Major Histocompatibility Complex and Autoimmunity

The Autoimmune Diseases, Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 47,V-58,V

  Walker, Mindi R ^a   Nepom, Gerald T ^a  

^a BENAROYA RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882867379     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012595961-2/50008-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (137)

1. R.S. Abraham, Y.C. Kudva, S.B. Wilson, J.L. Strominger and C.S. David (2000) Co-expression of HLA DR3 and DQ8 results in the development of spontaneous insulitis and loss of tolerance to GAD65 in transgenic mice. Diabetes 49 548-554.
2. M.S. Anderson, E.S. Venanzi, L. Klein, Z. Chen, S.P. Berzins, S.J. Turley, H. von Boehmer, R. Bronson, A. Dierich, C. Benoist and D. Mathis (2002) Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein. Science 298 1395-1401.
3. S.M. Anderton, S. Kissler, A.G. Lamont and D.C. Wraith (1999) Therapeutic potential of TCR antagonists is determined by their ability to modulate a diverse repertoire of autoreactive T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 29 1850-1857.
4. S.M. Anderton, C.G. Radu, P.A. Lowrey, E.S. Ward and D.C. wraith (2001) Negative selection during the peripheral immune response to antigen. J. Exp. Med. 193 1-11.
5. I. Apostolou, A. Sarukhan, L. Klein and H. von Boehmer (2002) Origin of regulatory T cells with known specificity for antigen. Nat. Immunol. 3 756-763.
6. H. Appel, N.P. Seth, L. Gauthier and K.W. Wucherpfennig (2001) Anergy induction by dimeric TCR ligands. J. Immunol. 166 5279-5285.
7. C. Baecher-Allan, J.A. Brown, G.J. Freeman and D.A. Hafler (2001) CD4+CD25high regulatory cells in human peripheral blood. J. Immunol. 167 1245-1253.
8. J.M. Baisch, T. Weeks, T. Giles, M. Hoover, P. Stastny and J.D. Capra (1990) Analysis of HLA-DQ genotypes and susceptibility in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 322 1836-1841.
9. D. Basu, C.B. Williams and P.M. Allen (1998) In vivo antagonism of a T cell response by an endogenously expressed ligand. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 14332-14336.
10. L.J. Beijleveld, J.G. Damoiseaux and P.J. Breda Vriesman (1995) Differential effects of X-irradiation and cyclosporin-A administration on the thymus with respect to the generation of cyclosporin-A-induced autoimmunity. Dev. Immunol. 4 127-138.
11. M. Belghith, J.A. Bluestone, S. Barriot, J. Megret, J.F. Bach and L. Chatenoud (2003) TGF-beta-dependent mechanisms mediate restoration of self-tolerance induced by antibodies to CD3 in overt autoimmune diabetes. Nat. Med. 9 1202-1208.
12. J. Bertrams and M. Baur (1984) Insulin dependant diabetes mellitus. E. Albert, M. Baur, W. Mayer (Eds) Histocompatibility Testing New York: Springer-Verlag 348-358.
13. B. Bielekova, B. Goodwin, N. Richert, I. Cortese, T. Kondo, G. Afshar, B. Gran, J. Eaton, J. Antel, J.A. Frank, H.F. McFarland and R. Martin (2000) Encephalitogenic potential of the myelin basic protein peptide (amino acids 83–99) in multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand. Nat. Med. 6 1167-1175.
14. E.K. Bikoff, L.Y. Huang, V. Episkopou, J. van Meerwijk, R.N. Germain and E.J. Robertson (1993) Defective major histocompatibility complex class II assembly, transport, peptide acquisition, and CD4+T cell selection in mice lacking invariant chain expression. J. Exp. Med. 177 1699-1712.
15. J.A. Bluestone and A.K. Abbas (2003) Natural versus adaptive regulatory T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3 253-257.
16. M.A. Brehm, A.K. Pinto, K.A. Daniels, J.P. Schneck, R.M. Welsh and L.K. Selin (2002) T cell immunodominance and maintenance of memory regulated by unexpectedly cross-reactive pathogens. Nat. Immunol. 3 627-634.
17. T. Brocker (1997) Survival of mature CD4 T lymphocytes is dependent on major histocomptibility complex class II-expressing dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 186 1223-1232.
18. J. Buckner and G.T. Nepom (2005) Structure, function, and genetics of the human leukocyte antigen complex in rheumatic disease. W.J. Koopman, L.W. Moreland (Eds) Arthritis and Allied Conditions 15th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins
19. E. Carrasco-Marin, J. Shimizu, O. Kanagawa and E.R. Unanue (1996) The class II MHC I-Ag7 molecules from non-obese diabetic mice are poor peptide binders. J. Immunol. 156 450-458.
20. M. Carrington, G.W. Nelson, M.P. Martin, T. Kissner, D. Vlahov, J.J. Goedert, R. Kaslow, S. Buchbinder, K. Hoots and S.J. O'Brien (1999) HLA and HIV-1: heterozygote advantage and B*35-Cw*04 disadvantage. Science 283 1748-1752.
21. S. Casares, A. Hurtado, R. McEvoy, A. Sarukhan, H. von Boehmer and T.D. Brumeanu (2002) Down-regulation of diabetogenic CD4+T cells by a soluble dimeric peptide-MHC class II chimera. Nat. Immunol. 3 383-391.
22. L. Chatenoud (2003) CD3-specific antibody-induced active tolerance: from bench to bedside. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3 123-132.
23. Y. Chen, V.K. Kuchroo, J. Inobe, D.A. Hafler and H.L. Weiner (1994) Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 265 1237-1240.
24. W. Chen, W. Jin, N. Hardegen, K.J. Lei, L. Li, N. Marinos, G. McGrady and S.M. Wahl (2003) Conversion of peripheral CD4+CD25-naïve T cells to CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3. J. Exp. Med. 198 1875-1886.
25. Z.M. Chen, M.J. O'Shaughnessy, I. Gramaglia, A. Panoskaltsis-Mortari, W.J. Murphy, S. Narula, M.G. Roncarolo and B.R. Blazar (2003) IL-10 and TGF-β induce alloreactive CD4+CD25- T cells to acquire regulatory cell function. Blood 101 5076-5083.
26. A.A. Chentoufi and C. Polychronakos (2002) Insulin expression levels in the thymus modulate insulin-specific autoreactive T-cell tolerance: the mechanism by which the IDDM2 locus may predispose to diabetes. Diabetes 51 1383-1390.
27. U. Christen and M.G. von Herrath (2004) Induction, acceleration or prevention of autoimmunity by molecular mimicry. Mol. Immunol. 40 1113-1120.
28. Z. Dai, Q. Li, Y. Wang, G. Gao, L.S. Diggs, G. Tellides and F.G. Lakkis (2004) CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress allograft rejection mediated by memory CD8+ T cells via a CD30-dependent mechanism. J. Clin. Invest. 113 310-317.
29. J.G. Damoiseaux, L.J. Beijleveld and P.J. Breda Vriesman (1997) Multiple effects of cyclosporin A on the thymus in relation to T-cell development and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol. Immunopathol. 82 197-202.
30. N.A. Danke, D.M. Koelle, C. Yee, S. Beberay and W.W. Kwok (2004) Autoreactive T cells in healthy individuals. J. Immunol. 172 5967-5972.
31. P. Das, K.M. Drescher, A. Geluk, D.S. Bradley, M. Rodriguez and C.S. David (2000) Complementation between specific HLA-DR and HLA-DQ genes in transgenic mice determines susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Hum. Immunol. 61 279-289.
32. M.T. De Magistris, J. Alexander, M. Coggeshall, A. Altman, F.C.A. Gaeta, H.M. Grey and A. Sette (1992) Antigen analog-major histocompatibility complexes act as antagonists of the T cell receptor. Cell 68 625-634.
33. M.A. Derby, J. Wang, D.H. Margulies and J.A. Berzofsky (2001) Two intermediate-avidity cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones with a disparity between functional avidity and MHC tetramer staining. Int. Immunol. 13 817-824.
34. D. Dieckmann, H. Plottner, S. Berchtold, T. Berger and G. Schuler (2001) Ex vivo isolation and characterization of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells with regulatory properties from human blood. J. Exp. Med. 193 1303-1310.
35. D. Dieckmann, C.H. Bruett, H. Ploettner, M.B. Lutz and G. Schuler (2002) Human CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory, contact-dependent T cells induce interleukin 10-producing, contact-independent type 1-like regulatory T cells. J. Exp. Med. 196 247-253.
36. Y.H. Ding, B.M. Baker, D.N. Garboczi, W.E. Biddison and D.C. Wiley (1999) Four A6-TCR/peptide/HLA-A2 structures that generate very different T cell signals are nearly identical. Immunity 11 45-56.
37. D.R. Drake III and T.J. Braciale (2001) Cutting edge: lipid raft integrity affects the efficiency of MHC class I tetramer binding and cell surface TCR arrangement on CD8+ T cells. J Immunol 166 7009-7013.
38. D. Dubois-Lafforgue, L. Mogenet, K. Thebault, J. Jami, P. Krief and C. Boitard (2002) Proinsulin 2 knockout NOD mice: a model for genetic variation of insulin gene expression in type I diabetes. Diabetes 51(Suppl 3), S489-S493.
39. E.A. Elliott, J.R. Drake, S. Amigorena, J. Elsemore, P. Webster, I. Mellman and R.A. Flavell (1994) The invariant chain is required for intracellular transport and function of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. J. Exp. Med. 179 681-694.
40. H.A. Erlich and U.B. Gyllensten (1991) Shared epitopes among HLA class II alleles: gene conversion, common ancestry and balancing selection. Immunol. Today 12 411-414.
41. B. Ernst, D.S. Lee, J.M. Chang, J. Sprent and C.D. Surh (1999) The peptide ligands mediating positive selection in the thymus control T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation in the periphery. Immunity 11 173-181.
42. T.M. Fahmy, J.G. Bieler, M. Edidin and J.P. Schneck (2001) Increased TCR avidity after T cell activation: a mechanism for sensing lowdensity antigen. Immunity 14 135-143.
43. P.J. Fairchild, R. Wildgoose, E. Athertor, S. Webb and D.C. Wraith (1993) An autoantigenic T cell epitope forms unstable complexes with class II MHC: a novel route for escape from tolerance induction. Int. Immunol. 5 1151-1158.
44. A.A. Freitas and B. Rocha (1999) Peripheral T cell survival. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11 152-156.
45. Y. Fukui, T. Ishimoto, M. Utsuyama, T. Gyotoku, T. Koga, K. Nakao, K. Hirokawa, M. Katsuki and T. Sasazuki (1997) Positive and negative CD4+ thymocyte selection by a single MHC class II/peptide ligand affected by its expression level in the thymus. Immunity 6 401-410.
46. W.-P. Fung-Leung, C.D. Surh, M. Lijedahl, J. Pang, D. Leturcq, P.A. Peterson, S.R. Webb and L. Karlsson (1996) Antigen presentation and T cell development in H2-M-deficient mice. Science 271 1278-1281.
47. A.W. Goldrath and M.J. Bevan (1999) Low-affinity ligands for the TCR drive proliferation of mature CD8+ T cells in lymphopenic hosts. Immunity 11 183-190.
48. J. Goverman (1999) Tolerance and autoimmunity in TCR transgenic mice specific for myelin basic protein. Immunol. Rev. 169 147-159.
49. H. Groux, M. Bigler, J.E. De Vries and M.G. Roncarolo (1996) Interleukin-10 induces a long-term antigen-specific anergic state in human CD4+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 184 19-29.
50. C.E. Grubin, S. Kovats, P. DeRoos and A.Y. Rudensky (1997) Deficient positive selection of CD4 T cells in mice displaying altered repertoires of MHC class II-bound self-peptides. Immunity 7 197-208.
51. D.H. Hausmann, B. Yu, S. Hausmann and K.W. Wucherpfennig (1999) pH-dependent peptide binding properties of the type I diabetes-associated I-Ag7 molecule: rapid release of CLIP at an endosomal pH. J. Exp. Med. 189 1723-1734.
52. X.L. He, C. Radu, J. Sidney, A. Sette, E.S. Ward and K.C. Garcia (2002) Structural snapshot of aberrant antigen presentation linked to autoimmunity: the immunodominant epitope of MBP complexed with I-Au. Immunity 17 83-94.
53. M.D. Hesse, A.Y. Karulin, B.O. Boehm, P.V. Lehmann and M. Tary-Lehmann (2001) A T cell clone's avidity is a function of its activation state. J Immunol. 167 1353-1361.
54. A.V. Hill, C.E. Allsopp, D. Kwiatkowski, N.M. Anstey, P. Twumasi, P.A. Rowe, S. Bennett, D. Brewster, A.J. McMichael and B.M. Greenwood (1991) Common west African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature 352 595-600.
55. P. Holvoet, J.M. Stassen, J. Van Cleemput, D. Collen and J. Vanhaecke (1998) Oxidized low density lipoproteins in patients with transplant-associated coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18 100-107.
56. P. Holvoet, J. Vanhaecke, S. Janssens, W.F. Van de and D. Collen (1998) Oxidized LDL and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in patients with acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 98 1487-1494.
57. D.A. Horwitz, S.G. Zheng and J.D. Gray (2003) The role of the combination of IL-2 and TGF-beta or IL-10 in the generation and function of CD4+ CD25+ and CD8+ regulatory T cell subsets. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74 471-478.
58. J. Huan, S. Subramanian, R. Jones, C. Rich, J. Link, J. Mooney, D.N. Bourdette, A.A. Vandenbark, G.G. Burrows and H. Offner (2004) Monomeric recombinant TCR ligand reduces relapse rate and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice through cytokine switch. J. Immunol. 172 4556-4566.
59. A.L. Hughes and M. Nei (1988) Pattern of nucleotide substitution at major histocompatibility complex class I loci reveals overdominant selection. Nature 335 167-170.
60. G. Iezzi, E. Scotet, D. Scheidegger and A. Lanzavecchia (1999) The interplay between the duration of TCR and cytokine signaling determines T cell polarization. Eur. J. Immunol. 29 4092-4101.
61. L. Ignatowicz, G. Winslow, J. Bill, J. Kappler and P. Marrack (1995) Cell surface expression of class II MHC proteins bound by a single peptide. J. Immunol. 154 3852-3862.
62. S.C. Jameson, F.R. Carbone and M.J. Bevan (1993) Clone-specific T cell receptor antagonist of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells. J. Exp. Med. 177 1541-1550.
63. C.A. Janeway, K. Bottomly, J. Babich, P. Conrad, S. Conzen, B. Jones, J. Kaye, M. Katz, L. McVay, D.B. Murphy and J. Tite (1984) Quantitative variation in Ia antigen expression plays a central role in immune regulation. Immunol. Today 5 99-105.
64. S. Jiang, N. Camara, G. Lombardi and R.I. Lechler (2003) Induction of allopeptide-specific human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells ex vivo. Blood 102 2180-2186.
65. H. Jonuleit, E. Schmitt, M. Stassen, A. Tuettenberg, J. Knop and A.H. Enk (2001) Identification and functional characterization of human CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells with regulatory properties isolated from peripheral blood. J. Exp. Med. 193 1285-1294.
66. H. Jonuleit, E. Schmitt, H. Kakirman, M. Stassen, J. Knop and A.H. Enk (2002) Infectious tolerance: human CD25(+) regulatory T cells convey suppressor activity to conventional CD4(+) T helper cells. J. Exp. Med. 196 255-260.
67. M.S. Jordan, A. Boesteanu, A.J. Reed, A.L. Petrone, A.E. Holenbeck, M.A. Lerman, A. Naji and A.J. Caton (2001) Thymic selection of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells induced by an agonist self-peptide. Nat. Immunol. 2 283-284.
68. L. Kappos, G.C. Comi, H. Panitch, J. Oger, J. Antel, P. Conlon and L. Steinman The Altered Peptide Ligand in Relapsing MS Study Group (2000) Induction of a non-encephalitogenic type 2 T helper-cell autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis after administration of an altered peptide ligand in a placebo-controlled, randomized phase II trial”. Nat. Med. 6 1176-1182.
69. Y. Katz-Levy, K.L. Neville, A.M. Girvin, C.L. Vanderlugt, J.G. Pope, L.J. Tan and S.D. Miller (1999) Endogenous presentation of self myelin epitopes by CNS-resident APCs in Theiler's virus-infected mice. J. Clin. Invest. 104 599-610.
70. K. Kawahata, Y. Misaki, M. Yamauchi, S. Tsunekawa, K. Setoguchi, J. Miyazaki and K. Yamamoto (2002) Generation of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells from autoreactive T cells simultaneously with their negative selection in the thymus and from nonautoreactive T cells by endogenous TCR expression. J. Immunol. 168 4399-4405.
71. H. Kishimoto and J. Sprent (2001) A defect in central tolerance in NOD mice. Nat. Immunol. 2 1025-1031.
72. A.P. Kohm, P.A. Carpentier, H.A. Anger and S.D. Miller (2002) Cutting edge: CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress antigen-specific autoreactive immune responses and central nervous system inflammation during active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 169 4712-4716.
73. B. Kyewski, J. Derbinski, J. Gotter and L. Klein (2002) Promiscuous gene expression and central T-cell tolerance: more than meets the eye. Trends Immunol. 23 364-371.
74. A. Lanzavecchia and F. Sallusto (2000) Dynamics of T lymphocyte responses: intermediates, effectors, and memory cells. Science 290 92-97.
75. A. Lanzavecchia and F. Sallusto (2001) Antigen decoding by T lymphocytes: from synapses to fate determination. Nat. Immunol. 2 487-492.
76. S. Lesage, S.B. Hartley, S. Akkaraju, J. Wilson, M. Townsend and C.C. Goodnow (2002) Failure to censor forbidden clones of CD4 T cells in autoimmune diabetes. J. Exp. Med. 196 1175-1188.
77. M.K. Levings, R. Bacchetta, U. Schulz and M.G. Roncarolo (2002) The role of IL-10 and TGF-beta in the differentiation and effector function of T regulatory cells. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 129 263-276.
78. M.K. Levings, R. Sangregorio, C. Sartirana, A.L. Moschin, M. Battaglia, P.C. Orban and M.G. Roncarolo (2002) Human CD25+CD4+ T suppressor cell clones produce transforming growth factor beta, but not interleukin 10, and are distinct from type 1 T regulatory cells. J. Exp. Med. 196 1335-1346.
79. G.Y. Liu, P.J. Fairchild, R.M. Smith, J.R. Prowle, D. Kioussis and D.C. Wraith (1995) Low avidity recognition of self-antigen by T cells permits escape from central tolerance. Immunity 3 407-415.
80. D.H. Margulies (2001) TCR avidity: it's not how strong you make it, it's how you make it strong. Nat. Immunol. 2 669-670.
81. W.D. Martin, G.G. Hicks, S.K. Mendiratta, H.I. Leva, H.E. Ruley and L. Van Kaer (1996) H2-M mutant mice are defective in the peptide loading of class II molecules, antigen presentation, and T cell repertoire selection. Cell 84 543-550.
82. E.L. Masteller and J.A. Bluestone (2002) Immunotherapy of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14 652-659.
83. E.L. Masteller, M.R. Warner, W. Ferlin, V. Judkowski, D. Wilson, N. Glaichenhaus and J.A. Bluestone (2003) Peptide-MHC class II dimers as therapeutics to modulate antigen-specific T cell responses in autoimmune diabetes. J. Immunol. 171 5587-5595.
84. T. Miyazaki, P. Wolf, S. Tourne, C. Waltzinger, A. Dierich, N. Barois, H. Ploegh, C. Benoist and D. Mathis (1996) Mice lacking H2-M complexes, enigmatic elements of the MHC class II peptide-loading pathway. Cell 84 531-541.
85. H. Moriyama, N. Abiru, J. Paronen, K. Sikora, E. Liu, D. Miao, D. Devendra, J. Beilke, R. Gianani, R.G. Gill and G.S. Eisenbarth (2003) Evidence for a primary islet autoantigen (preproinsulin 1) for insulitis and diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 10376-10381.
86. K. Nagamine, P. Peterson, H.S. Scott, J. Kudoh, S. Minoshima, M. Heino, K.J.E. Krohn, M.D. Lalioti, P.E. Mullis, S.E. Antonarakis, K. Kawasaki, S. Asakawa, F. Ito and N. Shimizu (1997) Positional cloning of the APECED gene. Nat. Genet. 17 393-398.
87. I. Negishi, N. Motoyama, K. Nakayama, K. Nakayama, S. Senju, S. Hatakeyama, Q. Zhang, A.C. Chan and D.Y. Loh (1995) Essential role for ZAP-70 in both positive and negative selection of thymocytes. Nature 376 435-438.
88. G.T. Nepom (1993) MHC and autoimmune diseases. Immunol. Ser. 59 143-164.
89. G.T. Nepom and H. Erlich (1991) MHC class II molecules and autoimmunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9 493-525.
90. G.T. Nepom and H. Erlich (2002) Immunology and immunogenetics. The Genetic Basis of Common Diseases Oxford: Oxford University Press 573-586.
91. G.T. Nepom and B.S. Nepom (1992) Prediction of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis by human leukocyte antigen genotyping. G.T. Nepom (Eds) Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America vol. 18 Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders 785-792.
92. G.T. Nepom, J.A. Hansen and B.S. Nepom (1987) The molecular basis for HLA class II associations with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Immunol. 7 1-7.
93. W. Ollier and W. Thomson (1992) Population genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. G.T. Nepom (Eds) Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America vol. 18 Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders 741-759.
94. S. Pacini, S. Valensin, J.L. Telford, J. Ladbury and C.T. Baldari (2000) Temporally regulated assembly of a dynamic signaling complex associated with the activated TCR. Eur. J. Immunol. 30 2620-2631.
95. H. Quarsten, O. Molberg, L. Fugger, S.N. McAdam and L.M. Sollid (1999) HLA binding and T cell recognition of a tissue transglutaminase-modified gliadin epitope. Eur. J. Immunol. 29 2506-2514.
96. C. Ramsey, O. Winqvist, L. Puhakka, M. Halonen, A. Moro, O. Kampe, P. Eskelin, M. Pelto-Huikko and L. Peltonen (2002) Aire deficient mice develop multiple features of APECED phenotype and show altered immune response. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 397-409.
97. W. Ridgway, M. Fasso and C.G. Fathman (1998) Following antigen challenge, T cells up-regulate cell surface expression of CD4 in vitro and in vivo. J. Immunol. 161 714-720.
98. R. Rooke, C. Waltzinger, C. Benoist and D. Mathis (1997) Targeted complementation of MHC class II deficiency by intrathymic delivery of recombinant adenoviruses. Immunity 7 123-134.
99. C. Rosette, G. Werlen, M.A. Daniels, P.O. Holman, S.M. Alam, P.J. Travers, N.R. Gascoigne, E. Palmer and S.C. Jameson (2001) The impact of duration versus extent of TCR occupancy on T cell activation: a revision of the kinetic proofreading model. Immunity 15 59-70.
100. N. Sakaguchi, K. Miyai and S. Sakaguchi (1994) Ionizing radiation and autoimmunity. Induction of autoimmune disease in mice by high dose fractionated total lymphoid irradiation and its prevention by inoculating normal T cells. J. Immunol. 152 2586-2595.
101. S. Sakaguchi, N. Sakaguchi, M. Asano, M. Itoh and M. Toda (1995) Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. J. Immunol. 155 1151-1164.
102. S. Sakaguchi, T. Takahashi, H. Hata, T. Nomura, T. Tagami, S. Yamazaki, T. Sakiham, T. Matsutani, I. Negishi, S. Nakatsuru and S. Sakaguchi (2003) Altered thymic T-cell selection due to a mutation of the ZAP-70 gene causes autoimmune arthritis in mice. Nature 426 454-460.
103. S.J. Scharf, A. Friedman, C. Brautbar, F. Szafer, L. Steinman, G. Horn, U. Gyllensten and H.A. Erlich (1988) HLA class II allelic variation and susceptibility to pemphigus vulgaris. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 3504-3508.
104. M.K. Slifka and J.L. Whitton (2001) Functional avidity maturation of CD8(+) T cells without selection of higher affinity TCR. Nat. Immunol. 2 711-717.
105. L.M. Sollid, G. Markussen, J. Ek, H. Gjerde, F. Vartdal and E. Thorsby (1989) Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ α/β heterodimer. J. Exp. Med. 169 345-350.
106. R. Sorokin, H. Kimura, K. Schroder, D.H. Wilson and D.B. Wilson (1986) Cyclosporine-induced autoimmunity. Conditions for expressing disease, requirement for intact thymus, and potency estimates of autoimmune lymphocytes in drug-treated rats. J. Exp. Med. 164 1615-1625.
107. C.D. Surh, D.S. Lee, W.-P. Fung-Leung, L. Karlsson and J. Sprent (1997) Thymic selection by a single MHC/peptide ligand produces a semidiverse repertoire of CD4+ T cells. Immunity 7 209-219.
108. A. Suto, H. Nakajima, K. Ikeda, S. Kubo, T. Nakayama, M. Taniguchi, Y. Saito and I. Iwamoto (2002) CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cell development is regulated by at least 2 distinct mechanisms. Blood 99 555-560.
109. L.S. Taams, M. Vukmanovic-Stejic, J. Smith, P.J. Dunne, J.M. Fletcher, F.J. Plunkett, S.B. Ebeling, G. Lombardi, M.H. Rustin, J.W. Bijlsma, F.P. Lafeber, M. Salmon and A.N. Akbar (2002) Antigen-specific T cell suppression by human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 32 1621-1630.
110. O. Taguchi and Y. Nishizuka (1980) Autoimmune oophoritis in thymectomized mice: T cell requirement in adoptive cell transfer. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 42 324-331.
111. O. Taguchi, Y. Nishizuka, T. Sakakura and A. Kojima (1980) Autoimmune oophoritis in thymectomized mice: detection of circulating antibodies against oocytes. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 40 540-553.
112. S. Takeda, H.R. Rodewald, H. Arakawa, H. Bluethmann and T. Shimizu (1996) MHC class II molecules are not required for survival of newly generated CD4+ T cells, but affect their long-term life span. Immunity 5 217-228.
113. V. Taneja and C.S. David (1998) HLA transgenic mice as humanized mouse models of disease and immunity. J. Clin. Invest. 101 921-926.
114. J. Tang, C. Costello, I.P. Keet, C. Rivers, S. Leblanc, E. Karita, S. Allen and R.A. Kaslow (1999) HLA class I homozygosity accelerates disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 15 317-324.
115. Q. Tang, K.J. Henriksen, M. Bi, E.B. Finger, G. Szot, J. Ye, E.L. Masteller, H. McDevitt, M. Bonyhadi and J.A. Bluestone (2004) In vitro-expanded antigen-specific regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes. J. Exp. Med. 199 1455-1465.
116. K.V. Tarbell, S. Yamazaki, K. Olson, P. Toy and R.M. Steinman (2004) CD25+CD4+ T cells, expanded with dendritic cells presenting a single autoantigenic peptide, suppress autoimmune diabetes. J. Exp. Med. 199 1467-1477.
117. K. Thebault-Baumont, D. Dubois-Laforgue, P. Krief, J.P. Briand, P. Halbout, K. Vallon-Geoffroy, J. Morin, V. Laloux, A. Lehuen, J.C. Carel, J. Jami, S. Muller and C. Boitard (2003) Acceleration of type 1 diabetes mellitus in proinsulin 2-deficient NOD mice. J. Clin. Invest. 111 851-857.
118. G. Thomson, W.P. Robinson, M.K. Kuhner, S. Joe, M.J. MacDonald, J.L. Gottschall, J. Barbosa, S.S. Rich, J. Bertrams, M.P. Baur, J. Partanen, B.D. Tait, E. Schober, W.R. Mayr, J. Ludbigsson, B. Lindblom, N.R. Farid, C. Thompson and I. Deschamps (1988) Genetic heterogeneity, modes of inheritance, and risk estimates for a joint study of Caucasians with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 43 799-816.
119. M.R. Thursz, H.C. Thomas, B.M. Greenwood and A.V. Hill (1997) Heterozygote advantage for HLA class-II type in hepatitis B virus infection. Nat. Genet. 17 11-12.
120. J. Tian, S. Gregori, L. Adorini and D.L. Kaufman (2001) The frequency of high avidity T cells determines the hierarchy of determinant spreading. J. Immunol. 166 7144-7157.
121. J. Tiwari and P. Terasaki (1985) HLA and Disease Associations New York: Springer-Verlag
122. M. Toda, M. Totsuka, S. Furukawa, K. Yokota, T. Yoshioka, A. Ametani and S. Kaminogawa (2000) Down-regulation of antigen-specific antibody production by TCR antagonist peptides in vivo. Eur. J. Immunol. 30 403-414.
123. S. Tourne, T. Miyazaki, A. Oxenius, L. Klein, T. Fehr, B. Kyeski, C. Nenoist and D. Mathis (1997) Selection of a broad repertoire of CD4+ T cell in H-2Ma0/0 mice. Immunity 7 187-196.
124. M.A. van Boekel, E.R. Vossenaar, F.H. van den Hoogen and W.J. van Venrooij (2002) Autoantibody systems in rheumatoid arthritis: specificity, sensitivity and diagnostic value. Arthritis Res. 4 87-93.
125. P.A. van der Merwe (2001) The TCR triggering puzzle. Immunity 14 665-668.
126. A. Villunger, V.S. Marsden and A. Strasser (2003) Efficient T cell receptor-mediated apoptosis in nonobese diabetic mouse thymocytes. Nat. Immunol. 4 717.
127. A. Viola (2001) The amplification of TCR signaling by dynamic membrane microdomains. Trends Immunol. 22 322-327.
128. S. Viville, J. Neefjes, V. Lotteau, A. Dierich, M. Lemeur, H. Ploegh, C. Benoist and D. Mathis (1993) Mice lacking the MHC class II-associated invariant chain. Cell 72 635-648.
129. M.R. Walker, D.J. Kasprowicz, V.H. Gersuk, A. Benard, M. Van Landeghen, J.H. Buckner and S.F. Ziegler (2003) Induction of FoxP3 and acquisition of T regulatory activity by stimulated human CD4+. J. Clin. Invest. 112 1437-1443.
130. M.R. Walker, B.D. Carson, G.T. Nepom, S.F. Ziegler and J.H. Buckner (2005) De novo generation of antigen-specific CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells from human CD4+CD25-cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 4103-4108.
131. H.Y. Wang, D.A. Lee, G. Peng, Z. Guo, Y. Li, Y. Kiniwa, E.M. Shevach and R.F. Wang (2004) Tumor-specific human CD4+ regulatory T cells and their ligands: implications for immunotherapy. Immunity 20 107-118.
132. L. Wen, F.S. Wong, J. Tang, N.Y. Chen, M. Altieri, C. David, R. Flavell and R. Sherwin (2000) In vivo evidence for the contribution of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ molecules to the development of diabetes. J. Exp. Med. 191 97-104.
133. R. Winchester, E. Dwyer and S. Rose (1992) The genetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis: The shared epitope hypothesis. G.T. Nepom (Eds) Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America vol. 18 Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders 761-783.
134. S. Yamagiwa, J.D. Gray, S. Hashimoto and D.A. Horwitz (2001) A role for TGF-beta in the generation and expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells from human peripheral blood. J. Immunol. 166 7282-7289.
135. Z.S. Zhao, F. Granucci, L. Yeh, P.A. Schaffer and H. Cantor (1998) Molecular mimicry by herpes simplex virus-type 1: autoimmune disease after viral infection. Science 279 1344-1347.
136. S.G. Zheng, J.D. Gray, K. Ohtsuka, S. Yamagiwa and D.A. Horwitz (2002) Generation ex vivo of TGF-beta-producing regulatory T cells from CD4+CD25-precursors. J. Immunol. 169 4183-4189.
137. L. Zuo, C.M. Cullen, M.L. DeLay, S. Thornton, L.K. Myers, E.F. Rosloniec, G.P. Boivin and R. Hirsch (2002) A single-chain class II MHC-IgG3 fusion protein inhibits autoimmune arthritis by induction of antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness. J. Immunol. 168 2554-2559.