MYC, metabolism, cell growth, and tumorigenesis

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 8, 2013, Pages

  Dang, Chi V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; GLUTAMINE; MYC PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ARTICLE; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL TRANSFORMATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRION; NEOPLASM; ONCOGENE MYC; RIBOSOME; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

CARCINOGENESIS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENES, MYC; GENES, P53; GLUCOSE; GLUTAMINE; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRIA; NEOPLASMS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MYC; RIBOSOMES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 84881056831     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21571422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014217     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Aguda BD, Kim Y, Piper-Hunter MG, Friedman A, Marsh CB. 2008. MicroRNA regulation of a cancer network: Consequences of the feedback loops involving miR-17-92, E2F, and Myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 19678- 19683.
2. Ahuja P, Zhao P, Angelis E, Ruan H, Korge P, Olson A, Wang Y, Jin ES, Jeffrey FM, Portman M, et al. 2010. Myc controls transcriptional regulation of cardiac metabolism and mi-tochondrial biogenesis in response to pathological stress in mice. J Clin Invest 120: 1494-1505.
3. Askew DS, Ashmun RA, Simmons BC, Cleveland JL. 1991. Constitutive c-myc expression in an IL-3-dependent my-eloid cell line suppresses cell cycle arrest and accelerates apoptosis. Oncogene 6: 1915-1922.
4. Beer S, Zetterberg A, Ihrie RA, McTaggart RA, Yang Q, Bradon N, Arvanitis C, Attardi LD, Feng S, Ruebner B, et al. 2004. Developmental context determines latency of MYC-induced tumorigenesis. PLoS Biol 2: e332.
5. Cantor JR, Sabatini DM. 2012. Cancer cell metabolism: One hallmark, many faces. Cancer Discov 2: 881-898.
6. Chaneton B, Gottlieb E. 2012. Rocking cell metabolism: Revised functions of the key glycolytic regulator PKM2 in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 37: 309-316.
7. Chaneton B, Hillmann P, Zheng L, Martin AC, Maddocks OD, Chokkathukalam A, Coyle JE, Jankevics A, Holding FP, Vousden KH, et al. 2012. Serine is a natural ligand and allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase M2. Nature 491: 458-462.
8. Chang TC, Yu D, Lee YS, Wentzel EA, Arking DE, West KM, Dang CV, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Mendell JT. 2008. Widespread microRNA repression by Myc contributes to tumorigenesis. Nat Genet 40: 43-50.
9. Connacci-Sorrell M. 2013. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med (to be published).
10. Dang CV. 2011. Therapeutic targeting of Myc-repro-grammed cancer cell metabolism. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 76: 369-374.
11. Dang CV. 2012a. Links between metabolism and cancer. Genes Dev 26: 877-890.
12. Dang CV. 2012b. MYC on the path to cancer. Cell 149: 22-35.
13. David CJ, Chen M, Assanah M, Canoll P, Manley JL. 2010. HnRNP proteins controlled by c-Myc deregulate pyru-vate kinase mRNA splicing in cancer. Nature 463: 364- 368.
14. de Alboran IM, O'Hagan RC, Gartner F, Malynn B, Davidson L, Rickert R, Rajewsky K, DePinho RA, Alt FW. 2001. Analysis of C-MYC function in normal cells via conditional gene-targeted mutation. Immunity 14: 45-55.
15. DeBerardinis RJ, Cheng T. 2010. Q's next: The diverse functions of glutamine in metabolism, cell biology and cancer. Oncogene 29: 313-324.
16. Deisenroth C, Zhang Y. 2010. Ribosome biogenesis surveillance: Probing the ribosomal protein-Mdm2-p53 pathway. Oncogene 29: 4253-4260.
17. Drygin D, Rice WG, Grummt I. 2010. The RNA polymerase I transcription machinery: An emerging target for the treatment of cancer. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 50: 131-156.
18. Eberhardy SR, Farnham PJ. 2001. c-Myc mediates activation of the cad promoter via a post-RNA polymerase II recruitment mechanism. J Biol Chem 276: 48562-48571.
19. Eilers M, Eisenman RN. 2008. Myc's broad reach. Genes Dev 22: 2755-2766.
20. Eischen CM, Weber JD, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ, Cleveland JL. 1999. Disruption of the ARF-Mdm2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway in Myc-induced lymphomagenesis. Genes Dev 13: 2658-2669.
21. Evan GI, Wyllie AH, Gilbert CS, Littlewood TD, Land H, Brooks M, Waters CM, Penn LZ, Hancock DC. 1992. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 69: 119-128.
22. Fantin VR, St-Pierre J, Leder P. 2006. Attenuation of LDH-A expression uncovers a link between glycolysis, mitochon-drial physiology, and tumor maintenance. Cancer Cell 9: 425-434.
23. Fogal V, Richardson AD, Karmali PP, Scheffler IE, Smith JW, Ruoslahti E. 2010. Mitochondrial p32 protein is a critical regulator of tumor metabolism via maintenance of oxi-dative phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 30: 1303-1318.
24. Gao P, Tchernyshyov I, Chang TC, Lee YS, Kita K, Ochi T, Zeller KI, De Marzo AM, Van Eyk JE, Mendell JT, et al. 2009. c-Myc suppression of miR-23a/b enhances mito-chondrial glutaminase expression and glutamine metabolism. Nature 458: 762-765.
25. Gomez-Roman N, Grandori C, Eisenman RN, White RJ. 2003. Direct activation of RNA polymerase III transcription by c-Myc. Nature 421: 290-294.
26. Grandori C, Gomez-Roman N, Felton-Edkins ZA, Ngoue-net C, Galloway DA, Eisenman RN, White RJ. 2005. c-Myc binds to human ribosomal DNA and stimulates transcription of rRNA genes by RNA polymerase I. Nat Cell Biol 7: 311-318.
27. Graves JA, Wang Y, Sims-Lucas S, Cherok E, Rothermund K, Branca MF, Elster J, Beer-Stolz D, Van Houten B, Vockley J, et al. 2012. Mitochondrial structure, function and dynamics are temporally controlled by c-Myc. PLoS ONE 7: e37699.
28. Grewal SS, Li L, Orian A, Eisenman RN, Edgar BA. 2005. Myc-dependent regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis during Drosophila development. Nat Cell Biol 7: 295-302.
29. Hermeking H, Rago C, Schuhmacher M, Li Q, Barrett JF, Obaya AJ, O'Connell BC, Mateyak MK, Tam W, Kohl-huber F, et al. 2000. Identification of CDK4 as a target of c-MYC. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97: 2229-2234.
30. Hockenbery D. 2013. Myc and mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014225.
31. Hu S, Balakrishnan A, Bok RA, Anderton B, Larson PE, Nelson SJ, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Goga A. 2011. 13C-pyruvate imaging reveals alterations in glycolysis that precede c-Myc-induced tumor formation and regression. Cell Metab 14: 131-142.
32. Johnston LA, Prober DA, Edgar BA, Eisenman RN, Gallant P. 1999. Drosophila myc regulates cellular growth during development. Cell 98: 779-790.
33. Kim S, Li Q, Dang CV, Lee LA. 2000. Induction of ribosomal genes and hepatocyte hypertrophy by adenovirus-medi-ated expression of c-Myc in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97: 11198-11202.
34. Kim JW, Zeller KI, Wang Y, Jegga AG, Aronow BJ, O'Donnell KA, Dang CV. 2004. Evaluation of myc E-box phyloge-netic footprints in glycolytic genes by chromatin immu-noprecipitation assays. Mol Cell Biol 24: 5923-5936.
35. Kim JW, Tchernyshyov I, Semenza GL, Dang CV. 2006. HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase ki-nase: A metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Cell Metab 3: 177-185.
36. Kim J, Lee JH, Iyer VR. 2008. Global identification of Myc target genes reveals its direct role in mitochondrial biogenesis and its E-box usage in vivo. PLoS ONE 3: e1798.
37. Kim J, Woo AJ, Chu J, Snow JW, Fujiwara Y, Kim CG, Cantor AB, Orkin SH. 2010. A Myc network accounts for similarities between embryonic stem and cancer cell transcription programs. Cell 143: 313-324.
38. Koppenol WH, Bounds PL, Dang CV. 2011. Otto Warburg's contributions to current concepts of cancer metabolism. Nat Rev Cancer 11: 325-337.
39. Laplante M, Sabatini DM. 2012. mTOR signaling in growth control and disease. Cell 149: 274-293.
40. Le A, Cooper CR, Gouw AM, Dinavahi R, Maitra A, Deck LM, Royer RE, Vander Jagt DL, Semenza GL, Dang CV. 2010. Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A induces ox-idative stress and inhibits tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107: 2037-2042.
41. Le A, Lane AN, Hamaker M, Bose S, Gouw A, Barbi J, Tsukamoto T, Rojas CJ, Slusher BS, Zhang H, et al. 2012. Glucose-independent glutamine metabolism via TCA cycling for proliferation and survival in B cells. Cell Metab 15: 110-121.
42. Lee BK, Bhinge AA, Battenhouse A, McDaniell RM, Liu Z, Song L, Ni Y, Birney E, Lieb JD, Furey TS, et al. 2012. Cell-type specific and combinatorial usage of diverse transcription factors revealed by genome-wide binding studies in multiple human cells. Genome Res 22: 9-24.
43. Li Q, Dang CV. 1999. c-Myc overexpression uncouples DNA replication from mitosis. Mol Cell Biol 19: 5339-5351.
44. Li F, Wang Y, Zeller KI, Potter JJ, Wonsey DR, O'Donnell KA, Kim JW, Yustein JT, Lee LA, Dang CV. 2005. Myc stimulates nuclearly encoded mitochondrial genes and mito-chondrial biogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 25: 6225-6234.
45. Lin CY, Loven J, Rahl PB, Paranal RM, Burge CB, Bradner JE, Lee TI, Young RA. 2012. Transcriptional amplification in tumor cells with elevated c-Myc. Cell 151: 56-67.
46. Lippman SI, Broach JR. 2009. Protein kinase A and TORC1 activate genes for ribosomal biogenesis by inactivating repressors encoded by Dot6 and its homolog Tod6. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106: 19928-19933.
47. Liu YC, Li F, Handler J, Huang CR, Xiang Y, Neretti N, Sedivy JM, Zeller KI, Dang CV. 2008. Global regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic genes by c-Myc. PLoS ONE 3: e2722.
48. Liu L, Ulbrich J, Muller J, Wustefeld T, Aeberhard L, Kress TR, Muthalagu N, Rycak L, Rudalska R, Moll R, et al. 2012a. Deregulated MYC expression induces dependence upon AMPK-related kinase 5. Nature 483: 608-612.
49. Liu W, Le A, Hancock C, Lane AN, Dang CV, Fan TW, Phang JM. 2012b. Reprogramming of proline and glutamine metabolism contributesto the proliferative and metabolic responses regulated by oncogenic transcription factor c-MYC. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109: 8983-8988.
50. Loven J, Orlando DA, Sigova AA, Lin CY, Rahl PB, Burge CB, Levens DL, Lee TI, Young RA. 2012. Revisiting global gene expression analysis. Cell 151: 476-482.
51. Mannava S, Grachtchouk V, Wheeler LJ, Im M, Zhuang D, Slavina EG, Mathews CK, Shewach DS, Nikiforov MA. 2008.Direct role of nucleotide metabolism in C-MYC- dependent proliferation of melanoma cells. Cell Cycle 7: 2392-2400.
52. Menssen A, Hermeking H. 2002. Characterization of the c-MYC-regulated transcriptome by SAGE: Identification and analysis of c-MYC target genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99: 6274-6279.
53. Morrish F, Giedt C, Hockenbery D. 2003. c-MYC apoptotic function is mediated by NRF-1 target genes. Genes Dev 17: 240-255.
54. Morrish F, Isern N, Sadilek M, Jeffrey M, Hockenbery DM. 2009.c-Myc activates multiple metabolic networks to generate substrates for cell-cycle entry. Oncogene 28: 2485-2491.
55. Morrish F, Noonan J, Perez-Olsen C, Gafken PR, Fitzgibbon M, Kelleher J, VanGilst M, Hockenbery D. 2010. Myc-dependent mitochondrial generation of acetyl-CoA contributes to fatty acid biosynthesis and histone acetylation during cell cycle entry. J Biol Chem 285: 36267-36274.
56. Mullen AR, Wheaton WW, Jin ES, Chen PH, Sullivan LB, Cheng T, Yang Y, Linehan WM, Chandel NS, DeBerardi-nis RJ. 2012. Reductive carboxylation supports growth in tumour cells with defective mitochondria. Nature 481: 385-388.
57. Murphy TA, Dang CV, Young JD. 2013. Isotopically nonsta-tionary 13C flux analysis of Myc-induced metabolic re-programming in B-cells. Metab Eng 15: 206-217.
58. Nicklin P, Bergman P, Zhang B, Triantafellow E, Wang H, Nyfeler B, Yang H, Hild M, Kung C, Wilson C, et al. 2009. Bidirectional transport of amino acids regulates mTOR and autophagy. Cell 136: 521-534.
59. Nie Z, Hu G, Wei G, Cui K, Yamane A, Resch W, Wang R, Green DR, Tessarollo L, Casellas R, et al. 2012. c-Myc is a universal amplifier of expressed genes in lymphocytes and embryonic stem cells. Cell 151: 68-79.
60. Nikiforov MA, Chandriani S, O'Connell B, Petrenko O, Ko-tenko I, Beavis A, Sedivy JM, Cole MD. 2002. A functional screen for Myc-responsive genes reveals serine hy-droxymethyltransferase, a major source of the one-carbon unit for cell metabolism. Mol Cell Biol 22: 5793-5800.
61. Nilsson LM, Forshell TZ, Rimpi S, Kreutzer C, Pretsch W, Bornkamm GW, Nilsson JA. 2012. Mouse genetics suggests cell-context dependency for Myc-regulated metabolic enzymes during tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet 8: e1002573.
62. O'Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Zeller KI, Dang CV, Mendell JT. 2005. c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature 435: 839-843.
63. O'Donnell KA, Yu D, Zeller KI, Kim JW, Racke F, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Dang CV. 2006. Activation of transferrin receptor 1 by c-Myc enhances cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Biol 26: 2373-2386.
64. Orian A, Grewal SS, Knoepfler PS, Edgar BA, Parkhurst SM, Eisenman RN. 2005. Genomic binding and transcrip-tional regulation by the Drosophila Myc and Mnt transcription factors. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 70: 299-307.
65. Osthus RC, Shim H, Kim S, Li Q, Reddy R, Mukherjee M, Xu Y, Wonsey D, Lee LA, Dang CV. 2000. Deregulation of glucose transporter 1 and glycolytic gene expression by c-Myc. J Biol Chem 275: 21797-21800.
66. Papandreou I, Cairns RA, Fontana L, Lim AL, Denko NC. 2006.HIF-1 mediates adaptation to hypoxia by actively downregulating mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Cell Metab 3: 187-197.
67. Pickering MT, Stadler BM, Kowalik TF. 2009. miR-17 and miR-20a temper an E2F1-induced G1 checkpoint to regulate cell cycle progression. Oncogene 28: 140-145.
68. Pierce SB, Yost C, Britton JS, Loo LW, Flynn EM, Edgar BA, Eisenman RN. 2004. dMyc is required for larval growth and endoreplication in Drosophila. Development 131: 2317-2327.
69. Qing G, Skuli N, Mayes PA, Pawel B, Martinez D, Maris JM, Simon MC. 2010. Combinatorial regulation of neuro-blastoma tumor progression by N-Myc and hypoxia in-ducible factor HIF-1a. Cancer Res 70: 10351-10361.
70. Qing G, Li B, Vu A, Skuli N, Walton ZE, Liu X, Mayes PA, Wise DR, Thompson CB, Maris JM, et al. 2012. ATF4 regulates MYC-mediated neuroblastoma cell death upon glutamine deprivation. Cancer Cell 22: 631-644.
71. Rahl PB, Young RA. 2013. Myc and transcription elongation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med doi: 10.1101/cshper-spect.a014340.
72. Rahl PB, Lin CY, Seila AC, Flynn RA, McCuine S, Burge CB, Sharp PA, Young RA. 2010. c-Myc regulates transcrip-tional pause release. Cell 141: 432-445.
73. Rempel RE, Mori S, Gasparetto M, Glozak MA, Andrechek ER, Adler SB, Laakso NM, Lagoo AS, Storms R, Smith C, et al. 2009. A role for E2F activities in determining the fate of Myc-induced lymphomagenesis. PLoS Genet 5: e1000640.
74. Sansom OJ, Meniel VS, Muncan V, Phesse TJ, Wilkins JA, Reed KR, Vass JK, Athineos D, Clevers H, Clarke AR. 2007.Myc deletion rescues Apc deficiency in the small intestine. Nature 446: 676-679.
75. Schuhmacher M, Staege MS, Pajic A, Polack A, Weidle UH, Bornkamm GW, Eick D, Kohlhuber F. 1999. Control of cell growth by c-Myc in the absence of cell division. Curr Biol 9: 1255-1258.
76. Seoane J, Pouponnot C, Staller P, Schader M, Eilers M, Mas-sague J. 2001. TGF-b influences Myc, Miz-1 and Smad to control the CDK inhibitor p15INK4b. Nature Cell Biol 3: 400-408.
77. Sheen JH, Dickson RB. 2002. Overexpressionof c-Myc alters G1/S arrest following ionizing radiation. Mol Cell Biol 22: 1819-1833.
78. Shim H, Dolde C, Lewis BC, Wu CS, Dang G, Jungmann RA, Dalla-Favera R, Dang CV. 1997. c-Myc transactivation of LDH-A: Implications for tumor metabolism and growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94: 6658-6663.
79. Shim H, Chun YS, Lewis BC, Dang CV. 1998. A unique glucose-dependent apoptotic pathway induced by c-Myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci 95: 1511-1516.
80. Staller P, Peukert K, Kiermaier A, Seoane J, Lukas J, Kar-sunky H, Moroy T, Bartek J, Massague J, Hanel F, et al. 2001. Repression of p15INK4b expression by Myc through association with Miz-1. Nature Cell Biol 3: 392-399.
81. Van den Heuvel AP, Jing J, Wooster RF, Bachman KE. 2012. Analysis of glutamine dependency in non-small cell lung cancer: GLS1 splice variant GACisessential forcancer cell growth. Cancer Biol Ther 13: 1185-1194.
82. Vander Heiden MG. 2011. Targeting cancer metabolism: A therapeutic window opens. Nat Rev Drug Discov 10: 671-684.
83. Van Riggelen J, Yetil A, Felsher DW. 2010. MYC as a regulator of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. Nat Rev Cancer 10: 301-309.
84. Vazquez A, Markert EK, Oltvai ZN. 2011. Serine biosynthesis with one carbon catabolism and the glycine cleavage system represents a novel pathway for ATP generation. PLoS ONE 6: e25881.
85. Vazquez A, Tedeschi PM, Bertino JR. 2013. Overexpression of the mitochondrial folate and glycine-serine pathway:A new determinant of methotrexate selectivity in tumors. Cancer Res 73: 478-482.
86. Wall M, Poortinga G, Stanley KL, Lindemann RK, Bots M, Chan CJ, Bywater MJ, Kinross KM, Astle MV, Waldeck K, et al. 2013. The mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus prevents and treats Emu-Myc lymphoma by restoring oncogene-induced senescence. Cancer Discov 3: 82-95.
87. Wallace DC. 2012. Mitochondria and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 12: 685-698.
88. Wang JB, Erickson JW, Fuji R, Ramachandran S, Gao P, Dinavahi R, Wilson KF, Ambrosio AL, Dias SM, Dang CV, et al. 2010. Targeting mitochondrial glutaminase activity inhibits oncogenic transformation. Cancer Cell 18: 207-219.
89. Wang R, Dillon CP, Shi LZ, Milasta S, Carter R, Finkelstein D, McCormick LL, Fitzgerald P, Chi H, Munger J, et al. 2011. The transcription factor Myc controls metabolic reprogramming upon T lymphocyte activation. Immunity 35: 871-882.
90. Wang ZY, Loo TY, Shen JG, Wang N, Wang DM, Yang DP, Mo SL, Guan XY, Chen JP. 2012. LDH-A silencing suppresses breast cancer tumorigenicity through induction of oxi-dative stress mediated mitochondrial pathway apoptosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 131: 791-800.
91. Wise DR, DeBerardinis RJ, Mancuso A, Sayed N, Zhang XY, Pfeiffer HK, Nissim I, Daikhin E, Yudkoff M, McMahon SB, et al. 2008. Myc regulates a transcriptional program that stimulates mitochondrial glutaminolysis and leads to glutamine addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 18782-18787.
92. Xie H, Valera VA, Merino MJ, Amato AM, Signoretti S, Line-han WM, Sukhatme VP, Seth P. 2009. LDH-A inhibition, a therapeutic strategy for treatment of hereditary leio-myomatosis and renal cell cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 8: 626-635.
93. Yoo H, Antoniewicz MR, Stephanopoulos G, Kelleher JK. 2008. Quantifying reductive carboxylation flux of gluta-mine to lipid in a brown adipocyte cell line. J Biol Chem 283: 20621-20627.
94. Yuneva M, Zamboni N, Oefner P, Sachidanandam R, La-zebnik Y. 2007. Deficiency in glutamine but not glucose induces MYC-dependent apoptosis in human cells. J Cell Biol 178: 93-105.
95. Yuneva MO, Fan TW, Allen TD, Higashi RM, Ferraris DV, Tsukamoto T, Mates JM, Alonso FJ, Wang C, Seo Y, et al. 2012. The metabolic profile of tumors depends on both the responsible genetic lesion and tissue type. Cell Metab 15: 157-170.
96. Zaidi N, Swinnen JV, Smans K.2012. ATP-citrate lyase: A key player in cancer metabolism. Cancer Res 72: 3709-3714.
97. Zanet J, Pibre S, Jacquet C, Ramirez A, de Alboran IM, Gandarillas A. 2005. Endogenous Myc controls mammalian epidermal cell size, hyperproliferation, endoreplica-tion and stem cell amplification. J Cell Sci 118: 1693- 1704.
98. Zeller KI, Jegga AG, Aronow BJ, O'Donnell KA, Dang CV. 2003. An integrated database of genes responsive to the Myc oncogenic transcription factor: Identification of direct genomic targets. Genome Biol 4: pR69.
99. Zeller KI, Zhao X, Lee CW, Chiu KP, Yao F, Yustein JT, Ooi HS, Orlov YL, Shahab A, Yong HC, et al. 2006. Global mappingof c-Myc binding sites and target gene networks in human B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 17834-17839.
100. Zhang H, Gao P, Fukuda R, Kumar G, Krishnamachary B, Zeller KI, Dang CV, Semenza GL. 2007. HIF-1 inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular respiration in VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma by repression of C-MYC activity. Cancer Cell 11: 407-420.
101. Zindy F, Eischen CM, Randle DH, Kamijo T, Cleveland JL, Sherr CJ, Roussel MF. 1998. Myc signaling via the ARF tumor suppressor regulates p53-dependent apoptosis and immortalization. Genes Dev 12: 2424-2433.