Cholesterol photosensitized oxidation in food and biological systems

Biochimie

Volumn 95, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 473-481

  Cardenia, Vladimiro ^a   Rodriguez Estrada, Maria Teresa ^b   Boselli, Emanuele ^c   Lercker, Giovanni ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cholesterol photooxidation; Food; Lens; Packaging; Skin

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL;

CONSUMER HEALTH INFORMATION; DAIRY PRODUCT; EGG; FOOD; FOOD PACKAGING; FOOD QUALITY; HUMAN; LENS; MEAT; MILK; PHOTOOXIDATION; RETINA; REVIEW; SEA FOOD; SKIN; WELLBEING;

ANIMALS; CHOLESTEROL; FOOD; HUMANS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS; RETINA; SKIN;

EID: 84874105637     PISSN: 03009084     EISSN: 61831638     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.012     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. L. Cercaci, M.T. Rodriguez-Estrada, G. Lercker, and E.A. Decker Phytosterol oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions and bulk oil Food Chem. 102 2007 161 167
2. L.L. Smith Cholesterol Autoxidation 1981 Plenum Press New York (USA)
3. L.L. Smith The oxidation of cholesterol S.K. Peng, R.J. Morin, Biological Effects of Cholesterol Oxides 1981 CRC Press London (UK) 7 31
4. L.L. Smith Review of progress in sterol oxidation: 1987-1995 Lipids 31 1996 453 487
5. G. Lercker, and M.T. Rodriguez-Estrada Cholesterol oxidation: presence of 7-ketocholesterol in different food products J. Food Comp. Anal. 13 2000 625 631
6. J.D. Wood, R.I. Richardson, G.R. Nute, A.V. Fisher, M.M. Campo, E. Kasapidou, P.R. Sheard, and M. Enser Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review Meat Sci. 66 2004 21 32
7. G.J.Jr. Schroepfer Oxysterol: modulation of cholesterol metabolism and other processes Phys. Rev. 80 2000 361 554
8. P. Paniangvait, A.J. King, A.D. Jones, and B.G. German Cholesterol oxides in foods of animal origin J. Food Sci. 52 1995 57 62
9. S.J. Hur, G.B. Park, and S.T. Joo Formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in animal products Food Control 18 2007 939 947
10. A. Otaegui-Arrazola, M. Menendez-Carreno, D. Ansorena, and I. Astiasaran Oxysterols: a world to explore Food Chem. Toxicol. 48 2010 3289 3303
11. F. Guardiola, P.C. Dutta, R. Codony, and G.P. Savage Cholesterol and Phytosterol Oxidation Products: Analysis, Occurrence and Biological Effects 2002 AOCS Press Champaign IL (USA)
12. S. Garcia-Cruset, K.L.H. Carpenter, R. Codony, and F. Guardiola Cholesterol oxidation products and atherosclerosis F. Guardiola, P.C. Dutta, R. Codony, G.P. Savage, Cholesterol and Phytosterols Oxidation Products: Analysis, Occurrence, and Biological Effects 2002 AOCS Press Champaign IL (USA) 241 277
13. K. Osada Cholesterol oxidation products: other biological effects F. Guardiola, P.C. Dutta, R. Codony, G.P. Savage, Cholesterol and Phytosterols Oxidation Products: Analysis, Occurrence, and Biological Effects 2002 AOCS Press Champaign IL (USA) 278 318
14. E. Boselli, M.F. Caboni, M.T. Rodriguez-Estrada, T.G. Toschi, M. Daniel, and G. Lercker Photooxidation of cholesterol and lipids of turkey meat during storage under commercial retail condition Food Chem. 91 2005 705 713
15. E. Boselli, M.T. Rodriguez-Estrada, G. Fedrizzi, and M.F. Caboni Cholesterol photosensitised oxidation of beef meat under standard and modified atmosphere at retail conditions Meat Sci. 81 2009 224 229
16. E. Boselli, M.T. Rodriguez-Estrada, F. Ferioli, M.F. Caboni, and G. Lercker Cholesterol photosensitised oxidation of horse meat slices stored under different packaging films Meat Sci. 85 2010 500 505
17. V. Cardenia, M.T. Rodriguez-Estrada, F. Cumella, L. Sardi, G. Della Casa, and G. Lercker Oxidative stability of pork meat lipids as related to high-oleic sunflower oil and vitamin E diet supplementation and storage conditions Meat Sci. 88 2011 271 279
18. V. Verardo, F. Pasini, G. Iafelice, M.C. Messia, E. Marconi, and M.F. Caboni Influence of storage conditions on cholesterol oxidation in dried egg pasta J. Agric. Food Chem. 58 2010 3586 3590
19. A.W. Girotti New trends in photobiology: photosensitized oxidation of cholesterol in biological systems: reaction pathways, cytotoxic effects and defense mechanisms J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 13 1992 105 118
20. C.S. Foote Mechanisms of photosensitized oxidation Science 162 1968 963 970
21. E.N. Frankel Lipid Oxidation 1998 The Oily Press Ltd Dundee (UK)
22. M.J. Kulig, and L.L. Smith Sterol metabolism. XXV. Cholesterol oxidation by singlet molecular oxygen J. Org. Chem. 38 1973 3639 3642
23. W. Korytowski, and A.W. Girotti Singlet oxygen adducts of cholesterol: photogeneration and reductive turnover in membrane systems Photochem. Photobiol. 70 1999 484 489
24. J.H. Nielson, C.E. Olsen, and L.H. Skibsted Cholesterol oxidation in a heterogeneous system initiated by water-soluble radicals Food Chem. 56 1996 33 37
25. B. Sottero, P. Gamba, S. Gargiulo, G. Leonarduzzi, and G. Poli Cholesterol oxidation products and disease: an emerging topic of interest in medicinal chemistry Curr. Med. Chem. 16 2009 685 705
26. S. Bösinger, W. Luf, and E. Brandl Oxysterols: their occurrence and biological effects Int. Dairy J. 3 1993 1 33
27. A. Vejux, and G. Lizard Cytotoxic effects of oxysterols associated with human diseases: induction of cell death (apoptosis and/or oncosis), oxidative and inflammatory activities, and phospholipidosis Mol. Aspects Med. 30 2009 153 170
28. C. Mascia, M. Maina, E. Chiarpotto, G. Leonarduzzi, G. Poli, and F. Biasi Proinflammatory effect of cholesterol and its oxidation products on CaCo-2 human enterocyte-like cells: effective protection by epigallocatechin-3-gallate Free Radic. Biol. Med. 49 2010 2049 2057
29. N. Shibata, and C.K. Glass Macrophages, oxysterols and atherosclerosis Circ. J. 74 2010 2045 2051
30. M. Umetani, and P.W. Shaul 27-Hydroxycholesterol: the first identified endogenous SERM Trends Endocrin. Metab. 22 2011 130 135
31. R. Kroes, A.G. Renwick, M. Cheeseman, J. Kleiner, I. Mangelsdorf, A. Piersma, B. Schilter, J. Schlatter, F. Van Schothorst, J.G. Vos, and G. Wurtzen Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet Food Chem. Toxicol. 42 2004 65 83
32. J. Galobart, and F. Guardiola Formation of content of cholesterol oxidation products in egg and egg products F. Guardiola, P.C. Dutta, R. Codony, G.P. Savage, Cholesterol and Phytosterols Oxidation Products: Analysis, Occurrence, and Biological Effects 2002 AOCS Press Champaign IL (USA) 124 146
33. M.R. Mazalli, and N. Bragagnolo Effect of storage on cholesterol oxide formation and fatty acid alterations in eggs powder J. Agric. Food Chem. 55 2007 2743 2748
34. D.H. Berquist Egg dehydration W.J. Stadelman, O.J. Cotterill, Egg Science and Technology fourth ed. 1995 Haworth Binghamton N.Y. 335 376
35. J. Galobart, F. Guardiola, A.C. Barroeta, S. Lòpez-Ferrer, and M.D. Baucells Influence of dietary supplementation with α-tocopheryl acetate and canthaxanthin on cholesterol oxidation in ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid-enriched spray-dried eggs J. Food Sci. 67 2002 2460 2466
36. M.F. Caboni, E. Boselli, M.C. Messia, V. Velazco, A. Fratianni, G. Panfili, and E. Marconi Effect of processing and storage on the chemical quality markers of spray-dried whole egg Food Chem. 92 2005 293 303
37. A. Sujak, J. Gabrielska, W. Grudziñski, R. Borc, P. Mazurek, and W.I. Gruszecki Lutein and zeaxanthin as protectors of lipid membranes against oxidative damage: the structural aspects Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 371 1999 301 307
38. M. Wrona, W. Korytowski, M. Ró¿anowska, T. Sarna, and T.G. Truscott Cooperation of antioxidants in protection against photosensitized oxidation Free Radic. Biol. Med. 35 2003 1319 1329
39. E. Chicoye, W.D. Powrie, and O. Fennema Photooxidation of cholesterol in spray-dried egg yolk upon irradiation J. Food Sci. 33 1968 581 587
40. A.M. Herian, and K. Lee 7α- and 7β-hydroxycholesterols formed in a dry egg nog mix exposed to fluorescent light J. Food Sci. 50 1985 276 277
41. P. Van de Bovenkamp, T.G. Kosmeijer-Schuil, and M.B. Katan Quantification of oxysterols in dutch foods: egg products and mixed diets Lipids 23 1988 1079 1085
42. 1H-NRM study of cholesterol autoxidation in egg powder and cookies exposed to adverse storage J. Food Sci. 58 1993 1286 1290
43. A. Obara, M. Obiedzinski, and T. Kolczak The effect of water activity on cholesterol oxidation in spray- and freeze-dried egg powders Food Chem. 95 2005 173 179
44. L. Rizzi, M. Simioli, G. Martelli, R. Paganelli, and L. Sardi Effects of organic farming on egg quality and welfare of laying hens World's Poult. Sci. J. 62 2006 165
45. J. Kerry, D.A. Gilroy, and N.M. O'Brien Formation and content of cholesterol oxidation products in meat and meat products F. Guardiola, P.C. Dutta, R. Codony, G.P. Savage, Cholesterol and Phytosterols Oxidation Products: Analysis, Occurrence, and Biological Effects 2002 AOCS Press Champaign IL (USA) 162 185
46. T. Ohshima Formation and content of cholesterol oxidation products in seafood and seafood products F. Guardiola, P.C. Dutta, R. Codony, G.P. Savage, Cholesterol and Phytosterols Oxidation Products: Analysis, Occurrence, and Biological Effects 2002 AOCS Press Champaign IL (USA) 187 203
47. G. Maerker Cholesterol autoxidation-current status J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 64 1987 388 392
48. K.C. Nam, M.C. Du, C. Jo, and D.U. Ahn Cholesterol oxidation products in irradiated raw meat with different packaging and storage time Meat Sci. 58 2001 431 435
49. D. Ahn, K.C. Nam, M. Du, and C. Jo Effect of irradiation and packaging conditions after cooking on the formation of cholesterol and lipid oxidation products in meats during storage Meat Sci. 57 2001 413 418
50. E.A. Decker, and Z. Xu Minimizing rancidity in muscle foods J. Food Technol. 52 1998 54 59
51. E. Boselli, D. Pacetti, P. Lucci, P. Di Lecce, and N. Frega Supplementation with high-oleic sunflower oil and α-tocopheryl acetate: effects on meat pork lipids Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 110 2008 381 391
52. K. Eder, G. Müller, H. Kluge, F. Hirche, and C. Brandsch Concentrations of oxysterols in meat and meat products from pigs fed diets differing in the type of fat (palm oil or soybean oil) and vitamin E concentrations Meat Sci. 70 2005 15 23
53. Q. Guo, B.T. Richert, J.R. Burgess, D.M. Webel, D.E. Orr, M. Blair, G.E. Fitzner, D.D. Hall, A.L. Grant, and D.E. Gerrard Effects of dietary vitamin E and fat supplementation on pork quality J. Anim. Sci. 84 2006 3089 3099
54. F.J. Francis, and F.M. Clydesdale Food Colorimetry: Theory and Applications 1975 The Avi Publishing Company Inc. Westport CT (USA) pp. 292-318
55. F.J. Francis Pigments and other colorants O. Fennema, Marcel Dekker, Food Chemistry second ed., New York (USA) 1985 545 584
56. M. Bekbölet Light effects on food J. Food Prot. 53 1990 430 440
57. M. Du, K.C. Nam, and D.U. Ahn Cholesterol and lipid oxidation products in cooked meat as affected by raw-meat packaging and irradiation and by cooked-meat packaging and storage time J. Food Sci. 66 2001 1396 1401
58. J.D. Wood, M. Enser, A.V. Fisher, G.R. Nute, P.R. Sheard, R.I. Richardson, S.I. Hughes, and F.M. Whittington Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: a review Meat Sci. 78 2008 343 358
59. D. Pacetti, F. Alberti, E. Boselli, and N.G. Frega Characterization of furan fatty acids in Adriatic fish Food Chem. 122 2010 209 215
60. J.C. De Almeida, M.S. Perassolo, J.L. Camargo, N. Bragagnolo, and J.L. Gross Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of beef and chicken meat in Southern Brazil Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 42 2006 109 117
61. F.J. Monahan, J.I. Gray, A.M. Booren, E.R. Miller, D.J. Buckley, P.A. Morrissey, and E.A. Gomaa Influence of dietary treatment on lipid and cholesterol oxidation in pork J. Agric. Food Chem. 40 1992 1310 1315
62. H.J. Kim, and D.B. Min Chemistry of lipid oxidation C.O. Akoh, D.B. Min, Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Biotechnology third ed. 2008 CRC Press Boca Raton (FL, USA) 299 364
63. M.T. Rodriguez-Estrada, G. Penazzi, M.F. Caboni, G. Bertacco, and G. Lercker Effect of different cooking methods on some lipid and protein components of beef hamburger Meat Sci. 45 1997 365 375
64. V.M. Olkkonen, and R. Hynynen Interaction of oxysterols with membranes and proteins Mol. Aspects Med. 30 2009 123 133
65. E. Zanardi, V. Dorigoni, A. Badiani, and R. Chizzolini Lipid and colour stability of Milano-type sausages: effect of packing conditions Meat Sci. 61 2002 7 14
66. A.L. Brody, B. Bugusu, J.H. Han, C. Koelsch Sand, and T.H. Mc Hugh Innovative food packaging solutions J. Food Sci. 73 2008 R107 R116
67. P.N. Skandamis, and G.J.E. Nyachas Preservation of fresh meat with active and modified atmosphere packaging conditions Int. J. Food Microbiol. 79 2002 35 45
68. S. Amberg-Schwab, U. Weber, Development of oxygen scavenger and indicator systems for the enhancement and indication of food quality, Fraunhofer ISC Annual Report (2006) 32-35.
69. T.P. Labuza An introduction to active packaging for foods Food Technol. 50 1996 68 71
70. J.P. Kerry, M.N. O'Grady, and S.A. Hogan Past, current and potential utilization of active and intelligent packaging systems for meat and muscle-based products: a review Meat Sci. 74 2006 113 130
71. C.O. Gill, and J.C. McGinnis The use of oxygen scavengers to prevent the transient discoloration of ground beef packaged under controlled, oxygen-depleted atmospheres Meat Sci. 41 1995 19 27
72. H.G. Walte, Die Natürliche Variation des Cholesteringehaltes in der Rohmilch. Dissertation. Universität Kiel (1994) 1-109.
73. N.O.V. Sonntag fourth ed. Baileys Industrial Oil and Fat Products vol. 1 1979 Wiley-Interscience New York
74. R. Sieber Oxidised cholesterol on milk and dairy products Inter. Dairy J. 15 2005 191 206
75. B.D. Sander, D.E. Smith, and P.B. Addis Effects of processing stage and storage conditions on cholesterol oxidation products in butter and Cheddar cheese J. Diary Sci. 71 1998 3173 3178
76. J.T. Chen, Y.F. Lu, P.C. Hu, and B.H. Chen Cholesterol photooxidation as affected by combination of riboflavin and fatty acid methyl esters Food Chem. 81 2003 421 431
77. J.B. Webster, S.E. Duncan, J.E. Marcy, and S.F. O'Keefe Controlling light oxidation flavour in milk by blocking riboflavin excitation wavelengths by interference J. Food Sci. 74 2009 S390 S398
78. J.M. Luby, J.I. Gray, and B.R. Harte Effects of packaging and light source on the oxidation stability of cholesterol in butter J. Food Sci. 51 1986 908 911
79. J. Hiesberger, and W. Luf Oxidation of cholesterol in butter during storage-effects of light and temperature Eur. Food Res. Technol. 211 2000 161 164
80. J.H. Nielsen, C.E. Olsen, C. Duedahl, and L.H. Skibsted Isolation and quantification of cholesterol oxides in dairy products by selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry J. Dairy Res. 62 1995 101 113
81. K.M. Al-Ismail, and M.A. Humied Effect of processing and storage of brined white (Nabulsi) cheese on fat and cholesterol oxidation J. Sci. Food Agric. 83 2003 39 43
82. F.R. De Oliveira, and G.M. Lira Oxidation of cholesterol in fish (review) B. CEPPA 27 2009 143 152
83. J.S. Chen, and G.C. Yen Cholesterol oxidation products in small sun-dried fish Food Chem. 50 1994 167 170
84. E. Baldacci, Study about cholesterol oxidation in fresh sardines (Sardina pilchardus) subjected to photosensitized oxidation, Master thesis on Health Biology, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna 2011.
85. I. Astiasarán, D. Ansorena, M. Echarte, A. Conchillo, and M. Menéndez-Carreño Cholesterol oxidation products in common cooked foods An. R. Acad. Nac. Farm 73 2007 1159 1174
86. L.A. Luzia, G.R. Sampaio, C.M.N. Castellucci, and E.A.F.S. Torres The influence of season on the lipid profiles of five commercially important species of Brazilian fish Food Chem. 83 2003 93 97
87. I. Soto-Rodríguez, P.J. Campillo-Velázquez, J. Ortega-Martínez, M.T. Rodriguez-Estrada, G. Lercker, and H.S. Garcia Cholesterol oxidation in traditional Mexican dried and deep-fried food products J. Food Compos. Anal. 21 2008 489 495
88. E.J. Vernon-Carter, J.T. Ponce-Palafox, and R. Pedroza-Islas Pigmentation of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) using Aztec marigold (Tagetes erecta) extracts as the carotenoid source Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 46 1996 243 246
89. A. Meléndez-Martínez, I. Vicario, and F. Heredia Importancia nutricional de los pigmentos carotenoids Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 54 2004 149 154
90. M. Bragadóttir, Endogenous antioxidants in fish, Master's thesis (2001) Department of Food Science, University of Iceland 2001.
91. G.R. Sampaio, D.H.M. Bastos, R.A.M. Soares, Y.S. Queiroz, and E.A.F.S. Torres Fatty acids and cholesterol oxidation in salted and dried shrimp Food Chem. 95 2006 344 351
92. S. Lordan, J.J. Mackrill, and N.M. O'Brien Oxysterols and mechanisms of apoptotic signaling: implications in the pathology of degenerative diseases J. Nutr. Biochem. 20 2009 321 336
93. G. Poli, B. Sottero, S. Gargiulo, and G. Leonarduzzi Cholesterol oxidation products in the vascular remodeling due to atherosclerosis Mol. Aspects Med. 30 2009 180 189
94. I. Björkhem, A. Cedazo-Minguez, V. Leoni, and S. Meaney Oxysterols and neurodegenerative diseases Mol. Aspects Med. 30 2009 171 179
95. A.J. Brown, and W. Jessup Oxysterols: sources, cellular storage and metabolism, and new insights into their roles in cholesterol homeostasis Mol. Aspects Med. 30 2009 111 122
96. I.R. Rodriguez, and I.M. Larrayoz Cholesterol oxidation in the retina: implications of 7KCh formation in chronic inflammation and age-related macular degeneration J. Lipid Res. 51 2010 2847 2862
97. S.J. Fliesler, R. Florman, L.M. Rapp, S.J. Pittler, and R.K. Keller In vivo biosynthesis of cholesterol in the rat retina FEBS Lett. 335 1993 234 238
98. N. Tserentsoodol, J. Sztein, M. Campos, N.V. Gordiyenko, R.N. Fariss, J.W. Lee, S.J. Fliesler, and I.R. Rodriguez Uptake of cholesterol by the retina occurs primarily via a low density lipoprotein receptor-mediated process Mol. Vis. 12 2006 1306 1318
99. J.W. Ruberti, C.A. Curcio, C.L. Millican, B.P. Menco, J.D. Huang, and M. Johnson Quick-freeze/deep-etch visualization of age-related lipid accumulation in Bruch's membrane Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 2003 1753 1759
100. S. Catarino, C.F. Bento, A. Brito, E. Murteira, A.F. Fernandes, and P. Pereira Regulation of the expression of interleukin-8 induced by 25-hydroxycholesterol in retinal pigment epithelium cells Acta Ophthalmol. 2012 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02350.x
101. N.B. Javitt Oxysterols: novel biologic roles for the 21st century Steroids 73 2008 149 157
102. B. Bai, K. Yamamoto, H. Sato, H. Sugiura, and T. Tanaka Combined effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol and IL-1beta on IL-8 production in human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) Inflammation 29 2005 141 146
103. C. Erridge, D.J. Webb, and C.M. Spickett 25-Hydroxycholesterol, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol upregulate interleukin-8 expression independently of Toll-like receptor 1, 2, 4 or 6 signalling in human macrophages Free Radic. Res. 41 2007 260 266
104. I.M. Larrayoz, J.D. Huang, J.W. Lee, I. Pascual, and I.R. Rodriguez 7-Ketocholesterol-induced inflammation: involvement of multiple kinase signaling pathways via NFkappaB but indepen- dently of reactive oxygen species formation Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51 2010 4942 4955
105. B. Dugas, S. Charbonnier, M. Baarine, K. Ragot, D. Delmas, F. Ménétrier, J. Lherminier, L. Malvitte, T. Khalfaoui, A. Bron, C. Creuzot-Garcher, N. Latruffe, and G. Lizard Effects of oxysterols on cell viability, inflammatory cytokines, VEGF, and reactive oxygen species production on human retinal cells: cytoprotective effects and prevention of VEGF secretion by resveratrol Eur. J. Nutr. 49 2010 435 446
106. L. Bretillon, U. Diczfalusy, I. Bjorkhem, M.A. Maire, L. Martine, C. Joffre, N. Acar, A. Bron, and C. Creuzot-Garcher Cholesterol- 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) is specifically expressed in neurons of the neural retina Curr. Eye Res. 32 2007 361 366
107. E.F. Moreira, I.M. Larrayoz, J.W. Lee, and I.R. Rodriguez 7-Ketocholesterol is present in lipid deposits in the primate retina: potential implication in the induction of VEGF and CNV formation Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50 2009 523 532
108. A. Pawlak, M. Wrona, M. Rozanowska, M. Zareba, L.E. Lamb, J.E. Roberts, J.D. Simon, and T. Sarna Comparison of the aerobic photoreactivity of A2E with its precursor retinal Photochem. Photobiol. 77 2003 253 258
109. H.S. Harper, and E.R. Gaillard Studies of all-trans-retinal as a photooxidizing agent Photochem. Photobiol. 73 2001 71 76
110. K. Ohishi, X.M. Zhang, S. Moriwaki, T. Hiramitsu, and S. Matsugo Iron release analyses from ferritin by visible light irradiation Free Radic. Res. 39 2005 875 882
111. I. Yurkova, D. Huster, and J. Arnhold Free radical fragmentation of cardiolipin by cytochrome c Chem. Phys. Lipids 158 2009 16 21
112. A. Vejux, M. Samadi, and G. Lizard Contribution of cholesterol and oxysterols in the physiopathology of cataract: implication for the development of pharmacological treatments Article ID 471947 J. Ophthalmol. 2011 6
113. H. Girao, F. Shang, and P. Pereira 7-Ketocholesterol stimulates differentiation of lens epithelial cells Mol. Vis. 9 2003 497 501
114. H. Girao, M.C. Mota, J. Ramalho, and P. Pereira Cholesterol oxides accumulate in human cataracts Exp. Eye Res. 66 1998 645 652
115. W.A. Bruls, H. Van Weedlden, and J.C. Van der Leun Transmission of UV-radiation through human epidermal layers as a factor influencing the minimal erythema dose Photochem. Photobiol. 39 1984 63 67
116. J. Krutmann Ultraviolet A radiation-induced biological effects in human skin: relevance for photoaging and photodermatosis J. Dermatol. Sci. 23 2000 S22 S26
117. S. Yamazaki, N. Ozawa, A. Hiratsuka, and T. Watabe Increases in cholesterol 7-hydroperoxides in lipids of human skin by sunlight exposure Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26 1999 1126 1133
118. Y. Minami, S. Yokoi, M. Setoyama, N. Bando, S. Takeda, Y. Kawai, and J. Terao Combination of TLC blotting and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis of peroxidized cholesterol Lipids 42 2007 1055 1063
119. J.J. Thiele, F. Dreher, and L. Packer Antioxidant defense systems in skin P. Elsner, H. Maibach, Drugs Vs. Cosmetics: Cosmeceuticals 2000 Marcel Dekker New York 145 188
120. J.J. Thiele, C. Schroeter, S.N. Hsieh, M. Podda, and L. Packer The antioxidant network of the stratum corneum Curr. Probl. Dermatol. 29 2001 26 42
121. S.E. Mudiyanselage, M. Hamburger, P. Elsner, and J.J. Thiele Ultraviolet A induces generation of squalene monohydroperoxide isomers in human sebum and skin surface lipids in vitro and in vivo J. Invest. Dermatol. 120 2003 915 922
122. J. Terao, Y. Minami, and N. Bando Singlet molecular oxygen-quenching activity of carotenoids: relevance to protection of the skin from photoaging J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 48 2011 57 62