The molecular biology of WHO grade II gliomas

Neurosurgical Focus

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

  Marko, Nicholas F ^a   Weil, Robert J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Astrocytoma; Brain tumor; Classification; Genetics; Molecular; Neurooncology; Oligoastrocytoma; Oligodendroglioma; Pediatric; Pilomyxoid; Pleomorphic; Translational; Xanthoastrocytoma

Indexed keywords

TUMOR MARKER;

ANIMAL; BRAIN TUMOR; CANCER GRADING; CLASSIFICATION; GENETICS; GLIOMA; HUMAN; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ANIMALS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; GLIOMA; HUMANS; NEOPLASM GRADING; PATHOLOGY, MOLECULAR; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 84873595010     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10920684     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3171/2012.12.FOCUS12283     Document Type: Article

References (209)

1. Aguirre-Cruz L, Mokhtari K, Hoang-Xuan K, Marie Y, Criniere E, Taillibert S,et al. Analysis of the bHLH transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2 in brain tumors. J Neurooncol 67: 265-271, 2004
2. Alonso ME, Bello MJ, Gonzalez-Gomez P, Arjona D, Lomas J, de Campos JM, et al:. Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes in oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas. Cancer genet Cytogenet 144:134-142, 2003
3. Amatya VJ, Akazawa R, Sumimoto Y, Takeshima Y, Inai K: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of three pilomyxoid astrocytomas: comparative study with 11 pilocytic astrocytomas. Pathol Int 59:80-85, 2009
4. Asano K, Miyamoto S, Kubo O, Kikkukawa T, Yagihashi A, Ohkuma H: A case of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma presenting with tumor bleeding and cerebrospinal fluid dissemination. Brain Tumor Pathol 23:55-63, 2006
5. Azzarelli B, Miravalle L, Vidal R: Immunolocalization of the oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1 (Olig1) in brain tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63:170-179, 2004
6. Balss J, Meyer J, Mueller W, Korshunov A, Hartmann C, von Deimling A: Analysis of the IDH1 codon 132 mutation in brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 116:597-602, 2008
7. Barbashina V, Salazar P, Holland EC, Rosenblum MK, Ladanyi M: Allelic losses at 1p36 and 19q13 in gliomas: correlation with histologic classification, definition of a 150-kb minimal deleted region on 1p36, and evaluation of CAMTA1 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Clin Cancer Res 11: 1119-1128, 2005
8. Barnett GH (ed): High-Grade Gliomas: Diagnosis and Treatment. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007
9. Bauman GS, Ino Y, Ueki K, Zlatescu MC, Fisher BJ, Macdonald DR,et al. Allelic loss of chromosome 1p and radiotherapy plus chemotherapy in patients with oligodendrogliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48:825-830, 2000
10. Bello MJ, de Campos JM, Vaquero J, Ruiz-Barnés P, Kusak ME, Sarasa JL, et al.: hRAD54 gene and 1p high-resolution deletion-mapping analyses in oligodendrogliomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 116:142-147, 2000
11. Bello MJ, Vaquero J, de Campos JM, Kusak ME, Sarasa JL, Saez-Castresana J, et al.: Molecular analysis of chromosome 1 abnormalities in human gliomas reveals frequent loss of 1p in oligodendroglial tumors. Int J Cancer 57:172-175, 1994
12. Besleaga R, Montesinos-Rongen M, Perez-Tur J, Siebert R, Deckert M: Expression of the LGI1 gene product in astrocytic gliomas: downregulation with malignant progression. Virchows Arch 443:561-564, 2003
13. Bethke L, Webb E, Murray A, Schoemaker M, Johansen C, Christensen HC, et al. Comprehensive analysis of the role of DNA repair gene polymorphisms on risk of glioma. Hum Mol Genet 17:800-805, 2008
14. Bhattacharjee MB, Armstrong DD, Vogel H, Cooley LD: Cytogenetic analysis of 120 primary pediatric brain tumors and literature review. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 97:39-53, 1997
15. Bögler O, Huang HJ, Kleihues P, Cavenee WK: The p53 gene and its role in human brain tumors. Glia 15:308-327, 1995
16. Boulay JL, Miserez AR, Zweifel C, Sivasankaran B, Kana V, Ghaffari A,et al. Loss of NOTCH2 positively predicts survival in subgroups of human glial brain tumors. PLoS ONE 2:e576, 2007
17. Broniscer A, Baker SJ, West AN, Fraser MM, Proko E, Kocak M,et al. Clinical and molecular characteristics of malignant transformation of low-grade glioma in children. J Clin Oncol 25:682-689, 2007
18. Cairncross JG, Ueki K, Zlatescu MC, Lisle DK, Finkelstein DM, Hammond RR,et al. Specific genetic predictors of chemotherapeutic response and survival in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:1473-1479, 1998
19. Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States: CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2004-2007. (http://www.cbtrus.org/2011-NPCR-SEER/WEB-0407-Report-3-3-2011.pdf) [Accessed December 12, 2012]
20. Cooper LA, Gutman DA, Long Q, Johnson BA, Cholleti SR, Kurc T,et al. The proneural molecular signature is enriched in oligodendrogliomas and predicts improved survival among diffuse gliomas. PLoS ONE 5:e12548, 2010
21. Costello JF, Plass C, Cavenee WK: Aberrant methylation of genes in low-grade astrocytomas. Brain Tumor Pathol 17: 49-56, 2000
22. Crawford JR, Santi MR, Thorarinsdottir HK, Cornelison R, Rushing EJ, Zhang. et al. H,Detection of human herpesvirus-6 variants in pediatric brain tumors: association of viral antigen in low grade gliomas. J Clin Virol 46:37-42, 2009
23. Di Rocco F, Carroll RS, Zhang J, Black PM: Platelet-derived growth factor and its receptor expression in human oligodendrogliomas. Neurosurgery 42:341-346, 1998
24. di Tomaso E, London N, Fuja D, Logie J, Tyrrell JA, Kamoun W,et al. PDGF-C induces maturation of blood vessels in a model of glioblastoma and attenuates the response to anti-VEGF treatment. PLoS ONE 4:e5123, 2009
25. Dias-Santagata D, Lam Q, Vernovsky K, Vena N, Lennerz JK, Borger DR,et al. BRAF V600E mutations are common in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. PLoS ONE 6:e17948, 2011
26. Dong S, Pang JC, Hu J, Zhou LF, Ng HK. Transcriptional inactivation of TP73 expression in oligodendroglial tumors. Int J Cancer 98:370-375, 2002
27. Dong SM, Pang JC, Poon WS, Hu J, To KF, Chang AR,et al. Concurrent hypermethylation of multiple genes is associated with grade of oligodendroglial tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60:808-816, 2001
28. Ekstrand AJ, Sugawa N, James CD, Collins VP.: Amplified and rearranged epidermal growth factor receptor genes in human glioblastomas reveal deletions of sequences encoding portions of the N- and/or C-terminal tails. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:4309-4313, 1992
29. Eoli M, Bissola L, Bruzzone MG, Pollo B, Maccagnano C, De Simone T, et al.: Reclassification of oligoastrocytomas by loss of heterozygosity studies. Int J Cancer 119:84-90, 2006
30. Everhard S, Kaloshi G, Crinière E, Benouaich-Amiel A, Lejeune J, Marie Y,et al. MGMT methylation: a marker of response to temozolomide in low-grade gliomas. Ann Neurol 60:740-743, 2006
31. Felsberg J, Erkwoh A, Sabel MC, Kirsch L, Fimmers R, Blaschke B,et al. Oligodendroglial tumors: refinement of candidate regions on chromosome arm 1p and correlation of 1p/19q status with survival. Brain Pathol 14:121-130, 2004
32. Fouladi M, Jenkins J, Burger P, Langston J, Merchant T, Heideman R,et al. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: favorable outcome after complete surgical resection. Neuro Oncol 3: 184-192, 2001
33. Fuller GN, Hess KR, Rhee CH, Yung WK, Sawaya RA, Bruner JM,et al. Molecular classification of human diffuse gliomas by multidimensional scaling analysis of gene expression profiles parallels morphology-based classification, correlates with survival, and reveals clinically-relevant novel glioma subsets. Brain Pathol 12:108-116, 2002
34. Geisbrecht BV, Gould SJ: The human PICD gene encodes a cytoplasmic and peroxisomal NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 274:30527-30533, 1999
35. Giannini C, Hebrink D, Scheithauer BW, Dei Tos AP, James CD: Analysis of p53 mutation and expression in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Neurogenetics 3:159-162, 2001
36. Giannini C, Scheithauer BW, Lopes MB, Hirose T, Kros JM, VandenBerg SR: Immunophenotype of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol 26:479-485, 2002
37. Godard S, Getz G, Delorenzi M, Farmer P, Kobayashi H, Desbaillets I,et al. Classification of human astrocytic gliomas on the basis of gene expression: a correlated group of genes with angiogenic activity emerges as a strong predictor of subtypes. Cancer Res 63:6613-6625, 2003
38. Grau E, Balaguer J, Canete A, Martinez F, Orellana C, Oltra S,et al. Subtelomeric analysis of pediatric astrocytoma: subchromosomal instability is a distinctive feature of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurooncol 93:175-182, 2009
39. Gravendeel LA, Kloosterhof NK, Bralten LB, van Marion R, Dubbink HJ, Dinjens W, et al: Segregation of non-p.R132H mutations in IDH1 in distinct molecular subtypes of glioma. Hum Mutat 31:E1186-E1199, 2010
40. Griffin CA, Burger P, Morsberger L, Yonescu R, Swierczynski S, Weingart JD,et al. Identification of der(1;19)(q10;p10) in five oligodendrogliomas suggests mechanism of concurrent 1p and 19q loss. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65:988-994, 2006
41. Guha A, Glowacka D, Carroll R, Dashner K, Black PM, Stiles CD: Expression of platelet derived growth factor and platelet derived growth factor receptor mRNA in a glioblastoma from a patient with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58:711-714, 1995
42. Gupta M, Djalilvand A, Brat DJ: Clarifying the diffuse gliomas: an update on the morphologic features and markers that discriminate oligodendroglioma from astrocytoma. Am J Clin Pathol 124:755-768, 2005
43. Gutmann DH, Hedrick NM, Li J, Nagarajan R, Perry A, Watson MA: Comparative gene expression profile analysis of neurofibromatosis 1-associated and sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res 62:2085-2091, 2002
44. Hägerstrand D, Smits A, Eriksson A, Sigurdardottir S, Olofsson T, Hartman M,et al. Gene expression analyses of grade II gliomas and identification of rPTPbeta/zeta as a candidate oligodendroglioma marker. Neuro Oncol 10:2-9, 2008
45. Hartmann C, Johnk L, Kitange G, Wu Y, Ashworth LK, Jenkins RB,et al. Transcript map of the 3.7-Mb D19S112-D19S246 candidate tumor suppressor region on the long arm of chromosome 19. Cancer Res 62:4100-4108, 2002
46. Hartmann C, Mueller W, von Deimling A: Pathology and molecular genetics of oligodendroglial tumors. J Mol Med (Berl) 82:638-655, 2004
47. Hermanson M, Funa K, Hartman M, Claesson-Welsh L, Heldin CH, Westermark B,et al. Platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors in human glioma tissue: expression of messenger RNA and protein suggests the presence of autocrine and paracrine loops. Cancer Res 52:3213-3219, 1992
48. Hilton DA, Love S, Barber R, Ellison D, Sandeman DR: Accumulation of p53 and Ki-67 expression do not predict survival in patients with fibrillary astrocytomas or the response of these tumors to radiotherapy. Neurosurgery 42:724-729, 1998
49. Hirose T, Giannini C, Scheithauer BW.: Ultrastructural features of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a comparative study with glioblastoma multiforme. Ultrastruct Pathol 25:469- 478, 2001
50. Hirose T, Ishizawa K, Sugiyama K, Kageji T, Ueki K, Kannuki S.: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a comparative pathological study between conventional and anaplastic types. Histopathology 52:183-193, 2008
51. Hoang-Xuan K, Capelle L, Kujas M, Taillibert S, Duffau H, Lejeune J,et al. Temozolomide as initial treatment for adults with low-grade oligodendrogliomas or oligoastrocytomas and correlation with chromosome 1p deletions. J Clin Oncol 22: 3133-3138, 2004
52. Hong C, Bollen AW, Costello JF.: The contribution of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to gene silencing in oligodendrogliomas. Cancer Res 63:7600-7605, 2003
53. Hosokawa Y, Tsuchihashi Y, Okabe H, Toyama M, Namura K, Kuga M,et al. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and DNA cytofluorometric study of a case. Cancer 68:853-859, 1991
54. Houillier C, Lejeune J, Benouaich-Amiel A, Laigle-Donadey F, Criniere E, Mokhtari K,et al. Prognostic impact of molecular markers in a series of 220 primary glioblastomas. Cancer 106:2218-2223, 2006
55. Huang H, Colella S, Kurrer M, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H.: Gene expression profiling of low-grade diffuse astrocytomas by cDNA arrays. Cancer Res 60:6868-6874, 2000
56. Huang H, Hara A, Homma T, Yonekawa Y, Ohgaki H.: Altered expression of immune defense genes in pilocytic astrocytomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 64:891-901, 2005
57. Huang L, Jiang T, Yuan F, Li GL, Cui Y, Liu EZ,et al. Correlation of chromosomes 1p and 19q status and expressions of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), p53 and Ki-67 in diffuse gliomas of World Health Organization (WHO) grades II and III: a clinicopathological study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 35:367-379, 2009
58. Hunter S, Young A, Olson J, Brat DJ, Bowers G, Wilcox JN,et al. Differential expression between pilocytic and anaplastic astrocytomas: identification of apolipoprotein D as a marker for low-grade, non-infiltrating primary CNS neoplasms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:275-281, 2002
59. Husemann K, Wolter M, Büschges R, Boström J, Sabel M, Reifenberger G.: Identification of two distinct deleted regions on the short arm of chromosome 1 and rare mutation of the CDKN2C gene from 1p32 in oligodendroglial tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58:1041-1050, 1999
60. Ichimura K, Bolin MB, Goike HM, Schmidt EE, Moshref A, Collins VP.: Deregulation of the p14ARF/MDM2/p53 pathway is a prerequisite for human astrocytic gliomas with G1-S transition control gene abnormalities. Cancer Res 60:417- 424, 2000
61. Ichimura K, Pearson DM, Kocialkowski S, Bäcklund LM, Chan R, Jones DT,et al. IDH1 mutations are present in the majority of common adult gliomas but rare in primary glioblastomas. Neuro Oncol 11:341-347, 2009
62. Im SH, Chung CK, Kim SK, Cho BK, Kim MK, Chi JG.: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a developmental glioneuronal tumor with prominent glioproliferative changes. J Neurooncol 66:17-27, 2004
63. Ino Y, Zlatescu MC, Sasaki H, Macdonald DR, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Jhung S,et al. Long survival and therapeutic responses in patients with histologically disparate high-grade gliomas demonstrating chromosome 1p loss. J Neurosurg 92:983-990, 2000
64. Inoue R, Isono M, Abe M, Abe T, Kobayashi H.: A genotype of the polymorphic DNA repair gene MGMT is associated with de novo glioblastoma. Neurol Res 25:875-879, 2003
65. Ishii N, Tada M, Hamou MF, Janzer RC, Meagher-Villemure K, Wiestler OD,et al. Cells with TP53 mutations in low grade astrocytic tumors evolve clonally to malignancy and are an unfavorable prognostic factor. Oncogene 18:5870-5878, 1999
66. James CD, Carlbom E, Nordenskjold M, Collins VP, Cavenee WK.: Mitotic recombination of chromosome 17 in astrocytomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:2858-2862, 1989
67. Jenkins RB, Blair H, Ballman KV, Giannini C, Arusell RM, Law M,et al. A t(1;19)(q10;p10) mediates the combined deletions of 1p and 19q and predicts a better prognosis of patients with oligodendroglioma. Cancer Res 66:9852-9861, 2006
68. Jeon YK, Cheon JE, Kim SK, Wang KC, Cho BK, Park SH.: Clinicopathological features and global genomic copy number alterations of pilomyxoid astrocytoma in the hypothalamus/ optic pathway: comparative analysis with pilocytic astrocytoma using array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Mod Pathol 21:1345-1356, 2008
69. Jeuken JW, Sprenger SH, Boerman RH, von Deimling A, Teepen HL, van Overbeeke JJ, et al.: Subtyping of oligo-astrocytic tumours by comparative genomic hybridization. J Pathol 194:81-87, 2001
70. Jeuken JW, von Deimling A, Wesseling P.: Molecular pathogenesis of oligodendroglial tumors. J Neurooncol 70:161- 181, 2004
71. Jiang X, Yu Y, Yang HW, Agar NY, Frado L, Johnson MD.: The imprinted gene PEG3 inhibits Wnt signaling and regulates glioma growth. J Biol Chem 285:8472-8480, 2010
72. Kaloshi G, Benouaich-Amiel A, Diakite F, Taillibert S, Lejeune J, Laigle-Donadey F,et al. Temozolomide for lowgrade gliomas: predictive impact of 1p/19q loss on response and outcome. Neurology 68:1831-1836, 2007
73. Kamijo T, Weber JD, Zambetti G, Zindy F, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ.: Functional and physical interactions of the ARF tumor suppressor with p53 and Mdm2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:8292-8297, 1998
74. Kanner AA, Staugaitis SM, Castilla EA, Chernova O, Prayson RA, Vogelbaum MA,et al. The impact of genotype on outcome in oligodendroglioma: validation of the loss of chromosome arm 1p as an important factor in clinical decision making. J Neurosurg 104:542-550, 2006
75. Kaulich K, Blaschke B, Nümann A, von Deimling A, Wiestler OD, Weber RG, et al.: Genetic alterations commonly found in diffusely infiltrating cerebral gliomas are rare or absent in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:1092-1099, 2002
76. Kepes JJ, Rubinstein LJ, Eng LF.: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a distinctive meningocerebral glioma of young subjects with relatively favorable prognosis. A study of 12 cases. Cancer 44:1839-1852, 1979
77. Khatua S, Peterson KM, Brown KM, Lawlor C, Santi MR, LaFleur B,et al. Overexpression of the EGFR/FKBP12/HIF-2alpha pathway identified in childhood astrocytomas by angiogenesis gene profiling. Cancer Res 63:1865-1870, 2003
78. Kim YH, Nobusawa S, Mittelbronn M, Paulus W, Brokinkel B, Keyvani K,et al. Molecular classification of low-grade diffuse gliomas. Am J Pathol 177:2708-2714, 2010
79. Kitange G, Misra A, Law M, Passe S, Kollmeyer TM, Maurer M,et al. Chromosomal imbalances detected by array comparative genomic hybridization in human oligodendrogliomas and mixed oligoastrocytomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 42:68-77, 2005
80. Korshunov A, Meyer J, Capper D, Christians A, Remke M, Witt H,et al. Combined molecular analysis of BRAF and IDH1 distinguishes pilocytic astrocytoma from diffuse astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol 118:401-405, 2009
81. Kraus JA, Koopmann J, Kaskel P, Maintz D, Brandner S, Schramm J,et al. Shared allelic losses on chromosomes 1p and 19q suggest a common origin of oligodendroglioma and oligoastrocytoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:91-95, 1995
82. Kujas M, Lejeune J, Benouaich-Amiel A, Crinière E, Laigle-Donadey F, Marie Y,et al. Chromosome 1p loss: a favorable prognostic factor in low-grade gliomas. Ann Neurol 58:322- 326, 2005
83. Kunitz A, Wolter M, van den Boom J, Felsberg J, Tews B, Hahn M, et al.: DNA hypermethylation and aberrant expression of the EMP3 gene at 19q13.3 in Human Gliomas. Brain Pathol 17:363-370, 2007
84. Labussière M, Idbaih A, Wang XW, Marie Y, Boisselier B, Falet C,et al. All the 1p19q codeleted gliomas are mutated on IDH1 or IDH2. Neurology 74:1886-1890, 2010
85. Levin N, Lavon I, Zelikovitsh B, Fuchs D, Bokstein F, Fellig Y,et al. Progressive low-grade oligodendrogliomas: response to temozolomide and correlation between genetic profile and O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase protein expression. Cancer 106:1759-1765, 2006
86. Li YS, Ramsay DA, Fan YS, Armstrong RF, Del Maestro RF.: Cytogenetic evidence that a tumor suppressor gene in the long arm of chromosome 1 contributes to glioma growth. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 84:46-50, 1995
87. Ligon KL, Alberta JA, Kho AT, Weiss J, Kwaan MR, Nutt CL,et al. The oligodendroglial lineage marker OLIG2 is universally expressed in diffuse gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63:499-509, 2004
88. Liu L, Bäcklund LM, Nilsson BR, Grandér D, Ichimura K, Goike HM,et al. Clinical significance of EGFR amplification and the aberrant EGFRvIII transcript in conventionally treated astrocytic gliomas. J Mol Med (Berl) 83:917-926, 2005
89. Ljubimova JY, Lakhter AJ, Loksh A, Yong WH, Riedinger MS, Miner JH,et al. Overexpression of alpha4 chain-containing laminins in human glial tumors identified by gene microarray analysis. Cancer Res 61:5601-5610, 2001
90. Lokker NA, Sullivan CM, Hollenbach SJ, Israel MA, Giese NA.: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) autocrine signaling regulates survival and mitogenic pathways in glioblastoma cells: evidence that the novel PDGF-C and PDGF-D ligands may play a role in the development of brain tumors. Cancer Res 62:3729-3735, 2002
91. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (eds): WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Lyon, France: IARC Press, 2007
92. Lu QR, Park JK, Noll E, Chan JA, Alberta J, Yuk D,et al. Oligodendrocyte lineage genes (OLIG) as molecular markers for human glial brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 10851-10856, 2001
93. Lu QR, Sun T, Zhu Z, Ma N, Garcia M, Stiles CD,et al. Common developmental requirement for Olig function indicates a motor neuron/oligodendrocyte connection. Cell 109:75-86, 2002
94. Maintz D, Fiedler K, Koopmann J, Rollbrocker B, Nechev S, Lenartz D,et al. Molecular genetic evidence for subtypes of oligoastrocytomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56:1098-1104, 1997
95. Marko NF, Prayson RA, Barnett GH, Weil RJ.: Integrated molecular analysis suggests a three-class model for low-grade gliomas: a proof-of-concept study. Genomics 95:16-24, 2010
96. Marko NF, Toms SA, Barnett GH, Weil R.: Genomic expression patterns distinguish long-term from short-term glioblastoma survivors: a preliminary feasibility study. Genomics 91:395-406, 2008
97. Martinez-Diaz H, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Powell SZ, Yachnis AT.: Giant cell glioblastoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma show different immunohistochemical profiles for neuronal antigens and p53 but share reactivity for class III betatubulin. Arch Pathol Lab Med 127:1187-1191, 2003
98. Matsumoto K, Suzuki SO, Fukui M, Iwaki T.: Accumulation of MDM2 in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. Pathol Int 54: 387-391, 2004
99. Matyja E, Kroh H, Taraszewska A, Nagańska E, Zabek M, Marchel A.: Expression of macrophage/histiocytic antigens in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. Folia Neuropathol 41:89- 95, 2003
100. McDonald JM, Dunlap S, Cogdell D, Dunmire V, Wei Q, Starzinski-Powitz A,et al. The SHREW1 gene, frequently deleted in oligodendrogliomas, functions to inhibit cell adhesion and migration. Cancer Biol Ther 5:300-304, 2006
101. McDonald JM, Dunmire V, Taylor E, Sawaya R, Bruner J, Fuller GN,et al. Attenuated expression of DFFB is a hallmark of oligodendrogliomas with 1p-allelic loss. Mol Cancer 4:35, 2005
102. McLendon RE, Herndon JE II, West B, Reardon D, Wiltshire R, Rasheed BK, et al.: Survival analysis of presumptive prognostic markers among oligodendrogliomas. Cancer 104:1693-1699, 2005
103. Meléndez B, Fiaño C, Ruano Y, Hernández-Moneo JL, Mollejo M, Martinez P.: BCR gene disruption in a pilomyxoid astrocytoma. Neuropathology 26:442-446, 2006
104. Metellus P, Coulibaly B, Colin C, de Paula AM, Vasiljevic A, Taieb D, et al.: Absence of IDH mutation identifies a novel radiologic and molecular subtype of WHO grade II gliomas with dismal prognosis. Acta Neuropathol 120:719-729, 2010
105. Miwa T, Hirose Y, Sasaki H, Ezaki T, Yoshida K, Kawase T.: Single-copy gain of chromosome 1q is a negative prognostic marker in pediatric nonependymal, nonpilocytic gliomas. Neurosurgery 68:206-212, 2011
106. Miyakawa A, Ichimura K, Schmidt EE, Varmeh-Ziaie S, Collins VP.: Multiple deleted regions on the long arm of chromosome 6 in astrocytic tumours. Br J Cancer 82:543-549, 2000
107. Möllemann M, Wolter M, Felsberg J, Collins VP, Reifenberger G.: Frequent promoter hypermethylation and low expression of the MGMT gene in oligodendroglial tumors. Int J Cancer 113: 379-385, 2005
108. Mora J, Cheung NK, Chen L, Qin J, Gerald W.: Loss of heterozygosity at 19q13.3 is associated with locally aggressive neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 7:1358-1361, 2001
109. Mueller W, Hartmann C, Hoffmann A, Lanksch W, Kiwit J, Tonn J,et al. Genetic signature of oligoastrocytomas correlates with tumor location and denotes distinct molecular subsets. Am J Pathol 161:313-319, 2002
110. Munoz EL, Eberhard DA, Lopes MBS, Schnieder BF, Gonzalez-Fernandez F, VandenBerg S.: Proliferative activity and p53 mutation as prognostic indicators in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. A clinicopathologic study of six cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55:606, 1996
111. Murray JC, Donahue DJ, Malik SI, Dzurik YB, Braly EZ, Dougherty MJ,et al. Temporal lobe pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma and acquired BRAF mutation in an adolescent with the constitutional 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Neurooncol 102: 509-514, 2011
112. Myal Y, Del Bigio MR, Rhodes RH.: Age-related differences in 1p and 19q deletions in oligodendrogliomas. BMC Clin Pathol 3:6, 2003
113. Nakamura M, Shimada K, Ishida E, Higuchi T, Nakase H, Sakaki T,et al. Molecular pathogenesis of pediatric astrocytic tumors. Neuro Oncol 9:113-123, 2007
114. Nakamura M, Watanabe T, Klangby U, Asker C, Wiman K, Yonekawa Y,et al. p14ARF deletion and methylation in genetic pathways to glioblastomas. Brain Pathol 11:159-168, 2001
115. Narahara K, Kimura S, Kikkawa K, Takahashi Y, Wakita Y, Kasai R,et al. Probable assignment of soluble isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) to 2q33.3. Hum Genet 71:37-40, 1985
116. Nishizaki T, Ozaki S, Harada K, Ito H, Arai H, Beppu T,et al. Investigation of genetic alterations associated with the grade of astrocytic tumor by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21:340-346, 1998
117. Ohgaki H, Dessen P, Jourde B, Horstmann S, Nishikawa T, Di Patre PL, et al.: Genetic pathways to glioblastoma: a populationbased study. Cancer Res 64:6892-6899, 2004
118. Ohgaki H, Kleihues P.: Genetic alterations and signaling pathways in the evolution of gliomas. Cancer Sci 100:2235-2241, 2009
119. Ohgaki H, Kleihues P.: Population-based studies on incidence, survival rates, and genetic alterations in astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 64:479-489, 2005
120. Ohnishi A, Sawa H, Tsuda M, Sawamura Y, Itoh T, Iwasaki Y,et al. Expression of the oligodendroglial lineage-associated markers Olig1 and Olig2 in different types of human gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:1052-1059, 2003
121. Okamoto Y, Di Patre PL, Burkhard C, Horstmann S, Jourde B, Fahey M, et al.: Population-based study on incidence, survival rates, and genetic alterations of low-grade diffuse astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Acta Neuropathol 108:49-56, 2004
122. Orellana C, Hernandez-Martí M, Martínez F, Castel V, Millán JM, Alvarez-Garijo JA,et al. Pediatric brain tumors: loss of heterozygosity at 17p and TP53 gene mutations. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 102:93-99, 1998
123. Orr LC, Fleitz J, McGavran L, Wyatt-Ashmead J, Handler M, Foreman NK.: Cytogenetics in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas. Med Pediatr Oncol 38:173-177, 2002
124. Otero JJ, Rowitch D, Vandenberg S.: OLIG2 is differentially expressed in pediatric astrocytic and in ependymal neoplasms. J Neurooncol 104:423-438, 2011
125. Parsons DW, Jones S, Zhang X, Lin JC, Leary RJ, Angenendt P,et al. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. Science 321:1807-1812, 2008
126. Paulus W, Lisle DK, Tonn JC, Wolf HK, Roggendorf W, Reeves SA,et al. Molecular genetic alterations in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol 91:293-297, 1996
127. Peraud A, Kreth FW, Wiestler OD, Kleihues P, Reulen HJ.: Prognostic impact of TP53 mutations and P53 protein overexpression in supratentorial WHO grade II astrocytomas and oligoastrocytomas. Clin Cancer Res 8:1117-1124, 2002
128. Pietrak B, Zhao H, Qi H, Quinn C, Gao E, Boyer JG,et al. A tale of two subunits: how the neomorphic R132H IDH1 mutation enhances production of aHG. Biochemistry 50:4804-4812, 2011
129. Pollack IF, Finkelstein SD, Burnham J, Hamilton RL, Yates AJ, Holmes EJ,et al. Association between chromosome 1p and 19q loss and outcome in pediatric malignant gliomas: results from the CCG-945 cohort. Pediatr Neurosurg 39:114-121, 2003
130. Powell SZ, Yachnis AT, Rorke LB, Rojiani AM, Eskin TA.: Divergent differentiation in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Evidence for a neuronal element and possible relationship to ganglion cell tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 20:80-85, 1996
131. Rao AA, Laack NN, Giannini C, Wetmore C.: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in children and adolescents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 55:290-294, 2010
132. Rasheed BK, McLendon RE, Herndon JE, Friedman HS, Friedman AH, Bigner DD,et al. Alterations of the TP53 gene in human gliomas. Cancer Res 54:1324-1330, 1994
133. Rees J, Wen P (eds): Neuro-Oncology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2010
134. Reifenberger G, Collins VP.: Pathology and molecular genetics of astrocytic gliomas. J Mol Med (Berl) 82:656-670, 2004
135. Reifenberger G, Kaulich K, Wiestler OD, Blümcke I.: Expression of the CD34 antigen in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. Acta Neuropathol 105:358-364, 2003
136. Reifenberger G, Louis DN.: Oligodendroglioma: toward molecular definitions in diagnostic neuro-oncology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:111-126, 2003
137. Reifenberger J, Reifenberger G, Ichimura K, Schmidt EE, Wechsler W, Collins VP.: Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in oligodendroglial tumors. Am J Pathol 149:29-35, 1996
138. Reifenberger J, Reifenberger G, Liu L, James CD, Wechsler W, Collins VP.: Molecular genetic analysis of oligodendroglial tumors shows preferential allelic deletions on 19q and 1p. Am J Pathol 145:1175-1190, 1994
139. Rickman DS, Bobek MP, Misek DE, Kuick R, Blaivas M, Kurnit DM,et al. Distinctive molecular profiles of high-grade and lowgrade gliomas based on oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Cancer Res 61:6885-6891, 2001
140. Riemenschneider MJ, Koy TH, Reifenberger G.: Expression of oligodendrocyte lineage genes in oligodendroglial and astrocytic gliomas. Acta Neuropathol 107:277-282, 2004
141. Roberts P, Chumas PD, Picton S, Bridges L, Livingstone JH, Sheridan E.: A review of the cytogenetics of 58 pediatric brain tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 131:1-12, 2001
142. Rodriguez FJ, Giannini C, Asmann YW, Sharma MK, Perry A, Tibbetts KM,et al. Gene expression profiling of NF-1-associated and sporadic pilocytic astrocytoma identifies aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L1 (ALDH1L1) as an underexpressed candidate biomarker in aggressive subtypes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67:1194-1204, 2008
143. Rorive S, Maris C, Debeir O, Sandras F, Vidaud M, Bièche I,et al. Exploring the distinctive biological characteristics of pilocytic and low-grade diffuse astrocytomas using microarray gene expression profiles. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65:794-807, 2006
144. Rosenberg JE, Lisle DK, Burwick JA, Ueki K, von Deimling A, Mohrenweiser HW, et al.: Refined deletion mapping of the chromosome 19q glioma tumor suppressor gene to the D19S412-STD interval. Oncogene 13:2483-2485, 1996
145. Rossi MR, Gaile D, Laduca J, Matsui S, Conroy J, McQuaid D,et al. Identification of consistent novel submegabase deletions in low-grade oligodendrogliomas using array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 44: 85-96, 2005
146. Rowitch DH, Lu QR, Kessaris N, Richardson WD.: An 'oligarchy' rules neural development. Trends Neurosci 25:417-422, 2002
147. Rush SZ, Abel TW, Valadez JG, Pearson M, Cooper MK.: Activation of the Hedgehog pathway in pilocytic astrocytomas. Neuro Oncol 12:790-798, 2010
148. Sallinen SL, Sallinen PK, Haapasalo HK, Helin HJ, Helén PT, Schraml P,et al. Identification of differentially expressed genes in human gliomas by DNA microarray and tissue chip techniques. Cancer Res 60:6617-6622, 2000
149. Sanson M, Marie Y, Paris S, Idbaih A, Laffaire J, Ducray F,et al. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 codon 132 mutation is an important prognostic biomarker in gliomas. J Clin Oncol 27:4150-4154, 2009
150. Sasaki H, Zlatescu MC, Betensky RA, Johnk LB, Cutone AN, Cairncross JG,et al. Histopathological-molecular genetic correlations in referral pathologist-diagnosed low-grade "oligodendroglioma." J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:58-63, 2002
151. Sawyer JR, Roloson GJ, Chadduck WM, Boop FA.: Cytogenetic findings in a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 55:225-230, 1991
152. Sawyer JR, Thomas EL, Roloson GJ, Chadduck WM, Boop FA.: Telomeric associations evolving to ring chromosomes in a recurrent pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 60:152-157, 1992
153. Schiff D, Brown PD, Giannini C.: Outcome in adult low-grade glioma: the impact of prognostic factors and treatment. Neurology 69:1366-1373, 2007
154. Schindler G, Capper D, Meyer J, Janzarik W, Omran H, Herold-Mende C,et al. Analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol 121:397-405, 2011
155. Schlessinger J.: SH2/SH3 signaling proteins. Curr Opin Genet Dev 4:25-30, 1994
156. Schlierf B, Friedrich RP, Roerig P, Felsberg J, Reifenberger G, Wegner M.: Expression of SoxE and SoxD genes in human gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 33:621-630, 2007
157. Schramm J (ed): Advances in Technical Standards in Neurosurgery. Volume 35: Low-Grade Gliomas. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2010
158. Schröck E, Blume C, Meffert MC, du Manoir S, Bersch W, Kiessling M, et al.: Recurrent gain of chromosome arm 7q in low-grade astrocytic tumors studied by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 15:199-205, 1996
159. Sherr CJ.: Divorcing ARF and p53: an unsettled case. Nat Rev Cancer 6:663-673, 2006
160. Sidransky D, Mikkelsen T, Schwechheimer K, Rosenblum ML, Cavanee W, Vogelstein B.: Clonal expansion of p53 mutant cells is associated with brain tumour progression. Nature 355: 846-847, 1992
161. Silber JR, Bobola MS, Ghatan S, Blank A, Kolstoe DD, Berger MS.: O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity in adult gliomas: relation to patient and tumor characteristics. Cancer Res 58:1068-1073, 1998
162. Smith JS, Alderete B, Minn Y, Borell TJ, Perry A, Mohapatra G,et al. Localization of common deletion regions on 1p and 19q in human gliomas and their association with histological subtype. Oncogene 18:4144-4152, 1999
163. Smith JS, Tachibana I, Passe SM, Huntley BK, Borell TJ, Iturria N,et al. PTEN mutation, EGFR amplification, and outcome in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1246-1256, 2001
164. Smith JS, Tachibana I, Pohl U, Lee HK, Thanarajasingam U, Portier BP,et al. A transcript map of the chromosome 19q-arm glioma tumor suppressor region. Genomics 64:44-50, 2000
165. Stott FJ, Bates S, James MC, McConnell BB, Starborg M, Brookes S,et al. The alternative product from the humanCDKN2A locus, p14(ARF), participates in a regulatory feedback loop with p53 and MDM2. EMBO J 17:5001-5014, 1998
166. Tabori U, Rienstein S, Dromi Y, Leider-Trejo L, Constantini S, Burstein Y,et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene amplification and expression in disseminated pediatric low-grade gliomas. J Neurosurg 103 (4 Suppl):357-361, 2005
167. Tekkök IH, Sav A.: Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. Review of the literature with reference to malignancy potential. Pediatr Neurosurg 40:171-181, 2004
168. Tews B, Felsberg J, Hartmann C, Kunitz A, Hahn M, Toedt G,et al. Identification of novel oligodendroglioma-associated candidate tumor suppressor genes in 1p36 and 19q13 using microarray-based expression profiling. Int J Cancer 119:792-800, 2006
169. Tews B, Roerig P, Hartmann C, Hahn M, Felsberg J, Blaschke B,et al. Hypermethylation and transcriptional downregulation of the CITED4 gene at 1p34.2 in oligodendroglial tumours with allelic losses on 1p and 19q. Oncogene 26:5010-5016, 2007
170. Trouillard O, Aguirre-Cruz L, Hoang-Xuan K, Marie Y, Delattre JY, Sanson M.: Parental 19q loss and PEG3 expression in oligodendrogliomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 151:182-183, 2004
171. Tsutsumi S, Abe Y, Yasumoto Y, Ito M.: Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with a component of anaplastic astrocytoma presenting as skull base tumor followed by downward extracranial extension. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 50:1108-1112, 2010
172. Ueki K, Nishikawa R, Nakazato Y, Hirose T, Hirato J, Funada N,et al. Correlation of histology and molecular genetic analysis of 1p, 19q, 10q, TP53, EGFR, CDK4, and CDKN2A in 91 astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors. Clin Cancer Res 8:196-201, 2002
173. Vajtai I, Varga Z.: Prognostic markers of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Histopathology 33:391, 1998 (Letter)
174. van den Boom J, Wolter M, Kuick R, Misek DE, Youkilis AS, Wechsler DS, et al.: Characterization of gene expression profiles associated with glioma progression using oligonucleotide-based microarray analysis and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Am J Pathol 163:1033-1043, 2003
175. Varela M, Ranuncolo SM, Morand A, Lastiri J, De Kier Joffé EB, Puricelli LI, et al.: EGF-R and PDGF-R, but not bcl-2, overexpression predict overall survival in patients with low-grade astrocytomas. J Surg Oncol 86:34-40, 2004
176. Vogazianou AP, Chan R, Bäcklund LM, Pearson DM, Liu L, Langford CF,et al. Distinct patterns of 1p and 19q alterations identify subtypes of human gliomas that have different prognoses. Neuro Oncol 12:664-678, 2010
177. von Deimling A (ed): Gliomas. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2009
178. von Deimling A, Eibl RH, Ohgaki H, Louis DN, von Ammon K, Petersen I, et al.: p53 mutations are associated with 17p allelic loss in grade II and grade III astrocytoma. Cancer Res 52:2987-2990, 1992
179. von Deimling A, Fimmers R, Schmidt MC, Bender B, Fassbender F, Nagel J,et al. Comprehensive allelotype and genetic anaysis of 466 human nervous system tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:544-558, 2000
180. von Deimling A, Louis DN, von Ammon K, Petersen I, Wiestler OD, Seizinger BR.: Evidence for a tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 19q associated with human astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and mixed gliomas. Cancer Res 52:4277-4279, 1992
181. Waha A, Güntner S, Huang TH, Yan PS, Arslan B, Pietsch T,et al. Epigenetic silencing of the protocadherin family member PCDH-gamma-A11 in astrocytomas. Neoplasia 7:193-199, 2005
182. Walker C, du Plessis DG, Joyce KA, Fildes D, Gee A, Haylock B, et al.: Molecular pathology and clinical characteristics of oligodendroglial neoplasms. Ann Neurol 57:855-865, 2005
183. Ward SJ, Karakoula K, Phipps KP, Harkness W, Hayward R, Thompson D,et al. Cytogenetic analysis of paediatric astrocytoma using comparative genomic hybridisation and fluorescence in-situ hybridisation. J Neurooncol 98:305-318, 2010
184. Wasdahl DA, Scheithauer BW, Andrews BT, Jeffrey RA Jr.: Cerebellar pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: case report. Neurosurgery 35:947-951, 1994
185. Watanabe K, Peraud A, Gratas C, Wakai S, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H.: p53 and PTEN gene mutations in gemistocytic astrocytomas. Acta Neuropathol 95:559-564, 1998
186. Watanabe K, Sato K, Biernat W, Tachibana O, von Ammon K, Ogata N, et al.: Incidence and timing of p53 mutations during astrocytoma progression in patients with multiple biopsies. Clin Cancer Res 3:523-530, 1997
187. Watanabe K, Tachibana O, Sata K, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H.: Overexpression of the EGF receptor and p53 mutations are mutually exclusive in the evolution of primary and secondary glioblastomas. Brain Pathol 6:217-223, 1996
188. Watanabe T, Katayama Y, Yoshino A, Yachi K, Ohta T, Ogino A,et al. Aberrant hypermethylation of p14ARF and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase genes in astrocytoma progression. Brain Pathol 17:5-10, 2007
189. Watanabe T, Nakamura M, Kros JM, Burkhard C, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P,et al. Phenotype versus genotype correlation in oligodendrogliomas and low-grade diffuse astrocytomas. Acta Neuropathol 103:267-275, 2002
190. Watanabe T, Nobusawa S, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H.: IDH1 mutations are early events in the development of astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Am J Pathol 174:1149-1153, 2009
191. Weber RG, Hoischen A, Ehrler M, Zipper P, Kaulich K, Blaschke B,et al. Frequent loss of chromosome 9, homozygous CDKN2A/p14(ARF)/CDKN2B deletion and low TSC1 mRNA expression in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. Oncogene 26: 1088-1097, 2007
192. Weil KC, Berge MS, Sehgal A.: Molecular characterization of a novel human brain tumor-associated gene BR-3. Anticancer Res 22:1467-1474, 2002
193. Wessels PH, Twijnstra A, Kessels AG, Krijne-Kubat B, Theunissen PH, Ummelen MI,et al. Gain of chromosome 7, as detected by in situ hybridization, strongly correlates with shorter survival in astrocytoma grade 2. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33:279-284, 2002
194. Wiencke JK, Zheng S, Jelluma N, Tihan T, Vandenberg S, Tamgüney T,et al. Methylation of the PTEN promoter defines low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastoma. Neuro-oncol 9: 271-279, 2007
195. Williams LT.: Signal transduction by the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Science 243:1564-1570, 1989
196. Wolf RM, Draghi N, Liang X, Dai C, Uhrbom L, Eklöf C,et al. p190RhoGAP can act to inhibit PDGF-induced gliomas in mice: a putative tumor suppressor encoded on human chromosome 19q13.3. Genes Dev 17:476-487, 2003
197. Wong KK, Chang YM, Tsang YT, Perlaky L, Su J, Adesina A,et al. Expression analysis of juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas by oligonucleotide microarray reveals two potential subgroups. Cancer Res 65:76-84, 2005
198. Wong KK, Tsang YT, Chang YM, Su J, Di Francesco AM, Meco D, et al.: Genome-wide allelic imbalance analysis of pediatric gliomas by single nucleotide polymorphic allele array. Cancer Res 66:11172-11178, 2006
199. Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Yuan W,et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N Engl J Med 360:765-773, 2009
200. Yang B, Zhong C, Peng Y, Lai Z, Ding J.: Molecular mechanisms of "off-on switch" of activities of human IDH1 by tumor-associated mutation R132H. Cell Res 20:1188-1200, 2010
201. Yin XL, Hui AB, Liong EC, Ding M, Chang AR, Ng HK.: Genetic imbalances in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma detected by comparative genomic hybridization and literature review. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 132:14-19, 2002
202. Yu J, Zhang H, Gu J, Lin S, Li J, Lu W,et al. Methylation profiles of thirty four promoter-CpG islands and concordant methylation behaviours of sixteen genes that may contribute to carcinogenesis of astrocytoma. BMC Cancer 4:65, 2004
203. Yu Y, Xu F, Peng H, Fang X, Zhao S, Li Y,et al. NOEY2 (ARHI), an imprinted putative tumor suppressor gene in ovarian and breast carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:214-219, 1999
204. Zakrzewska M, Szybka M, Biernat W, Papierz T, Rieske P, Liberski PP,et al. Prevalence of mutated TP53 on cDNA (but not on DNA template) in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with positive TP53 immunohistochemistry. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 193:93-97, 2009
205. Zhang JG, Kruse CA, Driggers L, Hoa N, Wisoff J, Allen JC,et al. Tumor antigen precursor protein profiles of adult and pediatric brain tumors identify potential targets for immunotherapy. J Neurooncol 88:65-76, 2008
206. Zhao S, Guan KL.: IDH1 mutant structures reveal a mechanism of dominant inhibition. Cell Res 20:1279-1281, 2010
207. Zhao S, Lin Y, Xu W, Jiang W, Zha Z, Wang P,et al. Gliomaderived mutations in IDH1 dominantly inhibit IDH1 catalytic activity and induce HIF-1alpha. Science 324:261-265, 2009
208. Zhou Q, Anderson DJ.: The bHLH transcription factors OLIG2 and OLIG1 couple neuronal and glial subtype specification. Cell 109:61-73, 2002
209. Zhu J, Zuo J, Xu Q, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhou D.: Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations may be a protective mechanism in glioma patients. Med Hypotheses 76:602-603, 2011