A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

Volumn 3, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 337-352

  Ahmad, Aftab ^a   Husain, Asif ^b   Mujeeb, Mohd ^b   Khan, Shah Alam ^c   Najmi, Abul Kalam ^b   Siddique, Nasir Ali ^d   Damanhouri, Zoheir A ^e   Anwar, Firoz ^f  

^a KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^b HAMDARD UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c OMAN MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Oman)

^d KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^e Aziz University   (Saudi Arabia)

^f Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy   (India)

Author keywords

Anti diabetic; Antioxidant; Black seeds; Habat ul Sauda; Miracle herb; Nigella sativa; Ranunculaceae; Thymoquinone; Tibb e Nabwi

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; AMOXICILLIN; ASCORBIC ACID; AZITHROMYCIN; CARNITINE; CISPLATIN; CURCUMIN; DIZOCILPINE; DOXORUBICIN; ESSENTIAL OIL; FLUOROURACIL; HERBACEOUS AGENT; N(G) NITROARGININE METHYL ESTER; NIGELLA SATIVA EXTRACT; OMEPRAZOLE; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PLACEBO; PRAZIQUANTEL; THEOPHYLLINE; THIOCTIC ACID; THYMOQUINONE; TRICHOSTATIN A; VALPROIC ACID; PLANT EXTRACT;

ADD ON THERAPY; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ALLERGIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY; ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIULCER ACTIVITY; ARTHRITIS; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION; BLACK CUMIN; BRAIN INFARCTION; CANDIDIASIS; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CONCEPTION; CONVULSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; EPILEPSY; FOOD ALLERGY; HERB DRUG INTERACTION; HERBAL MEDICINE; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNOMODULATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; KIDNEY INJURY; LEUKOCYTOSIS; LIVER INJURY; LIVER PROTECTION; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG INJURY; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROPHARMACOLOGY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PHARMACOGNOSY; PLANT SEED; PLANT STRUCTURES; PNEUMONIA; POWDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL PROTECTION; REPEATED DRUG DOSE; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; STOMACH PROTECTION; STOMACH ULCER; TESTIS DISEASE; TOXICITY TESTING; CHEMISTRY; MEDICINAL PLANT; RESEARCH; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); NIGELLA SATIVA; RANUNCULACEAE;

HUMANS; MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL; NIGELLA SATIVA; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; RESEARCH; SEEDS;

EID: 84875398742     PISSN: 22211691     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60075-1     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Khare CP Encyclopedia of Indian medicinal plants 2004, Springes-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, NewYork.
2. Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ. Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda. New Delhi; 2005, p. 420-440.
3. Al-Bukhari MI The collection of authentic sayings of prophet mohammad (peace be upon him), division 71 on medicine 1976, Hilal Yayinlari, Ankara. 2nd ed. A.-B. Sahi (Ed.).
4. Abel-Salam BK Immunomodulatory effects of black seeds and garlic on alloxan-induced diabetes in albino rat. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2012, 40(6):336-340.
5. Khaled AAS Gastroprotective effects of Nigella Sativa oil on the formation of stress gastritis in hypothyroidal rats. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2009, 1:143-149.
6. Assayed ME Radioprotective effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) oil against hemopoietic damage and immunosuppression in gamma-irradiated rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010, 32(2):284-296.
7. Abdel-Zaher AO, Abdel-Rahman MS, Elwasei FM Protective effect of Nigella sativa oil against tramadol-induced tolerance and dependence in mice: role of nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Neurotoxicology 2011, 32(6):725-733.
8. Boskabady MH, Mohsenpoor N, Takaloo L Antiasthmatic effect of Nigella sativa in airways of asthmatic patients. Phytomedicine 2010, 17(10):707-713.
9. Goreja WG Black seed: nature's miracle remedy 2003, Amazing Herbs Press, New York, NY 7.
10. 50 of thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa, in mice and rats. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2008, 20(2):25-27.
11. Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK, Ramankutty Indian medicinal plants-a compendium of 500 species 2004, 139-142. Orient Longman Pvt Ltd, Chennai.
12. Al-Jassir MS Chemical composition and microflora of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds growing in Saudi Arabia. Food Chem 1992, 45:239-242.
13. Atta-Ur-Rahman Nigellidine-a new indazole alkaloid from the seed of Nigella sativa. Tetrahedron Lett 1995, 36(12):1993-1994.
14. Nickavar B, Mojab F, Javidnia K, Amoli MA Chemical composition of the fixed and volatile oils of Nigella sativa L. from Iran. Z Naturforsch C 2003, 58(9-10):629-631.
15. Cheikh-Rouhou S, Besbes S, Lognay G, Blecker C, Deroanne C, Attia H Sterol composition of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halpensis Mill.) seed oils. J Food Comp Anal 2008, 21(2):162-168.
16. Mehta BK, Verma M, Gupta MJ Novel lipid constituents identified in seeds of Nigella sativa Linn. Braz Chem Soc 2008, 19(3):458-462.
17. Bourgou S, Ksouri R, Bellila A, Skandrani I, Falleh H, Marzouk B Phenolic composition and biological activities of Tunisian Nigella sativa L. shoots and roots. C R Biol 2008, 331(1):48-55.
18. Nickavar B, Mojab F, Javidnia K, Amoli MA Chemic al composition of the fixed and volatile oils of Nigella sativa L. from Iran. Z Naturforsch C 2003, 58(9-10):629-631.
19. Morikawa T, Xu F, Ninomiya K, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M N.mines A3, A4, A5 and C, new dolabellane-type diterpene alkaloids with lipid metabolism-promoting activities from the Egyptian medicinal food black cumin. Chem Pharm Bull 2004, 52(4):494-497.
20. Morikawa T, Xu F, Kashima Y, Matsuda H, Ninomiya K, Oshikawa M Noveldolabellane-type diterpene alkaloids with lipid metabolism promoting activities from the seeds of Nigella sativa. Org Lett 2004, 6(6):869-872.
21. Ali Z, Ferreira D, Carvalho P, Avery MA, Khan IA Nigellidine-4-O-sulfite, the first sulfated indazole-type alkaloid from the seeds of Nigella sativa. J Nat Prod 2008, 71(6):1111-1112.
22. Mehta BK, Pandit V, Gupta M New principles from seeds of Nigella sativa. Nat Prod Res 2009, 23(2):138-148.
23. Yarnell E, Abascal K Nigella sativa: holy herb of the middle East. Altern Compl Therap 2011, 17(2):99-105.
24. Padhye S, Banerjee S, Ahmad A, Mohammad R, Sarkar FH From here to eternity-the secret of Pharaohs: Therapeutic potential of black cumin seeds and beyond. Cancer Ther 2008, 6:495-510.
25. Bakathir HA, Abbas NA Detection of the antibacterial effect of Nigella sativa ground seeds with water. Afr J Tradit Compl Altern Med 2011, 8(2):159-164.
26. Morsi NM Antimicrobial effect of crude extracts of Nigella sativa on multiple antibiotics-resistant bacteria. Acta Microbiol Pol 2000, 49(1):63-74.
27. Hannan A, Saleem S, Chaudhary S, Barka M, Arshad MU Anti-bacterial activity of Nigella sativa against clinicalisolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2008, 20(3):72-74.
28. Salem EM, Yar T, Bamosa AO, Al-Quorain A, Yasawy MI, Alsulaiman RM, et al. Comparative study of Nigella sativa and triple therapy in eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2010, 16(3):207-214.
29. Chaieb K, Kouidhi B, Jrah H, Mahdouani K, Bakhrouf A Antibacterial activity of Thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa and its potency to prevent bacterial biofilm formation. BMC Compl Altern Med 2011, 11:29.
30. Bita A, Rosu AF, Calina D, Rosu L, Zlatian O, Dindere C, et al. An alternative treatment for Candida infections with Nigella sativa extracts. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2012, 19:162.
31. Aljabre SH, Randhawa MA, Akhtar N, Alakloby OM, Alqurashi AM, Aldossary A Antidermatophyte activity of ether extract of Nigella sativa and its active principle, thymoquinone. J Ethnopharm 2005, 101(1-3):116-119.
32. Halamova K, Kokoska L, Flesar J, Sklenickova O, Svobodova B, Marsik P In vitro antifungal effect of black cumin seed quinones against dairy spoilage yeasts at different acidity levels. J Food Prot 2010, 73(12):2291-2295.
33. Rogozhin EA, Oshchepkova YI, Odintsova TI, Khadeeva NV, Veshkurova ON, Egorov TA, et al. Novel antifungal defensins from Nigella sativa L. seeds. Plant Physiol Biochem 2011, 49(2):131-137.
34. Mahmoud MR, El-Abhar HS, Saleh S The effect of Nigella sativa oil against the liver damage induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2002, 79(1):1-11.
35. Mohamed AM, Metwally NM, Mahmoud SS Nigella sativa seeds against Schistosoma mansoni different stages. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005, 100(2):205-211.
36. El Shenawy NS, Soliman MF, Reyad SI The effect of antioxidant properties of aqueous garlic extract and Nigella sativa as anti-schistosomiasis agents in mice. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008, 50(1):29-36.
37. Umar S, Zargan J, Umar K, Ahmad S, Katiyar CK, Khan HA Modulation of the oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine response by thymoquinone in the collagen induced arthritis in Wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact 2012, 197(1):40-46.
38. Bourgou S, Pichette A, Marzouk B, Legault J Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antibacterial activities of extracts from Nigella Sativa (Black Cumin) plant parts. J Food Biochem 2012, 36(5):539-546.
39. Khan N, Sultana S Inhibition of two stage renal carcinogenesis, oxidative damage and hyperproliferative response by Nigella sativa. Eur J Cancer Prev 2005, 14(2):159-168.
40. Al-Othman AM, Ahmad F, Al-Orf S, Al-Murshed KS, Ariff Z Effect of dietry supplementation of Ellataria cardamun and Nigella sativa on the toxicity of rancid corn oil in rats. Int J Pharmocol 2006, 2(1):60-65.
41. Gendy E, Hessien M, Abdel Salamm I, Moradm MEL, Magrabym K, Ibrahimm HA, et al. Evaluation of the possible antioxidant effects of Soybean and Nigella sativa during experimental hepatocarcinogenesis by nitrosamine precursors. Turkish J Biochem 2007, 32(1):5-11.
42. Hosseinzadeh H, Parvardeh S, Asl MN, Sadeghnia HR, Ziaee T Effect of thymoquinone and Nigella sativa seeds oil on lipid peroxidation level during global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hippocampus. Phytomedicine 2007, 14(9):621-627.
43. Sogut B, Celik I, Tuluce Y The effects of diet supplemented with the black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) upon immune potential and antioxidant marker enzymes and lipid peroxidation in broiler chicks. J Anim Vet Adv 2008, 7(10):1196-1199.
44. Mariod AA, Ibrahim RM, Ismail M, Ismail N Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of phenolic rich fractions obtained from black cumin (Nigella sativa) seedcake. Food Chem 2009, 116(1):306-312.
45. Harzallah HJ, Grayaa R, Kharoubi W, Maaloul A, Hammami M, Mahjoub T Thymoquinone, the Nigella sativa bioactive compound, prevents circulatory oxidative stress caused by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in erythrocyte during colon postinitiation carcinogenesis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012, 2012:854065.
46. Salama RH Hypoglycemic effect of lipoic acid, carnitine and Nigella sativa in diabetic rat model. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2011, 5(2):126-134.
47. Abdelmeguid NE, Fakhoury R, Kamal SM, Al Wafai RJ Effects of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone on biochemical and subcellular changes in pancreaticβ-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes 2010, 2(4):256-266.
48. Kanter M, Akpolat M, Aktas C Protective effects of the volatile oil of Nigella sativa seeds on beta-cell damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a light and electron microscopic study. J Mol Histol 2009, 40(5-6):379-385.
49. Pari L, Sankaranarayanan C Beneficial effects of thymoquinone on hepatic key enzymes in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2009, 85(23-26):830-834.
50. Altan MF, Kanter M, Donmez S, Kartal ME, Buyukbas S Combination therapy Nigella sativa and human parathyroid hormone on bone mass, biomechanical behavior and structure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Acta Histochem 2007, 109(4):304-314.
51. Najmi A, Haque SF, Naseeruddin M, Khan RA Effect of Nigella sativa oil on various Clinical and biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2008, 16:85-87.
52. Kapoor S Emerging clinical and therapeutic applications of Nigella sativa in gastroenterology. World J Gastroenterol 2009, 7:2170-2171.
53. Bamosa AO, Kaatabi H, Lebdaa FM, Elq AM, Al-Sultanb A Effect of Nigella sativa seeds on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2010, 54(4):344-354.
54. Benhaddou-Andaloussi A, Martineau L, Vuong T, Meddah B, Madiraju P, Settaf A, et al. The in vivo antidiabetic activity of Nigella sativa is mediated through activation of the AMPK pathway and increased muscle glut4 content. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011, 2011:538671.
55. Salem ML, Alenzi FQ, Attia WY Thymoquinone, the active ingredient of Nigella sativa seeds, enhances survival and activity of antigen-specific CD8-positive T cells in vitro. Br J Biomed Sci 2011, 68(3):131-137.
56. Mahmoud SS, Torchilin VP Hormetic/cytotoxic effects of Nigella sativa seed alcoholic and aqueous extracts on MCF-7 breast cancer cells alone or in combination with doxorubicin. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012, 25(7):1392-1398.
57. Peng L, Liu A, Shen Y, Xu HZ, Yang SZ, Ying XZ, et al. Antitumor and anti-angiogenesis effects of thymoquinone on osteosarcoma through the NF-κB pathway. Oncol Rep 2013, 29(2):571-578.
58. Ng WK, Yazan LS, Ismail M Thymoquinone from Nigella sativa was more potent than cisplatin in eliminating of SiHa cells via apoptosis with down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein. Toxicol In vitro 2011, 25(7):1392-1398.
59. Woo CC, Loo SY, Gee V, Yap CW, Sethi G, Kumar AP, et al. Anticancer activity of thymoquinone in breast cancer cells: possible involvement of PPAR-γ pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2011, 82(5):464-475.
60. Salim EI Cancer chemopreventive potential of volatile oil from black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa L., in a rat multi-organ carcinogenesis bioassay. Oncol Lett 2010, 1(5):913-924.
61. Majdalawieh AF, Hmaidan R, Carr RI Nigella sativa modulates splenocyte proliferation, Th1/Th2 cytokine profile, macrophage function and NK anti-tumor activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2010, 131(2):268-275.
62. Torres MP, Ponnusamy MP, Chakraborty S, Smith LM, Das S, Arafat HA, et al. Effects of thymoquinone in the expression of mucin 4 in pancreatic cancer cells: implications for the development of novel cancer therapies. Mol Cancer Ther 2010, 9(5):1419-1431.
63. Effenberger K, Breyer S, Schobert R Terpene conjugates of the Nigella sativa seed-oil constituent thymoquinone with enhanced efficacy in cancer cells. Chem Biodivers 2010, 7(1):129-139.
64. Breyer S, Effenberger K, Schobert R Effects of thymoquinone-fatty acid conjugates on cancer cells. Chem Med Chem 2009, 4(5):761-768.
65. Shafi G, Hasan TN, Sayed NA Methanolic extracts of Nigella sativa seed as potent lonogenic inhibitor of PC-3 cells. Int J Pharmacol 2008, 4(6):477-481.
66. Wu ZH, Chen Z, Shen Y, Huang LL, Jiang P Anti-metastasis effect of thymoquinone on human pancreatic cancer. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2011, 46(8):910-914.
67. Lei X, Lv X, Liu M, Yang Z, Ji M, Guo X, et al. Thymoquinone inhibits growth and augments 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012, 417(2):864-868.
68. Alemi M, Sabouni F, Sanjarian F, Haghbeen K, Ansari S Anti-inflammatory effect of seeds and callus of Nigella sativa L. extracts on mix glial cells with regard to their thymoquinone content. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 2012 Dec 19.
69. Shuid AN, Mohamed N, Mohamed IN, Othman F, Suhaimi F, Mohd Ramli ES, et al. Nigella sativa: A potential antiosteoporotic agent. Evid Based Compl Altern Med 2012, 2012:696230.
70. Chehl N, Chipitsyna G, Gong Q, Yeo CJ, Arafat HA Anti-inflammatory effects of the Nigella sativa seed extract, thymoquinone, in pancreatic cancer cells. HPB (Oxford) 2009, 11(5):373-381.
71. El Mezayen R, El Gazzar M, Nicolls MR, Marecki JC, Dreskin SC, Nomiyama H Effect of thymoquinone on cyclooxygenase expression and prostaglandin production in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. Immunol Lett 2006, 106(1):72-81.
72. Pichette A, Marzouk B, Legault J Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antibacterial activities of extracts from nigella sativa (black cumin) plant parts. J Food Biochem 2012, 36(5):539-546.
73. Nikakhlagh S, Rahim F, Aryani FH, Syahpoush A, Brougerdnya MG, Saki N Herbal treatment of allergic rhinitis: the use of Nigella sativa. Am J Otolaryngol 2011, 32(5):402-407.
74. Majdalawieh AF, Hmaidan R, Carr RI Nigella sativa modulates splenocyte proliferation, Th1/Th2 cytokine profile, macrophage function and NK anti-tumor activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2010, 131(2):268-275.
75. Ghonime M, Eldomany R, Abdelaziz A, Soliman H Evaluation of immunomodulatory effect of three herbal plants growing in Egypt. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011, 33(1):141-145.
76. Mohamed A, Waris HM, Ramadan H, Quereshi M, Kalra J Amelioration of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (cr-eae) using thymoquinone-biomed 2009. Biomed Sci Instrum 2009, 45:274-279.
77. Boskabady MH, Keyhanmanesh R, Khameneh S, Doostdar Y, Khakzad MR Potential immunomodulation effect of the extract of Nigella sativa on ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2011, 12(3):201-209.
78. Duncker SC, Philippe D, Martin-Paschoud C, Moser M, Mercenier A, Nutten S Nigella sativa (Black Cumin) seed extract alleviates symptoms of allergic diarrhea in mice, involving opioid receptors. PLoS One 2012, 7(6):e39841.
79. Nemmar A, Al-Salam S, Zia S, Marzouqi F, Al-Dhaheri A, Subramaniyan D, et al. Contrasting actions of diesel exhaust particles on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems and the effects of thymoquinone. Br J Pharmacol 2011, 164(7):1871-1882.
80. Magdy MA, Hanan el-A, Nabila el-M Thymoquinone: Novel gastroprotective mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2012, 697(1-3):126-131.
81. Al Mofleh IA, Alhaider AA, Mossa JS, Al-Sohaibani MO, Al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, et al. Gastroprotective effect of an aqueous suspension of black cumin Nigella sativa on necrotizing agents-induced gastric injury in experimental animals. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2008, 14(3):128-134.
82. El-Abhar HS, Abdallah DM, Saleh S Gastroprotective activity of Nigella sativa oil and its constituent, thymoquinone, against gastric mucosal injury induced by ischaemia/reperfusion in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003, 84(2-3):251-258.
83. Khaled AAS Gastroprotective effects of Nigella sativa oil on the formation of stress gastritis in hypothyroidal rats. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2009, 1:143-149.
84. Tayman C, Cekmez F, Kafa IM, Canpolat FE, Cetinkaya M, Uysal S, et al. Beneficial effects of Nigella sativa oil on intestinal damage in necrotizing enterocolitis. J Invest Surg 2012, 25(5):286-294.
85. Lei X, Liu M, Yang Z, Ji M, Guo X, Dong W Thymoquinone Prevents and ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Dig Dis Sci 2012, 57(9):2296-2303.
86. Yildiz F, Coban S, Terzi A, Ates M, Aksoy N, Cakir H, et al. Nigella sativa relieves the deleterious effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on liver. World J Gastroenterol 2008, 14(33):5204-5209.
87. Zafeer MF, Waseem M, Chaudhary S, Parvez S Cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and its abrogation by thymoquinone. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012, 26(5):199-205.
88. Saleem U, Ahmad B, Rehman K, Mahmood S, Alam M, Erum A Nephro-protective effect of vitamin C and Nigella sativa oil on gentamicin associated nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Pak J Pharm Sci 2012, 25(4):727-730.
89. Ulu R, Dogukan A, Tuzcu M, Gencoglu H, Ulas M, Ilhan N, et al. Regulation of renal organic anion and cation transporters by thymoquinone in cisplatin induced kidney injury. Food Chem Toxicol 2012, 50(5):1675-1679.
90. Abul-Nasr SM, El-Shafey MDM, Osfor MMH Amelioration by Nigella sativa of methotrexate induced toxicity in male albino rats: a biochemical, haematological and histological study. Scintia Agri Bohemica 2001, 32:123-160.
91. Yildiz F, Coban S, Terzi A, Savas M, Bitiren M, Celik H, et al. Protective effects of Nigella sativa against ischemia-reperfusion injury of kidneys. Ren Fail 2010, 32(1):126-131.
92. Ali BH The effect of Nigella sativa oil on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Am Chin Med 2004, 32(1):49-55.
93. Sayed-Ahmed MM, Nagi MN Thymoquinone supplementation prevents the development of gentamicin-induced acute renal toxicity in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007, 34(5-6):399-405.
94. Uz E, Bayrak O, Uz E, Kaya A, Bayrak R, Uz B, et al. Nigella sativa oil for prevention of chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity:an experimental model. Am J Nephrol 2008, 28(3):517-522.
95. Yaman I, Balikci E Protective effects of Nigella sativa against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2010, 62(2):183-190.
96. Hadjzadeh MA, Keshavarzi Z, Yazdi TSA, Ghasem SM, Rajaei Z, Khajavi Rad A Effect of alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa on cisplatin-induced toxicity in rat. Iran J Kidney Dis 2012, 6(2):99-104.
97. Wienkotter N, Höpner D, Schütte U, Bauer K, Begrow F, El-Dakhakhny M, et al. The effect of nigellone & thymoquinone on inhibiting trachea contraction and mucociliary clearance. Plant Med 2008, 74(2):105-108.
98. Boskabady MH, Keyhanmanesh R, Saadatloo MA Relaxant effects of different fractions from Nigella sativa L. on guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s). Indian J Exp Biol 2008, 46(12):805-810.
99. Hossein BM, Nasim V, Sediqa A The protective effect of Nigella sativa on lung injury of sulfur mustard-exposed Guinea pigs. Exp Lung Res 2008, 34(4):183-194.
100. Kanter M Effects of Nigella sativa seed extract on ameliorating lung tissue damage in rats after experimental pulmonary aspirations. Acta Histochem 2009, 111(5):393-403.
101. Tayman C, Cekmez F, Kafa IM, Canpolat FE, Cetinkaya M, Tonbul A, et al. Protective effects of Nigella sativa oil in hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Arch Bronconeumol 2012, 49(1):15-21.
102. Boskabady MH, Javan H, Sajady M, Rakhshandeh H The possible prophylactic effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in asthmatic patients. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2007, 21(5):559-566.
103. Gokce A, Oktar S, Koc A, Yonden Z Protective effects of thymoquinone against methotrexate-induced testicular injury. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011, 30(8):897-903.
104. Al-Naggar TB, Gomez-Serranillos MP, Carretero ME, Villar AM Neuropharmacological activity of Nigella sativa L. extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 2003, 88(1):63-68.
105. Perveen T, Abdullah A, Haider S, Sonia B, Munawar AS, Haleem DJ Long-term administration of Nigella sativa effects nociceotion and improves learning and memory in rats. Pak J Biochem Mol Biol 2008, 41(3):141-143.
106. Perveen T, Haider S, Kanwal S, Haleem DJ Repeated administration of Nigella sativa decreases 5-HTturnover and produces anxiolytic effects in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 2009, 22(2):139-144.
107. Gilhotra N, Dhingra D Thymoquinone produced antianxiety-like effects in mice through modulation of GABA and NO levels. Pharmacol Rep 2011, 63(3):660-669.
108. Akhtar M, Maikiyo AM, Khanam R, Mujeeb M, Aqil M, Najmi AK Ameliorating effects of two extracts of Nigella sativa in middle cerebral artery occluded rat. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2012, 4(1):70-75.
109. Ezz HS, Khadrawy YA, Noor NA The neuroprotective effect of curcumin and Nigella sativa oil against oxidative stress in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy: a comparison with valproate. Neurochem Res 2011, 36(11):2195-2204.
110. Raza M, Alghasham AA, Alorainy MS, El-Hadiyah TM Potentiation of valproate-induced anticonvulsant response by Nigella sativa seed constituents: the role of GABA receptors. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2008, 2(1):15-25.
111. Noor NA, Aboul Ezz HS, Faraag AR, Khadrawy YA Evaluation of the antiepileptic effect of curcumin and Nigella sativa oil in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy in comparison with valproate. Epilepsy Behav 2012, 24(2):199-206.
112. Keshri G, Singh MM, Lakshmi V, Kamboj VP Post-coital contraceptive efficacy of the seeds of Nigella sativa in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharm 1995, 39(1):59-62.
113. Agarwal C, Narula A, Vyas DK, Jacob D Effect of seeds of kalaunji on fertility and sialic acid content of the reproductive organs of male rat. Geo Bios 1990, 17:269-272.
114. Aqel M, Shaheen R Effects of the volatile oil of Nigella sativa seeds on the uterine smooth muscle of rat and guinea pig. J Ethnopharm 1996, 52(1):23-26.
115. Zaoui A, Cherrah Y, Mahassini N, Alaoui K, Amarouch H, Hassar M Acute and chronic toxicity of Nigella sativa fixed oil. Phytomedicine 2002, 9(1):69-74.
116. Khader M, Bresgen N, Eckl PM In vitro toxicological properties of thymoquinone. Food Chem Toxicol 2009, 47(1):129-133.
117. Ali B, Amin S, Ahmad J, Ali A, Mohd Ali, Mir S Bioavailability enhancement studies of amoxicillin with N. Indian J Med Res 2012, 135(4):555-559.