메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 427-460

Cognitive Epidemiology: Concepts, Evidence, and Future Directions

Author keywords

Cognitive epidemiology, a new field for study of individual differences, understanding associations between pre morbid cognitive ability; Epidemiology, study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in populations; First criterion, temporality whether measure of exposure preceding signs or symptoms of a disease, can be conceptualized as a predictor variable; Health, longevity and death cognitive epidemiology, concepts, evidence, and future directions; Intelligence measuring, the strongest and most consistent predictors of death in differential psychology; Pre morbid intelligence and risk of total mortality; Problems of confounding perennial, in observational epidemiology; Robust epidemiological practices, successful application in large, well characterized cohorts, bringing intelligence differences to the attention of epidemiologists; Six epidemiological questions assessing likelihood of causation; Strength of an association second guideline for causation, demanding that variation in exposure relates to differences in risk of disease

Indexed keywords


EID: 84886084163     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444343120.ch16     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (5)

References (140)
  • 1
    • 41849150370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men: Insights from the INTERHEART study
    • Anand, S. S., Islam, S., Rosengren, A., Franzosi, M. G., Steyn, K., Yusufali, A. H. et al.(2008). Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men: Insights from the INTERHEART study. European Heart Journal, 29(7), 932-940.
    • (2008) European Heart Journal , vol.29 , Issue.7 , pp. 932-940
    • Anand, S.S.1    Islam, S.2    Rosengren, A.3    Franzosi, M.G.4    Steyn, K.5    Yusufali, A.H.6
  • 2
    • 70350165306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Level of cognitive performance as a correlate and predictor of health behaviours that protect against cognitive decline in late life: The path through life study
    • Anstey, K. J., Low, L.-F., Christensen, H., & Sachdev, P.(2009). Level of cognitive performance as a correlate and predictor of health behaviours that protect against cognitive decline in late life: The path through life study. Intelligence, 37(6), 600-606.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 600-606
    • Anstey, K.J.1    Low, L.F.2    Christensen, H.3    Sachdev, P.4
  • 3
    • 70350186022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does a fitness factor contribute to the association between intelligence and health outcomes? Evidence from medical abnormality counts among 3654 veterans
    • Arden, R., Gottfredson, L. S., & Miller, G.(2009). Does a fitness factor contribute to the association between intelligence and health outcomes? Evidence from medical abnormality counts among 3654 veterans. Intelligence, 37(6), 581-591.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 581-591
    • Arden, R.1    Gottfredson, L.S.2    Miller, G.3
  • 4
    • 67349251605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence and semen quality are positively correlated
    • Arden, R., Gottfredson, L. S., Miller, G., & Pierce, A.(2009). Intelligence and semen quality are positively correlated. Intelligence, 37(3), 277-282.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 277-282
    • Arden, R.1    Gottfredson, L.S.2    Miller, G.3    Pierce, A.4
  • 6
    • 34147224041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing social mobility: An effective policy to reduce health inequalities
    • Bartley, M., & Plewis, I.(2007). Increasing social mobility: An effective policy to reduce health inequalities. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A, 170(2), 469-481.
    • (2007) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A , vol.170 , Issue.2 , pp. 469-481
    • Bartley, M.1    Plewis, I.2
  • 7
    • 70350173827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluid intelligence is independently associated with all-cause mortality over 17 years in an elderly community sample: An investigation of potential mechanisms
    • Batterham, P. J., Christensen, H., & Mackinnon, A. J.(2009). Fluid intelligence is independently associated with all-cause mortality over 17 years in an elderly community sample: An investigation of potential mechanisms. Intelligence, 37(6), 551-560.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 551-560
    • Batterham, P.J.1    Christensen, H.2    Mackinnon, A.J.3
  • 8
    • 4544236967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early life intelligence and adult health
    • Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J.(2004). Early life intelligence and adult health. British Medical Journal, 329(7466), 585-586.
    • (2004) British Medical Journal , vol.329 , Issue.7466 , pp. 585-586
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2
  • 9
    • 77149158485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does IQ predict cardiovascular disease mortality as strongly as established risk factors? Comparison of effect estimates using the West of Scotland Twenty-07 cohort study
    • Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Benzeval, M., Der, G.(2010). Does IQ predict cardiovascular disease mortality as strongly as established risk factors? Comparison of effect estimates using the West of Scotland Twenty-07 cohort study. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 24-27.
    • (2010) European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 24-27
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2    Benzeval, M.3    Der, G.4
  • 10
    • 33947394839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premorbid (early life) IQ and later mortality risk: Systematic review
    • Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., & Gottfredson, L. S.(2007). Premorbid (early life) IQ and later mortality risk: Systematic review. Annals of Epidemiology, 17(4), 278-288.
    • (2007) Annals of Epidemiology , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 278-288
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2    Gottfredson, L.S.3
  • 11
    • 33749241532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low childhood IQ and life course socioeconomic position in relation to alcohol induced hangovers in adulthood: The Aberdeen children of the 1950s study
    • Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., & Macintyre, S.(2006). Low childhood IQ and life course socioeconomic position in relation to alcohol induced hangovers in adulthood: The Aberdeen children of the 1950s study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(10), 872-874.
    • (2006) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.60 , Issue.10 , pp. 872-874
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2    Macintyre, S.3
  • 12
    • 34147207893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood IQ in relation to risk factors for premature mortality in middle-aged persons: The Aberdeen children of the 1950s study
    • Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., & Macintyre, S.(2007). Childhood IQ in relation to risk factors for premature mortality in middle-aged persons: The Aberdeen children of the 1950s study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61(3), 241-247.
    • (2007) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 241-247
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2    Macintyre, S.3
  • 13
    • 23744490112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood IQ in relation to later psychiatric disorder: Evidence from a Danish birth cohort study
    • Batty, G. D., Mortensen, E. L., & Osler, M.(2005). Childhood IQ in relation to later psychiatric disorder: Evidence from a Danish birth cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 180-181.
    • (2005) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.187 , pp. 180-181
    • Batty, G.D.1    Mortensen, E.L.2    Osler, M.3
  • 14
    • 34447303521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood mental ability in relation to cause-specific accidents in adulthood: The 1970 British Cohort Study
    • Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Schoon, I., & Gale, C. R.(2007a). Childhood mental ability in relation to cause-specific accidents in adulthood: The 1970 British Cohort Study. QJM: Journal of the Association of Physicians, 100(7), 405-414.
    • (2007) QJM: Journal of the Association of Physicians , vol.100 , Issue.7 , pp. 405-414
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2    Schoon, I.3    Gale, C.R.4
  • 15
    • 33846932126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood mental ability in relation to food intake and physical activity in adulthood: The 1970 British Cohort Study
    • Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Schoon, I., & Gale, C. R.(2007b). Childhood mental ability in relation to food intake and physical activity in adulthood: The 1970 British Cohort Study. Pediatrics, 119(1), e38-e45.
    • (2007) Pediatrics , vol.119 , Issue.1
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2    Schoon, I.3    Gale, C.R.4
  • 16
    • 35648983596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental ability across childhood in relation to risk factors for premature mortality in adult life: The 1970 British Cohort Study
    • Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Schoon, I., & Gale, C. R.(2007c). Mental ability across childhood in relation to risk factors for premature mortality in adult life: The 1970 British Cohort Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61(11), 997-1003.
    • (2007) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.61 , Issue.11 , pp. 997-1003
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2    Schoon, I.3    Gale, C.R.4
  • 17
    • 57449094943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IQ in early adulthood and risk of death by homicide: Cohort study of one million men
    • Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Tengstrom, A., & Rasmussen, F.(2008). IQ in early adulthood and risk of death by homicide: Cohort study of one million men. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(6), 461-465.
    • (2008) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.193 , Issue.6 , pp. 461-465
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2    Tengstrom, A.3    Rasmussen, F.4
  • 18
    • 33644957089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does IQ explain socioeconomic inequalities in health? Evidence from a population based cohort study in the west of Scotland
    • Batty, G. D., Der, G., Macintyre, S., & Deary, I. J.(2006). Does IQ explain socioeconomic inequalities in health? Evidence from a population based cohort study in the west of Scotland. British Medical Journal, 332(7541), 580-584.
    • (2006) British Medical Journal , vol.332 , Issue.7541 , pp. 580-584
    • Batty, G.D.1    Der, G.2    Macintyre, S.3    Deary, I.J.4
  • 19
    • 28044447421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood intelligence in relation to adult coronary heart disease and stroke risk: Evidence from a Danish birth cohort study
    • Batty, G. D., Mortensen, E. L., Nybo Andersen, A.-M., & Osler, M.(2005). Childhood intelligence in relation to adult coronary heart disease and stroke risk: Evidence from a Danish birth cohort study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 19(6), 452-459.
    • (2005) Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology , vol.19 , Issue.6 , pp. 452-459
    • Batty, G.D.1    Mortensen, E.L.2    Nybo Andersen, A.M.3    Osler, M.4
  • 20
    • 60149106100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IQ in early adulthood, socioeconomic position, and unintentional injury mortality by middle-age: Cohort study of over one million Swedish men
    • Batty, G. D., Gale, C. R., Tynelius, P., Deary, I. J., & Rasmussen, F.(2009). IQ in early adulthood, socioeconomic position, and unintentional injury mortality by middle-age: Cohort study of over one million Swedish men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169(5), 606-615.
    • (2009) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.169 , Issue.5 , pp. 606-615
    • Batty, G.D.1    Gale, C.R.2    Tynelius, P.3    Deary, I.J.4    Rasmussen, F.5
  • 21
    • 57149107138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood mental ability and adult alcohol intake and alcohol problems: The 1970 British Cohort Study
    • Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Schoon, I., Emslie, C., Hunt, K., & Gale, C. R.(2008). Childhood mental ability and adult alcohol intake and alcohol problems: The 1970 British Cohort Study. American Journal of Public Health, 98(12), 2237-2243.
    • (2008) American Journal of Public Health , vol.98 , Issue.12 , pp. 2237-2243
    • Batty, G.D.1    Deary, I.J.2    Schoon, I.3    Emslie, C.4    Hunt, K.5    Gale, C.R.6
  • 22
    • 39049146482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-morbid IQ, the metabolic syndrome and mortality: The Vietnam Experience Study
    • Batty, G. D., Gale, C. R., Mortensen, L. H., Langenberg, C., Shipley, M., & Deary, I. J.(2008). Pre-morbid IQ, the metabolic syndrome and mortality: The Vietnam Experience Study. Diabetologia, 51(3), 436-443.
    • (2008) Diabetologia , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 436-443
    • Batty, G.D.1    Gale, C.R.2    Mortensen, L.H.3    Langenberg, C.4    Shipley, M.5    Deary, I.J.6
  • 23
    • 70449435926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IQ in early adulthood, risk factors in middle age, and later cancer mortality in men: The Vietnam Experience Study
    • Batty, G. D., Mortensen, L. H., Gale, C. R., Shipley, M., Roberts, B. & Deary, I. J.(2009). IQ in early adulthood, risk factors in middle age, and later cancer mortality in men: The Vietnam Experience Study. Psycho-Oncology, 18(10), 1122-1126.
    • (2009) Psycho-Oncology , vol.18 , Issue.10 , pp. 1122-1126
    • Batty, G.D.1    Mortensen, L.H.2    Gale, C.R.3    Shipley, M.4    Roberts B.Deary, I.J.5
  • 27
    • 0031468306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which book? A comparative review of 25 introductory epidemiology textbooks
    • Bhopal, R.(1997). Which book? A comparative review of 25 introductory epidemiology textbooks. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 51(6), 612-622.
    • (1997) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.51 , Issue.6 , pp. 612-622
    • Bhopal, R.1
  • 29
  • 32
    • 33745963266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood intelligence in relation to obesity and weight gain in adult life: Findings from the National Child Development (1958)
    • Chandola, T., Deary, I. J., Blane, D., & Batty, G. D.(2006). Childhood intelligence in relation to obesity and weight gain in adult life: Findings from the National Child Development (1958) Study. International Journal of Obesity, 30(9), 1422-1432.
    • (2006) Study. International Journal of Obesity , vol.30 , Issue.9 , pp. 1422-1432
    • Chandola, T.1    Deary, I.J.2    Blane, D.3    Batty, G.D.4
  • 35
    • 0000336139 scopus 로고
    • Regression models and life tables (with discussion)
    • Cox, D. R.(1972). Regression models and life tables (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 34(2), 187-220.
    • (1972) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-220
    • Cox, D.R.1
  • 36
    • 56249102077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do intelligent people live longer?
    • Deary, I. J.(2008). Why do intelligent people live longer? Nature, 456(13), 175-176.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.456 , Issue.13 , pp. 175-176
    • Deary, I.J.1
  • 37
    • 70350148235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to the special issue on cognitive epidemiology
    • Deary, I. J.(2009). Introduction to the special issue on cognitive epidemiology. Intelligence, 37(6), 517-519.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 517-519
    • Deary, I.J.1
  • 38
    • 77953357328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive epidemiology: Its rise, its current issues, and its challenges
    • Deary, I. J.(2010). Cognitive epidemiology: Its rise, its current issues, and its challenges. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(4), 337-343.
    • (2010) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 337-343
    • Deary, I.J.1
  • 39
    • 33745619541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: Pre-morbid IQ and later health-The rapidly evolving field of cognitive epidemiology
    • Deary, I. J., & Batty, G. D.(2006). Commentary: Pre-morbid IQ and later health-The rapidly evolving field of cognitive epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(3), 670-672.
    • (2006) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 670-672
    • Deary, I.J.1    Batty, G.D.2
  • 41
    • 84886075235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (in press). Intelligence as a predictor of health, illness and death: " Cognitive epidemiology. " In R. J. Sternberg & S. B. Kaufman (Eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Deary, I. J., & Batty, G. D. (in press). Intelligence as a predictor of health, illness and death: " Cognitive epidemiology. " In R. J. Sternberg & S. B. Kaufman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
    • Deary, I.J.1    Batty, G.D.2
  • 42
    • 12944255682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reaction time explains IQ ' s association with death
    • Deary, I. J., & Der, G.(2005). Reaction time explains IQ ' s association with death. Psychological Science, 16(1), 64-69.
    • (2005) Psychological Science , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 64-69
    • Deary, I.J.1    Der, G.2
  • 43
    • 67651095887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic foundations of human intelligence
    • Deary, I.J., Johnson, W., & Houlihan, L. M.(2009). Genetic foundations of human intelligence. Human Genetics, 126(1), 215-232.
    • (2009) Human Genetics , vol.126 , Issue.1 , pp. 215-232
    • Deary, I.J.1    Johnson, W.2    Houlihan, L.M.3
  • 45
    • 54049098863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More intelligent, more dependable children live longer: A 55-year longitudinal study of a representative sample of the Scottish nation
    • Deary, I. J., Batty, G. D., Pattie, A., & Gale, C. G.(2008). More intelligent, more dependable children live longer: A 55-year longitudinal study of a representative sample of the Scottish nation. Psychological Science, 19(9), 874-880.
    • (2008) Psychological Science , vol.19 , Issue.9 , pp. 874-880
    • Deary, I.J.1    Batty, G.D.2    Pattie, A.3    Gale, C.G.4
  • 46
    • 33845591161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence and educational achievement
    • Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C.(2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21.
    • (2007) Intelligence , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-21
    • Deary, I.J.1    Strand, S.2    Smith, P.3    Fernandes, C.4
  • 47
    • 33749857596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical fitness and lifetime cognitive change
    • Deary, I.J., Whalley, L. J., Batty, D., & Starr, J. M.(2006). Physical fitness and lifetime cognitive change. Neurology, 67(7), 1195-1200.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , Issue.7 , pp. 1195-1200
    • Deary, I.J.1    Whalley, L.J.2    Batty, D.3    Starr, J.M.4
  • 48
    • 0034579729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The stability of individual differences in mental ability from childhood to old age: Follow-up of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey
    • Deary, I. J., Whalley, L. J., Lemmon, H., Crawford, J. R., & Starr, J. M.(2000). The stability of individual differences in mental ability from childhood to old age: Follow-up of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey. Intelligence, 28(1), 49-55.
    • (2000) Intelligence , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-55
    • Deary, I.J.1    Whalley, L.J.2    Lemmon, H.3    Crawford, J.R.4    Starr, J.M.5
  • 49
    • 1642455817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of childhood intelligence on later life: Following up the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947
    • Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C., Starr, J. M., Whalley, L. J., & Fox, H. C.(2004). The impact of childhood intelligence on later life: Following up the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(1), 130-147.
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.86 , Issue.1 , pp. 130-147
    • Deary, I.J.1    Whiteman, M.C.2    Starr, J.M.3    Whalley, L.J.4    Fox, H.C.5
  • 50
    • 70350170419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence and persisting with medication for two years: Analysis in a randomised controlled trial
    • Deary, I. J., Gale, C. R., Stewart, M. C. W., Fowkes, F. G. R., Murray, G. D., Batty, G. D., & Price, J. F.(2009). Intelligence and persisting with medication for two years: Analysis in a randomised controlled trial. Intelligence, 37(6), 607-612.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 607-612
    • Deary, I.J.1    Gale, C.R.2    Stewart, M.C.W.3    Fowkes, F.G.R.4    Murray, G.D.5    Batty, G.D.6    Price, J.F.7
  • 51
    • 70350169103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between IQ in adolescence and a range of health outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth
    • Der, G., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J.(2009). The association between IQ in adolescence and a range of health outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Intelligence, 37(6), 573-580.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 573-580
    • Der, G.1    Batty, G.D.2    Deary, I.J.3
  • 53
    • 0018219016 scopus 로고
    • Causation and disease: A chronological journey
    • Evans, A.(1978). Causation and disease: A chronological journey. American Journal of Epidemiology, 108(4), 249-258.
    • (1978) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.108 , Issue.4 , pp. 249-258
    • Evans, A.1
  • 54
    • 84885965248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive epidemiology of ethnic health and the CHRM2 vagal vigour hypothesis
    • Article retrieved July 1, 2009 from
    • Frye, R. A.(2009). Cognitive epidemiology of ethnic health and the CHRM2 vagal vigour hypothesis. Nature Precedings. Article retrieved July 1, 2009 from http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2862/version/1
    • (2009) Nature Precedings
    • Frye, R.A.1
  • 55
    • 20744450435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: Height and intelligence
    • Gale, C.(2005). Commentary: Height and intelligence. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(3), 678-679.
    • (2005) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 678-679
    • Gale, C.1
  • 56
    • 68849097146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychomotor co-ordination and intelligence in childhood and health in adulthood: Testing the system integrity hypothesis
    • Gale, C. R., Batty, G. D., Cooper, C., & Deary, I. J.(2009). Psychomotor co-ordination and intelligence in childhood and health in adulthood: Testing the system integrity hypothesis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(6), 675-681.
    • (2009) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.71 , Issue.6 , pp. 675-681
    • Gale, C.R.1    Batty, G.D.2    Cooper, C.3    Deary, I.J.4
  • 57
    • 33846855805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IQ in childhood and vegetarianism in adulthood: 1970 British Cohort Study
    • Gale, C. R., Deary, I. J., Schoon, I., & Batty, G. D.(2007). IQ in childhood and vegetarianism in adulthood: 1970 British Cohort Study. British Medical Journal, 334(7587), 245-248.
    • (2007) British Medical Journal , vol.334 , Issue.7587 , pp. 245-248
    • Gale, C.R.1    Deary, I.J.2    Schoon, I.3    Batty, G.D.4
  • 58
    • 70349249785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence in childhood and risk of psychological distress in adulthood: The 1958 National Child Development Survey and the 1970 British Cohort Study
    • Gale, C. R., Hatch, S. L., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J.(2009). Intelligence in childhood and risk of psychological distress in adulthood: The 1958 National Child Development Survey and the 1970 British Cohort Study. Intelligence, 37(6), 592-599.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 592-599
    • Gale, C.R.1    Hatch, S.L.2    Batty, G.D.3    Deary, I.J.4
  • 59
    • 73849151476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence in early adulthood and subsequent hospitalisation and admission rates for the whole range of mental disorders: Longitudinal study of 1,049,663 men
    • Gale, C. R., Batty, G. D., Tynelius, P., Deary, I. J., & Rasmussen, F.(2010). Intelligence in early adulthood and subsequent hospitalisation and admission rates for the whole range of mental disorders: Longitudinal study of 1,049,663 men. Epidemiology, 21(1), 70-77.
    • (2010) Epidemiology , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 70-77
    • Gale, C.R.1    Batty, G.D.2    Tynelius, P.3    Deary, I.J.4    Rasmussen, F.5
  • 60
    • 57149083471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive ability in early adulthood and risk of 5 specific psychiatric disorders in middle life: The Vietnam Experience Study
    • Gale, C. R., Deary, I. J., Boyle, S. H., Barefoot, J., Mortensen, L. H., & Batty, G. D.(2008). Cognitive ability in early adulthood and risk of 5 specific psychiatric disorders in middle life: The Vietnam Experience Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(12), 1410-1418.
    • (2008) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.65 , Issue.12 , pp. 1410-1418
    • Gale, C.R.1    Deary, I.J.2    Boyle, S.H.3    Barefoot, J.4    Mortensen, L.H.5    Batty, G.D.6
  • 61
    • 70350147252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can we understand why cognitive function predicts mortality? Results from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS)
    • Gallacher, J., Bayer, A., Dunstan, F., Yarnell, J., Elwood, P., & Ben-Sholmo, Y.(2009). Can we understand why cognitive function predicts mortality? Results from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS). Intelligence, 37(6), 535-544.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 535-544
    • Gallacher, J.1    Bayer, A.2    Dunstan, F.3    Yarnell, J.4    Elwood, P.5    Ben Sholmo, Y.6
  • 64
    • 0002150999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mainstream science on intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography
    • Gottfredson, L. S.(1997). Mainstream science on intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography. Intelligence, 24(1), 13-23.
    • (1997) Intelligence , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-23
    • Gottfredson, L.S.1
  • 65
    • 1642578151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence: Is it the epidemiologists ' elusive " fundamental cause " of social class inequalities in health?
    • Gottfredson, L. S.(2004). Intelligence: Is it the epidemiologists ' elusive " fundamental cause " of social class inequalities in health? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(1), 174-199.
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.86 , Issue.1 , pp. 174-199
    • Gottfredson, L.S.1
  • 67
    • 12444307398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low intelligence test scores in 18 year old men and risk of suicide: Cohort study
    • Gunnell, D., Magnusson, P. K. E., & Rasmussen, F.(2005). Low intelligence test scores in 18 year old men and risk of suicide: Cohort study. British Medical Journal, 330(7484), 167-170.
    • (2005) British Medical Journal , vol.330 , Issue.7484 , pp. 167-170
    • Gunnell, D.1    Magnusson, P.K.E.2    Rasmussen, F.3
  • 68
    • 58749109760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socioeconomic status and the developing brain
    • Hackman, D. A., & Farah, M. J.(2009). Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(2), 65-73.
    • (2009) Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 65-73
    • Hackman, D.A.1    Farah, M.J.2
  • 69
    • 65649130386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does executive function explain the IQ-mortality association? Evidence from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging
    • Hall, P. A., Dubin, J. A., Crossley, M., Holmqvist, M. E., & D ' Arcy, C.(2009). Does executive function explain the IQ-mortality association? Evidence from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(2), 196-204.
    • (2009) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.71 , Issue.2 , pp. 196-204
    • Hall, P.A.1    Dubin, J.A.2    Crossley, M.3    Holmqvist, M.E.4    D'Arcy, C.5
  • 70
    • 4444293993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood IQ and cardiovascular disease in adulthood: Prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan studies
    • Hart, C. L., Taylor, M. D., Davey Smith, G., Whalley, L. J., Starr, J. M., Hole, D. J., Wilson, V., & Deary, I. J.(2004). Childhood IQ and cardiovascular disease in adulthood: Prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan studies. Social Science and Medicine, 59(10), 2131-2138.
    • (2004) Social Science and Medicine , vol.59 , Issue.10 , pp. 2131-2138
    • Hart, C.L.1    Taylor, M.D.2    Davey Smith, G.3    Whalley, L.J.4    Starr, J.M.5    Hole, D.J.6    Wilson, V.7    Deary, I.J.8
  • 71
    • 0141634200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood IQ, social class, deprivation, and their relationships with mortality and morbidity risk in later life: Prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan studies
    • Hart, C. L., Taylor, M. D., Davey Smith, G., Whalley, L. J., Starr, J. M., Hole, D. J. et al.(2003). Childhood IQ, social class, deprivation, and their relationships with mortality and morbidity risk in later life: Prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(5), 877-883.
    • (2003) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.65 , Issue.5 , pp. 877-883
    • Hart, C.L.1    Taylor, M.D.2    Davey Smith, G.3    Whalley, L.J.4    Starr, J.M.5    Hole, D.J.6
  • 72
  • 73
    • 58149394952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does IQ affect onset of smoking and cessation of smoking-linking the Swedish 1969 conscription cohort to the Swedish survey of living conditions
    • Hemmingsson, T., Kriebel, D., Melin, B., Allebeck, P., & Lundberg, I.(2008). How does IQ affect onset of smoking and cessation of smoking-linking the Swedish 1969 conscription cohort to the Swedish survey of living conditions. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(7), 805-810.
    • (2008) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.70 , Issue.7 , pp. 805-810
    • Hemmingsson, T.1    Kriebel, D.2    Melin, B.3    Allebeck, P.4    Lundberg, I.5
  • 74
    • 33745629588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between cognitive ability measured at ages 18-20 and mortality during 30 years of follow-up: A prospective observational study among Swedish males born 1949-51
    • Hemmingsson, T., Melin, B., Allebeck, P., & Lundberg, I.(2006). The association between cognitive ability measured at ages 18-20 and mortality during 30 years of follow-up: A prospective observational study among Swedish males born 1949-51. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(5), 665-670.
    • (2006) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.35 , Issue.5 , pp. 665-670
    • Hemmingsson, T.1    Melin, B.2    Allebeck, P.3    Lundberg, I.4
  • 76
    • 34250635925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence in early adulthood and life span up to 65 years later in male elderly twins
    • Holsinger, T., Helms, M., & Plassman, B.(2007). Intelligence in early adulthood and life span up to 65 years later in male elderly twins. Age and Ageing, 36(3), 286-291.
    • (2007) Age and Ageing , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 286-291
    • Holsinger, T.1    Helms, M.2    Plassman, B.3
  • 77
    • 13444291449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educational inequalities in cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and older men and women in eight western European populations
    • Huisman, M., Kunst, A. E., Bopp, M., Borgan, J.-K., Borrell, C., Costa, G. et al.(2005). Educational inequalities in cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and older men and women in eight western European populations. Lancet, 365(9458), 493-500.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , Issue.9458 , pp. 493-500
    • Huisman, M.1    Kunst, A.E.2    Bopp, M.3    Borgan, J.K.4    Borrell, C.5    Costa, G.6
  • 78
    • 70350187643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How intelligence and education contribute to substance use: Hints from the Minnesota Twin Family Study
    • Johnson, W., Hicks, B. M., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G.(2009). How intelligence and education contribute to substance use: Hints from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Intelligence, 37(6), 613-624.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 613-624
    • Johnson, W.1    Hicks, B.M.2    McGue, M.3    Iacono, W.G.4
  • 79
    • 68549132442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IQ, socioeconomic status, and early death: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
    • Jokela, M., Elovainio, M., Singh-Manoux, A., & Kivimaki, M.(2009). IQ, socioeconomic status, and early death: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(3), 322-328.
    • (2009) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 322-328
    • Jokela, M.1    Elovainio, M.2    Singh-Manoux, A.3    Kivimaki, M.4
  • 80
    • 70349256407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low childhood IQ and early adult mortality: The role of explanatory factors in the 1958 British Birth Cohort
    • Jokela, M., Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Gale, C. R., & Kivimaki, M.(2009). Low childhood IQ and early adult mortality: The role of explanatory factors in the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Pediatrics, 124(3), e380-e388.
    • (2009) Pediatrics , vol.124 , Issue.3
    • Jokela, M.1    Batty, G.D.2    Deary, I.J.3    Gale, C.R.4    Kivimaki, M.5
  • 81
    • 74649087281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between childhood intelligence (IQ), adult morbidity and mortality
    • Kilgour, A. H., Starr, J. M., & Whalley, L. J.(2009). Associations between childhood intelligence (IQ), adult morbidity and mortality. Maturitas, 65(2), 98-105.
    • (2009) Maturitas , vol.65 , Issue.2 , pp. 98-105
    • Kilgour, A.H.1    Starr, J.M.2    Whalley, L.J.3
  • 82
    • 26444463825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease
    • Kivipelto, M., Nganda, T., Fratiglioni, L., Vittanen, M., Kåreholt, I., Winblad, B. et al.(2005). Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 62(10), 1556-1560.
    • (2005) Archives of Neurology , vol.62 , Issue.10 , pp. 1556-1560
    • Kivipelto, M.1    Nganda, T.2    Fratiglioni, L.3    Vittanen, M.4    Kåreholt, I.5    Winblad, B.6
  • 85
    • 65249137096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do childhood cognitive ability or smoking behaviour explain the influence of lifetime socio-economic conditions on premature adult mortality in a British post war birth cohort?
    • Kuh, D., Shah, I., Richards, M., Mishra, G., Wadsworth, M., & Hardy, R.(2009). Do childhood cognitive ability or smoking behaviour explain the influence of lifetime socio-economic conditions on premature adult mortality in a British post war birth cohort? Social Science and Medicine, 68(9), 1565-1573.
    • (2009) Social Science and Medicine , vol.68 , Issue.9 , pp. 1565-1573
    • Kuh, D.1    Shah, I.2    Richards, M.3    Mishra, G.4    Wadsworth, M.5    Hardy, R.6
  • 86
    • 73149124285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of early IQ and education with mortality: 65 year longitudinal study in Malmo, Sweden
    • Lager, A., Bremberg, S., & V å gerö, D.(2009). The association of early IQ and education with mortality: 65 year longitudinal study in Malmo, Sweden. British Medical Journal, 339(111), b5282.
    • (2009) British Medical Journal , vol.339 , Issue.111
    • Lager, A.1    Bremberg, S.2    Vågerö, D.3
  • 87
    • 0023789584 scopus 로고
    • What is " clinical epidemiology " ?
    • Last, J. M.(1988). What is " clinical epidemiology " ? Journal of Public Health Policy, 9(2), 159-163.
    • (1988) Journal of Public Health Policy , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 159-163
    • Last, J.M.1
  • 88
    • 52949135950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of childhood intelligence with risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: Findings from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort study
    • Lawlor, D. A., Batty, G. D., Clark, H., Macintyre, S., & Leon, D. A.(2008). Association of childhood intelligence with risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: Findings from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 23(10), 695-706.
    • (2008) European Journal of Epidemiology , vol.23 , Issue.10 , pp. 695-706
    • Lawlor, D.A.1    Batty, G.D.2    Clark, H.3    Macintyre, S.4    Leon, D.A.5
  • 89
    • 69549084995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking and mental illness: Results from population surveys in Australia and the United States
    • Lawrence, D., Mitrou, F., & Zubrick, S. R.(2009). Smoking and mental illness: Results from population surveys in Australia and the United States. BMC Public Health, 7(9), 285.
    • (2009) BMC Public Health , vol.7 , Issue.9 , pp. 285
    • Lawrence, D.1    Mitrou, F.2    Zubrick, S.R.3
  • 90
    • 70350137216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of childhood intelligence with mortality risk from adolescence to middle age: Findings from the Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study
    • Leon, D. A., Lawlor, D. A., Clark, H. Batty, G. D., & Macintyre, S.(2009). The association of childhood intelligence with mortality risk from adolescence to middle age: Findings from the Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study. Intelligence, 37(6), 520-528.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 520-528
    • Leon, D.A.1    Lawlor, D.A.2    Clark, H.3    Batty, G.D.4    Macintyre, S.5
  • 91
    • 13244274991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between education and adult mortality in the United States
    • Lleras-Muney, A.(2005). The relationship between education and adult mortality in the United States. Review of Economic Studies, 72(1), 189-221.
    • (2005) Review of Economic Studies , vol.72 , Issue.1 , pp. 189-221
    • Lleras Muney, A.1
  • 92
    • 70350348373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive epidemiology: With emphasis on untangling cognitive ability and socioeconomic status
    • Lubinski, D.(2009). Cognitive epidemiology: With emphasis on untangling cognitive ability and socioeconomic status. Intelligence, 37(6), 625-633.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 625-633
    • Lubinski, D.1
  • 93
    • 0039415768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incorporating general intelligence into epidemiology and the social sciences
    • Lubinski, D., & Humphreys, L.G.(1997). Incorporating general intelligence into epidemiology and the social sciences. Intelligence, 24(1), 159-201.
    • (1997) Intelligence , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 159-201
    • Lubinski, D.1    Humphreys, L.G.2
  • 94
    • 67049119255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reverse causation in the association between C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels and cognitive abilities in an aging sample
    • Luciano, M., Marioni, R. E., Gow, A. J., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J.(2009). Reverse causation in the association between C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels and cognitive abilities in an aging sample. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(4), 404-409.
    • (2009) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.71 , Issue.4 , pp. 404-409
    • Luciano, M.1    Marioni, R.E.2    Gow, A.J.3    Starr, J.M.4    Deary, I.J.5
  • 95
    • 0040748853 scopus 로고
    • Vital indices and their relation to psychological and social factors
    • Maller, J. B.(1933). Vital indices and their relation to psychological and social factors. Human Biology, 5(1), 94-121.
    • (1933) Human Biology , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 94-121
    • Maller, J.B.1
  • 96
    • 77950274000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Marmot review. Strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010
    • Article retrieved February 11, 2010 from
    • Marmot, M.(2010). The Marmot review. Strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010. Article retrieved February 11, 2010 from http://www.marmot-review.org.uk
    • (2010)
    • Marmot, M.1
  • 97
    • 68749114009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social inequalities in mortality: A problem of cognitive function?
    • Marmot, M., & Kivimäki, M.(2009). Social inequalities in mortality: A problem of cognitive function? European Heart Journal, 30(15), 1819-1820.
    • (2009) European Heart Journal , vol.30 , Issue.15 , pp. 1819-1820
    • Marmot, M.1    Kivimäki, M.2
  • 98
    • 27544436961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood cognitive performance and risk of mortality: A prospective cohort study
    • Martin, L. T., & Kubzansky, L. D.(2005). Childhood cognitive performance and risk of mortality: A prospective cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162(9), 887-890.
    • (2005) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.162 , Issue.9 , pp. 887-890
    • Martin, L.T.1    Kubzansky, L.D.2
  • 99
    • 54549092854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood cognitive ability and risk of late-onset Alzheimer and vascular dementia
    • McGurn, B., Deary, I. J., & Starr, J. M.(2008). Childhood cognitive ability and risk of late-onset Alzheimer and vascular dementia. Neurology, 71(14), 1051-1056.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , Issue.14 , pp. 1051-1056
    • McGurn, B.1    Deary, I.J.2    Starr, J.M.3
  • 100
    • 26644461186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence in relation to later beverage preference and alcohol intake
    • Mortensen, L. H., Sørensen, T. I. A., & Grønb æ k, N.(2005). Intelligence in relation to later beverage preference and alcohol intake. Addiction, 100(10), 1445-1452.
    • (2005) Addiction , vol.100 , Issue.10 , pp. 1445-1452
    • Mortensen, L.H.1    Sørensen, T.I.A.2    Grønbæk, N.3
  • 103
    • 0024150978 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for mortality in Australian Vietnam-era national servicemen: A case-control study
    • O ' Toole, B. I., Adena, M. A., & Jones, M. P.(1988). Risk factors for mortality in Australian Vietnam-era national servicemen: A case-control study. Community Health Studies, 12(4), 408-417.
    • (1988) Community Health Studies , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 408-417
    • O'Toole, B.I.1    Adena, M.A.2    Jones, M.P.3
  • 105
    • 34447322808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive function in childhood and early adulthood and injuries later in life: The Metropolit 1953 male birth cohort
    • Osler, M., Nybo Andersen, A.-M., Laursen, B., & Lawlor, D. A.(2007). Cognitive function in childhood and early adulthood and injuries later in life: The Metropolit 1953 male birth cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36(1), 212-219.
    • (2007) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 212-219
    • Osler, M.1    Nybo Andersen, A.M.2    Laursen, B.3    Lawlor, D.A.4
  • 108
    • 33750028015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood IQ and deaths up to middle age: The Newcastle Thousand Families Study
    • Pearce, M. S., Deary, I. J., Young, A. H., & Parker, L.(2006). Childhood IQ and deaths up to middle age: The Newcastle Thousand Families Study. Public Health, 120(11), 1020-1026.
    • (2006) Public Health , vol.120 , Issue.11 , pp. 1020-1026
    • Pearce, M.S.1    Deary, I.J.2    Young, A.H.3    Parker, L.4
  • 109
    • 67049087792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and their comorbidity as predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: The Vietnam Experience Study
    • Phillips, A. C., Batty, G. D., Gale, C. R., Deary, I. J., Osborn, D., Macintyre, K., & Carroll, D.(2009). Generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and their comorbidity as predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: The Vietnam Experience Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(4), 395-403.
    • (2009) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.71 , Issue.4 , pp. 395-403
    • Phillips, A.C.1    Batty, G.D.2    Gale, C.R.3    Deary, I.J.4    Osborn, D.5    Macintyre, K.6    Carroll, D.7
  • 110
    • 41849101370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive development and cortisol patterns in mid-life: Findings from the British birth cohort
    • Power, C., Li, L., & Hertzman, C.(2008). Cognitive development and cortisol patterns in mid-life: Findings from the British birth cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(4), 530-539.
    • (2008) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 530-539
    • Power, C.1    Li, L.2    Hertzman, C.3
  • 111
    • 34250810168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular diseases and decline in cognitive function in an elderly community population: The Edinburgh Artery Study
    • Rafnsson, S. B., Deary, I. J., Smith, F. B., Whiteman, M. C., & Fowkes, F. G. R.(2007). Cardiovascular diseases and decline in cognitive function in an elderly community population: The Edinburgh Artery Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69(5), 425-434.
    • (2007) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.69 , Issue.5 , pp. 425-434
    • Rafnsson, S.B.1    Deary, I.J.2    Smith, F.B.3    Whiteman, M.C.4    Fowkes, F.G.R.5
  • 112
    • 22744449455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung function and cognitive ability in a longitudinal birth cohort study
    • Richards, M., Strachan, D., Hardy, R., Kuh, D., & Wadsworth, M.(2005). Lung function and cognitive ability in a longitudinal birth cohort study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(4), 602-608.
    • (2005) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.67 , Issue.4 , pp. 602-608
    • Richards, M.1    Strachan, D.2    Hardy, R.3    Kuh, D.4    Wadsworth, M.5
  • 113
    • 70350196992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IQ in childhood and the metabolic syndrome in middle age: Extended follow-up of the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study
    • Richards, M., Black, S., Mishra, G., Gale, C. R., Deary, I. J., & Batty, G. D.(2009). IQ in childhood and the metabolic syndrome in middle age: Extended follow-up of the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study. Intelligence, 37(6), 567-572.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 567-572
    • Richards, M.1    Black, S.2    Mishra, G.3    Gale, C.R.4    Deary, I.J.5    Batty, G.D.6
  • 114
    • 70350191921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reaction time and established risk factors for total and cardiovascular disease mortality: Comparison of effect estimates in the follow-up of a large, UK-wide, general-population based survey
    • Roberts, B. A., Der, G., Deary, I. J., & Batty, G. D.(2009). Reaction time and established risk factors for total and cardiovascular disease mortality: Comparison of effect estimates in the follow-up of a large, UK-wide, general-population based survey. Intelligence, 37(6), 561-566.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 561-566
    • Roberts, B.A.1    Der, G.2    Deary, I.J.3    Batty, G.D.4
  • 117
    • 1642455819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General mental ability in the world of work: Occupational attainment and job performance
    • Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J.(2004). General mental ability in the world of work: Occupational attainment and job performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(1), 162-173.
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.86 , Issue.1 , pp. 162-173
    • Schmidt, F.L.1    Hunter, J.2
  • 118
    • 8644227623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birth weight and cognitive ability in childhood: A systematic review
    • Shenkin, S. D., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J.(2004). Birth weight and cognitive ability in childhood: A systematic review. Psychological Bulletin, 130(6), 989-1013.
    • (2004) Psychological Bulletin , vol.130 , Issue.6 , pp. 989-1013
    • Shenkin, S.D.1    Starr, J.M.2    Deary, I.J.3
  • 119
    • 33744472756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognition and all-cause mortality across the entire adult age range: Health and lifestyle survey
    • Shipley, B. A., Der, G., Taylor, M. D., & Deary, I. J.(2006). Cognition and all-cause mortality across the entire adult age range: Health and lifestyle survey. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(1), 17-24.
    • (2006) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-24
    • Shipley, B.A.1    Der, G.2    Taylor, M.D.3    Deary, I.J.4
  • 120
    • 7244221540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socioeconomic trajectories across the life course and health outcomes in midlife: Evidence for the accumulation hypothesis?
    • Singh-Manoux, A., Ferrie, J. E., Chandola, T., & Marmot, M.(2004). Socioeconomic trajectories across the life course and health outcomes in midlife: Evidence for the accumulation hypothesis? International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(5), 1072-1079.
    • (2004) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 1072-1079
    • Singh Manoux, A.1    Ferrie, J.E.2    Chandola, T.3    Marmot, M.4
  • 121
    • 70350145484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognition and incident coronary heart disease in late midlife: The Whitehall II study
    • Singh-Manoux, A., Sabia, S., Kivimaki, M., Shipley, M. J., Ferrie, J. E., & Marmot, M. G.(2009). Cognition and incident coronary heart disease in late midlife: The Whitehall II study. Intelligence, 37(6), 529-534.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 529-534
    • Singh Manoux, A.1    Sabia, S.2    Kivimaki, M.3    Shipley, M.J.4    Ferrie, J.E.5    Marmot, M.G.6
  • 122
    • 2542461231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood mental ability and blood pressure at midlife: Linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan Studies
    • Starr, J. M., Taylor, M. D., Hart, C. L., Davey Smith, G., Whalley, L. J., Hole, D. J., Wilson, V., & Deary, I. J.(2004). Childhood mental ability and blood pressure at midlife: Linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan Studies. Journal of Hypertension, 22(5), 893-897.
    • (2004) Journal of Hypertension , vol.22 , Issue.5 , pp. 893-897
    • Starr, J.M.1    Taylor, M.D.2    Hart, C.L.3    Davey Smith, G.4    Whalley, L.J.5    Hole, D.J.6    Wilson, V.7    Deary, I.J.8
  • 123
    • 77949507782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of cognitive function on medication management: Three studies
    • Stilley, C. S., Bender, C. M., Dunbar-Jacob, J., Sereika, S., & Ryan, C. M.(2010). The impact of cognitive function on medication management: Three studies. Health Psychology, 29(1), 50-55.
    • (2010) Health Psychology , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-55
    • Stilley, C.S.1    Bender, C.M.2    Dunbar Jacob, J.3    Sereika, S.4    Ryan, C.M.5
  • 124
    • 34547592375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research
    • Strenze, T.(2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35(5), 401-426.
    • (2007) Intelligence , vol.35 , Issue.5 , pp. 401-426
    • Strenze, T.1
  • 126
    • 0036710778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hazard rate ratio and prospective epidemiological studies
    • Symons, M. J., & Moore, D. T.(2002). Hazard rate ratio and prospective epidemiological studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55(9), 893-899.
    • (2002) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.55 , Issue.9 , pp. 893-899
    • Symons, M.J.1    Moore, D.T.2
  • 127
    • 0038173763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood mental ability and smoking cessation in adulthood: Prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan Studies
    • Taylor, M. D., Hart, C. L., Davey Smith, G., Starr, J. M., Hole, D. J., Whalley, L. J., Wilson, V., & Deary, I. J.(2003). Childhood mental ability and smoking cessation in adulthood: Prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan Studies. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(6), 464-465.
    • (2003) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.57 , Issue.6 , pp. 464-465
    • Taylor, M.D.1    Hart, C.L.2    Davey Smith, G.3    Starr, J.M.4    Hole, D.J.5    Whalley, L.J.6    Wilson, V.7    Deary, I.J.8
  • 128
    • 77955166115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratification and mortality: A comparison of education, class, status, and income
    • Torssander, J., & Erikson, R.(2010). Stratification and mortality: A comparison of education, class, status, and income. European Sociological Review, 26 (4), 465-474.
    • (2010) European Sociological Review , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 465-474
    • Torssander, J.1    Erikson, R.2
  • 129
    • 74549132879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality predictors in a 60-year follow-up of adolescent males: Exploring delinquency, socioeconomic status, IQ, high-school drop-out status, and personality
    • Trumbetta, S. L., Seltzer, B. K., Gottesman, I. I., & McIntyre, K. M.(2010). Mortality predictors in a 60-year follow-up of adolescent males: Exploring delinquency, socioeconomic status, IQ, high-school drop-out status, and personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(1), 46-52.
    • (2010) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.72 , Issue.1 , pp. 46-52
    • Trumbetta, S.L.1    Seltzer, B.K.2    Gottesman, I.I.3    McIntyre, K.M.4
  • 131
    • 72049100123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence, social class of origin, childhood behavior disturbance and education as predictors of status attainment in midlife in men: The Aberdeen Children of the 1950s study
    • Von Stumm, S., Macintyre, S., Batty, D. G., Clark, H., & Deary, I. J.(2010). Intelligence, social class of origin, childhood behavior disturbance and education as predictors of status attainment in midlife in men: The Aberdeen Children of the 1950s study. Intelligence, 38(1), 202-211.
    • (2010) Intelligence , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 202-211
    • Von Stumm, S.1    Macintyre, S.2    Batty, D.G.3    Clark, H.4    Deary, I.J.5
  • 132
    • 33644902667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National intelligence, suicide rate in the elderly, and a threshold intelligence for suicidality: An ecological study of 48 Eurasian countries
    • Voracek, M.(2005). National intelligence, suicide rate in the elderly, and a threshold intelligence for suicidality: An ecological study of 48 Eurasian countries. Journal of Biosocial Science, 37(6), 721-740.
    • (2005) Journal of Biosocial Science , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 721-740
    • Voracek, M.1
  • 133
    • 0036239584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood mental ability and lifetime psychiatric contact: A 66-year follow-up study of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey
    • Walker, N. P., McConville, P. M., Hunter, D., Deary, I. J., & Whalley, L. J.(2002). Childhood mental ability and lifetime psychiatric contact: A 66-year follow-up study of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey. Intelligence, 30(3), 233-245.
    • (2002) Intelligence , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 233-245
    • Walker, N.P.1    McConville, P.M.2    Hunter, D.3    Deary, I.J.4    Whalley, L.J.5
  • 134
    • 67049144757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotionally stable, intelligent men live longer: the Vietnam Experience Study
    • Weiss, A., Gale, C. R., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J.(2009). Emotionally stable, intelligent men live longer: the Vietnam Experience Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(4), 385-394.
    • (2009) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.71 , Issue.4 , pp. 385-394
    • Weiss, A.1    Gale, C.R.2    Batty, G.D.3    Deary, I.J.4
  • 135
    • 77957286335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between intelligence and type specific stroke: A population-based cohort study of early fatal and non-fatal stroke in one million Swedish men
    • Wennerstad, K. M., Silventoinen, K., Tynelius, P., Bergman, L., & Rasmussen, F.(2009). Association between intelligence and type specific stroke: A population-based cohort study of early fatal and non-fatal stroke in one million Swedish men. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64(10), 908-912.
    • (2009) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.64 , Issue.10 , pp. 908-912
    • Wennerstad, K.M.1    Silventoinen, K.2    Tynelius, P.3    Bergman, L.4    Rasmussen, F.5
  • 136
    • 0035820373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal cohort study of childhood IQ and survival up to age 76
    • Whalley, L. J., & Deary, I. J.(2001). Longitudinal cohort study of childhood IQ and survival up to age 76. British Medical Journal, 322(7290), 819-822.
    • (2001) British Medical Journal , vol.322 , Issue.7290 , pp. 819-822
    • Whalley, L.J.1    Deary, I.J.2
  • 138
    • 0021307992 scopus 로고
    • The sex differential in morbidity, mortality, and lifestyle
    • Wingard, D. L.(1984). The sex differential in morbidity, mortality, and lifestyle. Annual Review of Public Health, 5, 433-458.
    • (1984) Annual Review of Public Health , vol.5 , pp. 433-458
    • Wingard, D.L.1
  • 140
    • 34547559520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress
    • Zagorsky, J. L.(2007). Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress. Intelligence, 35(5), 489-501.
    • (2007) Intelligence , vol.35 , Issue.5 , pp. 489-501
    • Zagorsky, J.L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.