메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 139, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 841-869

Investment and intellect: A review and meta-analysis

Author keywords

Cognitive development; Intellect; Intelligence; Investment; Personality

Indexed keywords


EID: 84880297419     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0030746     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (218)

References (244)
  • 1
    • 0030101170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge
    • doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(96)90016-1
    • Ackerman, P. L. (1996). A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge. Intelligence, 22, 227-257. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(96)90016-1
    • (1996) Intelligence , vol.22 , pp. 227-257
    • Ackerman, P.L.1
  • 2
    • 0034054926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domain-specific knowledge as the "dark matter" of adult intelligence: Gf/Gc, personality and interest correlates
    • doi:10.1093/geronb/55.2.P69
    • Ackerman, P. L. (2000). Domain-specific knowledge as the "dark matter" of adult intelligence: Gf/Gc, personality and interest correlates. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55 B, P69-P84. doi:10.1093/geronb/55.2.P69
    • (2000) Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , vol.55 B
    • Ackerman, P.L.1
  • 3
    • 0035541391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of individual differences and gender differences in knowledge
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.797
    • Ackerman, P. L., Bowen, K. R., Beier, M. E., & Kanfer, R. (2001). Determinants of individual differences and gender differences in knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 797-825. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.797
    • (2001) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.93 , pp. 797-825
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Bowen, K.R.2    Beier, M.E.3    Kanfer, R.4
  • 4
    • 21344492629 scopus 로고
    • Typical intellectual engagement and personality: Reply to Rocklin (1994)
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.150
    • Ackerman, P. L., & Goff, M. (1994). Typical intellectual engagement and personality: Reply to Rocklin (1994). Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 150-153. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.150
    • (1994) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.86 , pp. 150-153
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Goff, M.2
  • 5
    • 0031092425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.219
    • Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 219-245. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.219
    • (1997) Psychological Bulletin , vol.121 , pp. 219-245
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Heggestad, E.D.2
  • 6
    • 0000506639 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and noncognitive determinants and consequences of complex skill acquisition
    • doi:10.1037/1076-898X.1.4.270
    • Ackerman, P. L., Kanfer, R., & Goff, M. (1995). Cognitive and noncognitive determinants and consequences of complex skill acquisition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 1, 270-304. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.1.4.270
    • (1995) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.1 , pp. 270-304
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Kanfer, R.2    Goff, M.3
  • 7
    • 0032968371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The locus of adult intelligence: Knowledge, abilities, and non-ability traits
    • doi:10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.314
    • Ackerman, P. L., & Rolfhus, E. L. (1999). The locus of adult intelligence: Knowledge, abilities, and non-ability traits. Psychology and Aging, 14, 314-330. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.314
    • (1999) Psychology and Aging , vol.14 , pp. 314-330
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Rolfhus, E.L.2
  • 8
    • 0015873354 scopus 로고
    • Faktorenanalytische Untersuchung zum Konzept der Rigiditaet [Factor analytic study on the construct of rigidity]
    • Angleitner, A. (1973). Faktorenanalytische Untersuchung zum Konzept der Rigiditaet [Factor analytic study on the construct of rigidity]. Archiv für Psychologie, 125, 73-104.
    • (1973) Archiv für Psychologie , vol.125 , pp. 73-104
    • Angleitner, A.1
  • 9
    • 33644540453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPA in research studies: An invaluable but neglected opportunity
    • doi:10.1177/0273475305284638
    • Bacon, D. R., & Bean, B. (2006). GPA in research studies: An invaluable but neglected opportunity. Journal of Marketing Education, 28, 35-42. doi:10.1177/0273475305284638
    • (2006) Journal of Marketing Education , vol.28 , pp. 35-42
    • Bacon, D.R.1    Bean, B.2
  • 10
    • 77952578551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parents as learning partners in the development of technological fluency
    • doi:10.1162/ijlm.2009.0021
    • Barron, B., Martin, C. K., Takeuchi, L., & Fithian, R. (2009). Parents as learning partners in the development of technological fluency. International Journal of Learning and Media, 1, 55-77. doi:10.1162/ijlm.2009.0021
    • (2009) International Journal of Learning and Media , vol.1 , pp. 55-77
    • Barron, B.1    Martin, C.K.2    Takeuchi, L.3    Fithian, R.4
  • 11
    • 0009080691 scopus 로고
    • Complexity-simplicity as a personality dimension
    • doi:10.1037/h0054907
    • Barron, F. (1953). Complexity-simplicity as a personality dimension. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 163-172. doi:10.1037/h0054907
    • (1953) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.48 , pp. 163-172
    • Barron, F.1
  • 12
    • 0037405644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crystallized intelligence as a product of speed and drive for experience: The relationship of inspection time and openness to g and Gc
    • doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00176-9
    • Bates, T. C., & Shieles, A. (2003). Crystallized intelligence as a product of speed and drive for experience: The relationship of inspection time and openness to g and Gc. Intelligence, 31, 275-287. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00176-9
    • (2003) Intelligence , vol.31 , pp. 275-287
    • Bates, T.C.1    Shieles, A.2
  • 13
    • 0001260528 scopus 로고
    • On the growth of intelligence
    • doi:10.1037/h0043803
    • Bayley, N. (1955). On the growth of intelligence. American Psychologist, 10, 805-818. doi:10.1037/h0043803
    • (1955) American Psychologist , vol.10 , pp. 805-818
    • Bayley, N.1
  • 14
    • 0042227287 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral correlates of mental growth: Birth to thirtysix years
    • doi:10.1037/h0037690
    • Bayley, N. (1968). Behavioral correlates of mental growth: Birth to thirtysix years. American Psychologist, 23, 1-17. doi:10.1037/h0037690
    • (1968) American Psychologist , vol.23 , pp. 1-17
    • Bayley, N.1
  • 15
    • 0035206685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current-events knowledge in adults: An investigation of age, intelligence, and nonability determinants
    • doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.4.615
    • Beier, M. E., & Ackerman, P. L. (2001). Current-events knowledge in adults: An investigation of age, intelligence, and nonability determinants. Psychology and Aging, 16, 615-628. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.4.615
    • (2001) Psychology and Aging , vol.16 , pp. 615-628
    • Beier, M.E.1    Ackerman, P.L.2
  • 16
    • 72049109698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing and demonstrating knowledge: Individual differences determinants of learning and performance
    • Beier, M. E., Campbell, M., & Crook, A. E. (2010). Developing and demonstrating knowledge: Individual differences determinants of learning and performance. Intelligence, 38, 176-184.
    • (2010) Intelligence , vol.38 , pp. 176-184
    • Beier, M.E.1    Campbell, M.2    Crook, A.E.3
  • 17
    • 73649187241 scopus 로고
    • The factorial structure of the scales of the Primary Mental Abilities, Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey, and the Kuder Preference Record
    • doi:10.1080/00221309.1963.9920527
    • Bendig, A. W., & Meyer, W. J. (1963). The factorial structure of the scales of the Primary Mental Abilities, Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey, and the Kuder Preference Record. Journal of General Psychology, 68, 195-201. doi:10.1080/00221309.1963.9920527
    • (1963) Journal of General Psychology , vol.68 , pp. 195-201
    • Bendig, A.W.1    Meyer, W.J.2
  • 18
    • 0041085414 scopus 로고
    • The Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey as a predictor of achievement level and achievement fluctuation in introductory psychology
    • doi:10.1037/h0063329
    • Bendig, A. W., & Sprague, J. L. (1954). The Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey as a predictor of achievement level and achievement fluctuation in introductory psychology. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38, 409-413. doi:10.1037/h0063329
    • (1954) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 409-413
    • Bendig, A.W.1    Sprague, J.L.2
  • 22
    • 0034871995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond a stereotyped view of older adults' traditional family values
    • doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.3.483
    • Blanchard-Fields, F., Hertzog, C., & Stein, R. (2001). Beyond a stereotyped view of older adults' traditional family values. Psychology and Aging, 16, 483-496. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.3.483
    • (2001) Psychology and Aging , vol.16 , pp. 483-496
    • Blanchard-Fields, F.1    Hertzog, C.2    Stein, R.3
  • 24
    • 30744435332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring the need for cognition: Item polarity, dimensionality, and the relation with ability
    • doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.007
    • Bors, D. A., Vigneau, F., & Lalande, F. (2006). Measuring the need for cognition: Item polarity, dimensionality, and the relation with ability. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 819-828. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.007
    • (2006) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.40 , pp. 819-828
    • Bors, D.A.1    Vigneau, F.2    Lalande, F.3
  • 25
    • 0011511805 scopus 로고
    • Deutsche Validierung von Fragebogen dogmatischer und intoleranter Haltungen [German questionnaire validation for dogmatic and intolerant attitudes]
    • Brengelmann, J. C., & Brengelmann, L. (1960). Deutsche Validierung von Fragebogen dogmatischer und intoleranter Haltungen [German questionnaire validation for dogmatic and intolerant attitudes]. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 7, 451-471.
    • (1960) Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie , vol.7 , pp. 451-471
    • Brengelmann, J.C.1    Brengelmann, L.2
  • 26
    • 85015467206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical thinking dispositions among undergraduate students during their introductory health education course
    • Broadbear, J. T., Jin, G., & Bierma, T. J. (2005). Critical thinking dispositions among undergraduate students during their introductory health education course. Health Educator, 37, 8-15.
    • (2005) Health Educator , vol.37 , pp. 8-15
    • Broadbear, J.T.1    Jin, G.2    Bierma, T.J.3
  • 27
    • 73049156959 scopus 로고
    • Intolerance of ambiguity as a personal variable
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1962.tb02303.x
    • Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personal variable. Journal of Personality, 30, 29-50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1962.tb02303.x
    • (1962) Journal of Personality , vol.30 , pp. 29-50
    • Budner, S.1
  • 29
    • 84859918022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition
    • Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, B. G. (1996). Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 197-253.
    • (1996) Psychological Bulletin , vol.119 , pp. 197-253
    • Cacioppo, J.T.1    Petty, R.E.2    Feinstein, J.A.3    Jarvis, B.G.4
  • 30
    • 34248522780 scopus 로고
    • Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: An individual difference perspective
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1032
    • Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Kao, C. F., & Rodriguez, R. (1986). Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: An individual difference perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1032-1043. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1032
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 1032-1043
    • Cacioppo, J.T.1    Petty, R.E.2    Kao, C.F.3    Rodriguez, R.4
  • 31
    • 0001739168 scopus 로고
    • Effects of need for cognition on message evaluation, recall, and persuasion
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.805
    • Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Morris, K. J. (1983). Effects of need for cognition on message evaluation, recall, and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 805-818. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.805
    • (1983) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 805-818
    • Cacioppo, J.T.1    Petty, R.E.2    Morris, K.J.3
  • 33
    • 0003670594 scopus 로고
    • A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511571312
    • Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities. A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511571312
    • (1993) Human cognitive abilities
    • Carroll, J.B.1
  • 34
    • 0033628761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The child is father of the man: Personality continuities from childhood to adulthood
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.158
    • Caspi, A. (2000). The child is father of the man: Personality continuities from childhood to adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 158-172. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.158
    • (2000) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.78 , pp. 158-172
    • Caspi, A.1
  • 35
    • 0000831686 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of adult intelligence
    • doi:10.1037/h0059973
    • Cattell, R. B. (1943). The measurement of adult intelligence. Psychological Bulletin, 40, 153-193. doi:10.1037/h0059973
    • (1943) Psychological Bulletin , vol.40 , pp. 153-193
    • Cattell, R.B.1
  • 37
    • 0037525712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality traits and academic examination performance
    • doi:10.1002/per.473
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2003). Personality traits and academic examination performance. European Journal of Personality, 17, 237-250. doi:10.1002/per.473
    • (2003) European Journal of Personality , vol.17 , pp. 237-250
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T.1    Furnham, A.2
  • 38
    • 33749856610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual competence and the intelligent personality: A third way in differential psychology
    • doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.251
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2006). Intellectual competence and the intelligent personality: A third way in differential psychology. Review of General Psychology, 10, 251-267. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.251
    • (2006) Review of General Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 251-267
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T.1    Furnham, A.2
  • 40
    • 33845641722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incremental validity of typical intellectual engagement as predictor of different academic performance measures
    • doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8703_07
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Furnham, A., & Ackerman, P. L. (2006b). Incremental validity of typical intellectual engagement as predictor of different academic performance measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 261-268. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8703_07
    • (2006) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.87 , pp. 261-268
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T.1    Furnham, A.2    Ackerman, P.L.3
  • 41
    • 21844512395 scopus 로고
    • Information search strategies in loosely structured settings
    • doi:10.2190/0BK5-6X68-H0E9-JKBA
    • Chang, C., & McDaniel, E. D. (1995). Information search strategies in loosely structured settings. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 12, 95-107. doi:10.2190/0BK5-6X68-H0E9-JKBA
    • (1995) Journal of Educational Computing Research , vol.12 , pp. 95-107
    • Chang, C.1    McDaniel, E.D.2
  • 44
    • 0026280897 scopus 로고
    • The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: U.S. normative data.
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3.1047
    • Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., & Svrakic, D. M. (1991). The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: U.S. normative data. Psychological Reports, 69, 1047-1057. doi:10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3.1047
    • (1991) Psychological Reports , vol.69 , pp. 1047-1057
    • Cloninger, C.R.1    Przybeck, T.R.2    Svrakic, D.M.3
  • 50
    • 84964138945 scopus 로고
    • Curiosity and intelligence: Two necessary conditions for a high level of creativity
    • doi:10.1177/002246696900300305
    • Day, H. I., & Langevin, R. (1969). Curiosity and intelligence: Two necessary conditions for a high level of creativity. Journal of Special Education, 3, 263-268. doi:10.1177/002246696900300305
    • (1969) Journal of Special Education , vol.3 , pp. 263-268
    • Day, H.I.1    Langevin, R.2
  • 51
    • 0034579729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The stability of individual differences in mental ability from childhood to old age: Follow-up of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey
    • doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00031-8
    • Deary, I. J., Whalley, L. J., Lemmon, H., Crawford, J. R., & Starr, J. M. (2000). The stability of individual differences in mental ability from childhood to old age: Follow-up of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey. Intelligence, 28, 49-55. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00031-8
    • (2000) Intelligence , vol.28 , pp. 49-55
    • Deary, I.J.1    Whalley, L.J.2    Lemmon, H.3    Crawford, J.R.4    Starr, J.M.5
  • 53
    • 40349092929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Typical intellectual engagement and cognition in old age
    • doi:10.1080/13825580701338094
    • Dellenbach, M., & Zimprich, D. (2008). Typical intellectual engagement and cognition in old age. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 15, 208-231. doi:10.1080/13825580701338094
    • (2008) Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , vol.15 , pp. 208-231
    • Dellenbach, M.1    Zimprich, D.2
  • 54
    • 70350510444 scopus 로고
    • Achievement-personality criterion as selectors of participants and predictors of success in special programs in higher education
    • Demos, G. D., & Weijola, M. J. (1966). Achievement-personality criterion as selectors of participants and predictors of success in special programs in higher education. California Journal of Educational Research, 17, 186-192.
    • (1966) California Journal of Educational Research , vol.17 , pp. 186-192
    • Demos, G.D.1    Weijola, M.J.2
  • 55
    • 10044281653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Revised NEO Personality Inventory as a predictor of police academy performance
    • doi:10.1177/0093854804268751
    • Detrick, P., Chibnall, J. T., & Luebbert, M. C. (2004). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory as a predictor of police academy performance. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 676-694. doi:10.1177/0093854804268751
    • (2004) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.31 , pp. 676-694
    • Detrick, P.1    Chibnall, J.T.2    Luebbert, M.C.3
  • 56
    • 21644467377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of Openness/Intellect: Cognitive and neuropsychological correlates of the fifth factor of personality
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00330.x
    • DeYoung, C. G., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2005). Sources of Openness/Intellect: Cognitive and neuropsychological correlates of the fifth factor of personality. Journal of Personality, 73, 825-858. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00330.x
    • (2005) Journal of Personality , vol.73 , pp. 825-858
    • DeYoung, C.G.1    Peterson, J.B.2    Higgins, D.M.3
  • 57
  • 59
    • 38249014958 scopus 로고
    • Something to hide? Consent-granting for release of standardized scores
    • doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90068-Z
    • Dollinger, S. J., & McMorrow, M. A. (1992). Something to hide? Consent-granting for release of standardized scores. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 411-416. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90068-Z
    • (1992) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.13 , pp. 411-416
    • Dollinger, S.J.1    McMorrow, M.A.2
  • 60
    • 30344487239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x
    • Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological Science, 16, 939-944. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x
    • (2005) Psychological Science , vol.16 , pp. 939-944
    • Duckworth, A.L.1    Seligman, M.E.P.2
  • 62
    • 58149372679 scopus 로고
    • A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality
    • doi:10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
    • Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
    • (1988) Psychological Review , vol.95 , pp. 256-273
    • Dweck, C.S.1    Leggett, E.L.2
  • 63
    • 0015891269 scopus 로고
    • The Berkeley longitudinal studies: Continuities and correlates of behavior
    • doi:10.1037/h0082355
    • Eichorn, D. H. (1973). The Berkeley longitudinal studies: Continuities and correlates of behavior. Canadian Journal Behavioral Sciences, 5, 297-320. doi:10.1037/h0082355
    • (1973) Canadian Journal Behavioral Sciences , vol.5 , pp. 297-320
    • Eichorn, D.H.1
  • 65
    • 0036704837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilizing need for cognition and perceived self-efficacy to predict academic performance
    • doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02770.x
    • Elias, S. M., & Loomis, R. J. (2002). Utilizing need for cognition and perceived self-efficacy to predict academic performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1687-1702. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02770.x
    • (2002) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 1687-1702
    • Elias, S.M.1    Loomis, R.J.2
  • 66
    • 0030539722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461
    • Elliot, A., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 461-475. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 461-475
    • Elliot, A.1    Harackiewicz, J.M.2
  • 67
    • 3042987324 scopus 로고
    • Male occupational constancy and change: Its prediction according to Holland's theory
    • doi:10.1037/h0030136
    • Elton, C., & Rose, H. (1970). Male occupational constancy and change: Its prediction according to Holland's theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 17, 1-19. doi:10.1037/h0030136
    • (1970) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 1-19
    • Elton, C.1    Rose, H.2
  • 68
    • 7144259643 scopus 로고
    • Predicting achievement and the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1978.43.3.847
    • Eno, L. (1978). Predicting achievement and the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Psychological Reports, 43, 847-852. doi:10.2466/pr0.1978.43.3.847
    • (1978) Psychological Reports , vol.43 , pp. 847-852
    • Eno, L.1
  • 69
    • 0030209604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.390
    • Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., & Heier, H. (1996). Individual differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 390-405. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.390
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.71 , pp. 390-405
    • Epstein, S.1    Pacini, R.2    Denes-Raj, V.3    Heier, H.4
  • 71
    • 0141775316 scopus 로고
    • The relationships of three personality scales to grade point average and verbal ability in college freshmen
    • Evans, J. D. (1969). The relationships of three personality scales to grade point average and verbal ability in college freshmen. Journal of Educational Research, 63, 121-125.
    • (1969) Journal of Educational Research , vol.63 , pp. 121-125
    • Evans, J.D.1
  • 73
    • 84981767758 scopus 로고
    • Some personality correlates of external control
    • doi:10.1080/00049536708255585
    • Feather, N. T. (1967). Some personality correlates of external control. Australian Journal of Psychology, 19, 253-260. doi:10.1080/00049536708255585
    • (1967) Australian Journal of Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 253-260
    • Feather, N.T.1
  • 74
    • 22444455309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A facet and factor analysis of typical intellectual engagement (TIE): Associations with locus of control and the five-factor model of personality
    • doi:10.2224/sbp.1999.27.6.545
    • Ferguson, E. (1999). A facet and factor analysis of typical intellectual engagement (TIE): Associations with locus of control and the five-factor model of personality. Social Behavior and Personality, 27, 545-561. doi:10.2224/sbp.1999.27.6.545
    • (1999) Social Behavior and Personality , vol.27 , pp. 545-561
    • Ferguson, E.1
  • 75
    • 0038151677 scopus 로고
    • Consistency of the factorial structures of personality ratings from different sources
    • doi:10.1037/h0057198
    • Fiske, D. W. (1949). Consistency of the factorial structures of personality ratings from different sources. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44, 329-344. doi:10.1037/h0057198
    • (1949) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.44 , pp. 329-344
    • Fiske, D.W.1
  • 76
    • 0000750732 scopus 로고
    • The experimental conditions for measuring individual differences
    • doi:10.1177/001316446302300203
    • Fiske, D. W., & Butler, J. M. (1963). The experimental conditions for measuring individual differences. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 23, 249-266. doi:10.1177/001316446302300203
    • (1963) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.23 , pp. 249-266
    • Fiske, D.W.1    Butler, J.M.2
  • 78
    • 84982338249 scopus 로고
    • Intolerance of ambiguity as an emotional perceptual personality variable
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1949.tb01236.x
    • Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1949). Intolerance of ambiguity as an emotional perceptual personality variable. Journal of Personality, 18, 108-143. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1949.tb01236.x
    • (1949) Journal of Personality , vol.18 , pp. 108-143
    • Frenkel-Brunswik, E.1
  • 79
    • 2942674684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scholastic assessment or g? The relationship between the SAT and general cognitive ability
    • doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00687.x
    • Frey, M. C., & Detterman, D. K. (2004). Scholastic assessment or g? The relationship between the SAT and general cognitive ability. Psychological Science, 15, 373-378. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00687.x
    • (2004) Psychological Science , vol.15 , pp. 373-378
    • Frey, M.C.1    Detterman, D.K.2
  • 81
    • 0035221165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.197
    • Funder, D. C. (2001). Personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 197-221. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.197
    • (2001) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 197-221
    • Funder, D.C.1
  • 82
    • 38149146235 scopus 로고
    • A content, correlational and factor analytic study of four tolerance for ambiguity questionnaires
    • doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90066-3
    • Furnham, A. (1994). A content, correlational and factor analytic study of four tolerance for ambiguity questionnaires. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 403-410. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90066-3
    • (1994) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.76 , pp. 403-410
    • Furnham, A.1
  • 83
    • 45849088806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive ability, learning approaches and personality correlates of general knowledge
    • doi:10.1080/01443410701727376
    • Furnham, A., Swami, V., Arteche, A., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2008). Cognitive ability, learning approaches and personality correlates of general knowledge. Educational Psychology, 28, 427-437. doi:10.1080/01443410701727376
    • (2008) Educational Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 427-437
    • Furnham, A.1    Swami, V.2    Arteche, A.3    Chamorro-Premuzic, T.4
  • 84
    • 85015468223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the relationships between specific scales of the California Psychological Inventory and academic performance during the first year of college
    • Gandhi, P. B. (2002). An investigation of the relationships between specific scales of the California Psychological Inventory and academic performance during the first year of college. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 63(3), 1561.
    • (2002) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 1561
    • Gandhi, P.B.1
  • 85
    • 21144470346 scopus 로고
    • Personality-intelligence relations: Assessment of typical intellectual engagement
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.537
    • Goff, M., & Ackerman, P. L. (1992). Personality-intelligence relations: Assessment of typical intellectual engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 537-552. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.537
    • (1992) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 537-552
    • Goff, M.1    Ackerman, P.L.2
  • 87
    • 0037655157 scopus 로고
    • A nonintellectual intelligence test
    • doi:10.1037/h0055486
    • Gough, H. G. (1953). A nonintellectual intelligence test. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 17, 242-246. doi:10.1037/h0055486
    • (1953) Journal of Consulting Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 242-246
    • Gough, H.G.1
  • 90
    • 0000075210 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of performance in medical school from the California Psychological Inventory
    • doi:10.1037/h0041092
    • Gough, H. G., & Hall, P. (1964). Prediction of performance in medical school from the California Psychological Inventory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48, 218-226. doi:10.1037/h0041092
    • (1964) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.48 , pp. 218-226
    • Gough, H.G.1    Hall, P.2
  • 91
    • 23744465958 scopus 로고
    • A nontransformational test of intellectual competence
    • doi:10.1037/0021-9010.66.1.102
    • Gough, H. G., & Weiss, D. S. (1981). A nontransformational test of intellectual competence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 102-110. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.66.1.102
    • (1981) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 102-110
    • Gough, H.G.1    Weiss, D.S.2
  • 92
    • 22344457429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The personality-intelligence interface: Insights from an ageing cohort
    • doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.028
    • Gow, A. J., Whiteman, M. C., Pattie, A., & Deary, I. J. (2005). The personality-intelligence interface: Insights from an ageing cohort. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 751-761. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.028
    • (2005) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.39 , pp. 751-761
    • Gow, A.J.1    Whiteman, M.C.2    Pattie, A.3    Deary, I.J.4
  • 93
    • 85015493710 scopus 로고
    • Intercorrelations of the California Psychological Inventory and the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey with Intelligence as measured by the ACE
    • Gowan, J. C. (1960). Intercorrelations of the California Psychological Inventory and the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey with Intelligence as measured by the ACE. California Journal of Educational Research, 11, 213-215.
    • (1960) California Journal of Educational Research , vol.11 , pp. 213-215
    • Gowan, J.C.1
  • 94
    • 84976929976 scopus 로고
    • Correlation of CPI traits with academic achievement
    • doi:10.1177/001316446402400223
    • Griffin, M. L., & Flaherty, M. R. (1964). Correlation of CPI traits with academic achievement. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 24, 369-372. doi:10.1177/001316446402400223
    • (1964) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.24 , pp. 369-372
    • Griffin, M.L.1    Flaherty, M.R.2
  • 95
    • 0040380928 scopus 로고
    • The relation of past managerial achievement to test measures obtained in the employment situation: Methodology and results
    • doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1973.tb01115.x
    • Grimsley, G., & Jarrett, H. F. (1973). The relation of past managerial achievement to test measures obtained in the employment situation: Methodology and results. Personnel Psychology, 26, 31-48. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1973.tb01115.x
    • (1973) Personnel Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 31-48
    • Grimsley, G.1    Jarrett, H.F.2
  • 97
    • 84946654016 scopus 로고
    • Personality factors S, E, and M, and their measurement
    • doi:10.1080/00223980.1936.9917446
    • Guilford, J. P., & Guilford, R. B. (1936). Personality factors S, E, and M, and their measurement. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 2, 109-127. doi:10.1080/00223980.1936.9917446
    • (1936) Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied , vol.2 , pp. 109-127
    • Guilford, J.P.1    Guilford, R.B.2
  • 99
    • 85015495029 scopus 로고
    • A study of Cattell's dispositions test and the relation between the disposition of curiosity and intelligence
    • Hafeez, M. A. (1952). A study of Cattell's dispositions test and the relation between the disposition of curiosity and intelligence. Indian Journal of Psychology, 27, 66-77.
    • (1952) Indian Journal of Psychology , vol.27 , pp. 66-77
    • Hafeez, M.A.1
  • 100
    • 44149089075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles of ability, personality, and interests in acquiring current events knowledge: A longitudinal study
    • doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.06.004
    • Hambrick, D. Z., Pink, J. E., & Meinz, E. J. (2008). The roles of ability, personality, and interests in acquiring current events knowledge: A longitudinal study. Intelligence, 36, 261-278. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.06.004
    • (2008) Intelligence , vol.36 , pp. 261-278
    • Hambrick, D.Z.1    Pink, J.E.2    Meinz, E.J.3
  • 101
    • 0742289197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measured intelligence, achievement, openness to experience, and creativity
    • doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00161-2
    • Harris, J. A. (2004). Measured intelligence, achievement, openness to experience, and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 913-929. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00161-2
    • (2004) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.36 , pp. 913-929
    • Harris, J.A.1
  • 102
    • 0031817020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multivariate genetic analysis of correlations between intelligence and personality
    • doi:10.1080/87565649809540703
    • Harris, J. A., Vernon, P. A., & Jang, K. L. (1998). A multivariate genetic analysis of correlations between intelligence and personality. Develop-mental Neuropsychology, 14, 127-142. doi:10.1080/87565649809540703
    • (1998) Develop-mental Neuropsychology , vol.14 , pp. 127-142
    • Harris, J.A.1    Vernon, P.A.2    Jang, K.L.3
  • 103
    • 0002592316 scopus 로고
    • Genes, drives, and intellect
    • doi:10.2466/PR0.10.2.299-342
    • Hayes, K. J. (1962). Genes, drives, and intellect. Psychological Reports, 10, 299-342. doi:10.2466/PR0.10.2.299-342
    • (1962) Psychological Reports , vol.10 , pp. 299-342
    • Hayes, K.J.1
  • 105
    • 77955726053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences of deep learning, need for cognition and preparation time on open-and closed-book test performance
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03732.x
    • Heijne-Penninga, M., Kuks, J. B. M., Hofman, W. H. A., & Cohen-Schotanus, J. (2010). Influences of deep learning, need for cognition and preparation time on open-and closed-book test performance. Medical Education, 44, 884-891. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03732.x
    • (2010) Medical Education , vol.44 , pp. 884-891
    • Heijne-Penninga, M.1    Kuks, J.B.M.2    Hofman, W.H.A.3    Cohen-Schotanus, J.4
  • 107
    • 0011544747 scopus 로고
    • Intelligence and its measurement: A symposium-VIII
    • doi:10.1037/h0067306
    • Henmon, V. A. C. (1921). Intelligence and its measurement: A symposium-VIII. Journal of Educational Psychology, 12, 195-198. doi:10.1037/h0067306
    • (1921) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 195-198
    • Henmon, V.A.C.1
  • 108
    • 85015472012 scopus 로고
    • Identification of possible variables for predicting student success in physical science courses designed for non-science majors
    • Himaya, M. I. (1973). Identification of possible variables for predicting student success in physical science courses designed for non-science majors. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 34(1), 67-68.
    • (1973) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-68
    • Himaya, M.I.1
  • 110
    • 58149452147 scopus 로고
    • A theory of vocational choice
    • doi:10.1037/h0040767
    • Holland, J. L. (1959). A theory of vocational choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6, 35-45. doi:10.1037/h0040767
    • (1959) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.6 , pp. 35-45
    • Holland, J.L.1
  • 111
  • 112
    • 0000950490 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between dream bizarreness and imagination: Artifact or essence?
    • doi:10.1037/h0094379
    • Hunt, H., Ruzycki-Hunt, K., & Pariak, D. (1993). The relationship between dream bizarreness and imagination: Artifact or essence? Dreaming, 3, 179-199. doi:10.1037/h0094379
    • (1993) Dreaming , vol.3 , pp. 179-199
    • Hunt, H.1    Ruzycki-Hunt, K.2    Pariak, D.3
  • 118
    • 20444435133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constructive replication of the visual-perceptual-image rotation model in Thurstone's (1941) battery of 60 tests of mental ability
    • doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.12.001
    • Johnson, W., & Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (2005). Constructive replication of the visual-perceptual-image rotation model in Thurstone's (1941) battery of 60 tests of mental ability. Intelligence, 33, 417-430. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.12.001
    • (2005) Intelligence , vol.33 , pp. 417-430
    • Johnson, W.1    Bouchard, T.J.Jr.2
  • 119
    • 0001723490 scopus 로고
    • The growth and decline of intelligence: A study of a homogeneous group between the ages of ten and sixty
    • Jones, H. E., & Conrad, H. S. (1933). The growth and decline of intelligence: A study of a homogeneous group between the ages of ten and sixty. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 13, 223-298.
    • (1933) Genetic Psychology Monographs , vol.13 , pp. 223-298
    • Jones, H.E.1    Conrad, H.S.2
  • 120
    • 0033239201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Big Five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span
    • doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00174.x
    • Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J., & Barrick, M. R. (1999). The Big Five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, 52, 621-652. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00174.x
    • (1999) Personnel Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 621-652
    • Judge, T.A.1    Higgins, C.A.2    Thoresen, C.J.3    Barrick, M.R.4
  • 121
    • 68249083099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The wick in the candle of learning: Epistemic curiosity activates reward circuitry and enhances memory
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02402.x
    • Kang, M. J., Hsu, M., Krajbich, I. M., Loewenstein, G., McClure, S. M., Wang, J. T., & Camerer, C. F. (2009). The wick in the candle of learning: Epistemic curiosity activates reward circuitry and enhances memory. Psychological Science, 20, 963-973. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02402.x
    • (2009) Psychological Science , vol.20 , pp. 963-973
    • Kang, M.J.1    Hsu, M.2    Krajbich, I.M.3    Loewenstein, G.4    McClure, S.M.5    Wang, J.T.6    Camerer, C.F.7
  • 122
    • 0012852844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How organizational signals, need for cognition, and verbal ability affect text recall and recognition
    • doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1011
    • Kardash, C. M., & Noel, L. K. (2000). How organizational signals, need for cognition, and verbal ability affect text recall and recognition. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 317-331. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1011
    • (2000) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 317-331
    • Kardash, C.M.1    Noel, L.K.2
  • 123
    • 0030545742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of preexisting beliefs, epistemological beliefs, and need for cognition on interpretation of controversial issues
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.2.260
    • Kardash, C. M., & Scholes, R. J. (1996). Effects of preexisting beliefs, epistemological beliefs, and need for cognition on interpretation of controversial issues. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 260-271. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.2.260
    • (1996) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 260-271
    • Kardash, C.M.1    Scholes, R.J.2
  • 124
    • 2642566166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Curiosity and exploration: Facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities
    • doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8203_05
    • Kashdan, T. B., Rose, P., & Fincham, F. D. (2004). Curiosity and exploration: Facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 291-305. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8203_05
    • (2004) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.82 , pp. 291-305
    • Kashdan, T.B.1    Rose, P.2    Fincham, F.D.3
  • 125
    • 36749020125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whether highly curious students thrive academically depends on the learning environment of their school: A study of Hong Kong adolescents
    • doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9074-9
    • Kashdan, T. B., & Yuen, M. (2007). Whether highly curious students thrive academically depends on the learning environment of their school: A study of Hong Kong adolescents. Motivation and Emotion, 31, 260-270. doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9074-9
    • (2007) Motivation and Emotion , vol.31 , pp. 260-270
    • Kashdan, T.B.1    Yuen, M.2
  • 126
    • 67349120549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early educational milestones as predictors of lifelong academic achievement, midlife adjustment, and longevity
    • doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.025
    • Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2009). Early educational milestones as predictors of lifelong academic achievement, midlife adjustment, and longevity. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 419-430. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.025
    • (2009) Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , vol.30 , pp. 419-430
    • Kern, M.L.1    Friedman, H.S.2
  • 127
  • 128
    • 38549121285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACT and general cognitive ability
    • doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.03.005
    • Koenig, K. A., Frey, M. C., & Detterman, D. K. (2008). ACT and general cognitive ability. Intelligence, 36, 153-160. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.03.005
    • (2008) Intelligence , vol.36 , pp. 153-160
    • Koenig, K.A.1    Frey, M.C.2    Detterman, D.K.3
  • 130
    • 85046520137 scopus 로고
    • Motivated resistance and openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.861
    • Kruglanski, A. W., Webster, D. M., & Klem, A. (1993). Motivated resistance and openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 861-876. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.861
    • (1993) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.65 , pp. 861-876
    • Kruglanski, A.W.1    Webster, D.M.2    Klem, A.3
  • 131
    • 70349786481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispositional factors predicting Chinese students' critical thinking performance
    • doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.015
    • Ku, K. Y. L., & Ho, I. T. (2010). Dispositional factors predicting Chinese students' critical thinking performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 54-58. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.015
    • (2010) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.48 , pp. 54-58
    • Ku, K.Y.L.1    Ho, I.T.2
  • 132
    • 19744368317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reliability of self-reported grade point averages, class ranks, and test scores
    • doi:10.3102/00346543075001063
    • Kuncel, N. R., Credé, M., & Thomas, L. L. (2005). The reliability of self-reported grade point averages, class ranks, and test scores. Review of Educational Research, 75, 63-82. doi:10.3102/00346543075001063
    • (2005) Review of Educational Research , vol.75 , pp. 63-82
    • Kuncel, N.R.1    Credé, M.2    Thomas, L.L.3
  • 133
    • 0942278856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic performance, career potential, creativity, and job performance: Can one construct predict them all?
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.148
    • Kuncel, N. R., Hezlett, S. A., & Ones, D. S. (2004). Academic performance, career potential, creativity, and job performance: Can one construct predict them all? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 148-161. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.148
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.86 , pp. 148-161
    • Kuncel, N.R.1    Hezlett, S.A.2    Ones, D.S.3
  • 134
    • 0014054686 scopus 로고
    • Concept Learning in relation to open-and closedmindedness and academic aptitude
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1967.20.1.135
    • Ladd, F. E. (1967). Concept Learning in relation to open-and closedmindedness and academic aptitude. Psychological Reports, 20, 135-142. doi:10.2466/pr0.1967.20.1.135
    • (1967) Psychological Reports , vol.20 , pp. 135-142
    • Ladd, F.E.1
  • 135
    • 0004279862 scopus 로고
    • Reading, MA: Addison Wesley
    • Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
    • (1989) Mindfulness
    • Langer, E.J.1
  • 136
    • 0017198584 scopus 로고
    • Construct validity of sensation seeking and curiosity measures of normal and psychotic subjects
    • Langevin, R. (1976). Construct validity of sensation seeking and curiosity measures of normal and psychotic subjects. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 8, 251-262.
    • (1976) Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , vol.8 , pp. 251-262
    • Langevin, R.1
  • 137
    • 37349029424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The stability of general intelligence from early adulthood to middle-age
    • doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.01.001
    • Larsen, L., Hartmann, P., & Nyborg, H. (2008). The stability of general intelligence from early adulthood to middle-age. Intelligence, 36, 29-34. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.01.001
    • (2008) Intelligence , vol.36 , pp. 29-34
    • Larsen, L.1    Hartmann, P.2    Nyborg, H.3
  • 139
    • 0039521749 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of the need for cognition on course grades
    • doi:10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.175
    • Leoke, C., & Dalton, C. H. (1988). Some effects of the need for cognition on course grades. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 67, 175-178. doi:10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.175
    • (1988) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.67 , pp. 175-178
    • Leoke, C.1    Dalton, C.H.2
  • 140
    • 0037297491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring epistemic curiosity and its diversive and specific components
    • doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_16
    • Litman, J. A., & Spielberger, C. D. (2003). Measuring epistemic curiosity and its diversive and specific components. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 75-86. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_16
    • (2003) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.80 , pp. 75-86
    • Litman, J.A.1    Spielberger, C.D.2
  • 141
    • 12044252203 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation
    • Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 75-98.
    • (1994) Psychological Bulletin , vol.116 , pp. 75-98
    • Loewenstein, G.1
  • 142
    • 84894892279 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in academic prediction based on scholastic, personality and interest factors
    • Long, J. M. (1964). Sex differences in academic prediction based on scholastic, personality and interest factors. Journal of Experimental Education, 32, 239-248.
    • (1964) Journal of Experimental Education , vol.32 , pp. 239-248
    • Long, J.M.1
  • 143
    • 56449114733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence correlates of transcendent beliefs: A preliminary study
    • doi:10.2190/5H80-2PCY-02YB-F7HN
    • Lukey, N., & Baruss, I. (2005). Intelligence correlates of transcendent beliefs: A preliminary study. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 24, 259-270. doi:10.2190/5H80-2PCY-02YB-F7HN
    • (2005) Imagination, Cognition and Personality , vol.24 , pp. 259-270
    • Lukey, N.1    Baruss, I.2
  • 144
    • 0001390939 scopus 로고
    • Revised scale for ambiguity tolerance: Reliability and validity
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1970.26.3.791
    • MacDonald, A. (1970). Revised scale for ambiguity tolerance: Reliability and validity. Psychological Reports, 26, 791-798. doi:10.2466/pr0.1970.26.3.791
    • (1970) Psychological Reports , vol.26 , pp. 791-798
    • MacDonald, A.1
  • 145
    • 84973801574 scopus 로고
    • Intercorrelations among the Slosson Intelligence Test, the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale, and the Intellectual Efficiency Scale of the California Psychological Inventory
    • doi:10.1177/001316448104100245
    • Martin, J. D., Blair, G. E., & Sadowski, C. J. (1981). Intercorrelations among the Slosson Intelligence Test, the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale, and the Intellectual Efficiency Scale of the California Psychological Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 595-598. doi:10.1177/001316448104100245
    • (1981) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.41 , pp. 595-598
    • Martin, J.D.1    Blair, G.E.2    Sadowski, C.J.3
  • 146
    • 33750201173 scopus 로고
    • Openness to Experience: Expanding the boundaries of Factor V
    • doi:10.1002/per.2410080404
    • McCrae, R. R. (1994). Openness to Experience: Expanding the boundaries of Factor V. European Journal of Personality, 8, 251-272. doi:10.1002/per.2410080404
    • (1994) European Journal of Personality , vol.8 , pp. 251-272
    • McCrae, R.R.1
  • 147
    • 0141503414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cognitive profile of individuals who tend to worship celebrities
    • doi:10.1080/00223980309600616
    • McCutcheon, L. E., Ashe, D. D., & Houran, J. (2003). A cognitive profile of individuals who tend to worship celebrities. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 137, 309-322. doi:10.1080/00223980309600616
    • (2003) Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied , vol.137 , pp. 309-322
    • McCutcheon, L.E.1    Ashe, D.D.2    Houran, J.3
  • 148
    • 1342341355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between learning styles and critical thinking ability among health professional students
    • McDade, D. C. (2000). Relationships between learning styles and critical thinking ability among health professional students. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 61(6), 2212.
    • (2000) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences , vol.61 , Issue.6 , pp. 2212
    • McDade, D.C.1
  • 149
    • 0035997829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Achievement goals as predictors of achievement-relevant processes prior to task engagement
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.2.381
    • McGregor, H. A., & Elliot, A. J. (2002). Achievement goals as predictors of achievement-relevant processes prior to task engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 381-395. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.2.381
    • (2002) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.94 , pp. 381-395
    • McGregor, H.A.1    Elliot, A.J.2
  • 152
    • 77954218605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epistemic curiosity and related constructs: Lacking evidence of discriminant validity
    • doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.014
    • Mussel, P. (2010). Epistemic curiosity and related constructs: Lacking evidence of discriminant validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 506-510. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.014
    • (2010) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.49 , pp. 506-510
    • Mussel, P.1
  • 153
    • 79955958174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explicating the Openness to Experience construct in a work setting
    • doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2011.00542.x
    • Mussel, P., Winter, C., Gelléri, P., & Schuler, H. (2011). Explicating the Openness to Experience construct in a work setting. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 19, 145-156. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2011.00542.x
    • (2011) International Journal of Selection and Assessment , vol.19 , pp. 145-156
    • Mussel, P.1    Winter, C.2    Gelléri, P.3    Schuler, H.4
  • 154
    • 85015471260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic Concept Mapping (ACM): A critical thinking tool in academic advising for improving academic performance in college freshmen
    • Nelson, D. B. (2008). Academic Concept Mapping (ACM): A critical thinking tool in academic advising for improving academic performance in college freshmen. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 68(7), 2848.
    • (2008) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences , vol.68 , Issue.7 , pp. 2848
    • Nelson, D.B.1
  • 157
    • 34548829089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality predictors of academic outcomes: Big Five correlates of GPA and SAT scores
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.116
    • Noftle, E. E., & Robins, R. W. (2007). Personality predictors of academic outcomes: Big Five correlates of GPA and SAT scores. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 116-130. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.116
    • (2007) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.93 , pp. 116-130
    • Noftle, E.E.1    Robins, R.W.2
  • 158
    • 34447267250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Big Five personality predictors of post-secondary academic performance
    • doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.017
    • O'Connor, M. C., & Paunonen, S. V. (2007). Big Five personality predictors of post-secondary academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 971-990. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.017
    • (2007) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.43 , pp. 971-990
    • O'Connor, M.C.1    Paunonen, S.V.2
  • 159
    • 0000826442 scopus 로고
    • Ethnocentrism, "intolerance of ambiguity," and abstract reasoning ability
    • doi:10.1037/h0056142
    • O'Connor, P. (1952). Ethnocentrism, "intolerance of ambiguity," and abstract reasoning ability. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 526-530. doi:10.1037/h0056142
    • (1952) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.47 , pp. 526-530
    • O'Connor, P.1
  • 160
    • 0001790020 scopus 로고
    • Curiosity and need for cognition
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1984.54.1.71
    • Olson, K. R., Camp, C. J., & Fuller, D. (1984). Curiosity and need for cognition. Psychological Reports, 54, 71-74. doi:10.2466/pr0.1984.54.1.71
    • (1984) Psychological Reports , vol.54 , pp. 71-74
    • Olson, K.R.1    Camp, C.J.2    Fuller, D.3
  • 161
    • 3042631007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring cognitive ability with the over-claiming technique
    • doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.02.001
    • Paulhus, D. L., & Harms, P. D. (2004). Measuring cognitive ability with the over-claiming technique. Intelligence, 32, 297-314. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.02.001
    • (2004) Intelligence , vol.32 , pp. 297-314
    • Paulhus, D.L.1    Harms, P.D.2
  • 162
    • 14044276251 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between global and specific measures of novelty seeking
    • doi:10.1037/h0029010
    • Pearson, P. H. (1970). Relationships between global and specific measures of novelty seeking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 199-204. doi:10.1037/h0029010
    • (1970) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 199-204
    • Pearson, P.H.1
  • 164
    • 0004738807 scopus 로고
    • Development of a stimulus variation seeking scale for adults
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.18.2.631
    • Penney, C., & Reinehr, D. (1966). Development of a stimulus variation seeking scale for adults. Psychological Reports, 18, 631-638. doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.18.2.631
    • (1966) Psychological Reports , vol.18 , pp. 631-638
    • Penney, C.1    Reinehr, D.2
  • 165
    • 0010129828 scopus 로고
    • Predicting black student grades with nonintellectual measures
    • doi:10.2307/2966943
    • Pfeifer, C. M., Jr., & Sedlacek, W. E. (1974). Predicting black student grades with nonintellectual measures. Journal of Negro Education, 43, 67-76. doi:10.2307/2966943
    • (1974) Journal of Negro Education , vol.43 , pp. 67-76
    • Pfeifer, C.M.Jr.1    Sedlacek, W.E.2
  • 168
    • 61849115228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance
    • doi:10.1037/a0014996
    • Poropat, A. E. (2009). A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 322-338. doi:10.1037/a0014996
    • (2009) Psychological Bulletin , vol.135 , pp. 322-338
    • Poropat, A.E.1
  • 171
    • 80455176785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain
    • doi:10.1038/nature10514
    • Ramsden, S., Richardson, F. M., Josse, G., Thomas, M. S., Ellis, C., Shakeshaft, C.,. .. Price, C. J. (2011). Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain. Nature, 479, 113-116. doi:10.1038/nature10514
    • (2011) Nature , vol.479 , pp. 113-116
    • Ramsden, S.1    Richardson, F.M.2    Josse, G.3    Thomas, M.S.4    Ellis, C.5    Shakeshaft, C.6    Price, C.J.7
  • 172
    • 33845664016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Curiosity about people: The development of a social curiosity measure in adults
    • doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8703_11
    • Renner, B. (2006). Curiosity about people: The development of a social curiosity measure in adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 305-316. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8703_11
    • (2006) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.87 , pp. 305-316
    • Renner, B.1
  • 173
    • 84860564127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • doi:10.1037/a0026838
    • Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 353-387. doi:10.1037/a0026838
    • (2012) Psychological Bulletin , vol.138 , pp. 353-387
    • Richardson, M.1    Abraham, C.2    Bond, R.3
  • 174
    • 0001455571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Danish version of the Sensation Seeking Scale and its relation to a broad spectrum of behavioral and psychological characteristics
    • doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00119-7
    • Ripa, C. P. L., Hansen, H. S., Mortensen, E. L., Sanders, S. A., & Reinisch, J. M. (2001). Danish version of the Sensation Seeking Scale and its relation to a broad spectrum of behavioral and psychological characteristics. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1371-1386. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00119-7
    • (2001) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.30 , pp. 1371-1386
    • Ripa, C.P.L.1    Hansen, H.S.2    Mortensen, E.L.3    Sanders, S.A.4    Reinisch, J.M.5
  • 175
    • 84993725089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socio-economic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes
    • doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x
    • Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N., Shiner, R. N., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007). The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socio-economic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives in Psychological Science, 2, 313-345. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x
    • (2007) Perspectives in Psychological Science , vol.2 , pp. 313-345
    • Roberts, B.W.1    Kuncel, N.2    Shiner, R.N.3    Caspi, A.4    Goldberg, L.R.5
  • 176
    • 0030534135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-report knowledge: At the crossroads of ability, interest, and personality
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.1.174
    • Rolfhus, E. L., & Ackerman, P. L. (1996). Self-report knowledge: At the crossroads of ability, interest, and personality. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 174-188. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.1.174
    • (1996) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 174-188
    • Rolfhus, E.L.1    Ackerman, P.L.2
  • 177
    • 0033197242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing individual differences in knowledge: Knowledge structures and traits
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.3.511
    • Rolfhus, E. L., & Ackerman, P. L. (1999). Assessing individual differences in knowledge: Knowledge structures and traits. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 511-526. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.3.511
    • (1999) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.91 , pp. 511-526
    • Rolfhus, E.L.1    Ackerman, P.L.2
  • 178
    • 58149408474 scopus 로고
    • The prediction of academic achievement with the California Psychological Inventory
    • doi:10.1037/h0042406
    • Rosenberg, L. A., McHenry, T. B., Rosenberg, A. M., & Nichols, R. C. (1962). The prediction of academic achievement with the California Psychological Inventory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 46, 385-388. doi:10.1037/h0042406
    • (1962) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 385-388
    • Rosenberg, L.A.1    McHenry, T.B.2    Rosenberg, A.M.3    Nichols, R.C.4
  • 179
    • 85015468992 scopus 로고
    • Extension of Berlyne's theory of epistemic curiosity to adult learners: Factors related to the desire for knowledge
    • Rossing, B. E. (1978). Extension of Berlyne's theory of epistemic curiosity to adult learners: Factors related to the desire for knowledge. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 39(6), 3304.
    • (1978) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences , vol.39 , Issue.6 , pp. 3304
    • Rossing, B.E.1
  • 180
    • 0013987537 scopus 로고
    • Tolerance of ambiguity and semantic differential ratings
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.19.3f.1303
    • Rydell, S. T. (1966). Tolerance of ambiguity and semantic differential ratings. Psychological Reports, 19, 1303-1312. doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.19.3f.1303
    • (1966) Psychological Reports , vol.19 , pp. 1303-1312
    • Rydell, S.T.1
  • 181
    • 0040490559 scopus 로고
    • Association of need for cognition and course performance
    • doi:10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.498
    • Sadowski, C. J., & Gülgöz, S. (1992). Association of need for cognition and course performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 498-503. doi:10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.498
    • (1992) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.74 , pp. 498-503
    • Sadowski, C.J.1    Gülgöz, S.2
  • 182
    • 0005432562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elaborative processing mediates the relationship between need for cognition and academic performance
    • doi:10.1080/00223980.1996.9915011
    • Sadowski, C. J., & Gülgöz, S. (1996). Elaborative processing mediates the relationship between need for cognition and academic performance. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 130, 303-307. doi:10.1080/00223980.1996.9915011
    • (1996) Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied , vol.130 , pp. 303-307
    • Sadowski, C.J.1    Gülgöz, S.2
  • 183
    • 0642312403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between WAIS-R intelligence and the five-factor model of personality in a normal elderly sample
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.2003.92.3c.1151
    • Saggino, A., & Balsamo, M. (2003). Relationship between WAIS-R intelligence and the five-factor model of personality in a normal elderly sample. Psychological Reports, 92, 1151-1161. doi:10.2466/pr0.2003.92.3c.1151
    • (2003) Psychological Reports , vol.92 , pp. 1151-1161
    • Saggino, A.1    Balsamo, M.2
  • 185
    • 0041180131 scopus 로고
    • Benchmarks: Integrating affective and interpersonal circles with the Big Five personality factors
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1025
    • Saucier, G. (1992). Benchmarks: Integrating affective and interpersonal circles with the Big Five personality factors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1025-1035. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1025
    • (1992) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 1025-1035
    • Saucier, G.1
  • 186
    • 0039835802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How people make their own environments: Implications for parents and policy makers
    • doi:10.1037/1076-8971.2.2.204
    • Scarr, S. (1996). How people make their own environments: Implications for parents and policy makers. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2, 204-228. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.2.2.204
    • (1996) Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , vol.2 , pp. 204-228
    • Scarr, S.1
  • 188
    • 0016977653 scopus 로고
    • Stability of adult personality traits: Fact or fable?
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.1.146
    • Schaie, K. W., & Parham, I. A. (1976). Stability of adult personality traits: Fact or fable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 146-158. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.1.146
    • (1976) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 146-158
    • Schaie, K.W.1    Parham, I.A.2
  • 192
    • 85015463364 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of the Brengelmann scales NR, Do and IA to the various intellectual-cognitive performances
    • Seitz, W. (1971). The relationship of the Brengelmann scales NR, Do and IA to the various intellectual-cognitive performances. Psychologie und Praxis, 15, 8-22.
    • (1971) Psychologie und Praxis , vol.15 , pp. 8-22
    • Seitz, W.1
  • 193
    • 0017931041 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two non-intellective scales of intelligence and their relationship to intellectual changes following surgery
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1978.42.1.51
    • Shealy, A. E. (1978). Comparison of two non-intellective scales of intelligence and their relationship to intellectual changes following surgery. Psychological Reports, 42, 51-56. doi:10.2466/pr0.1978.42.1.51
    • (1978) Psychological Reports , vol.42 , pp. 51-56
    • Shealy, A.E.1
  • 194
    • 85015493370 scopus 로고
    • Voto di maturita` e test di efficienza intellettiva quali predittori per l'ammissione a Medicine e Chirurgia [A-level examination marks and a test of intellectual efficiency as predictors for admission to the Medical and Surgical Faculties]
    • Sirigatti, S., Fruschelli, C., & Menoni, E. (1992). Voto di maturita` e test di efficienza intellettiva quali predittori per l'ammissione a Medicine e Chirurgia [A-level examination marks and a test of intellectual efficiency as predictors for admission to the Medical and Surgical Faculties]. Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 203, 55-63.
    • (1992) Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata , vol.203 , pp. 55-63
    • Sirigatti, S.1    Fruschelli, C.2    Menoni, E.3
  • 195
    • 0025891937 scopus 로고
    • An experimental analysis of perfectionism and dissatisfaction
    • doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00932.x
    • Slade, P. D., Newton, T., Butler, N. M., & Murphy, P. (1991). An experimental analysis of perfectionism and dissatisfaction. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 169-176. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00932.x
    • (1991) British Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.30 , pp. 169-176
    • Slade, P.D.1    Newton, T.2    Butler, N.M.3    Murphy, P.4
  • 196
    • 77956878314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of activity engagement in the relations between Openness/Intellect and cognition
    • doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.026
    • Soubelet, A., & Salthouse, T. A. (2010). The role of activity engagement in the relations between Openness/Intellect and cognition. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 896-901. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.026
    • (2010) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.49 , pp. 896-901
    • Soubelet, A.1    Salthouse, T.A.2
  • 197
    • 0031533389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.342
    • Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1997). Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 342-357. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.342
    • (1997) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.89 , pp. 342-357
    • Stanovich, K.E.1    West, R.F.2
  • 198
    • 84921603274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence and culture: How culture shapes what intelligence means, and the implications for a science of well-being
    • New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567523.003.0014
    • Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2005). Intelligence and culture: How culture shapes what intelligence means, and the implications for a science of well-being. In F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis, & B. Keverne (Eds.), The science of well-being (pp. 361-377). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567523.003.0014
    • (2005) In F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis, & B. Keverne (Eds.), The science of well-being , pp. 361-377
    • Sternberg, R.J.1    Grigorenko, E.L.2
  • 199
    • 36448989740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Dumbledore hypothesis of cognitive aging
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00524.x
    • Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. (2007). The Dumbledore hypothesis of cognitive aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 295-299. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00524.x
    • (2007) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.16 , pp. 295-299
    • Stine-Morrow, E.A.L.1
  • 200
    • 21344475505 scopus 로고
    • Adjusting college grade point average criteria for variations in grading standards: A comparison of methods
    • doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.2.178
    • Stricker, L. J., Rock, D. A., Burton, N. W., Muraki, E., & Jirele, T. J. (1994). Adjusting college grade point average criteria for variations in grading standards: A comparison of methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 178-183. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.2.178
    • (1994) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.79 , pp. 178-183
    • Stricker, L.J.1    Rock, D.A.2    Burton, N.W.3    Muraki, E.4    Jirele, T.J.5
  • 202
    • 85012528156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do we need intelligence? Some reflections on the perceived importance of "g
    • doi:10.1080/03601270152053429
    • Stuart-Hamilton, I., & McDonald, L. (2001). Do we need intelligence? Some reflections on the perceived importance of "g." Educational Gerontology, 27, 399-407. doi:10.1080/03601270152053429
    • (2001) Educational Gerontology , vol.27 , pp. 399-407
    • Stuart-Hamilton, I.1    McDonald, L.2
  • 203
    • 84973816014 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive differentiation and verbal intelligence: Clarifying relationships
    • doi:10.1177/001316448204200216
    • Sypher, H. E., & Applegate, J. L. (1982). Cognitive differentiation and verbal intelligence: Clarifying relationships. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42, 537-543. doi:10.1177/001316448204200216
    • (1982) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.42 , pp. 537-543
    • Sypher, H.E.1    Applegate, J.L.2
  • 206
    • 0016219444 scopus 로고
    • Openness to absorbing and selfaltering experiences ("absorption"), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility
    • doi:10.1037/h0036681
    • Tellegen, A., & Atkinson, G. (1974). Openness to absorbing and selfaltering experiences ("absorption"), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 268-277. doi:10.1037/h0036681
    • (1974) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.83 , pp. 268-277
    • Tellegen, A.1    Atkinson, G.2
  • 209
    • 0034328276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between need for cognition, knowledge, and verbal ability
    • doi:10.1080/00223980009598242
    • Tidwell, P. S., Sadowski, C. J., & Pate, L. M. (2000). Relationships between need for cognition, knowledge, and verbal ability. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 134, 634-644. doi:10.1080/00223980009598242
    • (2000) Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied , vol.134 , pp. 634-644
    • Tidwell, P.S.1    Sadowski, C.J.2    Pate, L.M.3
  • 210
    • 0025323220 scopus 로고
    • Further validation of the short form of the Need for Cognition Scale
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.321
    • Tolentino, E., Curry, L., & Leak, G. (1990). Further validation of the short form of the Need for Cognition Scale. Psychological Reports, 66, 321-322. doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.321
    • (1990) Psychological Reports , vol.66 , pp. 321-322
    • Tolentino, E.1    Curry, L.2    Leak, G.3
  • 211
    • 36849032211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of the relationship between the Big Five and academic success at university
    • Trapmann, S., Hell, B., Hirn, J. O., & Schuler, H. (2007). Meta-analysis of the relationship between the Big Five and academic success at university. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 215, 132-151.
    • (2007) Zeitschrift für Psychologie , vol.215 , pp. 132-151
    • Trapmann, S.1    Hell, B.2    Hirn, J.O.3    Schuler, H.4
  • 212
    • 84858260641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual interest mediates gene-by-SES interaction on adolescent academic achievement
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01721.x
    • Tucker-Drob, E. M., & Harden, K. P. (2012). Intellectual interest mediates gene-by-SES interaction on adolescent academic achievement. Child Development, 83, 743-757. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01721.x
    • (2012) Child Development , vol.83 , pp. 743-757
    • Tucker-Drob, E.M.1    Harden, K.P.2
  • 213
    • 19544388457 scopus 로고
    • Curiosity, academic performance, and class attendance
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1980.47.2.589
    • Vidler, D. C. (1980). Curiosity, academic performance, and class attendance. Psychological Reports, 47, 589-590. doi:10.2466/pr0.1980.47.2.589
    • (1980) Psychological Reports , vol.47 , pp. 589-590
    • Vidler, D.C.1
  • 214
    • 33744948324 scopus 로고
    • Construct validation of an academic curiosity scale
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.35.1.263
    • Vidler, D. C., & Rawan, H. R. (1974). Construct validation of an academic curiosity scale. Psychological Reports, 35, 263-266. doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.35.1.263
    • (1974) Psychological Reports , vol.35 , pp. 263-266
    • Vidler, D.C.1    Rawan, H.R.2
  • 215
    • 33847794343 scopus 로고
    • Further validation of a scale of academic curiosity
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1975.37.1.115
    • Vidler, D. C., & Rawan, H. R. (1975). Further validation of a scale of academic curiosity. Psychological Reports, 37, 115-118. doi:10.2466/pr0.1975.37.1.115
    • (1975) Psychological Reports , vol.37 , pp. 115-118
    • Vidler, D.C.1    Rawan, H.R.2
  • 216
    • 84868266992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investment trait, activity engagement, and age: Independent effects on cognitive ability
    • doi:10.1155/2012/949837
    • von Stumm, S. (2012). Investment trait, activity engagement, and age: Independent effects on cognitive ability. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, 949837. doi:10.1155/2012/949837
    • (2012) Journal of Aging Research , vol.2012 , pp. 949837
    • von Stumm, S.1
  • 218
    • 84873024699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Typical intellectual engagement and cognition in the ninth decade of life: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1921
    • doi:10.1037/a0026527
    • von Stumm, S., & Deary, I. J. (2012). Typical intellectual engagement and cognition in the ninth decade of life: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1921. Psychology and Aging, 27, 761-767. doi:10.1037/a0026527
    • (2012) Psychology and Aging , vol.27 , pp. 761-767
    • von Stumm, S.1    Deary, I.J.2
  • 219
    • 83755206320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Hungry mind: Intellectual curiosity is the third pillar of academic performance
    • doi:10.1177/1745691611421204
    • von Stumm, S., Hell, B., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2011). A Hungry mind: Intellectual curiosity is the third pillar of academic performance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 574-588. doi:10.1177/1745691611421204
    • (2011) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.6 , pp. 574-588
    • von Stumm, S.1    Hell, B.2    Chamorro-Premuzic, T.3
  • 220
    • 58149405227 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey as a predictor of scholastic success in college
    • doi:10.1037/h0038317
    • Wagner, E. E., & Sober, K. A. (1964). Effectiveness of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey as a predictor of scholastic success in college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 11, 94-95. doi:10.1037/h0038317
    • (1964) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 94-95
    • Wagner, E.E.1    Sober, K.A.2
  • 221
    • 45249086892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic covariation among facets of Openness to Experience and general cognitive ability
    • doi:10.1375/twin.11.3.275
    • Wainwright, M. A., Wright, M. J., Luciano, M., Geffen, G. M., & Martin, N. G. (2008). Genetic covariation among facets of Openness to Experience and general cognitive ability. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 11, 275-286. doi:10.1375/twin.11.3.275
    • (2008) Twin Research and Human Genetics , vol.11 , pp. 275-286
    • Wainwright, M.A.1    Wright, M.J.2    Luciano, M.3    Geffen, G.M.4    Martin, N.G.5
  • 222
    • 84880300716 scopus 로고
    • Unpublished manuscript, Social Relations Library, Harvard University
    • Walk, R. D. (1950). Perception and personality: A pretest. Unpublished manuscript, Social Relations Library, Harvard University.
    • (1950) Perception and personality: A pretest
    • Walk, R.D.1
  • 223
    • 85050789555 scopus 로고
    • An abilities conception of personality: Some implications for personality measurement
    • doi:10.1037/h0023298
    • Wallace, J. (1966). An abilities conception of personality: Some implications for personality measurement. American Psychologist, 21, 132-138. doi:10.1037/h0023298
    • (1966) American Psychologist , vol.21 , pp. 132-138
    • Wallace, J.1
  • 224
    • 0034144892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of students who enroll and succeed in psychology Web-based classes
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.1.137
    • Wang, A. Y., & Newlin, M. H. (2000). Characteristics of students who enroll and succeed in psychology Web-based classes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 137-143. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.1.137
    • (2000) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.92 , pp. 137-143
    • Wang, A.Y.1    Newlin, M.H.2
  • 225
    • 0016032618 scopus 로고
    • Multi-dimensional measures of novelty experiencing, sensation seeking, and ability: Correlational analysis for male and female college samples
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.34.1.43
    • Waters, C. W. (1974). Multi-dimensional measures of novelty experiencing, sensation seeking, and ability: Correlational analysis for male and female college samples. Psychological Reports, 34, 43-46. doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.34.1.43
    • (1974) Psychological Reports , vol.34 , pp. 43-46
    • Waters, C.W.1
  • 226
    • 84965644244 scopus 로고
    • Correlates of Need for Cognition total and subscale scores
    • doi:10.1177/0013164490501026
    • Waters, L. K., & Zakrajsek, T. D. (1990). Correlates of Need for Cognition total and subscale scores. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 50, 213-217. doi:10.1177/0013164490501026
    • (1990) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.50 , pp. 213-217
    • Waters, L.K.1    Zakrajsek, T.D.2
  • 227
    • 84880297749 scopus 로고
    • Antecedents of personal adequacy of Filipino college students
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1981.49.3.727
    • Watkins, D., & Astilla, E. (1981). Antecedents of personal adequacy of Filipino college students. Psychological Reports, 49, 727-732. doi:10.2466/pr0.1981.49.3.727
    • (1981) Psychological Reports , vol.49 , pp. 727-732
    • Watkins, D.1    Astilla, E.2
  • 228
    • 84894890315 scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of intellectual and non-intellectual factors in predicting achievement for business students
    • Watley, D. (1964). The effectiveness of intellectual and non-intellectual factors in predicting achievement for business students. Journal of Educational Research, 57, 415-419.
    • (1964) Journal of Educational Research , vol.57 , pp. 415-419
    • Watley, D.1
  • 229
    • 84894891575 scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of variables for predicting academic achievement for business students
    • Watley, D., & Merwin, K. (1964). The effectiveness of variables for predicting academic achievement for business students. Journal of Experimental Education, 33, 189-192.
    • (1964) Journal of Experimental Education , vol.33 , pp. 189-192
    • Watley, D.1    Merwin, K.2
  • 230
    • 0041153435 scopus 로고
    • British Journal of Psychology Monographs, Suppl. 3
    • Webb, E. (1915). Character and intelligence. British Journal of Psychology Monographs, Suppl. 3.
    • (1915) Character and intelligence
    • Webb, E.1
  • 233
    • 67049144757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotionally stable, intelligent men live longer: The Vietnam experience study
    • doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318198de78
    • Weiss, A., Gale, C. R., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J. (2009). Emotionally stable, intelligent men live longer: The Vietnam experience study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 385-394. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318198de78
    • (2009) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.71 , pp. 385-394
    • Weiss, A.1    Gale, C.R.2    Batty, G.D.3    Deary, I.J.4
  • 234
    • 0014704050 scopus 로고
    • Disposition toward intellectuality: Its composition and its assessment
    • doi:10.1080/00221309.1970.9920624
    • Weissman, H. N. (1970). Disposition toward intellectuality: Its composition and its assessment. Journal of General Psychology, 82, 99-107. doi:10.1080/00221309.1970.9920624
    • (1970) Journal of General Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 99-107
    • Weissman, H.N.1
  • 235
    • 84859789220 scopus 로고
    • A personality approach. Chapel Hill, NC: Institute for Research in Social Science
    • Welsh, G. S. (1975). Creativity and intelligence. A personality approach. Chapel Hill, NC: Institute for Research in Social Science.
    • (1975) Creativity and intelligence
    • Welsh, G.S.1
  • 236
    • 56349149889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heuristics and biases as measures of critical thinking: Associations with cognitive ability and thinking dispositions
    • doi:10.1037/a0012842
    • West, R. F., Toplak, M. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (2008). Heuristics and biases as measures of critical thinking: Associations with cognitive ability and thinking dispositions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 930-941. doi:10.1037/a0012842
    • (2008) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.100 , pp. 930-941
    • West, R.F.1    Toplak, M.E.2    Stanovich, K.E.3
  • 237
    • 0038238368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interindividuelle Unterschiede im typischen intellektuellen Engagement [Individual differences in typical intellectual engagement]
    • doi:10.1026//0012-1924.49.2.49
    • Wilhelm, O., Schulze, R., Schmiedek, F., & Süß, H. M. (2003). Interindividuelle Unterschiede im typischen intellektuellen Engagement [Individual differences in typical intellectual engagement]. Diagnostica, 49, 49-60. doi:10.1026//0012-1924.49.2.49
    • (2003) Diagnostica , vol.49 , pp. 49-60
    • Wilhelm, O.1    Schulze, R.2    Schmiedek, F.3    Süß, H.M.4
  • 238
    • 84976942885 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between gradepoint averages and sectional scores of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey
    • doi:10.1177/001316445901900426
    • Witherspoon, P., & Melberg, M. E. (1959). Relationship between gradepoint averages and sectional scores of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 19, 673-674. doi:10.1177/001316445901900426
    • (1959) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.19 , pp. 673-674
    • Witherspoon, P.1    Melberg, M.E.2
  • 240
    • 34547191619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating personality and intelligence: Typical intellectual engagement and need for cognition
    • doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.022
    • Woo, S. E., Harms, P. D., & Kuncel, N. R. (2007). Integrating personality and intelligence: Typical intellectual engagement and need for cognition. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1635-1639. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.022
    • (2007) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.43 , pp. 1635-1639
    • Woo, S.E.1    Harms, P.D.2    Kuncel, N.R.3
  • 241
    • 0012848106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality and intelligence
    • New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511807947.027
    • Zeidner, M., & Matthews, G. (2000). Personality and intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of human intelligence (2nd ed., pp. 581-610). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511807947.027
    • (2000) In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of human intelligence, 2nd ed. , pp. 581-610
    • Zeidner, M.1    Matthews, G.2
  • 242
    • 67349206154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Openness to experience, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence in middleaged and old adults
    • doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.018
    • Zimprich, D., Allemand, M., & Dellenbach, M. (2009). Openness to experience, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence in middleaged and old adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 444-454. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.018
    • (2009) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.43 , pp. 444-454
    • Zimprich, D.1    Allemand, M.2    Dellenbach, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.