Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Textbook of Gastroenterology, Fifth Edition

Volumn 2, Issue , 2009, Pages 2274-2301

  Sanyal, Arun J ^a  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Drugs used for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); Grading and staging of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Insulin resistance and effects on energy homeostasis; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) histological definition; Pathogenesis of steatohepatitis; Regulatory mechanisms of metabolic pathways in adipose tissue and liver; Triglyceride synthesis in liver and genesis of hepatic steatosis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889989332     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444303254.ch89     Document Type: Chapter

References (287)

1. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980; 55: 434.
2. Sonsuz A, Basaranoglu M, Ozbay G. Relationship between aminotransferase levels and histopathological findings in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1370.
3. Charlton MR, Kondo M, Roberts SK, et al. Liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 359.
4. McCullough AJ. Update on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34: 255.
5. Contos MJ, Sanyal AJ. The clinicopathologic spectrum and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Adv Anat Pathol 2002; 9: 37.
6. Lee RG. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a study of 49 patients. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 594.
7. Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1103.
8. Schwimmer JB, Behling C, Newbury R, et al. The histologic features of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hepatology 2002; 36: 412A.
9. Abrams GA, Kunde SS, Lazenby AJ, et al. Portal fibrosis and hepatic steatosis in morbidly obese subjects: A spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2004; 40: 475.
10. Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Liu YC, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: assessment of variability in pathologic interpretations. Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 560.
11. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1313.
12. Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94: 2467.
13. Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Heurtier A, et al. Sampling variability of liver biopsy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 1898.
14. Regev A, Berho M, Jeffers LJ, et al. Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 2614.
15. Bedossa P, Dargere D, Paradis V. Sampling variability of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2003; 38: 1449.
16. Sanyal AJ. AGA technical review on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1705.
17. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486.
18. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287: 356.
19. Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, Forlani G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology 2003; 37: 917.
20. Chitturi S, Abeygunasekera S, Farrell GC, et al. NASH and insulin resistance: Insulin hypersecretion and specific association with the insulin resistance syndrome. Hepatology 2002; 35: 373.
21. Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1183.
22. Marchesini G, Forlani G, Cerrelli F, et al. WHO and ATPIII proposals for the definition of the metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabet.Med 2004; 21: 383.
23. Alvarez CA, Lopez FV, Suarez GS, et al. [Differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to the ATP-III and WHO definitions.] Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 124: 368.
24. Boronat M, Chirino R, Varillas VF, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the island of Gran Canaria: comparison of three major diagnostic proposals. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 1751.
25. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595.
26. Reaven GM. The insulin resistance syndrome. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003; 5: 364.
27. Hunt KJ, Resendez RG, Williams K, et al. National Cholesterol Education Program versus World Health Organization metabolic syndrome in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study. Circulation 2004; 110: 1251.
28. Nomura K, Yano E, Shinozaki T, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of liver screening program to detect fatty liver in the periodic health check-ups. J Occup Health 2004; 46: 423.
29. Bedogni G, Miglioli L, Masutti F, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the Dionysos nutrition and liver study. Hepatology 2005; 42: 44.
30. Shen L, Fan JG, Shao Y, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver among administrative officers in Shanghai: an epidemiological survey. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 1106.
31. Saadeh S, Younossi ZM, Remer EM, et al. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 745.
32. Fishbein M, Castro F, Cheruku S, et al. Hepatic MRI for fat quantitation: its relationship to fat morphology, diagnosis, and ultrasound. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 619.
33. Rinella ME, McCarthy R, Thakrar K, et al. Dual-echo, chemical shift gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging to quantify hepatic steatosis: Implications for living liver donation. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 851.
34. Thomas EL, Hamilton G, Patel N, et al. Hepatic triglyceride content and its relation to body adiposity: a magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Gut 2005; 54: 122.
35. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1387.
36. Kunde SS, Lazenby AJ, Clements RH, et al. Spectrum of NAFLD and diagnostic implications of the proposed new normal range for serum ALT in obese women. Hepatology 2005; 42: 650.
37. Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM. The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 960.
38. Wanless IR, Lentz JS. Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity: an autopsy study with analysis of risk factors. Hepatology 1990; 12: 1106.
39. Ground KEV. Prevalence of fatty liver in healthy adults accidentally killed. Aviat Space Environ Med 1984; 55: 59.
40. Marcos A, Fisher RA, Ham JM, et al. Selection and outcome of living donors for adult to adult right lobe transplantation. Transplantation 2000; 69: 2410.
41. Tazawa Y, Noguchi H, Nishinomiya F, et al. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity in obese children. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 238.
42. Baldridge AD, Perez-Atayde AR, Graeme-Cook F, et al. Idiopathic steatohepatitis in childhood: a multicenter retrospective study. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 700.
43. Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. Alcohollike liver disease in nonalcoholics. A clinical and histologic comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 1056.
44. Teli MR, James OF, Burt AD, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow-up study. Hepatology 1995; 22: 1714.
45. Luyckx FH, Desaive C, Thiry A, et al. Liver abnormalities in severely obese subjects: effect of drastic weight loss after gastroplasty. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 222.
46. Dixon JB, Bhathal PS, O'Brien PE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in the severely obese. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 91.
47. Ong JP, Elariny H, Collantes R, et al. Predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2005; 15: 310.
48. Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Masutti F, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 112.
49. Lee JH, Reed DR, Price RA. Familial risk ratios for extreme obesity: implications for mapping human obesity genes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 935.
50. Trevisan R, Vedovato M, Tiengo A. The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13(Suppl. 8): 2.
51. Chagnon YC, Perusse L, Bouchard C. Familial aggregation of obesity, candidate genes and quantitative trait loci. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997; 8: 205.
52. Struben VM, Hespenheide EE, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis within kindreds. Am J Med 2000; 108: 9.
53. Partin JS, Partin JC, Schubert WK, et al. Liver ultrastructure in abetalipoproteinemia: Evolution of micronodular cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1974; 67: 107.
54. Van Steenbergen W, Lanckmans S. Liver disturbances in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995; 19(Suppl. 3): S27.
55. Powell EE, Searle J, Mortimer R. Steatohepatitis associated with limb lipodystrophy. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 1022.
56. Cauble MS, Gilroy R, Sorrell MF, et al. Lipoatrophic diabetes and end-stage liver disease secondary to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with recurrence after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2001; 71: 892.
57. Poucell S, Ireton J, Valencia-Mayoral P, et al. Amiodaroneassociated phospholipidosis and fibrosis of the liver. Light, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 926.
58. Pratt DS, Knox TA, Erban J. Tamoxifen-induced steatohepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 236.
59. Pessayre D, Bichara M, Degott C, et al. Perhexiline maleate-induced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 170.
60. Brunt EM, Ramrakhiani S, Cordes BG, et al. Concurrence of histologic features of steatohepatitis with other forms of chronic liver disease. Mod Pathol 2003; 16: 49.
61. Chang WY, Chen CJ, Lu SN, et al. Relationship between fatty liver, alanine aminotransferase, HBsAg and hepatitis C virus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992; 7: 455.
62. Giannini E, Ceppa P, Botta F, et al. Steatosis and bile duct damage in chronic hepatitis C: distribution and relationships in a group of northern Italian patients. Liver 1999; 19: 432.
63. Balasubramanyam A, Sekhar RV, Jahoor F, et al. Pathophysiology of dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk in HIV lipodystrophy: a model of 'systemic steatosis'. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15: 59.
64. Adinolfi LE, Gambardella M, Andreana A, et al. Steatosis accelerates the progression of liver damage of chronic hepatitis C patients and correlates with specific HCV genotype and visceral obesity. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1358.
65. Sanyal AJ, Contos MJ, Sterling RK, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with hepatitis C is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2064.
66. Patton HM, Patel K, Behling C, et al. The impact of steatosis on disease progression and early and sustained treatment response in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 484.
67. Hurwitz BE, Klimas NG, Llabre MM, et al. HIV, metabolic syndrome X, inflammation, oxidative stress, and coronary heart disease risk: role of protease inhibitor exposure. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2004; 4: 303.
68. Sterling RK, Wilson MS, Sanyal AJ, et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the spectrum of liver disease in HCV-HIV coinfection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 432.
69. Powderly WG. Long-term exposure to lifelong therapies. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 29(Suppl. 1): S28.
70. Day CP, James OF. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two "hits"? Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 842.
71. Klein J, Fasshauer M, Ito M, et al. beta(3)-Adrenergic stimulation differentially inhibits insulin signaling and decreases insulin-induced glucose uptake in brown adipocytes. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 34795.
72. Berg AH, Combs TP, Scherer PE. ACRP30/adiponectin: an adipokine regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002; 13: 84.
73. Fruhbeck G, Gomez-Ambrosi J, Muruzabal FJ, et al. The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280: E827.
74. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 911.
75. Bugianesi E, Pagotto U, Manini R, et al. Plasma adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver is related to hepatic insulin resistance and hepatic fat content, not to liver disease severity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 3498.
76. Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, et al. Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2409.
77. Conti A, Ageunnouz M, La Torre D, et al. Expression of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors 1 and 2 and regulation of the nuclear factor-kappaB antiapoptotic activity in human gliomas. J Neurosurg 2005; 103: 873.
78. Diehl AM. Lessons from animal models of NASH. Hepatol Res 2005; 33: 138.
79. Hui JM, Hodge A, Farrell GC, et al. Beyond insulin resistance in NASH: TNF-alpha or adiponectin? Hepatology 2004; 40: 46.
80. Crespo J, Cayon A, Fernandez-Gil P, et al. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and TNF-receptors, p55 and p75, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Hepatology 2001; 34: 1158.
81. Valenti L, Fracanzani AL, Dongiovanni P, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter polymorphisms and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 274.
82. Beltowski J. Adiponectin and resistin -new hormones of white adipose tissue. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9: RA55.
83. Trayhurn P, Bing C, Wood IS. Adipose tissue and adipokines -energy regulation from the human perspective. J Nutr 2006; 136: 1935S.
84. Kola B, Boscaro M, Rutter GA, et al. Expanding role of AMPK in endocrinology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006; 17: 205.
85. Tomas E, Tsao TS, Saha AK, et al. Enhanced muscle fat oxidation and glucose transport by ACRP30 globular domain: acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition and AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 16309.
86. Louthan MV, Barve S, McClain CJ, et al. Decreased serum adiponectin: an early event in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pediatr 2005; 147: 835.
87. Matsubara M. Plasma adiponectin decrease in women with nonalcoholic fatty liver. Endocr J 2004; 51: 587.
88. Xu A, Wang Y, Keshaw H, et al. The fat-derived hormone adiponectin alleviates alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in mice. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 91.
89. Hua X, Sakai J, Ho YK, et al. Hairpin orientation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 in cell membranes as determined by protease protection. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 29422.
90. Magana MM, Osborne TF. Two tandem binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding proteins are required for sterol regulation of fatty-acid synthase promoter. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 32689.
91. Sato R, Miyamoto W, Inoue J, et al. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein negatively regulates microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene transcription. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 24714.
92. Mater MK, Thelen AP, Pan DA, et al. Sterol response element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) is involved in the polyunsaturated fatty acid suppression of hepatic S14 gene transcription. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 32725.
93. Jump DB. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and regulation of gene transcription. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002; 13: 155.
94. Chen G, Liang G, Ou J, et al. Central role for liver X receptor in insulin-mediated activation of Srebp-1c transcription and stimulation of fatty acid synthesis in liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 11245.
95. Shimomura I, Bashmakov Y, Ikemoto S, et al. Insulin selectively increases SREBP-1c mRNA in the livers of rats with streptozotocininduced diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96: 13656.
96. Muller-Wieland D, Knebel B, Avci H, et al. Insulin-regulated transcription factors: molecular link between insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25(Suppl. 1): S35.
97. Willy PJ, Umesono K, Ong ES, et al. LXR, a nuclear receptor that defines a distinct retinoid response pathway. Genes Dev 1995; 9: 1033.
98. Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG. The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors. Genes Dev 2000; 14: 121.
99. Lonardo A, Loria P, Adinolfi LE, et al. [Hepatitis C virus-associated and metabolic steatosis. Different or overlapping diseases?] Ann Ital Med Int 2005; 20: 10.
100. Handschin C, Meyer UA. Regulatory network of lipid-sensing nuclear receptors: roles for CAR, PXR, LXR, and FXR. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 433: 387.
101. Norata GD, Ongari M, Uboldi P, et al. Liver X receptor and retinoic X receptor agonists modulate the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in human endothelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2005; 16: 717.
102. Baldan A, Tarr P, Lee R, et al. ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 and lipid homeostasis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17: 227.
103. Tsatsos NG, Towle HC. Glucose activation of ChREBP in hepatocytes occurs via a two-step mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340: 449.
104. Yamashita H, Takenoshita M, Sakurai M, et al. A glucose-responsive transcription factor that regulates carbohydrate metabolism in the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 9116.
105. Stoeckman AK, Ma L, Towle HC. Mlx is the functional heteromeric partner of the carbohydrate response element-binding protein in glucose regulation of lipogenic enzyme genes. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 15662.
106. Ma L, Tsatsos NG, Towle HC. Direct role of ChREBP.Mlx in regulating hepatic glucose-responsive genes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 12019.
107. Desvergne B, Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: nuclear control of metabolism. Endocr Rev 1999; 20: 649.
108. Devchand PR, Keller H, Peters JM, et al. The PPARalpha-leukotriene B4 pathway to inflammation control. Nature 1996; 384: 39.
109. Ferre P. The biology of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: relationship with lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 2004; 53(Suppl. 1): S43.
110. Rao MS, Papreddy K, Musunuri S, et al. Prevention/reversal of choline deficiency-induced steatohepatitis by a peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor alpha ligand in rats. In Vivo 2002; 16: 145.
111. Poirier H, Niot I, Monnot MC, et al. Differential involvement of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta in fibrate and fatty-acid-mediated inductions of the gene encoding liver fatty-acid-binding protein in the liver and the small intestine. Biochem J 2001; 355: 481.
112. Maeda N, Takahashi M, Funahashi T, et al. PPARgamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2094.
113. Costet P, Luo Y, Wang N, et al. Sterol-dependent transactivation of the ABC1 promoter by the liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 28240.
114. Romics L Jr, Kodys K, Dolganiuc A, et al. Diverse regulation of NFkappaB and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in murine nonalcoholic fatty liver. Hepatology 2004; 40: 376.
115. Bocher V, Pineda-Torra I, Fruchart JC, et al. PPARs: transcription factors controlling lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 967: 7.
116. Fatland B, Anderson M, Nikolau BJ, et al. Molecular biology of cytosolic acetyl-CoA generation. Biochem Soc Trans 2000; 28: 593.
117. Cornell NW, Janski AM, Rendon A. Compartmentation of enzymes: ATP citrate lyase in hepatocytes from fed or fasted rats. Fed Proc 1985; 44: 2448.
118. Pegorier JP, Le May C, Girard J. Control of gene expression by fatty acids. J Nutr 2004; 134: 2444S.
119. Jump DB. Fatty acid regulation of gene transcription. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2004; 41: 41.
120. Chavez JA, Summers SA. Characterizing the effects of saturated fatty acids on insulin signaling and ceramide and diacylglycerol accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 419: 101.
121. Feldstein AE, Werneburg NW, Canbay A, et al. Free fatty acids promote hepatic lipotoxicity by stimulating TNF-alpha expression via a lysosomal pathway. Hepatology 2004; 40: 185.
122. Julius U. Influence of plasma free fatty acids on lipoprotein synthesis and diabetic dyslipidemia. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2003; 111: 246.
123. Roche HM. Dietary lipids and gene expression. Biochem Soc Trans 2004; 32: 999.
124. Capeau J. [Insulin signaling: mechanisms altered in insulin resistance.] Med Sci (Paris) 2003; 19: 834.
125. Kabir M, Catalano KJ, Ananthnarayan S, et al. Molecular evidence supporting the portal theory: a causative link between visceral adiposity and hepatic insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288: E454.
126. Nomura H, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J, et al. Prevalence of fatty liver in a general population of Okinawa, Japan. Jpn J Med 1988; 27: 142.
127. Franzese A, Vajro P, Argenziano A, et al. Liver involvement in obese children. Ultrasonography and liver enzyme levels at diagnosis and during follow-up in an Italian population. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 1428.
128. Pagano G, Pacini G, Musso G, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: further evidence for an etiologic association. Hepatology 2002; 35: 367.
129. Davis A, Yarasheski KE, White NH, et al. Defective insulin receptors in Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome cause complete peripheral insulin resistance but minimal hepatic insulin response remains. Pediatr Diabetes 2000; 1: 66.
130. Araki S. [Syndromes of severe insulin resistance.] Nippon Rinsho 1999; 57: 617.
131. Curat CA, Miranville A, Sengenes C, et al. From blood monocytes to adipose tissue-resident macrophages: induction of diapedesis by human mature adipocytes. Diabetes 2004; 53: 1285.
132. Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, et al. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1796.
133. Lolmede K, Durand dSF, V, Galitzky J, et al. Effects of hypoxia on the expression of proangiogenic factors in differentiated 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 1187.
134. Wisse BE. The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity. J Am Soc.Nephrol 2004; 15: 2792.
135. Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1821.
136. Rinella ME, Sanyal AJ. Obesity as an inflammatory mediator in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 (in press).
137. Tomlinson JW, Bujalska I, Stewart PM, et al. The role of 11 betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in central obesity and osteoporosis. Endocr Res 2000; 26: 711.
138. Chiang SH, Baumann CA, Kanzaki M, et al. Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation requires the CAP-dependent activation of TC10. Nature 2001; 410: 944.
139. Watson RT, Shigematsu S, Chiang SH, et al. Lipid raft microdomain compartmentalization of TC10 is required for insulin signaling and GLUT4 translocation. J Cell Biol 2001; 154: 829.
140. Bergman RN. New concepts in extracellular signaling for insulin action: the single gateway hypothesis. Recent Prog Horm Res 1997; 52: 359.
141. Buettner R, Ottinger I, Scholmerich J, et al. Preserved direct hepatic insulin action in rats with diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286: E828.
142. Diraison F, Moulin P, Beylot M. Contribution of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and reesterification of plasma non-esterified fatty acids to plasma triglyceride synthesis during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Metab 2003; 29: 478.
143. Bjorck I, Elmstahl HL. The glycaemic index: importance of dietary fibre and other food properties. Proc Nutr Soc 2003; 62: 201.
144. Daly M. Sugars, insulin sensitivity, and the postprandial state. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 865S.
145. Ziegler O, Quilliot D, Guerci B, et al. [Macronutrients, fat mass, fatty acid flux and insulin sensitivity.] Diabetes Metab 2001; 27: 261.
146. Solga S, Alkhuraishe AR, Clark JM, et al. Dietary composition and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 2004; 49: 1578.
147. Saltiel AR, Kahn CR. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 2001; 414: 799.
148. Donnelly KL, Margosian MR, Sheth SS, et al. Increased lipogenesis and fatty acid reesterification contribute to hepatic triacylglycerol stores in hyperlipidemic Txnip-/-mice. J Nutr 2004; 134: 1475.
149. Timlin MT, Parks EJ. Temporal pattern of de novo lipogenesis in the postprandial state in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 35.
150. Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, et al. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 1343.
151. Tarling E, Salter A, Bennett A. Transcriptional regulation of human SREBP-1c (sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1c): a key regulator of lipogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2004; 32: 107.
152. Sampath H, Ntambi JM. Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of genes of lipid metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 2005; 25: 317.
153. Kim HJ, Miyazaki M, Ntambi JM. Dietary cholesterol opposes PUFA-mediated repression of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 gene by SREBP-1 independent mechanism. J Lipid Res 2002; 43: 1750.
154. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin.Nutr 2004; 79: 537.
155. McPherson R, Gauthier A. Molecular regulation of SREBP function: the Insig-SCAP connection and isoform-specific modulation of lipid synthesis. Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 82: 201.
156. Weber LW, Boll M, Stampfl A. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis: sterol regulatory element-binding proteins. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10: 3081.
157. Malerod L, Juvet LK, Hanssen-Bauer A, et al. Oxysterol-activated LXRalpha/RXR induces hSR-BI-promoter activity in hepatoma cells and preadipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 299: 916.
158. Debose-Boyd RA, Ou J, Goldstein JL, et al. Expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA in rat hepatoma cells requires endogenous LXR ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 1477.
159. Lala DS. The liver X receptors. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6: 934.
160. Burns MP, Vardanian L, Pajoohesh-Ganji A, et al. The effects of ABCA1 on cholesterol efflux and Abeta levels in vitro and in vivo. J Neurochem 2006; 98: 792.
161. Sun Y, Hao M, Luo Y, et al. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibits ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated cholesterol efflux and modulates membrane domain structure. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 5813.
162. Reddy JK. Nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis. III. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation, PPAR alpha, and steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281: G1333.
163. Lieber CS. The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and its physiologic and pathologic role. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36: 511.
164. Dey D, Basu D, Roy SS, et al. Involvement of novel PKC isoforms in FFA induced defects in insulin signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 246: 60.
165. Belfort R, Mandarino L, Kashyap S, et al. Dose-response effect of elevated plasma free fatty acid on insulin signaling. Diabetes 2005; 54: 1640.
166. Ueki K, Kondo T, Kahn CR. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 cause insulin resistance through inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins by discrete mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24: 5434.
167. Ueki K, Kondo T, Tseng YH, et al. Central role of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins in hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 10422.
168. De Craemer D, Pauwels M, Van den BC. Alterations of peroxisomes in steatosis of the human liver: a quantitative study. Hepatology 1995; 22: 744.
169. Alapont PB, Prosper SM, Ricart AE, et al. [Hepatic steatosis associated with heterozygotic familial hypobetalipoproteinemia.] Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 27: 256.
170. Tarugi P, Lonardo A, Ballarini G, et al. A study of fatty liver disease and plasma lipoproteins in a kindred with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia due to a novel truncated form of apolipoprotein B (APO B-54.5). J Hepatol 2000; 33: 361.
171. Charlton M, Sreekumar R, Rasmussen D, et al. Apolipoprotein synthesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2002; 35: 898.
172. Seki S, Kitada T, Yamada T, et al. In situ detection of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. J Hepatol 2002; 37: 56.
173. Caldwell SH, Swerdlow RH, Khan EM, et al. Mitochondrial abnormalities in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 430.
174. Marin-Garcia J, Goldenthal MJ, Sarnat HB. Kearns-Sayre syndrome with a novel mitochondrial DNA deletion. J Child Neurol 2000; 15: 555.
175. Perez-Carreras M, Del Hoyo P, Martin MA, et al. Defective hepatic mitochondrial respiratory chain in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2003; 38: 999.
176. Pessayre D, Berson A, Fromenty B, et al. Mitochondria in steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 2001; 21: 57.
177. Pessayre D, Mansouri A, Fromenty B. Nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis. V. Mitochondrial dysfunction in steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282: G193.
178. Nair S, Chacko P, Arnold C, et al. Hepatic ATP reserve and efficiency of replenishing: comparison between obese and nonobese normal individuals. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 466.
179. Weltman MD, Farrell GC, Hall P, et al. Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 is increased in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 1998; 27: 128.
180. Emery MG, Fisher JM, Chien JY, et al. CYP2E1 activity before and after weight loss in morbidly obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2003; 38: 428.
181. Chalasani N, Gorski JC, Asghar MS, et al. Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 activity in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2003; 37: 544.
182. de la Maza MP, Hirsch S, Petermann M, et al. Changes in microsomal activity in alcoholism and obesity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 605.
183. Robertson G, Leclercq I, Farrell GC. Nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis. II. Cytochrome P-450 enzymes and oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281: G1135.
184. Woodcroft KJ, Hafner MS, Novak RF. Insulin signaling in the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of CYP2E1 expression. Hepatology 2002; 35: 263.
185. Wang Z, Hall SD, Maya JF, et al. Diabetes mellitus increases the in vivo activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 55: 77.
186. Chitturi S, George J. Interaction of iron, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2003; 5: 18.
187. Bonkovsky HL, Jawaid Q, Tortorelli K, et al. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and iron: increased prevalence of mutations of the HFE gene in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 421.
188. Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, et al. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 1999; 30: 1356.
189. Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Bacon BR, et al. Hepatic iron and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 1999; 30: 847.
190. Senti M, Tomas M, Fito M, et al. Antioxidant paraoxonase 1 activity in the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 5422.
191. Namikawa C, Shu-Ping Z, Vyselaar JR, et al. Polymorphisms of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene and manganese super-oxide dismutase gene in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 781.
192. Bergamini CM, Gambetti S, Dondi A, et al. Oxygen, reactive oxygen species and tissue damage. Curr Pharm Des 2004; 10: 1611.
193. Bartsch H, Nair J. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation-derived DNA-lesions in inflammation driven carcinogenesis. Cancer Detect Prev 2004; 28: 385.
194. Aslan M, Ozben T. Oxidants in receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2003; 5: 781.
195. Evans JL, Maddux BA, Goldfine ID. The molecular basis for oxidative stress-induced insulin resistances. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7: 1040.
196. Contos MJ, Choudhury J, Mills AS, et al. The histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2004; 8: 481, vii.
197. Papakonstanti EA, Vardaki EA, Stournaras C. Actin cytoskeleton: a signaling sensor in cell volume regulation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2000; 10: 257.
198. Tobe K, Asai S, Matuoka K, et al. Cytoskeletal reorganization induced by insulin: involvement of Grb2/Ash, Ras and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signalling. Genes Cells 2003; 8: 29.
199. Denk H, Stumptner C, Zatloukal K. Mallory bodies revisited. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 689.
200. Feldstein AE, Canbay A, Angulo P, et al. Hepatocyte apoptosis and fas expression are prominent features of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 437.
201. Unger RH, Orci L. Lipoapoptosis: its mechanism and its diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1585: 202.
202. Zhang K, Kaufman RJ. The unfolded protein response: a stress signaling pathway critical for health and disease. Neurology 2006; 66: S102.
203. Aguirre V, Uchida T, Yenush L, et al. The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase promotes insulin resistance during association with insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphorylation of Ser(307). J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 9047.
204. Ozcan U, Cao Q, Yilmaz E, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science 2004; 306: 457.
205. Gao Z, Zhang X, Zuberi A, et al. Inhibition of insulin sensitivity by free fatty acids requires activation of multiple serine kinases in 3T3L1 adipocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18: 2024.
206. Nguyen MT, Satoh H, Favelyukis S, et al. JNK and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediate free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 35361.
207. Kriehuber E, Bauer W, Charbonnier AS, et al. Balance between NFkappaB and JNK/AP-1 activity controls dendritic cell life and death. Blood 2005; 106: 175.
208. Sasaki K, Taniguchi M, Miyoshi M, et al. Are transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 involved in the ANG II-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in dehydrated rats? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289: R1599.
209. Granet C, Maslinski W, Miossec P. Increased AP-1 and NF-kappaB activation and recruitment with the combination of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-17 in rheumatoid synoviocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 6: R190.
210. Diehl AM. Cytokine regulation of liver injury and repair. Immunol Rev 2000; 174: 160.
211. Tien PC, Grunfeld C. The fatty liver in AIDS. Semin Gastrointest Dis 2002; 13: 47.
212. He Y, Zhang W, Zhang R, et al. SOCS1 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-induced activation of ASK1-JNK inflammatory signaling by mediating ASK1 degradation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 5559.
213. Matarese G, La Cava A, Sanna V, et al. Balancing susceptibility to infection and autoimmunity: a role for leptin? Trends Immunol 2002; 23: 182.
214. Castrillo A, Tontonoz P. Nuclear receptors in macrophage biology: at the crossroads of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2004; 20: 455.
215. Fain JN, Madan AK, Hiler ML, et al. Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 2273.
216. Yudkin JS. Adipose tissue, insulin action and vascular disease: inflammatory signals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27 (Suppl. 3): S25.
217. Brunt EM, Tiniakos DG. Pathology of steatohepatitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 16: 691.
218. Castilla A, Prieto J, Fausto N. Transforming growth factors beta 1 and alpha in chronic liver disease. Effects of interferon alfa therapy. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 933.
219. Leclercq IA, Farrell GC, Schriemer R, et al. Leptin is essential for the hepatic fibrogenic response to chronic liver injury. J Hepatol 2002; 37: 206.
220. Svegliati-Baroni G, Ridolfi F, Di Sario A, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulate proliferation and type I collagen accumulation by human hepatic stellate cells: differential effects on signal transduction pathways. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1743.
221. Murphy F, Waung J, Collins J, et al. N-Cadherin cleavage during activated hepatic stellate cell apoptosis is inhibited by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Comp Hepatol 2004; 3(Suppl. 1): S8.
222. Siegmund SV, Uchinami H, Osawa Y, et al. Anandamide induces necrosis in primary hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1085.
223. Sanyal AJ, Mofrad PS, Contos MJ, et al. A pilot study of vitamin E versus vitamin E and pioglitazone for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 1107.
224. Promrat K, Lutchman G, Uwaifo GI, et al. A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2004; 39: 188.
225. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Med Clin.North Am 1996; 80: 1147.
226. Yaggi HK, Araujo AB, McKinlay JB. Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 657.
227. Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP. Sleep apnea is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9: 211.
228. Harsch IA, Hahn EG, Konturek PC. Insulin resistance and other metabolic aspects of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11: RA70.
229. Gonzalez-Ortiz M, Martinez-Abundis E, Balcazar-Munoz BR, et al. Effect of sleep deprivation on insulin sensitivity and cortisol concentration in healthy subjects. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2000; 13: 80.
230. Haller DL, Sargeant CA, Luketic VA, et al. A behavioral analysis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: implications for the clinician. Hepatology 2003; 34: 513A.
231. Ramesh S, Sanyal AJ. Evaluation and management of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2005; 42(Suppl.): S2.
232. Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology 1990; 11: 74.
233. Hanley AJ, Williams K, Festa A, et al. Liver markers and development of the metabolic syndrome: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes 2005; 54: 3140.
234. Hanley AJ, Williams K, Festa A, et al. Elevations in markers of liver injury and risk of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2623.
235. Stranges S, Trevisan M, Dorn JM, et al. Body fat distribution, liver enzymes, and risk of hypertension: evidence from the Western New York Study. Hypertension 2005; 46: 1186.
236. Villanova N, Moscatiello S, Ramilli S, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005; 42: 473.
237. Volzke H, Robinson DM, Kleine V, et al. Hepatic steatosis is associated with an increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 1848.
238. Nieuwdorp M, Stroes ES, Meijers JC, et al. Hypercoagulability in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005; 5: 155.
239. Abdollahi M, Cushman M, Rosendaal FR. Obesity: risk of venous thrombosis and the interaction with coagulation factor levels and oral contraceptive use. Thromb Haemost 2003; 89: 493.
240. Kopp CW, Kopp HP, Steiner S, et al. Weight loss reduces tissue factor in morbidly obese patients. Obes Res 2003; 11: 950.
241. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Chambless LE, et al. Fibrinogen, other putative markers of inflammation, and weight gain in middle-aged adults -the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Obes Res 2000; 8: 279.
242. Ford ES. The metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and leukocyte count: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atherosclerosis 2003; 168: 351.
243. Skurk T, Hauner H. Obesity and impaired fibrinolysis: role of adipose production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 1357.
244. Samad F, Yamamoto K, Loskutoff DJ. Distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in murine adipose tissue in vivo. Induction by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 37.
245. Samad F, Loskutoff DJ. Hemostatic gene expression and vascular disease in obesity: insights from studies of genetically obese mice. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 742.
246. Buckwalter JA. Clinical trial of jejunoileal and gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity: four-year progress report. Am Surg 1980; 46: 377.
247. D'Souza-Gburek SM, Batts KP, Nikias GA, et al. Liver transplantation for jejunoileal bypass-associated cirrhosis: allograft histology in the setting of an intact bypassed limb. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 23.
248. Sanyal AJ, Banas C, Sargeant C, et al. Similarities and differences in outcomes of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis C. Hepatology 2006; 43: 682.
249. Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 113.
250. Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 1413.
251. Harrison SA, Torgerson S, Hayashi PH. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a clinical histopathological study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2042.
252. Adams LA, Sanderson S, Lindor KD, et al. The histological course of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a longitudinal study of 103 patients with sequential liver biopsies. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 132.
253. Bugianesi E, Leone N, Vanni E, et al. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 134.
254. Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Su GL, et al. NAFLD may be a common underlying liver disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Hepatology 2002; 36: 1349.
255. Charlton M, Kasparova P, Weston S, et al. Frequency of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as a cause of advanced liver disease. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 608.
256. Contos MJ, Cales W, Sterling RK, et al. Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after orthotopic liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 363.
257. Yajima Y, Ohta K, Narui T, et al. Ultrasonographical diagnosis of fatty liver: significance of the liver-kidney contrast. Tohoku J Exp Med 1983; 139: 43.
258. Fusamoto H, Suzuki K, Hayashi N, et al. Obesity and liver disease: evaluation of fatty infiltration of the liver using ultrasonic attenuation. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1991; 37(Suppl.): S71.
259. Jacobs JE, Birnbaum BA, Shapiro MA, et al. Diagnostic criteria for fatty infiltration of the liver on contrast-enhanced helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 171: 659.
260. Sorbi D, McGill DB, Thistle JL, et al. An assessment of the role of liver biopsies in asymptomatic patients with chronic liver test abnormalities. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 3206.
261. Caldwell SH, Oelsner DH, Iezzoni JC, et al. Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinical characterization and risk factors for underlying disease. Hepatology 1999; 29: 664.
262. Falck-Ytter Y, Younossi ZM, Marchesini G, et al. Clinical features and natural history of nonalcoholic steatosis syndromes. Semin Liver Dis 2001; 21: 17.
263. Stratopoulos C, Papakonstantinou A, Terzis I, et al. Changes in liver histology accompanying massive weight loss after gastroplasty for morbid obesity. Obes Surg 2005; 15: 1154.
264. Jaskiewicz K, Raczynska S, Rzepko R, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treated by gastroplasty. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 21.
265. Niskanen L, Uusitupa M, Sarlund H, et al. The effects of weight loss on insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle composition and capillary density in obese non-diabetic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20: 154.
266. Executive summary of the clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 1855.
267. Clark MJ Jr, Sterrett JJ, Carson DS. Diabetes guidelines: a summary and comparison of the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association, Veterans Health Administration, and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Clin Ther 2000; 22: 899.
268. Harrison SA, Fincke C, Helinski D, et al. A pilot study of orlistat treatment in obese, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20: 623.
269. Luyckx FH, Scheen AJ, Desaive C, et al. Parallel reversibility of biological markers of the metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis after gastroplasty-induced weight loss in severe obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 4293.
270. Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, et al. Metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Lancet 2001; 358: 893.
271. Bugianesi E, Gentilcore E, Manini R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1082.
272. Caldwell SH, Hespenheide EE, Redick JA, et al. A pilot study of a thiazolidinedione, troglitazone, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 519.
273. Arioglu E, Duncan-Morin J, Sebring N, et al. Efficacy and safety of troglitazone in the treatment of lipodystrophy syndromes. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 263.
274. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Brunt EM, Wehmeier KR, et al. Improved nonalcoholic steatohepatitis after 48 weeks of treatment with the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone. Hepatology 2003; 38: 1008.
275. Basaranoglu M, Acbay O, Sonsuz A. A controlled trial of gemfibrozil in the treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 384.
276. Lavine JE. Vitamin E treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children: a pilot study. J Pediatr 2000; 136: 734.
277. Harrison SA, Torgerson S, Hayashi P, et al. Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2485.
278. Angulo P. Use of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with liver disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2002; 4: 37.
279. Laurin J, Lindor KD, Crippin JS, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid or clofibrate in the treatment of non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Hepatology 1996; 23: 1464.
280. Obinata K, Maruyama T, Hayashi M, et al. Effect of taurine on the fatty liver of children with simple obesity. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996; 403: 607.
281. Abdelmalek MF, Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, et al. Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 2711.
282. Miglio F, Rovati LC, Santoro A, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral betaine glucuronate in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled prospective clinical study. Arzneimittelforschung 2000; 50: 722.
283. Adams LA, Zein CO, Angulo P, et al. A pilot trial of pentoxifylline in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 2365.
284. Satapathy SK, Garg S, Chauhan R, et al. Beneficial effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition by pentoxifylline on clinical, biochemical, and metabolic parameters of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 1946.
285. Bataller R, Sancho-Bru P, Gines P, et al. Activated human hepatic stellate cells express the renin-angiotensin system and synthesize angiotensin II. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 117.
286. Yokohama S, Yoneda M, Haneda M, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1222.
287. Choudhury J, Sanyal AJ. Insulin resistance in NASH. Front Biosci 2005; 10: 1520.