardial ischaemia and infarction. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 55(11), 801-811.
17. Mollova, M.; Bersell, K.; Walsh, S.; Savla, J.; Das, L. T.; Park, S. Y.; et al. (2013). Cardiomyocyte proliferation contributes to heart growth in young humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(4), 1446-1451. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1214608110.
18. Bergmann, O.; Bhardwaj, R. D.; Bernard, S.; Zdunek, S.; Barnabe-Heider, F.; Walsh, S.; et al. (2009). Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science, 324(5923), 98-102. doi: 10.1126/science.1164680.
19. van Empel, V. P.; Bertrand, A. T.; Hofstra, L.; Crijns, H. J.; Doevendans, P. A.; De Windt, L. J. (2005). Myocyte apoptosis in heart failure. Cardiovascular Research, 67(1), 21-29. doi: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.04.012.
20. MacLellan, W. R.; Schneider, M. D. (2000). Genetic dissection of cardiac growth control pathways. Annual Review of Physiology, 62, 289-319. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.289.
21. Ahuja, P.; Sdek, P.; MacLellan, W. R. (2007). Cardiac myocyte cell cycle control in development, disease, and regeneration. Physiological Reviews, 87(2), 521-544. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2006.
22. Pasumarthi, K. B.; Field, L. J. (2002). Cardiomyocyte cell cycle regulation. Circulation Research, 90(10), 1044-1054.
23. van den Berg, G.; Abu-Issa, R.; de Boer, B. A.; Hutson, M. R.; de Boer, P. A.; Soufan, A. T.; et al. (2009). A caudal proliferating growth center contributes to both poles of the forming heart tube. Circulation Research, 104(2), 179-188. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.108.185843.
24. Jopling, C.; Sleep, E.; Raya, M.; Marti, M.; Raya, A.; Izpisua Belmonte, J. C. (2010). Zebrafish heart regeneration occurs by cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation. Nature, 464(7288), 606-609. doi: 10.1038/nature08899.
25. Kikuchi, K.; Holdway, J. E.; Werdich, A. A.; Anderson, R. M.; Fang, Y.; Egnaczyk, G. F.; et al. (2010). Primary contribution to zebrafish heart regeneration by gata4(+) cardiomyocytes. Nature, 464(7288), 601-605. doi: 10.1038/nature08804.
26. Mahmoud, A. I.; Porrello, E. R. (2012). Turning back the cardiac regenerative clock: Lessons from the neonate. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 22(5), 128-133. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.07.008.
27. Porrello, E. R.; Mahmoud, A. I.; Simpson, E.; Hill, J. A.; Richardson, J. A.; Olson, E. N.; et al. (2011). Transient regenerative potential of the neonatal mouse heart. Science, 331(6020), 1078-1080. doi: 10.1126/science. 1200708.
28. Porrello, E. R.; Mahmoud, A. I.; Simpson, E.; Johnson, B. A.; Grinsfelder, D.; Canseco, D.; et al. (2013). Regulation of neonatal and adult mammalian heart regeneration by the miR-15 family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(1), 187-192. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208863110.
29. Haubner, B. J.; Adamowicz-Brice, M.; Khadayate, S.; Tiefenthaler, V.; Metzler, B.; Aitman, T.; et al. (2012). Complete cardiac regeneration in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Aging, 4(12), 966-977.
30. Porrello, E. R.; Johnson, B. A.; Aurora, A. B.; Simpson, E.; Nam, Y. J.; Matkovich, S. J.; et al. (2011). MiR-15 family regulates postnatal mitotic arrest of cardiomyocytes. Circulation Research, 109(6), 670-679. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.111.248880.
31. Mahmoud, A. I.; Kocabas, F.; Muralidhar, S. A.; Kimura, W.; Koura, A. S.; Thet, S.; et al. (2013). Meis1 regulates postnatal cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest. Nature, 497(7448), 249-253. doi: 10.1038/nature12054.
32. Soonpaa, M. H.; Field, L. J. (1997). Assessment of cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis in normal and injured adult mouse hearts. The American Journal of Physiology, 272(1 Pt 2), H220-H226.
33. Senyo, S. E.; Steinhauser, M. L.; Pizzimenti, C. L.; Yang, V. K.; Cai, L.; Wang, M.; et al. (2013). Mammalian heart renewal by pre-existing cardiomyocytes. Nature, 493(7432), 433-436. doi: 10.1038/nature11682.
34. Walsh, S.; Ponten, A.; Fleischmann, B. K.; Jovinge, S. (2010). Cardiomyocyte cell cycle control and growth estimation in vivo - an analysis based on cardiomyocyte nuclei. Cardiovascular Research, 86(3), 365-373. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvq005.
35. Kajstura, J.; Gurusamy, N.; Ogorek, B.; Goichberg, P.; Clavo-Rondon, C.; Hosoda, T.; et al. (2010). Myocyte turnover in the aging human heart. Circulation Research, 107(11), 1374-1386. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.110.231498.
36. Hsieh, P. C.; Segers, V. F.; Davis, M. E.; MacGillivray, C.; Gannon, J.; Molkentin, J. D.; et al. (2007). Evidence from a genetic fate-mapping study that stem cells refresh adult mammalian cardiomyocytes after injury. Nature Medicine, 13(8), 970-974. doi: 10.1038/nm1618.
37. Loffredo, F. S.; Steinhauser, M. L.; Gannon, J.; Lee, R. T. (2011). Bone marrow-derived cell therapy stimulates endogenous cardiomyocyte progenitors and promotes cardiac repair. Cell Stem Cell, 8(4), 389-398. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.02.002.
38. Porrello, E. R.; Olson, E. N. (2010). Building a new heart from old parts: stem cell turnover in the aging heart. Circulation Research, 107(11), 1292-1294. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.110.235168.
39. van Amerongen, M. J.; Engel, F. B. (2008). Features of cardiomyocyte proliferation and its potential for cardiac regeneration. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 12(6A), 2233-2244. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00439. x.
40. Macmahon, H. E. (1937). Hyperplasia and regeneration of the myocardium in infants and in children. The American Journal of Pathology, 13(5), 845-854. 845.
41. Eulalio, A.; Mano, M.; Dal Ferro, M.; Zentilin, L.; Sinagra, G.; Zacchigna, S.; et al. (2012). Functional screening identifies miRNAs inducing cardiac regeneration. Nature, 492(7429), 376-381. doi: 10.1038/nature11739.
42. Bersell, K.; Arab, S.; Haring, B.; Kuhn, B. (2009). Neuregulin1/ErbB4 signaling induces cardiomyocyte proliferation and repair of heart injury. Cell, 138(2), 257-270. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.060.
43. Engel, F. B.; Schebesta, M.; Duong, M. T.; Lu, G.; Ren, S.; Madwed, J. B.; et al. (2005). p38 MAP kinase inhibition enables proliferation of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes. Genes & Development, 19(10), 1175-1187. doi: 10.1101/gad.1306705.
44. Smart, N.; Bollini, S.; Dube, K. N.; Vieira, J. M.; Zhou, B.; Davidson, S.; et al. (2011). De novo cardiomyocytes from within the activated adult heart after injury. Nature, 474(7353), 640-644. doi: 10.1038/nature10188.
45. Chong, J. J.; Chandrakanthan, V.; Xaymardan, M.; Asli, N. S.; Li, J.; Ahmed, I.; et al. (2011). Adult cardiac-resident MSC-like stem cells with a proepicardial origin. Cell Stem Cell, 9(6), 527-540. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2011. 10.002.
46. Beltrami, A. P.; Barlucchi, L.; Torella, D.; Baker, M.; Limana, F.; Chimenti, S.; et al. (2003). Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell, 114(6), 763-776.
47. Oyama, T.; Nagai, T.; Wada, H.; Naito, A. T.; Matsuura, K.; Iwanaga, K.; et al. (2007). Cardiac side population cells have a potential to migrate and differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. The Journal of Cell Biology, 176(3), 329-341. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200603014.
48. Smith, R. R.; Barile, L.; Cho, H. C.; Leppo, M. K.; Hare, J. M.; Messina, E.; et al. (2007). Regenerative potential of cardiosphere-derived cells expanded from percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Circulation, 115(7), 896-908. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.655209.
49. Smits, A. M.; van Vliet, P.; Metz, C. H.; Korfage, T.; Sluijter, J. P.; Doevendans, P. A.; et al. (2009). Human cardiomyocyte progenitor cells differentiate into functional mature cardiomyocytes: An in vitro model for studying human cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. Nature Protocols, 4(2), 232-243. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2008.229.
50. Ellison, G. M.; Nadal-Ginard, B.; Torella, D. (2012). Optimizing cardiac repair and regeneration through activation of the endogenous cardiac stem cell compartment. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, 5(5), 667-677. doi: 10.1007/s12265-012-9384-5.
51. Leri, A.; Kajstura, J.; Anversa, P. (2011). Role of cardiac stem cells in cardiac pathophysiology: A paradigm shift in human myocardial biology. Circulation Research, 109(8), 941-961. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243154.
52. Leri, A.; Kajstura, J.; Anversa, P. (2005). Cardiac stem cells and mechanisms of myocardial regeneration. Physiological Reviews, 85(4), 1373-1416. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2005.
53. Gajzer, D. C.; Balbin, J.; Chaudhry, H. W. (2012). Thymosin beta4 and cardiac regeneration: Are we missing a beat? Stem Cell Reviews. doi: 10.1007/s12015-012-9378-3.
54. Ellison, G. M.; Torella, D.; Dellegrottaglie, S.; Perez-Martinez, C.; Perez de Prado, A.; Vicinanza, C.; et al. (2011). Endogenous cardiac stem cell activation by insulin-like growth factor-1/hepatocyte growth factor intracoronary injection fosters survival and regeneration of the infarcted pig heart. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58(9), 977-986. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.05.013.
55. Bolli, R.; Chugh, A. R.; D'Amario, D.; Loughran, J. H.; Stoddard, M. F.; Ikram, S.; et al. (2011). Cardiac stem cells in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO): Initial results of a randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet, 378(9806), 1847-1857. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61590-0.
56. Makkar, R. R.; Smith, R. R.; Cheng, K.; Malliaras, K.; Thomson, L. E.; Berman, D.; et al. (2012). Intracoronary cardiosphere-derived cells for heart regeneration after myocardial infarction (CADUCEUS): A prospective, randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet, 379(9819), 895-904. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60195-0.
57. Welt, F. G.; Gallegos, R.; Connell, J.; Kajstura, J.; D'Amario, D.; Kwong, R. Y.; et al. (2013). Effect of cardiac stem cells on left-ventricular remodeling in a canine model of chronic myocardial infarction. Circulation Heart Failure, 6(1), 99-106. doi: 10.1161/circheartfailure.112.972273.
58. Stamm, C.; Nasseri, B.; Hetzer, R. (2012). Cardiac stem cells in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Lance, 379(9819), 891. doi: 10.1016/s0140- 6736(12)60385-7. author reply 891-892.
59. Huang, C.; Gu, H.; Yu, Q.; Manukyan, M. C.; Poynter, J. A.; Wang, M. (2011). Sca-1+ cardiac stem cells mediate acute cardioprotection via paracrine factor SDF-1 following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. PloS One, 6(12), e29246. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029246.
60. Gnecchi, M.; Zhang, Z.; Ni, A.; Dzau, V. J. (2008). Paracrine mechanisms in adult stem cell signaling and therapy. Circulation Research, 103(11), 1204-1219. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.108.176826.
61. Chimenti, I.; Smith, R. R.; Li, T. S.; Gerstenblith, G.; Messina, E.; Giacomello, A.; et al. (2010). Relative roles of direct regeneration versus paracrine effects of human cardiosphere-derived cells transplanted into infarcted mice. Circulation Research, 106(5), 971-980. doi: 10.1161/circresaha. 109.210682.
62. Abdel-Latif, A.; Bolli, R.; Tleyjeh, I. M.; Montori, V. M.; Perin, E. C.; Hornung, C. A.; et al. (2007). Adult bone marrow-derived cells for cardiac repair: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(10), 989-997. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.10.989.
63. Hatzistergos, K. E.; Quevedo, H.; Oskouei, B. N.; Hu, Q.; Feigenbaum, G. S.; Margitich, I. S.; et al. (2010). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells stimulate cardiac stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Circulation Research, 107(7), 913-922. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.110.222703.
64. Psaltis, P. J.; Paton, S.; See, F.; Arthur, A.; Martin, S.; Itescu, S.; et al. (2010). Enrichment for STRO-1 expression enhances the cardiovascular paracrine activity of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cell populations. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 223(2), 530-540. doi: 10.1002/jcp.22081.
65. Martens, T. P.; See, F.; Schuster, M. D.; Sondermeijer, H. P.; Hefti, M. M.; Zannettino, A.; et al. (2006). Mesenchymal lineage precursor cells induce vascular network formation in ischemic myocardium. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine, 3(Suppl 1), S18-S22. doi: 10.1038/ncpcardio0404.
66. Timmers, L.; Lim, S. K.; Arslan, F.; Armstrong, J. S.; Hoefer, I. E.; Doevendans, P. A.; et al. (2007). Reduction of myocardial infarct size by human mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium. Stem Cell Research, 1(2), 129-137. doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2008.02.002.
67. Adler, E. D.; Chen, V. C.; Bystrup, A.; Kaplan, A. D.; Giovannone, S.; Briley-Saebo, K.; et al. (2010). The cardiomyocyte lineage is critical for optimization of stem cell therapy in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. FASEB Journal, 24(4), 1073-1081. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-135426.
68. Paulis, L. E.; Klein, A. M.; Ghanem, A.; Geelen, T.; Coolen, B. F.; Breitbach, M.; et al. (2013). Embryonic cardiomyocyte, but not autologous stem cell transplantation, restricts infarct expansion, enhances ventricular function, and improves long-term survival. PloS One, 8(4), e61510. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061510.
69. Takahashi, K.; Tanabe, K.; Ohnuki, M.; Narita, M.; Ichisaka, T.; Tomoda, K.; et al. (2007). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell, 131(5), 861-872. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007. 11.019.
70. Kehat, I.; Kenyagin-Karsenti, D.; Snir, M.; Segev, H.; Amit, M.; Gepstein, A.; et al. (2001). Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 108(3), 407-414. doi: 10.1172/jci12131.
71. Hudson, J.; Titmarsh, D.; Hidalgo, A.; Wolvetang, E.; Cooper-White, J. (2012). Primitive cardiac cells from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells and Development, 21(9), 1513-1523. doi: 10.1089/scd.2011.0254.
72. Kattman, S. J.; Witty, A. D.; Gagliardi, M.; Dubois, N. C.; Niapour, M.; Hotta, A.; et al. (2011). Stage-specific optimization of activin/nodal and BMP signaling promotes cardiac differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cell lines. Cell Stem Cell, 8(2), 228-240. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.12.008.
73. Lian, X.; Zhang, J.; Azarin, S. M.; Zhu, K.; Hazeltine, L. B.; Bao, X.; et al. (2013). Directed cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells by modulating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling under fully defined conditions. Nature Protocols, 8(1), 162-175. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.150.
74. Elliott, D. A.; Braam, S. R.; Koutsis, K.; Ng, E. S.; Jenny, R.; Lagerqvist, E. L.; et al. (2011). NKX2-5(eGFP/w) hESCs for isolation of human cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes. Nature Methods, 8(12), 1037-1040. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1740.
75. Dubois, N. C.; Craft, A. M.; Sharma, P.; Elliott, D. A.; Stanley, E. G.; Elefanty, A. G.; et al. (2011). SIRPA is a specific cell-surface marker for isolating cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Nature Biotechnology, 29(11), 1011-1018. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2005.
76. van Laake, L. W.; Passier, R.; Doevendans, P. A.; Mummery, C. L. (2008). Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac repair in rodents. Circulation Research, 102(9), 1008-1010. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.108.175505.
77. Laflamme, M. A.; Chen, K. Y.; Naumova, A. V.; Muskheli, V.; Fugate, J. A.; Dupras, S. K.; et al. (2007). Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts. Nature Biotechnology, 25(9), 1015-1024. doi: 10.1038/nbt1327.
78. van Laake, L. W.; Passier, R.; den Ouden, K.; Schreurs, C.; Monshouwer-Kloots, J.; Ward-van Oostwaard, D.; et al. (2009). Improvement of mouse cardiac function by hESC-derived cardiomyocytes correlates with vascularity but not graft size. Stem Cell Research, 3(2-3), 106-112. doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2009.05.004.
79. Zimmermann, W. H.; Schneiderbanger, K.; Schubert, P.; Didie, M.; Munzel, F.; Heubach, J. F.; et al. (2002). Tissue engineering of a differentiated cardiac muscle construct. Circulation Research, 90(2), 223-230.
80. Hudson, J. E.; Brooke, G.; Blair, C.; Wolvetang, E.; Cooper-White, J. J. (2011). Development of myocardial constructs using modulus-matched acrylated polypropylene glycol triol substrate and different nonmyocyte cell populations. Tissue Engineering Part A, 17(17-18), 2279-2289. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2010.0743.
81. Zimmermann, W. H.; Melnychenko, I.; Wasmeier, G.; Didie, M.; Naito, H.; Nixdorff, U.; et al. (2006). Engineered heart tissue grafts improve systolic and diastolic function in infarcted rat hearts. Nature Medicine, 12(4), 452-458. doi: 10.1038/nm1394.
82. Brown, D. A.; MacLellan, W. R.; Laks, H.; Dunn, J. C.; Wu, B. M.; Beygui, R. E. (2007). Analysis of oxygen transport in a diffusion-limited model of engineered heart tissue. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 97(4), 962-975. doi: 10.1002/bit.21295.
83. Shiba, Y.; Fernandes, S.; Zhu, W. Z.; Filice, D.; Muskheli, V.; Kim, J.; et al. (2012). Human ES-cell-derived cardiomyocytes electrically couple and suppress arrhythmias in injured hearts. Nature, 489(7415), 322-325. doi: 10.1038/nature11317.
84. Didie, M.; Christalla, P.; Rubart, M.; Muppala, V.; Doker, S.; Unsold, B.; et al. (2013). Parthenogenetic stem cells for tissue-engineered heart repair. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 123(3), 1285-1298. doi: 10.1172/jci66854.
85. Stevens, K. R.; Kreutziger, K. L.; Dupras, S. K.; Korte, F. S.; Regnier, M.; Muskheli, V.; et al. (2009). Physiological function and transplantation of scaffold-free and vascularized human cardiac muscle tissue. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(39), 16568-16573. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908381106.
86. Sakaguchi, K.; Shimizu, T.; Horaguchi, S.; Sekine, H.; Yamato, M.; Umezu, M.; et al. (2013). In vitro engineering of vascularized tissue surrogates. Scientific Reports, 3, 1316. doi: 10.1038/srep01316.
87. Zhang, Q.; Jiang, J.; Han, P.; Yuan, Q.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, X.; et al. (2011). Direct differentiation of atrial and ventricular myocytes from human embryonic stem cells by alternating retinoid signals. Cell Research, 21(4), 579-587. doi: 10.1038/cr.2010.163.
88. Lundy, S. D.; Zhu, W. Z.; Regnier, M.; Laflamme, M. A. (2013). Structural and functional maturation of cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells and Development. doi: 10.1089/scd.2012.0490.
89. Gurdon, J. B.; Elsdale, T. R.; Fischberg, M. (1958). Sexually mature individuals of Xenopus laevis from the transplantation of single somatic nuclei. Nature, 182(4627), 64-65.
90. Davis, R. L.; Weintraub, H.; Lassar, A. B. (1987). Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts. Cell, 51(6), 987-1000.
91. Takahashi, K.; Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell, 126(4), 663-676. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024.
92. Ieda, M.; Fu, J. D.; Delgado-Olguin, P.; Vedantham, V.; Hayashi, Y.; Bruneau, B. G.; et al. (2010). Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by defined factors. Cell, 142(3), 375-386. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.07.002.
93. Nam, Y. J.; Song, K.; Luo, X.; Daniel, E.; Lambeth, K.; West, K.; et al. (2013). Reprogramming of human fibroblasts toward a cardiac fate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(14), 5588-5593. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1301019110.
94. Song, K.; Nam, Y. J.; Luo, X.; Qi, X.; Tan, W.; Huang, G. N.; et al. (2012). Heart repair by reprogramming non-myocytes with cardiac transcription factors. Nature, 485(7400), 599-604. doi: 10.1038/nature11139.
95. Qian, L.; Huang, Y.; Spencer, C. I.; Foley, A.; Vedantham, V.; Liu, L.; et al. (2012). In vivo reprogramming of murine cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes. Nature, 485(7400), 593-598. doi: 10.1038/nature11044.
96. Porrello, E. R. (2013). microRNAs in cardiac development and regeneration. Clinical Science, 125(4), 151-166. doi: 10.1042/cs20130011.
97. Mattick, J. S. (2011). The central role of RNA in human development and cognition. FEBS Letters, 585(11), 1600-1616. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.001.
98. Clamp, M.; Fry, B.; Kamal, M.; Xie, X.; Cuff, J.; Lin, M. F.; et al. (2007). Distinguishing protein-coding and noncoding genes in the human genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(49), 19428-19433. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0709013104.
99. Bertone, P.; Stolc, V.; Royce, T. E.; Rozowsky, J. S.; Urban, A. E.; Zhu, X.; et al. (2004). Global identification of human transcribed sequences with genome tiling arrays. Science, 306(5705), 2242-2246. doi: 10.1126/science. 1103388.
100. Birney, E.; Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A.; Dutta, A.; Guigo, R.; Gingeras, T. R.; Margulies, E. H.; et al. (2007). Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1 % of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature, 447(7146), 799-816. doi: 10.1038/nature05874.
101. Dunham, I.; Kundaje, A.; Aldred, S. F.; Collins, P. J.; Davis, C. A.; Doyle, F.; et al. (2012). An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature, 489(7414), 57-74. doi: 10.1038/nature11247.
102. Doolittle, W. F. (2013). Is junk DNA bunk? A critique of ENCODE. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(14), 5294-5300. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221376110.
103. Guttman, M.; Rinn, J. L. (2012). Modular regulatory principles of large non-coding RNAs. Nature, 482(7385), 339-346. doi: 10.1038/nature10887.
104. Huarte, M.; Guttman, M.; Feldser, D.; Garber, M.; Koziol, M. J.; Kenzelmann-Broz, D.; et al. (2010). A large intergenic noncoding RNA induced by p53 mediates global gene repression in the p53 response. Cell, 142(3), 409-419. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.040.
105. Carthew, R. W.; Sontheimer, E. J. (2009). Origins and mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs. Cell, 136(4), 642-655. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.035.
106. Bartel, D. P. (2004). MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell, 116(2), 281-297.
107. Friedman, R. C.; Farh, K. K.; Burge, C. B.; Bartel, D. P. (2009). Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Research, 19(1), 92-105. doi: 10.1101/gr.082701.108.
108. Thomson, D. W.; Bracken, C. P.; Goodall, G. J. (2011). Experimental strategies for microRNA target identification. Nucleic Acids Research, 39(16), 6845-6853. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr330.
109. Miska, E. A.; Alvarez-Saavedra, E.; Abbott, A. L.; Lau, N. C.; Hellman, A. B.; McGonagle, S. M.; et al. (2007). Most Caenorhabditis elegans microRNAs are individually not essential for development or viability. PLoS Genetics, 3(12), e215. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030215.
110. van Rooij, E.; Quiat, D.; Johnson, B. A.; Sutherland, L. B.; Qi, X.; Richardson, J. A.; et al. (2009). A family of microRNAs encoded by myosin genes governs myosin expression and muscle performance. Developmental Cell, 17(5), 662-673. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.10.013.
111. van Rooij, E.; Olson, E. N. (2012). MicroRNA therapeutics for cardiovascular disease: Opportunities and obstacles. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 11(11), 860-872. doi: 10.1038/nrd3864.
112. Derrien, T.; Johnson, R.; Bussotti, G.; Tanzer, A.; Djebali, S.; Tilgner, H.; et al. (2012). The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long noncoding RNAs: Analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression. Genome Research, 22(9), 1775-1789. doi: 10.1101/gr.132159.111.
113. Guttman, M.; Amit, I.; Garber, M.; French, C.; Lin, M. F.; Feldser, D.; et al. (2009). Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-coding RNAs in mammals. Nature, 458(7235), 223-227. doi: 10.1038/nature07672.
114. Ulitsky, I.; Shkumatava, A.; Jan, C. H.; Sive, H.; Bartel, D. P. (2011). Conserved function of lincRNAs in vertebrate embryonic development despite rapid sequence evolution. Cell, 147(7), 1537-1550. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.055.
115. Klattenhoff, C. A.; Scheuermann, J. C.; Surface, L. E.; Bradley, R. K.; Fields, P. A.; Steinhauser, M. L.; et al. (2013). Braveheart, a long noncoding RNA required for cardiovascular lineage commitment. Cell, 152(3), 570-583. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.003.
116. Schonrock, N.; Harvey, R. P.; Mattick, J. S. (2012). Long noncoding RNAs in cardiac development and pathophysiology. Circulation Research, 111(10), 1349-1362. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.112.268953.
117. Brown, B. D.; Naldini, L. (2009). Exploiting and antagonizing microRNA regulation for therapeutic and experimental applications. Nature Reviews Genetics, 10(8), 578-585. doi: 10.1038/nrg2628.
118. Bish, L. T.; Morine, K.; Sleeper, M. M.; Sanmiguel, J.; Wu, D.; Gao, G.; et al. (2008). Adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 9 provides global cardiac gene transfer superior to AAV1, AAV6, AAV7, and AAV8 in the mouse and rat. Human Gene Therapy, 19(12), 1359-1368. doi: 10.1089/hum.2008.123.
119. Inagaki, K.; Fuess, S.; Storm, T. A.; Gibson, G. A.; McTiernan, C. F.; Kay, M. A.; et al. (2006). Robust systemic transduction with AAV9 vectors in mice: Efficient global cardiac gene transfer superior to that of AAV8. Molecular Therapy, 14(1), 45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.03.014.
120. Wu, Z.; Yang, H.; Colosi, P. (2010). Effect of genome size on AAV vector packaging. Molecular Therapy, 18(1), 80-86. doi: 10.1038/mt.2009.255.
121. Krutzfeldt, J.; Rajewsky, N.; Braich, R.; Rajeev, K. G.; Tuschl, T.; Manoharan, M.; et al. (2005). Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with 'antagomirs'. Nature, 438(7068), 685-689. doi: 10.1038/nature04303.
122. Krutzfeldt, J.; Kuwajima, S.; Braich, R.; Rajeev, K. G.; Pena, J.; Tuschl, T.; et al. (2007). Specificity, duplex degradation and subcellular localization of antagomirs. Nucleic Acids Research, 35(9), 2885-2892. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm024.
123. Milligan, J. F.; Matteucci, M. D.; Martin, J. C. (1993). Current concepts in antisense drug design. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 36(14), 1923-1937.
124. Brown-Driver, V.; Eto, T.; Lesnik, E.; Anderson, K. P.; Hanecak, R. C. (1999). Inhibition of translation of hepatitis C virus RNA by 2-modified antisense oligonucleotides. Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development, 9(2), 145-154.
125. Fabani, M. M.; Gait, M. J. (2008). miR-122 targeting with LNA/2'-O-methyl oligonucleotide mixmers, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), and PNA-peptide conjugates. RNA, 14(2), 336-346. doi: 10.1261/rna.844108.
126. Davis, S.; Lollo, B.; Freier, S.; Esau, C. (2006). Improved targeting of miRNA with antisense oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Research, 34(8), 2294-2304. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkl183.
127. Kauppinen, S.; Vester, B.; Wengel, J. (2006). Locked nucleic acid: High-affinity targeting of complementary RNA for RNomics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 173, 405-422.
128. Montgomery, R. L.; Hullinger, T. G.; Semus, H. M.; Dickinson, B. A.; Seto, A. G.; Lynch, J. M.; et al. (2011). Therapeutic inhibition of miR-208a improves cardiac function and survival during heart failure. Circulation, 124(14), 1537-1547. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.030932.
129. Tijsen, A. J.; Pinto, Y. M.; Creemers, E. E. (2012). Non-cardiomyocyte microRNAs in heart failure. Cardiovascular Research, 93(4), 573-582. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvr344.
130. Rapicavoli, N. A.; Poth, E. M.; Blackshaw, S. (2010). The long noncoding RNA RNCR2 directs mouse retinal cell specification. BMC Developmental Biology, 10, 49. doi: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-49.
131. Zhang, B.; Arun, G.; Mao, Y. S.; Lazar, Z.; Hung, G.; Bhattacharjee, G.; et al. (2012). The lncRNA Malat1 is dispensable for mouse development but its transcription plays a cis-regulatory role in the adult. Cell Reports, 2(1), 111-123. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.06.003.
132. Sen, G. L.; Blau, H. M. (2005). Argonaute 2/RISC resides in sites of mammalian mRNA decay known as cytoplasmic bodies. Nature Cell Biology, 7(6), 633-636. doi: 10.1038/ncb1265.
133. Wheeler, T. M.; Leger, A. J.; Pandey, S. K.; MacLeod, A. R.; Nakamori, M.; Cheng, S. H.; et al. (2012). Targeting nuclear RNA for in vivo correction of myotonic dystrophy. Nature, 488(7409), 111-115. doi: 10.1038/nature11362.
134. Todd, P. K.; Paulson, H. L. (2012). Drug discovery: Kill the messenger where it lives. Nature, 488(7409), 36-38. doi: 10.1038/488036a.
135. Chen, J.; Huang, Z. P.; Seok, H.; Ding, J.; Kataoka, M.; Zhang, Z.; et al. (2013). mir-17-92 cluster is required for and sufficient to induce cardiomyocyte proliferation in postnatal and adult hearts. Circulation Research, 10.1161/circresaha.112.300658.
136. Chen, Y.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, X.; Liu, B.; Huang, L. (2010). Nanoparticles modified with tumor-targeting scFv deliver siRNA and miRNA for cancer therapy. Molecular Therapy, 18(9), 1650-1656. doi: 10.1038/mt.2010.136.
137. Babar, I. A.; Cheng, C. J.; Booth, C. J.; Liang, X.; Weidhaas, J. B.; Saltzman, W. M.; et al. (2012). Nanoparticle-based therapy in an in vivo microRNA-155 (miR-155)-dependent mouse model of lymphoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(26), E1695-E1704. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1201516109.
138. Wang, J.; Greene, S. B.; Bonilla-Claudio, M.; Tao, Y.; Zhang, J.; Bai, Y.; et al. (2010). Bmp signaling regulates myocardial differentiation from cardiac progenitors through a microRNA-mediated mechanism. Developmental Cell, 19(6), 903-912. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.10.022.
139. Hu, S.; Huang, M.; Nguyen, P. K.; Gong, Y.; Li, Z.; Jia, F.; et al. (2011). Novel microRNA prosurvival cocktail for improving engraftment and function of cardiac progenitor cell transplantation. Circulation, 124(11 Suppl), S27-S34. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.017954.
140. Sirish, P.; Lopez, J. E.; Li, N.; Wong, A.; Timofeyev, V.; Young, J. N.; et al. (2012). MicroRNA profiling predicts a variance in the proliferative potential of cardiac progenitor cells derived from neonatal and adult murine hearts. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 52(1), 264-272. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.10.012.
141. Sluijter, J. P.; van Mil, A.; van Vliet, P.; Metz, C. H.; Liu, J.; Doevendans, P. A.; et al. (2010). MicroRNA-1 and -499 regulate differentiation and proliferation in human-derived cardiomyocyte progenitor cells. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 30(4), 859-868. doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.197434.
142. Cunningham, J. J.; Ulbright, T. M.; Pera, M. F.; Looijenga, L. H. (2012). Lessons from human teratomas to guide development of safe stem cell therapies. Nature Biotechnology, 30(9), 849-857. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2329.
143. Ivey, K. N.; Muth, A.; Arnold, J.; King, F. W.; Yeh, R. F.; Fish, J. E.; et al. (2008). MicroRNA regulation of cell lineages in mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell, 2(3), 219-229. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.01.016.
144. Fu, J. D.; Rushing, S. N.; Lieu, D. K.; Chan, C. W.; Kong, C. W.; Geng, L.; et al. (2011). Distinct roles of microRNA-1 and -499 in ventricular specification and functional maturation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. PloS One, 6(11), e27417. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027417.
145. Liu, J.; Fu, J. D.; Siu, C. W.; Li, R. A. (2007). Functional sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium handling of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: Insights for driven maturation. Stem Cells, 25(12), 3038-3044. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0549.
146. He, J. Q.; Ma, Y.; Lee, Y.; Thomson, J. A.; Kamp, T. J. (2003). Human embryonic stem cells develop into multiple types of cardiac myocytes: action potential characterization. Circulation Research, 93(1), 32-39. doi: 10.1161/01.res.0000080317.92718.99.
147. Satin, J.; Kehat, I.; Caspi, O.; Huber, I.; Arbel, G.; Itzhaki, I.; et al. (2004). Mechanism of spontaneous excitability in human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. The Journal of Physiology, 559(Pt 2), 479-496. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.068213.
148. Boon, R. A.; Iekushi, K.; Lechner, S.; Seeger, T.; Fischer, A.; Heydt, S.; et al. (2013). MicroRNA-34a regulates cardiac ageing and function. Nature, 495(7439), 107-110. doi: 10.1038/nature11919.
149. Zhu, H.; Yang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Schiller, P. W.; Peng, T. (2011). MicroRNA-195 promotes palmitate-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes by down-regulating Sirt1. Cardiovascular Research, 92(1), 75-84. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvr145.
150. Knezevic, I.; Patel, A.; Sundaresan, N. R.; Gupta, M. P.; Solaro, R. J.; Nagalingam, R. S.; et al. (2012). A novel cardiomyocyte-enriched microRNA, miR-378, targets insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor: implications in postnatal cardiac remodeling and cell survival. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287(16), 12913-12926. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.331751.
151. Qian, L.; Van Laake, L. W.; Huang, Y.; Liu, S.; Wendland, M. F.; Srivastava, D. (2011). miR-24 inhibits apoptosis and represses Bim in mouse cardiomyocytes. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 208(3), 549-560. doi: 10.1084/jem.20101547.
152. Fiedler, J.; Jazbutyte, V.; Kirchmaier, B. C.; Gupta, S. K.; Lorenzen, J.; Hartmann, D.; et al. (2011). MicroRNA-24 regulates vascularity after myocardial infarction. Circulation, 124(6), 720-730. doi: 10.1161/ circulationaha.111.039008.
153. Bonauer, A.; Carmona, G.; Iwasaki, M.; Mione, M.; Koyanagi, M.; Fischer, A.; et al. (2009). MicroRNA-92a controls angiogenesis and functional recovery of ischemic tissues in mice. Science, 324(5935), 1710-1713. doi: 10.1126/science.1174381.
154. Zhou, Q.; Gallagher, R.; Ufret-Vincenty, R.; Li, X.; Olson, E. N.; Wang, S. (2011). Regulation of angiogenesis and choroidal neovascularization by members of microRNA-23 27 24 clusters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(20), 8287-8292. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1105254108.
155. Ma, F.; Xu, S.; Liu, X.; Zhang, Q.; Xu, X.; Liu, M.; et al. (2011). The microRNA miR-29 controls innate and adaptive immune responses to intracellular bacterial infection by targeting interferon-gamma. Nature Immunology, 12(9), 861-869. doi: 10.1038/ni.2073.
156. Wei, L.; Wang, M.; Qu, X.; Mah, A.; Xiong, X.; Harris, A. G.; et al. (2012). Differential expression of microRNAs during allograft rejection. American Journal of Transplantation, 12(5), 1113-1123. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143. 2011.03958.x.
157. Chen, J. X.; Krane, M.; Deutsch, M. A.; Wang, L.; Rav-Acha, M.; Gregoire, S.; et al. (2012). Inefficient reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes using Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5. Circulation Research, 111(1), 50-55. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.112.270264.
158. Protze, S.; Khattak, S.; Poulet, C.; Lindemann, D.; Tanaka, E. M.; Ravens, U. (2012). A new approach to transcription factor screening for reprogramming of fibroblasts to cardiomyocyte-like cells. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 53(3), 323-332. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.04.010.
159. Jayawardena, T. M.; Egemnazarov, B.; Finch, E. A.; Zhang, L.; Payne, J. A.; Pandya, K.; et al. (2012). MicroRNA-mediated in vitro and in vivo direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes. Circulation Research, 110(11), 1465-1473. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.112.269035.
160. Lister, R.; Pelizzola, M.; Kida, Y. S.; Hawkins, R. D.; Nery, J. R.; Hon, G.; et al. (2011). Hotspots of aberrant epigenomic reprogramming in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature, 471(7336), 68-73. doi: 10.1038/nature09798.
161. Phanstiel, D. H.; Brumbaugh, J.; Wenger, C. D.; Tian, S.; Probasco, M. D.; Bailey, D. J.; et al. (2011). Proteomic and phosphoproteomic comparison of human ES and iPS cells. Nature Methods, 8(10), 821-827. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1699.
162. Anokye-Danso, F.; Trivedi, C. M.; Juhr, D.; Gupta, M.; Cui, Z.; Tian, Y.; et al. (2011). Highly efficient miRNA-mediated reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells to pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell, 8(4), 376-388. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.03.001.
163. Ishii, N.; Ozaki, K.; Sato, H.; Mizuno, H.; Saito, S.; Takahashi, A.; et al. (2006). Identification of a novel non-coding RNA, MIAT, that confers risk of myocardial infarction. Journal of Human Genetics, 51(12), 1087-1099. doi: 10.1007/s10038-006-0070-9.
164. Congrains, A.; Kamide, K.; Oguro, R.; Yasuda, O.; Miyata, K.; Yamamoto, E.; et al. (2012). Genetic variants at the 9p21 locus contribute to atherosclerosis through modulation of ANRIL and CDKN2A/B. Atherosclerosis, 220(2), 449-455. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.017.
165. Zhuang, J.; Peng, W.; Li, H.; Wang, W.; Wei, Y.; Li, W.; et al. (2012). Methylation of p15INK4b and expression of ANRIL on chromosome 9p21 are associated with coronary artery disease. PloS One, 7(10), e47193. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047193.
166. Grote, P.; Wittler, L.; Hendrix, D.; Koch, F.; Wahrisch, S.; Beisaw, A.; et al. (2013). The tissue-specific lncRNA Fendrr is an essential regulator of heart and body wall development in the mouse. Developmental Cell, 24(2), 206-214. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.12.012.
167. Hullinger, T. G.; Montgomery, R. L.; Seto, A. G.; Dickinson, B. A.; Semus, H. M.; Lynch, J. M.; et al. (2012). Inhibition of miR-15 protects against cardiac ischemic injury. Circulation Research, 110(1), 71-81. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.111.244442.
168. Spinetti, G.; Fortunato, O.; Caporali, A.; Shantikumar, S.; Marchetti, M.; Meloni, M.; et al. (2013). MicroRNA-15a and microRNA-16 impair human circulating proangiogenic cell functions and are increased in the proangiogenic cells and serum of patients with critical limb ischemia. Circulation Research, 112(2), 335-346. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.111.300418.