Untangling the relationship between HRM and hospital performance: The mediating role of attitudinal and behavioural HR outcomes

International Journal of Human Resource Management

Volumn 24, Issue 16, 2013, Pages 3038-3061

  Baluch, Alina M ^a   Salge, Torsten Oliver ^b,d   Piening, Erk P ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

^b RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

^c LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY HANNOVER   (Germany)

^d RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

employees' attitudes and behaviours; hospitals; HR systems; patient satisfaction

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880324074     PISSN: 09585192     EISSN: 14664399     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2013.775027     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Allen, D.G., Bryant, P.C., and Vardaman, J.M. (2010), 'Retaining Talent: Replacing Misconceptions With Evidence-Based Strategies,' Academy of Management Perspectives, 24, 48-64.
2. Allen, D.G., Shore, L.M., and Griffeth, R.W. (2003), 'The Role of Perceived Organizational Support and Supportive Human Resource Practices in the Turnover Process,' Journal of Management, 29, 99-118.
3. Andersson, L., and Pearson, C. (1999), 'Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace,' Academy of Management Review, 24, 452-471.
4. Arthur, J.B., and Boyles, T. (2007), 'Validating the Human Resource System Structure: A Level-Based Strategic HRM Approach,' Human Resource Management Review, 17, 77-92.
5. Aryee, S., Walumba, F.O., Seidu, E.Y.M., and Otaye, L.E. (2012), 'Impact of High-Performance Work Systems on Individual- and Branch-Level Performance: Test of a Multilevel Model of Intermediate Linkages,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 287-300.
6. Axtell, C.M., and Parker, S.K. (2003), 'Promoting Role Breadth Self-Efficacy Through Involvement, Work Redesign, and Training,' Human Relations, 56, 112-131.
7. Bandura, A. (1977), 'Self Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change,' Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
8. Bandura, A. (1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
9. Barney, J.B. (1991), 'Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage,' Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
10. Barney, J.B., and Wright, P.M. (1998), 'On Becoming a Strategic Partner: The Role of Human Resources in Gaining Competitive Advantage,' Human Resource Management, 37, 31-46.
11. Baron, R.M., and Kenny, D.A. (1986), 'Moderator-Mediator Variables Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations,' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
12. Bartram, T., Casimir, G., Djurkovic, N., Leggat, S.G., and Stanton, P. (2012), 'Do Perceived High Performance Work Systems Influence the Relationship Between Emotional Labour, Burnout and Intention to Leave? A study of Australian Nurses,' Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68, 1567-1578.
13. Bartram, T., Stanton, P., Leggat, S.G., Casimir, G., and Fraser, B. (2007), 'Lost in Translation: Making the Link Between HRM and Performance in Healthcare,' Human Resource Management Journal, 17, 21-41.
14. Becker, B., and Gerhart, B. (1996), 'The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospects,' Academy of Management Journal, 39, 779-801.
15. Bonias, D., Bartram, T., Leggat, S., and Stanton, P. (2010), 'Does Psychological Empowerment Mediate the Relationship Between High Performance Work Systems and Quality of Patient Care in Hospitals?' Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 48, 319-337.
16. Boon, C., DenHartog, D.N., Boselie, P., and Paauwe, J. (2011), 'The Relationship Between Perceptions of HR Practices and Employee Outcomes: Examining the Role of Person-Organization and Person-Job Fit,' International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 138-162.
17. Bowen, D.E., and Ostroff, C. (2004), 'Understanding HRM-Firm Performance Linkages: The Role of the 'Strength' of the HRM System,' Academy of Management Review, 29, 203-221.
18. Boxall, P. (1996), 'The Strategic HRM Debate and the Resource-Based View of the Firm,' Human Resource Management Journal, 6, 59-75.
19. Boxall, P., Ang, S.H., and Bartram, T. (2011), 'Analyzing the 'Black Box' of HRM: Uncovering HR Goals, Mediators, and Outcomes in a Standardized Service Environment,' Journal of Management Studies, 48, 1504-1532.
20. Chadwick, C., Hunter, L.W., and Walston, S.L. (2004), 'Effects of Downsizing Practices on the Performance of Hospitals,' Strategic Management Journal, 25, 405-427.
21. Chen, G., and Bliese, P.D. (2002), 'The Role of Different Levels of Leadership in Predicting Self- and Collective Efficacy: Evidence for Discontinuity,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 549-556.
22. Chen, X.P., Hui, C., and Sego, D.J. (1998), 'The Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Turnover: Conceptualization and Preliminary Tests of Key Hypotheses,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 922-931.
23. Chin, W.W. (1998), 'The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling,' in Modern Methods for Business Research, ed. G.A.Marcoulides, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 295-358.
24. Chin, W.W., Marcolin, B.L., and Newsted, P.R. (2003), 'A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results From a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and an Electronic-Mail Emotion/Adoption Study,' Information Systems Research, 14, 189-217.
25. Chuang, E., Dill, J., Morgan, J.D., and Konrad, T.R. (2012), 'A Configurational Approach to the Relationship Between High-Performance Work Practices and Frontline Health Care Worker Outcomes,' Health Services Research, 47, 1460-1481.
26. Coff, R.W. (1997), 'Human Assets and Management Dilemmas: Coping With Hazards on the Road to Resource-Based Theory,' Academy of Management Review, 22, 374-402.
27. Colbert, B.A. (2004), 'The Complex Resource-Based View: Implications for Theory and Practice in Strategic Human Resource Management,' Academy of Management Review, 29, 341-358.
28. Conway, E., and Monks, K. (2008), 'HR Practices and Commitment to Change: An Employee-Level Analysis,' Human Resource Management Journal, 18, 72-89.
29. Conway, E., and Monks, K. (2009), 'Unraveling the Complexities of High Commitment: An Employee-Level Analysis,' Human Resource Management Journal, 19, 140-158.
30. Cortina, L.M., Magley, V.J., Williams, J.H., and Langhout, R.D. (2001), 'Incivility in the Workplace: Incidence and Impact,' Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 64-80.
31. Coyne, I., and Ong, T. (2007), 'Organizational Citizenship Behaviour and Turnover Intention: A Cross-Cultural Study,' International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 1085-1097.
32. Delmotte, J., DeWinne, S., and Sels, L. (2012), 'Toward an Assessment of Perceived HRM System Strength: Scale Development and Validation,' International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 1481-1506.
33. Donabedian, A. (2005), 'Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care,' Milbank Quarterly, 83, 691-729.
34. Dunlap, W.P., Burke, M.J., and Smith-Crowe, K. (2003), 'Accurate Tests of Statistical Significance for rwg and AD Interrater Agreement Indices,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 356-362.
35. Fay, D., and Frese, M. (2001), 'The Concept of Personal Initiative: An Overview of Validity Studies,' Human Performance, 14, 97-124.
36. Fornell, C., and Bookstein, F. (1982), 'Two Structural Equations Models: LISREL and PLS Applied to Consumer Exit-Voice Theory,' Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 440-452.
37. Fornell, C., and Larcker, D.F. (1981), 'Structural Equation Models With Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics,' Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 328-388.
38. Fried, Y., Shirom, A., Gilboa, S., and Cooper, C.L. (2008), 'The Mediating Effects of Job Satisfaction and Propensity to Leave on Role Stress-Job Performance Relationships: Combining Meta-Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling,' International Journal of Stress Management, 15, 305-328.
39. Gist, M.E., and Mitchell, T.R. (1992), 'Self-Efficacy: A Theoretical Analysis of Its Determinants and Malleability,' Academy of Management Review, 17, 183-211.
40. Glebbeek, A.C., and Bax, E.H. (2004), 'Is High Employee Turnover Really Harmful? An Empirical Test Using Company Records,' Academy of Management Journal, 47, 277-286.
41. Gould-Williams, J., and Mohamed, R.B. (2010), 'A Comparative Study of the Effects of 'Best Practice' HRM on Worker Outcomes in Malaysia and England Local Government,' International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 653-675.
42. Griffeth, R.W., Hom, P.W., and Gaertner, S. (2000), 'A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover: Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the Next Millennium,' Journal of Management, 26, 463-488.
43. Guest, D.E. (2011), 'Human Resource Management and Performance: Still Searching for Some Answers,' Human Resource Management Journal, 21, 3-13.
44. Harris, C., Cortvriend, P., and Hyde, P. (2007), 'Human Resource Management and Performance in Healthcare Organisations,' Journal of Health Organization and Management, 21, 448-459.
45. Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., and Sinkovics, R.R. (2009), 'The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing,' Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277-319.
46. Hui, C., Wong, A., and Tjosvold, D. (2007), 'Turnover Intention and Performance in China: The Role of Positive Affectivity, Chinese Values, Perceived Organizational Support and Constructive Controversy,' Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 735-751.
47. Hulland, J. (1999), 'Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) in Strategic Management Research: A Review of Four Recent Studies,' Strategic Management Journal, 20, 195-204.
48. Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., and Deng, X. (2007), 'A Meditation on Mediation,' Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17, 140-154.
49. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J., and Baer, J.C. (2012), 'How Does Human Resource Management Influence Organizational Outcomes? A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Mediating Mechanisms,' Academy of Management Journal, 55, 1264-1294.
50. Jimmieson, N.L., Hannam, R.L., and Yeo, G.B. (2010), 'Teacher Organizational Citizenship Behaviours and Job Efficacy: Implications for Student Quality of School Life,' British Journal of Psychology, 101, 453-479.
51. Judge, T.A., Jackson, C.L., Shaw, J.C., Scott, B.A., and Rich, B.L. (2007), 'Self-Efficacy and Work-Related Performance: The Integral Role of Individual Differences,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 107-127.
52. Kehoe, R.R., and Wright, P.M. (2013), 'The Impact of High Performance Human Resource Practices on Employees' Attitudes and Behaviors,' Journal of Management, 39, 366-391.
53. Khilji, S.E., and Wang, X. (2006), '"Intended" and "Implemented" HRM: The Missing Linchpin in Strategic Human Resource Management Research,' International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17, 1171-1189.
54. King, E.B., Dawson, J.F., West, M.A., Gilrane, V.L., Peddie, C.I., and Bastin, L. (2011), 'Why Organizational and Community Diversity Matter: The Emergence of Incivility and Organizational Performance,' Academy of Management Journal, 54, 1103-1118.
55. Koys, D.J. (2001), 'The Effects of Employee Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Turnover on Organizational Effectiveness: A Unit-Level, Longitudinal Study,' Personnel Psychology, 54, 101-114.
56. Kozlowski, S.W.J., and Klein, K.J. (2000), 'A Multi-Level Approach to Theory and Research in Organizations: Contextual, Temporal, and Emergent Processes,' in Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations: Foundations, Extensions and New Directions, eds. K.J.Klein and S.W.J.Kozlowski, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 3-90.
57. Kuvaas, B. (2008), 'An Exploration of How the Employee-Organization Relationship Affects the Linkage Between Perception of Developmental Human Resource Practices and Employee Outcomes,' Journal of Management Studies, 45, 1-25.
58. Lado, A.A., and Wilson, M.C. (1994), 'Human Resource Systems and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Competency-Based Perspective,' Academy of Management Review, 19, 699-727.
59. Lam, S., Chen, X., and Schaubroeck, J. (2002), 'Participative Decision Making and Employee Performance in Different Cultures: The Moderating Effects of Allocentrism/Idiocentrism and Efficacy,' Academy of Management Journal, 45, 905-914.
60. LeBreton, J.M., and Senter, J.L. (2008), 'Answers to 20 Questions About Interrater Reliability and Interrater Agreement,' Organizational Research Methods, 11, 815-852.
61. Lee, K.J. (2005), 'A Practical Method of Predicting Client Revisit Intention in a Hospital Setting,' Health Care Management Review, 30, 157-167.
62. Liao, H., Toya, K., Lepak, D.P., and Hong, Y. (2009), 'Do They See Eye to Eye? Management and Employee Perspectives of High Performance Work Systems and Influence Processes on Service Quality,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 371-391.
63. Lim, S., Cortina, L.M., and Magley, V.J. (2008), 'Personal and Workgroup Incivility: Impact on Work and Health Outcomes,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 95-107.
64. *WG Indexes,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 640-647.
65. Lum, L., Kervin, J., Clark, K., Reid, F., and Sirola, W. (1998), 'Explaining Nursing Turnover Intent: Job Satisfaction, Pay Satisfaction, or Organizational Commitment?' Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 305-320.
66. Marley, K., Collier, D., and Goldstein, S. (2004), 'The Role of Clinical and Process Quality in Achieving Patient Satisfaction in Hospitals,' Decision Sciences, 35, 349-369.
67. Messersmith, J.G., Patel, P.C., and Lepak, D.P. (2011), 'Unlocking the Black Box: Exploring the Link Between High-Performance Work Systems and Performance,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 1105-1118.
68. Michie, S., and West, M.A. (2004), 'Managing People and Performance: An Evidence Based Framework Applied to Health Service Organizations,' International Journal of Management Reviews, 5-6, 91-111.
69. Nelson, E.C., Rust, R.T., Zahorik, A., Rose, R.L., Batalden, P., and Siemanski, B.A. (1992), 'Do Patient Perceptions of Quality Relate to Hospital Financial Performance?' Journal of Health Care Marketing, 12, 6-13.
70. Nishii, L.H., Lepak, D.P., and Schneider, B. (2008), 'Employee Attributions About the 'Why' of HR Practices: Their Effects on Employee Attitudes and Behaviors, and Customer Satisfaction,' Personnel Psychology, 61, 503-545.
71. Nunnally, J.C., and Bernstein, I.H. (1994), Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill.
72. Organ, D.W., and Ryan, K. (1995), 'A Meta-Analytic Review of Attitudinal and Dispositional Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior,' Personnel Psychology, 48, 775-802.
73. Paauwe, J. (2009), 'HRM and Performance: Achievements, Methodological Issues and Prospects,' Journal of Management Studies, 46, 129-142.
74. Parker, S.K. (1998), 'Enhancing Role Breadth Self-Efficacy: The Roles of Job Enrichment and Other Organisational Interventions,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 835-852.
75. Podsakoff, N.P., Whiting, S.W., Podsakoff, P.M., and Blume, B.D. (2009), 'Individual- and Organizational-Level Consequences of Organisational Citizenship Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 122-141.
76. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Paine, J.B., and Bachrach, D.G. (2000), 'Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Critical Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature and Suggestions for Future Research,' Journal of Management, 26, 513-563.
77. Preacher, K.J., and Hayes, A.F. (2004), 'SPSS and SAS Procedures for Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models,' Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 717-731.
78. Proctor, E., Morrow-Howell, N., Albaz, R., and Weir, C. (1992), 'Patient and Family Satisfaction With Discharge Plans,' Medical Care, 30, 262-275.
79. Ridder, H.-G., Baluch, A.M., and Piening, E.P. (2012), 'The Whole is More than the Sum of Its Parts? How HRM is Configured in Nonprofit Organizations and Why It Matters,' Human Resource Management Review, 22, 1-14.
80. Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., and Will, A. (2005) 'SmartPLS 2.0,' www.smartpls.de. Accessed 1 April 2012.
81. Sanders, K., Dorenbosch, L., and De Reuver, R. (2008), 'The Impact of Individual and Shared Employee Perceptions of HRM on Affective Commitment: Considering Climate Strength,' Personnel Review, 37, 412-415.
82. Schaubroeck, J., and Merritt, D.E. (1997), 'Divergent Effects of Job Control on Coping With Work Stressors: The Key Role of Self-Efficacy,' Academy of Management Journal, 40, 738-754.
83. Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M.W., Mayer, D.E., Saltz, J., and Niles-Jolly, K.A. (2005), 'Understanding Organization-Customer Links in Service Settings,' Academy of Management Journal, 48, 1017-1032.
84. Shaw, J.D., Gupta, N., and Delery, J.E. (2005), 'Alternative Conceptualizations of the Relationship Between Voluntary Turnover and Organizational Performance,' Academy of Management Journal, 48, 50-68.
85. Sobel, M.E. (1982), 'Asympototic Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equations Models,' in Sociological Methodology, ed. S.Leinhard, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 290-312.
86. Stajkovic, A.D., and Luthans, F. (1998), 'Self-Efficacy and Work-Related Performance: A Meta-Analysis,' Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240-261.
87. Stanton, P., Young, S., Bartram, T., and Leggat, S. (2010), 'Singing the Same Song: Translating HRM Messages Across Management Hierarchies in Australian Hospitals,' International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 567-581.
88. Sun, L.-Y., Aryee, S., and Law, K.S. (2007), 'High-Performance Human Resource Practices, Citizenship Behavior, and Organizational Performance: A Relational Perspective,' Academy of Management Journal, 50, 558-577.
89. Takeuchi, R., Lepak, D.P., Wang, H., and Takeuchi, K. (2007), 'An Empirical Examination of the Mechanisms Mediating Between High-Performance Work Systems and the Performance of Japanese Organizations,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1069-1083.
90. Tett, R.P., and Meyer, J.P. (1993), 'Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intention, and Turnover: Path Analyses Based on Meta-Analytic Findings,' Personnel Psychology, 46, 259-291.
91. Tierney, P., and Farmer, S.M. (2002), 'Creative Self-Efficacy: Potential Antecedents and Relationship to Creative Performance,' Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1137-1148.
92. Townsend, K., and Wilkinson, A. (2010), 'Managing Under Pressure: HRM in Hospitals,' Human Resource Management Journal, 20, 332-338.
93. Van Scotter, J.R. (2000), 'Relationships of Task Performance and Contextual Performance With Turnover, Job Satisfaction and Affective Commitment,' Human Resource Management Review, 10, 79-95.
94. Veld, M., Paauwe, J., and Bosalie, P. (2010), 'HRM and Strategic Climates in Hospitals: Does the Message Come Across at the Ward Level?' Human Resource Management Journal, 20, 339-356.
95. Von Wangenheim, F., Evanschitzky, H., and Wunderlich, M. (2007), 'Does the Employee-Customer Satisfaction Link Hold for All Employee Groups?' Journal of Business Research, 60, 690-697.
96. Wall, T.D., and Wood, S.J. (2005), 'The Romance of Human Resource Management and Business Performance, and the Case for Big Science,' Human Relations, 58, 429-462.
97. West, M.A., Guthrie, J.P., Dawson, J.F., Borrill, C.S., and Carter, M. (2006), 'Reducing Patient Mortality in Hospitals: The Role of Human Resource Management,' Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 983-1002.
98. Whitman, D.S., Van Rooy, D.L., and Viswesvaran, C. (2010), 'Satisfaction, Citizenship Behaviors, and Performance in Work Units: A Meta-Analysis of Collective Construct Relations,' Personnel Psychology, 63, 41-81.
99. Wright, P.M., Gardner, T.M., Moynihan, L.M., and Allen, M.R. (2005), 'The Relationship Between HR Practices and Firm Performance: Examining Causal Order,' Personnel Psychology, 58, 409-446.
100. Wright, P.M., and McMahan, G.C. (1992), 'Theoretical Perspectives for Strategic Human Resource Management,' Journal of Management, 18, 295-320.
101. Wright, P.M., McMahan, G.C., and McWilliams, A. (1994), 'Human Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based Perspective,' International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5, 301-326.
102. Wright, P.M., and Niishi, L.H. (2006), 'Strategic HRM and Organizational Behavior: Integrating Multiple Levels of Analysis,' Working Paper 06-05, CAHRS Working Paper Series, Cornell University, NY
103. Young, S., Bartram, T., Stanton, P., and Leggat, S.G. (2010), 'High Performance Work Systems and Employee Well-Being: A Two Stage Study of a Rural Australian Hospital,' Journal of Health Organization and Management, 24, 182-199.
104. Zacharatos, A., Barling, J., and Iverson, R.D. (2005), 'High-Performance Work Systems and Occupational Safety,' Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 77-93.