Pathology and molecular genetics of oligodendroglial tumors

Journal of Molecular Medicine

Volumn 82, Issue 10, 2004, Pages 638-655

  Hartmann, Christian ^a,b,c,d   Mueller, Wolf ^d   Von Deimling, Andreas ^c,d,e,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

^b Institute of Neuropathology   (Germany)

^c Neuropathology   (United States)

^d CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^f NONE

Author keywords

Oligoastrocytoma; Oligodendroglioma; Pathology; Proto oncogene; Tumor suppressor gene

Indexed keywords

EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; GROWTH FACTOR; LOMUSTINE; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROCARBAZINE; TEMOZOLOMIDE; VINCRISTINE;

ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA; ANAPLASTIC OLIGODENDROGLIOMA; ASTROCYTOMA; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GRADING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHROMOSOME 19Q; CHROMOSOME 1P; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CHROMOSOME LOSS; DNA MICROARRAY; HETEROZYGOSITY LOSS; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; NEUROMA; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OBSERVER VARIATION; OLIGODENDROGLIA; OLIGODENDROGLIA TUMOR; OLIGODENDROGLIOMA; ONCOGENE; PROTO ONCOGENE; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TUMOR CLASSIFICATION; TUMOR MODEL; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 7944235999     PISSN: 09462716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00109-004-0565-9     Document Type: Review

References (232)

1. Kleihues P, Cavenee WK (2000) Pathology and genetics of tumours of the nervous system, 2nd edn. IARC, Lyon
2. Bailey P, Cushing H (1926) A classification of tumors of the glioma group on a histogenetic basis with a correlation study of prognosis. Lippincott, Philadelphia
3. Bailey P, Bucy P (1929) Oligodendrogliomas of the brain. J Pathol Bacteriol 32:735-754
4. Smith MT, Ludwig CL, Godfrey AD, Armbrustmacher VW (1983) Grading of oligodendrogliomas. Cancer 52:2107-2114
5. Kros JM, Troost D, van Eden CG, van der Werf AJ, Uylings HB (1988) Oligodendroglioma. A comparison of two grading systems. Cancer 61:2251-2259
6. Shaw EG, Scheithauer BW, O'Fallon JR, Tazelaar HD, Davis DH (1992) Oligodendrogliomas: the Mayo Clinic experience. J Neurosurg 76:428-434
7. Mork SJ, Lindegaard KF, Halvorsen TB, Lehmann EH, Solgaard T, Hatlevoll R, Harvei S, Ganz J (1985) Oligodendroglioma: incidence and biological behavior in a defined population. J Neurosurg 63:881-889
8. Helseth A, Mork SJ (1989) Neoplasms of the central nervous system in Norway. III. Epidemiological characteristics of intracranial gliomas according to histology. APMIS 97:547-555
9. Zulch K (1986) Brain tumours. Their biology and pathology, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
10. Coons SW, Johnson PC, Scheithauer BW, Yates AJ, Pearl DK (1997) Improving diagnostic accuracy and interobserver concordance in the classification and grading of primary gliomas. Cancer 79:1381-1393
11. Ironside JW, Moss TH, Louis DN, Lowe JS, Well RO (2002) Diagnostic pathology of nervous system tumours. Churchill Livingstone, London
12. Winger MJ, Macdonald DR, Cairncross JG (1989) Supratentorial anaplastic gliomas in adults. The prognostic importance of extent of resection and prior low-grade glioma. J Neurosurg 71:487-493
13. Nijjar TS, Simpson WJ, Gadalla T, McCartney M (1993) Oligodendroglioma. The Princess Margaret Hospital experience (1958-1984). Cancer 71:4002-4006
14. Celli P, Nofrone I, Palma L, Cantore G, Fortuna A (1994) Cerebral oligodendroglioma: prognostic factors and life history. Neurosurgery 35:1018-1034
15. Ludwig CL, Smith MT, Godfrey AD, Armbrustmacher VW (1986) A clinicopathological study of 323 patients with oligodendrogliomas. Ann Neurol 19:15-21
16. Jaskolsky D, Zawirski M, Papierz W, Kotwica Z (1987) Mixed gliomas. Their clinical course and results of surgery. Zentralbl Neurochir 48:120-123
17. Huang CI, Chiou WH, Ho DM (1987) Oligodendroglioma occurring after radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:1619-1624
18. Perez-Diaz C, Cabello A, Lobato RD, Rivas JJ, Cabrera A (1985) Oligodendrogliomas arising in the scar of a brain contusion. Report of two surgically verified cases. Surg Neurol 24:581-586
19. Giordana MT, Mauro A, Soffietti R, Leone M (1981) Association between multiple sclerosis and oligodendroglioma. Case report. Ital J Neurol Sci 2:403-409
20. Kros JM, Lie ST, Stefanko SZ (1994) Familial occurrence of polymorphous oligodendroglioma. Neurosurgery 34:732-736
21. Ferraresi S, Servello D, De Lorenzi L, Allegranza A (1989) Familial frontal lobe oligodendroglioma. Case report. J Neurosurg Sci 33:317-318
22. Herbarth B, Meissner H, Westphal M, Wegner M (1998) Absence of polyomavirus JC in glial brain tumors and glioma-derived cell lines. Glia 22:415-420
23. Huang H, Reis R, Yonekawa Y, Lopes JM, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (1999) Identification in human brain tumors of DNA sequences specific for SV40 large T antigen. Brain Pathol 9:33-42
24. Druckrey H, Ivankovic S, Preussmann R, Landschutz C, Stekar J, Brunner U, Schagen B (1968) Transplacentar induction of neurogenic malignomas by 1:2-diethyl-hydrazine, azo-, and azoxy-ethane in rats. Experientia 24:561-562
25. Graham DI, Lantos PL (1997) Greenfield's neuropathology, 6th edn. Arnold, London
26. Tice H, Barnes PD, Goumnerova L, Scott RM, Tarbell NJ (1993) Pediatric and adolescent oligodendrogliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14:1293-1300
27. Lee YY, Van Tassel P (1989) Intracranial oligodendrogliomas: imaging findings in 35 untreated cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152:361-369
28. Chin HW, Hazel JJ, Kim TH, Webster JH (1980) Oligodendrogliomas. I. A clinical study of cerebral oligodendrogliomas. Cancer 45:1458-466
29. Hart MN, Petito CK, Earle KM (1974) Mixed gliomas. Cancer 33:134-140
30. Kim L, Hochberg FH, Thornton AF, Harsh GRt, Patel H, Finkelstein D, Louis DN (1996) Procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy for grade III and grade IV oligoastrocytomas. J Neurosurg 85:602-607
31. Mork SJ, Halvorsen TB, Lindegaard KF, Eide GE (1986) Oligodendroglioma. Histologic evaluation and prognosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 45:65-78
32. Tanaka J, Hokama Y, Nakamura H (1988) Myelin basic protein as a possible marker for oligodendroglioma. Acta Pathol Jpn 38:1297-303
33. Kashima T, Tiu SN, Merrill JE, Vinters HV, Dawson G, Campagnoni AT (1993) Expression of oligodendrocyte-associated genes in cell lines derived from human gliomas and neuroblastomas. Cancer Res 53:170-175
34. Monte SM de la (1989) Uniform lineage of oligodendrogliomas. Am J Pathol 135:529-540
35. Kennedy PG, Watkins BA, Thomas DG, Noble MD (1987) Antigenic expression by cells derived from human gliomas does not correlate with morphological classification. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 13:327-347
36. Perentes E, Rubinstein LJ (1987) Recent applications of immunoperoxidase histochemistry in human neuro-oncology. An update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:796-812
37. Lu QR, Park JK, Noll E, Chan JA, Alberta J, Yuk D, Alzamora MG, Louis DN, Stiles CD, Rowitch DH, Black PM (2001) Oligodendrocyte lineage genes (OLIG) as molecular markers for human glial brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:10851-1086
38. Marie Y, Sanson M, Mokhtari K, Leuraud P, Kujas M, Delattre JY, Poirier J, Zalc B, Hoang-Xuan K (2001) OLIG2 as a specific marker of oligodendroglial tumour cells. Lancet 358:298-300
39. Ohnishi A, Sawa H, Tsuda M, Sawamura Y, Itoh T, Iwasaki Y, Nagashima K (2003) Expression of the oligodendroglial lineage-associated markers Olig1 and Olig2 in different types of human gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:1052-1059
40. Landry CF, Verity MA, Cherman L, Kashima T, Black K, Yates A, Campagnoni AT (1997) Expression of oligodendrocytic mRNAs in glial tumors: changes associated with tumor grade and extent of neoplastic infiltration. Cancer Res 57:4098-4104
41. Shoshan Y, Nishiyama A, Chang A, Mork S, Barnett GH, Cowell JK, Trapp BD, Staugaitis SM (1999) Expression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell antigens by gliomas: implications for the histogenesis of brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:10361-10366
42. Whitton AC, Bloom HJ (1990) Low grade glioma of the cerebral hemispheres in adults: a retrospective analysis of 88 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 18:783-786
43. Puduvalli VK, Hashmi M, McAllister LD, Levin VA, Hess KR, Prados M, Jaeckle KA, Yung WK, Buys SS, Bruner JM, Townsend JJ, Davis R, Sawaya R, Kyritsis AP (2003) Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas: prognostic factors for tumor recurrence and survival. Oncology 65:259-266
44. Lindegaard KF, Mork SJ, Eide GE, Halvorsen TB, Hatlevoll R, Solgaard T, Dahl O, Ganz J (1987) Statistical analysis of clinicopathological features, radiotherapy, and survival in 170 cases of oligodendroglioma. J Neurosurg 67:224-230
45. Sun ZM, Genka S, Shitara N, Akanuma A, Takakura K (1988) Factors possibly influencing the prognosis of oligodendroglioma. Neurosurgery 22:886-891
46. Fortin D, Macdonald DR, Stitt L, Cairncross JG (2001) PCV for oligodendroglial tumors: in search of prognostic factors for response and survival. Can J Neurol Sci 28:215-223
47. Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR (1988) Successful chemotherapy for recurrent malignant oligodendroglioma. Ann Neurol 23:360-364
48. Levin VA, Edwards MS, Wright DC, Seager ML, Schimberg TP, Townsend JJ, Wilson CB (1980) Modified procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine (PCV 3) combination chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 64:237-244
49. Kyritsis AP, Yung WK, Bruner J, Gleason MJ, Levin VA (1993) The treatment of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas. Neurosurgery 32:365-370
50. Glass J, Hochberg FH, Gruber ML, Louis DN, Smith D, Rattner B (1992) The treatment of oligodendrogliomas and mixed oligodendroglioma-astrocytomas with PCV chemotherapy. J Neurosurg 76:741-745
51. Cairncross G, Macdonald D, Ludwin S, Lee D, Cascino T, Buckner J, Fulton D, Dropcho E, Stewart D, Schold C Jr et al. (1994) Chemotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma. National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 12:2013-2021
52. Fortin D, Cairncross GJ, Hammond RR (1999) Oligodendroglioma: an appraisal of recent data pertaining to diagnosis and treatment. Neurosurgery 45:1279-1291
53. Bent MJ van den, Taphoorn MJ, Brandes AA, Menten J, Stupp R, Frenay M, Chinot O, Kros JM, van der Rijt CC, Vecht CJ, Allgeier A, Gorlia T (2003) Phase II study of first-line chemotherapy with temozolomide in recurrent oligodendroglial tumors: the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor Group Study 26971. J Clin Oncol 21:2525-2528
54. Brada M, Viviers L, Abson C, Hines F, Britton J, Ashley S, Sardell S, Traish D, Gonsalves A, Wilkins P, Westbury C (2003) Phase II study of primary temozolomide chemotherapy in patients with WHO grade II gliomas. Ann Oncol 14:1715-1721
55. Chahlavi A, Kanner A, Peereboom D, Staugaitis SM, Elson P, Barnett G (2003) Impact of chromosome 1p status in response of oligodendroglioma to temozolomide: preliminary results. J Neurooncol 61:267-273
56. Peterson K, Paleologos N, Forsyth P, Macdonald DR, Cairncross JG (1996) Salvage chemotherapy for oligodendroglioma. J Neurosurg 85:597-601
57. Engelhard HH, Stelea A, Mundt A (2003) Oligodendroglioma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma: clinical features, treatment, and prognosis. Surg Neurol 60:443-456
58. Henderson KH, Shaw EG (2001) Randomized trials of radiation therapy in adult low-grade gliomas. Semin Radiat Oncol 11:145-151
59. Wallner KE, Gonzales M, Sheline GE (1988) Treatment of oligodendrogliomas with or without postoperative irradiation. J Neurosurg 68:684-688
60. Sheline GE (1977) Radiation therapy of brain tumors. Cancer 39:873-881
61. Allison RR, Schulsinger A, Vongtama V, Barry T, Shin KH (1997) Radiation and chemotherapy improve outcome in oligodendroglioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37:399-403
62. Macdonald DR (1994) Low-grade gliomas, mixed gliomas, and oligodendrogliomas. Semin Oncol 21:236-248
63. Leonardi MA, Lumenta CB (2001) Oligodendrogliomas in the CT/MR-era. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 143:1195-1203
64. Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Gruijicic D, Milicic B, Stojanovic M, Nikolic N, Dagovic A, Aleksandrovic J (1999) Combined treatment modality for anaplastic oligodendroglioma: a phase II study. J Neurooncol 43:179-185
65. Bullard DE, Rawlings CE, 3rd, Phillips B, Cox EB, Schold SC Jr, Burger P, Halperin EC (1987) Oligodendroglioma. An analysis of the value of radiation therapy. Cancer 60:2179-2188
66. Dehghani F, Schachenmayr W, Laun A, Korf HW (1998) Prognostic implication of histopathological, immunohistochemical and clinical features of oligodendrogliomas: a study of 89 cases. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 95:493-504
67. Kirby S, Macdonald D, Fisher B, Gaspar L, Cairncross G (1996) Pre-radiation chemotherapy for malignant glioma in adults. Can J Neurol Sci 23:123-127
68. Kros JM, Pieterman H, van Eden CG, Avezaat CJ (1994) Oligodendroglioma: the Rotterdam-Dijkzigt experience. Neurosurgery 34:959-966
69. Reedy DP, Bay JW, Hahn JF (1983) Role of radiation therapy in the treatment of cerebral oligodendroglioma: an analysis of 57 cases and a literature review. Neurosurgery 13:499-503
70. Westergaard L, Gjerris F, Klinken L (1997) Prognostic factors in oligodendrogliomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 139:600-605
71. Yeh SA, Lee TC, Chen HJ, Lui CC, Sun LM, Wang CJ, Huang EY (2002) Treatment outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with supratentorial low-grade oligodendroglioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54:1405-1409
72. Gannett DE, Wisbeck WM, Silbergeld DL, Berger MS (1994) The role of postoperative irradiation in the treatment of oligodendroglioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 30:567-573
73. Walker DG, Kaye AH (2001) Diagnosis and management of astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas: a review. Australas Radiol 45:472-482
74. Perry JR, Brown MT, Gockerman JP (1998) Acute leukemia following treatment of malignant glioma. J Neurooncol 40:39-46
75. Heegaard S, Sommer HM, Broholm H, Broendstrup O (1995) Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry of oligodendrogliomas with special reference to prognosis. Cancer 76:1809-1813
76. Olson JD, Riedel E, DeAngelis LM (2000) Long-term outcome of low-grade oligodendroglioma and mixed glioma. Neurology 54:1442-1448
77. Wharton SB, Hamilton FA, Chan WK, Chan KK, Anderson JR (1998) Proliferation and cell death in oligodendrogliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 24:21-28
78. Shimizu KT, Tran LM, Mark RJ, Selch MT (1993) Management of oligodendrogliomas. Radiology 186:569-572
79. Bent MJvan den, Kros JM, Heimans JJ, Pronk LC, van Groeningen CJ, Krouwer HG, Taphoorn MJ, Zonnenberg BA, Tijssen CC, Twijnstra A, Punt CJ, Boogerd W (1998) Response rate and prognostic factors of recurrent oligodendroglioma treated with procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine chemotherapy. Dutch Neuro-oncology Group. Neurology 51: 1140-1145
80. Cairncross JG, Ueki K, Zlatescu MC, Lisle DK, Finkelstein DM, Hammond RR, Silver JS, Stark PC, Macdonald DR, Ino Y, Ramsay DA, Louis DN (1998) Specific genetic predictors of chemotherapeutic response and survival in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:1473-1479
81. Davis FG, Freels S, Grutsch J, Barlas S, Brem S (1998) Survival rates in patients with primary malignant brain tumors stratified by patient age and tumor histological type: an analysis based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, 1973-1991. J Neurosurg 88:1-10
82. Smith JS, Perry A, Borell TJ, Lee HK, O'Fallon J, Hosek SM, Kimmel D, Yates A, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW, Jenkins RB (2000) Alterations of chromosome arms 1p and 19q as predictors of survival in oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, and mixed oligoastrocytomas. J Clin Oncol 18:636-645
83. Sasaki H, Zlatescu MC, Betensky RA, Johnk LB, Cutone AN, Cairncross JG, Louis DN (2002) Histopathological-molecular genetic correlations in referral pathologist-diagnosed low-grade "oligodendroglioma." J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:58-63
84. Buckner JC, Gesme D Jr, O'Fallon JR, Hammack JE, Stafford S, Brown PD, Hawkins R, Scheithauer BW, Erickson BJ, Levitt R, Shaw EG, Jenkins R (2003) Phase II trial of procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine as initial therapy for patients with low-grade oligodendroglioma or oligoastrocytoma: efficacy and associations with chromosomal abnormalities. J Clin Oncol 21:251-255
85. Bauman GS, Ino Y, Ueki K, Zlatescu MC, Fisher BJ, Macdonald DR, Stitt L, Louis DN, Cairncross JG (2000) Allelic loss of chromosome 1p and radiotherapy plus chemotherapy in patients with oligodendrogliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48:825-830
86. Ino Y, Betensky RA, Zlatescu MC, Sasaki H, Macdonald DR, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Ramsay DA, Cairncross JG, Louis DN (2001) Molecular subtypes of anaplastic oligodendroglioma: implications for patient management at diagnosis. Clin Cancer Res 7:839-845
87. Hashimoto N, Murakami M, Takahashi Y, Fujimoto M, Inazawa J, Mineura K (2003) Correlation between genetic alteration and long-term clinical outcome of patients with oligodendroglial tumors, with identification of a consistent region of deletion on chromosome arm 1p. Cancer 97:2254-2261
88. Thiessen B, Maguire JA, McNeil K, Huntsman D, Martin MA, Horsman D (2003) Loss of heterozygosity for loci on chromosome arms 1p and 10q in oligodendroglial tumors: relationship to outcome and chemosensitivity. J Neurooncol 64:271-278
89. Bent MJ van den, Looijenga LH, Langenberg K, Dinjens W, Graveland W, Uytdewilligen L, Sillevis Smitt PA, Jenkins RB, Kros JM (2003) Chromosomal anomalies in oligodendroglial tumors are correlated with clinical features. Cancer 97:1276-1284
90. Hoang-Xuan K, He J, Huguet S, Mokhtari K, Marie Y, Kujas M, Leuraud P, Capelle L, Delattre JY, Poirier J, Broet P, Sanson M (2001) Molecular heterogeneity of oligodendrogliomas suggests alternative pathways in tumor progression. Neurology 57:1278-1281
91. Sanson M, Leuraud P, Aguirre-Cruz L, He J, Marie Y, Cartalat-Carel S, Mokhtari K, Duffau H, Delattre JY, Hoang-Xuan K (2002) Analysis of loss of chromosome 10q, DMBT1 homozygous deletions, and PTEN mutations in oligodendrogliomas. J Neurosurg 97:1397-1401
92. Deimling A von, Kleihues P, Saremaslani P, Yasargil MG, Spoerri O, Sudhof TC, Wiestler OD (1991) Histogenesis and differentiation potential of central neurocytomas. Lab Invest 64:585-591
93. Deimling A von, Janzer R, Kleihues P, Wiestler OD (1990) Patterns of differentiation in central neurocytoma. An immunohistochemical study of eleven biopsies. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 79:473-479
94. Raff MC, Miller RH, Noble M (1983) A glial progenitor cell that develops in vitro into an astrocyte or an oligodendrocyte depending on culture medium. Nature 303:390-396
95. Scolding NJ, Rayner PJ, Sussman J, Shaw C, Compston DA (1995) A proliferative adult human oligodendrocyte progenitor. Neuroreport 6:441-445
96. Noble M, Wren D, Wolswijk G (1992) The O-2A (adult) progenitor cell: a glial stem cell of the adult central nervous system. Semin Cell Biol 3:413-422
97. Levine JM, Stincone F, Lee YS (1993) Development and differentiation of glial precursor cells in the rat cerebellum. Glia 7:307-721
98. Armstrong RC, Dorn HH, Kufta CV, Friedman E, Dubois-Dalcq ME (1992) Pre-oligodendrocytes from adult human CNS. J Neurosci 12:1538-1547
99. Prabhakar S, D'Souza S, Antel JP, McLaurin J, Schipper HM, Wang E (1995) Phenotypic and cell cycle properties of human oligodendrocytes in vitro. Brain Res 672:159-169
100. Scolding NJ, Rayner PJ, Compston DA (1999) Identification of A2B5-positive putative oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and A2B5-positive astrocytes in adult human white matter. Neuroscience 89:1-4
101. Milner R, Ffrench-Constant C (1994) A developmental analysis of oligodendroglial integrins in primary cells: changes in alpha v-associated beta subunits during differentiation. Development 120:3497-3506
102. Kettenmann H, Blankenfeld GV, Trotter J (1991) Physiological properties of oligodendrocytes during development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 633:64-77
103. Blankenfeld G Von, Ransom BR, Kettenmann H (1993) Development of cell-cell coupling among cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Glia 7:322-328
104. Pringle NP, Richardson WD (1993) A singularity of PDGF alpha-receptor expression in the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube may define the origin of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Development 117:525-533
105. Bansal R, Pfeiffer SE (1994) Inhibition of protein and lipid sulfation in oligodendrocytes blocks biological responses to FGF-2 and retards cytoarchitectural maturation, but not developmental lineage progression. Dev Biol 162:511-524
106. Ishii S, Volpe JJ (1992) Glycoprotein processing is required for completion but not initiation of oligodendroglial differentiation from its bipotential progenitor cell. Dev Neurosci 14:221-229
107. Bishop M, de la Monte SM (1989) Dual lineage of astrocytomas. Am J Pathol 135:517-527
108. Nishiyama A, Lin XH, Giese N, Heldin CH, Stallcup WB (1996) Co-localization of NG2 proteoglycan and PDGF alpha-receptor on O2A progenitor cells in the developing rat brain. J Neurosci Res 43:299-314
109. Nishiyama A, Yu M, Drazba JA, Tuohy VK (1997) Normal and reactive NG2+ glial cells are distinct from resting and activated microglia. J Neurosci Res 48:299-312
110. Reynolds R, Hardy R (1997) Oligodendroglial progenitors labeled with the O4 antibody persist in the adult rat cerebral cortex in vivo. J Neurosci Res 47:455-470
111. Trapp BD, Nishiyama A, Cheng D, Macklin W (1997) Differentiation and death of premyelinating oligodendrocytes in developing rodent brain. J Cell Biol 137:459-468
112. Dai C, Celestino JC, Okada Y, Louis DN, Fuller GN, Holland EC (2001) PDGF autocrine stimulation dedifferentiates cultured astrocytes and induces oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas from neural progenitors and astrocytes in vivo. Genes Dev 15:1913-1925
113. Holland EC, Li Y, Celestino J, Dai C, Schaefer L, Sawaya RA, Fuller GN (2000) Astrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas after gene transfer of polyoma virus middle T antigen in vivo. Am J Pathol 157:1031-1037
114. Weiss WA, Burns MJ, Hackett C, Aldape K, Hill JR, Kuriyama H, Kuriyama N, Milshteyn N, Roberts T, Wendland MF, DePinho R, Israel MA (2003) Genetic determinants of malignancy in a mouse model for oligodendroglioma. Cancer Res 63:1589-1595
115. Bello MJ, Vaquera J, de Campos JM, Kusak ME, Sarasa JL, Saez-Castresana J, Pestana A, Rey JA (1994) Molecular analysis of chromosome 1 abnormalities in human gliomas reveals frequent loss of 1p in oligodendroglial tumors. Int J Cancer 57:172-175
116. Bello MJ, Leone PE, Vaquera J, de Campos JM, Kusak ME, Sarasa JL, Pestana A, Rey JA (1995) Allelic loss at 1p and 19q frequently occurs in association and may represent early oncogenic events in oligodendroglial tumors. Int J Cancer 64:207-210
117. Kraus JA, Koopmann J, Kaskel P, Maintz D, Brandner S, Schramm J, Louis DN, Wiestler OD, von Deimling A (1995) Shared allelic losses on chromosomes 1p and 19q suggest a common origin of oligodendroglioma and oligoastrocytoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:91-95
118. Reifenberger J, Reifenberger G, Liu L, James CD, Wechsler W, Collins VP (1994) Molecular genetic analysis of oligodendroglial tumors shows preferential allelic deletions on 19q and 1p. Am J Pathol 145:1175-1190
119. von Deimling A, Louis DN, von Ammon K, Petersen I, Wiestler OD, Seizinger BR (1992) Evidence for a tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 19q associated with human astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and mixed gliomas. Cancer Res 52:4277-4279
120. Reifenberger G, Louis DN (2003) Oligodendroglioma: toward molecular definitions in diagnostic neuro-oncology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:111-126
121. Zlatescu MC, TehraniYazdi A, Sasaki H, Megyesi JF, Betensky RA, Louis DN, Cairncross JG (2001) Tumor location and growth pattern correlate with genetic signature in oligodendroglial neoplasms. Cancer Res 61:6713-6715
122. Mueller W, Hartmann C, Hoffmann A, Lanksch W, Kiwit J, Tonn J, Veelken J, Schramm J, Weller M, Wiestier OD, Louis DN, von Deimling A (2002) Genetic signature of oligoastrocytomas correlates with tumor location and denotes distinct molecular subsets. Am J Pathol 161:313-319
123. Knudson AG Jr (1971) Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 68:820-823
124. Iuchi T, Namba H, Iwadate Y, Shishikura T, Kageyama H, Nakamura Y, Ohira M, Yamaura A, Osato K, Sakiyama S, Nakagawara A (2002) Identification of the small interstitial deletion at chromosome band 1p34-p35 and its association with poor outcome in oligodendroglial tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 35:170-175
125. Zhu JJ, Santarius T, Wu X, Tsong J, Guha A, Wu JK, Hudson TJ, Black PM (1998) Screening for loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability in oligodendrogliomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21:207-216
126. Smith JS, Alderete B, Minn Y, Borell TJ, Perry A, Mohapatra G, Hosek SM, Kimmel D, O'Fallon J, Yates A, Feuerstein BG, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW, Jenkins RB (1999) Localization of common deletion regions on 1p and 19q in human gliomas and their association with histological subtype. Oncogene 18:4144-4152
127. Husemann K, Wolter M, Buschges R, Bostrom J, Sabel M, Reifenberger G (1999) Identification of two distinct deleted regions on the short arm of chromosome 1 and rare mutation of the CDKN2C gene from 1p32 in oligodendroglial tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58:1041-1050
128. Alonso ME, Bello MJ, Gonzalez-Gomez P, Lomas J, Arjona D, de Campos JM, Kusak ME, Sarasa JL, Isla A, Rey JA (2001) Mutation analysis of the p73 gene in nonastrocytic brain tumours. Br J Cancer 85:204-208
129. Mai M, Huang H, Reed C, Qian C, Smith JS, Alderete B, Jenkins R, Smith DI, Liu W (1998) Genomic organization and mutation analysis of p73 in oligodendrogliomas with chromosome 1 p-arm deletions. Genomics 51:359-363
130. Tsujimoto T, Mochizuchi S, Iwadate Y, Namba H, Nagai M, Kawamoto T, Sunahara M, Yamaura A, Nakagawara A, Sakiyama S, Tagawa M (2000) The p73 gene is not mutated in oligodendrogliomas which frequently have a deleted region at chromosome 1p36.3. Anticancer Res 20:2495-2497
131. Kroiss MM, Bosserhoff AK, Vogt T, Buettner R, Bogenrieder T, Landthaler M, Stolz W (1998) Loss of expression or mutations in the p73 tumour suppressor gene are not involved in the pathogenesis of malignant melanomas. Melanoma Res 8:504-509
132. Lomas J, Bello MJ, Arjona D, Gonzalez-Gomez P, Alonso ME, de Campos JM, Vaquero J, Ruiz-Barnes P, Sarasa JL, Casartelli C, Rey JA (2001) Analysis of p73 gene in meningiomas with deletion at 1p. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 129:88-91
133. Ichimiya S, Nimura Y, Kageyama H, Takada N, Sunahara M, Shishikura T, Nakamura Y, Sakiyama S, Seki N, Ohira M, Kaneko Y, McKeon F, Caput D, Nakagawara A (1999) p73 at chromosome 1p36.3 is lost in advanced stage neuroblastoma but its mutation is infrequent. Oncogene 18:1061-1066
134. Nomoto S, Haruki N, Kondo M, Konishi H, Takahashi T (1998) Search for mutations and examination of allelic expression imbalance of the p73 gene at 1p36.33 in human lung cancers. Cancer Res 58:1380-1383
135. Sunahara M, Ichimiya S, Nimura Y, Takada N, Sakiyama S, Sato Y, Todo S, Adachi W, Amano J, Nakagawara A (1998) Mutational analysis of the p73 gene localized at chromosome 1p36.3 in colorectal carcinomas. Int J Oncol 13:319-323
136. Shishikura T, Ichimiya S, Ozaki T, Nimura Y, Kageyama H, Nakamura Y, Sakiyama S, Miyauchi M, Yamamoto N, Suzuki M, Nakajima N, Nakagawara A (1999) Mutational analysis of the p73 gene in human breast cancers. Int J Cancer 84:321-325
137. Takahashi H, Ichimiya S, Nimura Y, Watanabe M, Furusato M, Wakui S, Yatani R, Aizawa S, Nakagawara A (1998) Mutation, allelotyping, and transcription analyses of the p73 gene in prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Res 58:2076-2077
138. Dong SM, Pang JC, Poon WS, Hu J, To KF, Chang AR, Ng HK (2001) Concurrent hypermethylation of multiple genes is associated with grade of oligodendroglial tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60:808-816
139. Dong S, Pang JC, Hu J, Zhou LF, Ng HK (2002) Transcriptional inactivation of TP73 expression in oligodendroglial tumors. Int J Cancer 98:370-375
140. Watanabe T, Huang H, Nakamura M, Wischhusen J, Weller M, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2002) Methylation of the p73 gene in gliomas. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 104:357-362
141. Matsuda M, Miyagawa K, Takahashi M, Fukuda T, Kataoka T, Asahara T, Inui H, Watatani M, Yasutomi M, Kamada N, Dohi K, Kamiya K (1999) Mutations in the RAD54 recombination gene in primary cancers. Oncogene 18:3427-3430
142. Bello MJ, de Campos JM, Vaquero J, Ruiz-Barnes P, Kusak ME, Sarasa JL, Rey JA (2000) hRAD54 gene and 1p high-resolution deletion-mapping analyses in oligodendrogliomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 116:142-147
143. He J, Hoang-Xuan K, Marie Y, Leuraud P, Mokhtari K, Kujas M, Delattre JY, Sanson M (2000) P18 tumor suppressor gene and progression of oligodendrogliomas to anaplasia. Neurology 55:867-869
144. Pohl U, Cairncross JG, Louis DN (1999) Homozygous deletions of the CDKN2C/p18INK4C gene on the short arm of chromosome 1 in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. Brain Pathol 9:639-643
145. Rosenberg JE, Lisle DK, Burwick JA, Ueki K, von Deimling A, Mohrenweiser HW, Louis DN (1996) Refined deletion mapping of the chromosome 19q glioma tumor suppressor gene to the D19S412-STD interval. Oncogene 13:2483-2485
146. Nakamura M, Yang F, Fujisawa H, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2000) Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 19 in secondary glioblastomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:539-543
147. Deimling A von, Bender B, Jahnke R, Waha A, Kraus J, Albrecht S, Wellenreuther R, Fassbender F, Nagel J, Menon AG et al. (1994) Loci associated with malignant progression in astrocytomas: a candidate on chromosome 19q. Cancer Res 54:1397-1401
148. Deimling A von, Nagel J, Bender B, Lenartz D, Schramm J, Louis DN, Wiestler OD (1994) Deletion mapping of chromosome 19 in human gliomas. Int J Cancer 57:676-680
149. Rubio MP, Correa KM, Ueki K, Mohrenweiser HW, Gusella JF, von Deimling A, Louis DN (1994) The putative glioma tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 19q maps between APOC2 and HRC. Cancer Res 54:4760-4763
150. Yong WH, Chou D, Ueki K, Harsh GRt, von Deimling A, Gusella JF, Mohrenweiser HW, Louis DN (1995) Chromosome 19q deletions in human gliomas overlap telomeric to D19S219 and may target a 425 kb region centromeric to D19S112. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:622-626
151. Smith JS, Tachibana I, Lee HK, Qian J, Pohl U, Mohrenweiser HW, Borell TJ, Hosek SM, Soderberg CL, von Deimling A, Perry A, Scheithauer BW, Louis DN, Jenkins RB (2000) Mapping of the chromosome 19 q-arm glioma tumor suppressor gene using fluorescence in situ hybridization and novel microsatellite markers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 29:16-25
152. Smith JS, Tachibana I, Pohl U, Lee HK, Thanarajasingam U, Portier BP, Ueki K, Ramaswamy S, Billings SJ, Mohrenweiser HW, Louis DN, Jenkins RB (2000) A transcript map of the chromosome 19q-arm glioma tumor suppressor region. Genomics 64:44-50
153. Pohl U, Smith JS, Tachibana I, Ueki K, Lee HK, Ramaswamy S, Wu Q, Mohrenweiser HW, Jenkins RB, Louis DN (2000) EHD2, EHD3, and EHD4 encode novel members of a highly conserved family of EH domain-containing proteins. Genomics 63:255-262
154. Hartmann C, Johnk L, Kitange G, Wu Y, Ashworth LK, Jenkins RB, Louis DN (2002) Transcript map of the 3.7-Mb D19S112-D19S246 candidate tumor suppressor region on the long arm of chromosome 19. Cancer Res 62:4100-4108
155. Chou D, Miyashita T, Mohrenweiser HW, Ueki K, Kastury K, Druck T, von Deimling A, Huebner K, Reed JC, Louis DN (1996) The BAX gene maps to the glioma candidate region at 19q13.3, but is not altered in human gliomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 88:136-140
156. Tikoo A, Czekay S, Viars C, White S, Heath JK, Arden K, Manila H (2000) p190-A, a human tumor suppressor gene, maps to the chromosomal region 19q13.3 that is reportedly deleted in some gliomas. Gene 257:23-31
157. Wolf RM, Draghi N, Liang X, Dai C, Uhrbom L, Eklof C, Westermark B, Holland EC, Resh MD (2003) p190RhoGAP can act to inhibit PDGF-induced gliomas in mice: a putative tumor suppressor encoded on human chromosome 19q13.3. Genes Dev 17:476-487
158. Gaozza E, Baker SJ, Vora RK, Reddy EP (1997) AATYK: a novel tyrosine kinase induced during growth arrest and apoptosis of myeloid cells. Oncogene 15:3127-3135
159. Raghunath M, Patti R, Bannerman P, Lee CM, Baker S, Sutton LN, Phillips PC, Damodar Reddy C (2000) A novel kinase, AATYK induces and promotes neuronal differentiation in a human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 77:151-162
160. Mukasa A, Ueki K, Matsumoto S, Tsutsumi S, Nishikawa R, Fujimaki T, Asai A, Kirino T, Aburatani H (2002) Distinction in gene expression profiles of oligodendrogliomas with and without allelic loss of 1p. Oncogene 21:3961-3968
161. Sanson M, Leuraud P, Marie Y, Delattre JY, Hoang-Xuan K (2002) Preferential loss of paternal 19q, but not 1p, alleles in oligodendrogliomas. Ann Neurol 52:105-107
162. Maegawa S, Yoshioka H, Itaba N, Kubota N, Nishihara S, Shirayoshi Y, Nanba E, Oshimura M (2001) Epigenetic silencing of PEG3 gene expression in human glioma cell lines. Mol Carcinog 31:1-9
163. Kohda T, Asai A, Kuroiwa Y, Kobayashi S, Aisaka K, Nagashima G, Yoshida MC, Kondo Y, Kagiyama N, Kirino T, Kaneko-Ishino T, Ishino F (2001) Tumour suppressor activity of human imprinted gene PEG3 in a glioma cell line. Genes Cells 6:237-247
164. Hartmann C, Mueller W, Lass U, Stockhammer F, von Eckardstein K, Veelken J, Jeuken J, Wick W, von Deimling A (2003) No preferential loss of paternal 19q alleles in oligodendroglial tumors. Ann Neurol 54:256-258
165. Schmidt MC, Antweiler S, Urban N, Mueller W, Kuklik A, Meyer-Puttlitz B, Wiestler OD, Louis DN, Fimmers R, von Deimling A (2002) Impact of genotype and morphology on the prognosis of glioblastoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:321-328
166. Kros JM, van Run PR, Alers JC, Beverloo HB, van den Bent MJ, Avezaat CJ, van Dekken H (1999) Genetic aberrations in oligodendroglial tumours: an analysis using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). J Pathol 188:282-288
167. Bigner SH, Matthews MR, Rasheed BK, Wiltshire RN, Friedman HS, Friedman AH, Stenzel TT, Dawes DM, McLendon RE, Bigner DD (1999) Molecular genetic aspects of oligodendrogliomas including analysis by comparative genomic hybridization. Am J Pathol 155:375-386
168. Weber RG, Sabel M, Reifenberger J, Sommer C, Oberstrass J, Reifenberger G, Kiessling M, Cremer T (1996) Characterization of genomic alterations associated with glioma progression by comparative genomic hybridization. Oncogene 13:983-9894
169. Alonso ME, Bello MJ, Arjona D, Gonzalez-Gomez P, Lomas J, de Campos JM, Kusak ME, Isla A, Rey JA (2002) Analysis of the NF2 gene in oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 134:1-5
170. Weber M, Stockhammer F, Schmitz U, von Deimling A (2001) Mutational analysis of INI1 in sporadic human brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 101:479-482
171. Ohgaki H, Eibl RH, Wiestler OD, Yasargil MG, Newcomb EW, Kleihues P (1991) p53 mutations in nonastrocytic human brain tumors. Cancer Res 51:6202-6205
172. Watanabe T, Nakamura M, Kros JM, Burkhard C, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2002) Phenotype versus genotype correlation in oligodendrogliomas and low-grade diffuse astrocytomas. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 103:267-275
173. Ueki K, Nishikawa R, Nakazato Y, Hirose T, Hirato J, Funada N, Fujimaki T, Hojo S, Kubo O, Ide T, Usui M, Ochiai C, Ito S, Takahashi H, Mukasa A, Asai A, Kirino T (2002) Correlation of histology and molecular genetic analysis of 1p, 19q, 10q, TP53, EGFR, CDK4, and CDKN2A in 91 astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors. Clin Cancer Res 8:196-201
174. Wolter M, Reifenberger J, Blaschke B, Ichimura K, Schmidt EE, Collins VP, Reifenberger G (2001) Oligodendroglial tumors frequently demonstrate hypermethylation of the CDKN2A (MTS1, p16INK4a), p14ARF, and CDKN2B (MTS2, p15INK4b) tumor suppressor genes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60:1170-1180
175. Burger PC, Minn AY, Smith JS, Borell TJ, Jedlicka AE, Huntley BK, Goldthwaite PT, Jenkins RB, Feuerstein BG (2001) Losses of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q in the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma. A study of paraffin-embedded sections. Mod Pathol 14:842-853
176. Jeuken JW, Sprenger SH, Wesseling P, Macville MV, von Deimling A, Teepen HL, van Overbeeke JJ, Boerman RH (1999) Identification of subgroups of high-grade oligodendroglial tumors by comparative genomic hybridization. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58:606-612
177. Deimling A von, Fimmers R, Schmidt MC, Bender B, Fassbender F, Nagel J, Jahnke R, Kaskel P, Duerr EM, Koopmann J, Maintz D, Steinbeck S, Wick W, Platten M, Muller DJ, Przkora R, Waha A, Blumcke B, Wellenreuther R, Meyer-Puttlitz B, Schmidt O, Mollenhauer J, Poustka A, Stangl AP, Lenartz D, von Ammon K (2000) Comprehensive allelotype and genetic anaysis of 466 human nervous system tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:544-558
178. Bortolotto S, Chiado-Piat L, Cavalla P, Bosone I, Chio A, Mauro A, Schiffer D (2000) CDKN2A/p16 inactivation in the prognosis of oligodendrogliomas. Int J Cancer 88:554-557
179. Watanabe T, Yokoo H, Yokoo M, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2001) Concurrent inactivation of RB1 and TP53 pathways in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60:1181-1189
180. Sherr CJ, Roberts JM (1999) CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression. Genes Dev 13:1501-1512
181. Ruas M, Peters G (1998) The p16INK4a/CDKN2A tumor suppressor and its relatives. Biochim Biophys Acta 1378: F115-F177
182. Sherr CJ, Weber JD (2000) The ARF/p53 pathway. Curr Opin Genet Dev 10:94-99
183. Ohgaki H, Eibl RH, Schwab M, Reichel MB, Mariani L, Gehring M, Petersen I, Holl T, Wiestler OD, Kleihues P (1993) Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in neoplasms of the human nervous system. Mol Carcinog 8:74-80
184. Maintz D, Fiedler K, Koopmann J, Rollbrocker B, Nechev S, Lenartz D, Stangl AP, Louis DN, Schramm J, Wiestler OD, von Deimling A (1997) Molecular genetic evidence for subtypes of oligoastrocytomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56: 1098-1104
185. Bissola L, Eoli M, Pollo B, Merciai BM, Silvani A, Salsano E, Maccagnano C, Bruzzone MG, Fuhrman Conti AM, Solero CL, Giombini S, Broggi G, Boiardi A, Finocchiaro G (2002) Association of chromosome 10 losses and negative prognosis in oligoastrocytomas. Ann Neurol 52:842-845
186. Jeuken JW, Sprenger SH, Vermeer H, Rappelle AC, Boerman RH, Wesseling P (2002) Chromosomal imbalances in primary oligodendroglial tumors and their recurrences: clues about malignant progression detected using comparative genomic hybridization. J Neurosurg 96:559-564
187. Duerr EM, Rollbrocker B, Hayashi Y, Peters N, Meyer-Puttlitz B, Louis DN, Schramm J, Wiestler OD, Parsons R, Eng C, von Deimling A (1998) PTEN mutations in gliomas and glioneuronal tumors. Oncogene 16:2259-2264
188. Jeuken JW, Nelen MR, Vermeer H, van Staveren WC, Kremer H, van Overbeeke JJ, Boerman RH (2000) PTEN mutation analysis in two genetic subtypes of high-grade oligodendroglial tumors. PTEN is only occasionally mutated in one of the two genetic subtypes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 119:42-47
189. Sasaki H, Zlatescu MC, Betensky RA, Ino Y, Cairncross JG, Louis DN (2001) PTEN is a target of chromosome 10q loss in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and PTEN alterations are associated with poor prognosis. Am J Pathol 159:359-367
190. Maier D, Comparone D, Taylor E, Zhang Z, Gratzl O, Van Meir EG, Scott RJ, Merlo A (1997) New deletion in low-grade oligodendroglioma at the glioblastoma suppressor locus on chromosome 10q25-26. Oncogene 15:997-1000
191. Alonso ME, Bello MJ, Gonzalez-Gomez P, Arjona D, Lomas J, de Campos JM, Isla A, Sarasa JL, Rey JA (2003) Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes in oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 144:134-142
192. Jones PA, Baylin SB (2002) The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 3:415-428
193. Watanabe T, Nakamura M, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2001) Promoter hypermethylation and homozygous deletion of the p14ARF and p16INK4a genes in oligodendrogliomas. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 101:185-189
194. Uhlmann K, Rohde K, Zeller C, Szymas J, Vogel S, Marczinek K, Thiel G, Nurnberg P, Laird PW (2003) Distinct methylation profiles of glioma subtypes. Int J Cancer 106:52-59
195. Hong C, Bollen AW, Costello JF (2003) The contribution of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to gene silencing in oligodendrogliomas. Cancer Res 63:7600-7605
196. Reifenberger J, Reifenberger G, Ichimura K, Schmidt EE, Wechsler W, Collins VP (1996) Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in oligodendroglial tumors. Am J Pathol 149:29-35
197. Reifenberger G, Prior R, Deckert M, Wechsler W (1989) Epidermal growth factor receptor expression and growth fraction in human tumours of the nervous system. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 414:147-155
198. Torp SH, Helseth E, Ryan L, Stolan S, Dalen A, Unsgaard G (1991) Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human gliomas. Anticancer Res 11:2095-2098
199. Broholm H, Bols B, Heegaard S, Braendstrup O (1999) Immunohistochemical investigation of p53 and EGFR expression of oligodendrogliomas. Clin Neuropathol 18:176-180
200. Diedrich U, Soja S, Behnke J, Zoll B (1991) Amplification of the c-erbB oncogene is associated with malignancy in primary tumours of neuroepithelial tissue. J Neurol 238:221-224
201. Ekstrand AJ, James CD, Cavenee WK, Seliger B, Pettersson RF, Collins VP (1991) Genes for epidermal growth factor receptor, transforming growth factor alpha, and epidermal growth factor and their expression in human gliomas in vivo. Cancer Res 51:2164-2172
202. Hawkins RA, Killen E, Whittle IR, Jack WJ, Chetty U, Prescott RJ (1991) Epidermal growth factor receptors in intracranial and breast tumours: their clinical significance. Br J Cancer 63:553-560
203. McLendon RE, Wikstrand CJ, Matthews MR, Al-Baradei R, Bigner SH, Bigner DD (2000) Glioma-associated antigen expression in oligodendroglial neoplasms. Tenascin and epidermal growth factor receptor. J Histochem Cytochem 48: 1103-1110
204. Schwechheimer K, Gass P, Berlet HH (1992) Expression of oligodendroglia and Schwann cell markers in human nervous system tumors. An immunomorphological study and western blot analysis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 83:283-291
205. Wong AJ, Zoltick PW, Moscatello DK (1994) The molecular biology and molecular genetics of astrocytic neoplasms. Semin Oncol 21:139-148
206. Heldin CH, Westermark B (1999) Mechanism of action and in vivo role of platelet-derived growth factor. Physiol Rev 79:1283-12316
207. Durand B, Raff M (2000) A cell-intrinsic timer that operates during oligodendrocyte development. Bioessays 22:64-71
208. Calver AR, Hall AC, Yu WP, Walsh FS, Heath JK, Betsholtz C, Richardson WD (1998) Oligodendrocyte population dynamics and the role of PDGF in vivo. Neuron 20:869-882
209. Yeh HJ, Ruit KG, Wang YX, Parks WC, Snider WD, Deuel TF (1991) PDGF A-chain gene is expressed by mammalian neurons during development and in maturity. Cell 64:209-216
210. Robinson S, Cohen M, Prayson R, Ransohoff RM, Tabrizi N, Miller RH (2001) Constitutive expression of growth-related oncogene and its receptor in oligodendrogliomas. Neurosurgery 48:864-873-
211. Di Rocco F, Carroll RS, Zhang J, Black PM (1998) Platelet-derived growth factor and its receptor expression in human oligodendrogliomas. Neurosurgery 42:341-346
212. Maxwell M, Naber SP, Wolfe HJ, Galanopoulos T, Hedley-Whyte ET, Black PM, Antoniades HN (1990) Coexpression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF-receptor genes by primary human astrocytomas may contribute to their development and maintenance. J Clin Invest 86:131-140
213. Hermanson M, Funa K, Hartman M, Claesson-Welsh L, Heldin CH, Westermark B, Nister M (1992) Platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors in human glioma tissue: expression of messenger RNA and protein suggests the presence of autocrine and paracrine loops. Cancer Res 52:3213-3219
214. Hermanson M, Funa K, Koopmann J, Maintz D, Waha A, Westermark B, Heldin CH, Wiestler OD, Louis DN, von Deimling A, Nister M (1996) Association of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 17p with high platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor expression in human malignant gliomas. Cancer Res 56:164-171
215. Fleming TP, Saxena A, Clark WC, Robertson JT, Oldfield EH, Aaronson SA, Ali IU (1992) Amplification and/or overexpression of platelet-derived growth factor receptors and epidermal growth factor receptor in human glial tumors. Cancer Res 52:4550-4553
216. Smith JS, Wang XY, Qian J, Hosek SM, Scheithauer BW, Jenkins RB, James CD (2000) Amplification of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-A (PDGFRA) gene occurs in oligodendrogliomas with grade IV anaplastic features. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:495-503
217. Uhrbom L, Hesselager G, Nister M, Westermark B (1998) Induction of brain tumors in mice using a recombinant platelet-derived growth factor B-chain retrovirus. Cancer Res 58:5275-5279
218. Uhrbom L, Hesselager G, Ostman A, Nister M, Westermark B (2000) Dependence of autocrine growth factor stimulation in platelet-derived growth factor-B-induced mouse brain tumor cells. Int J Cancer 85:398-406
219. McKinnon RD, Smith C, Behar T, Smith T, Dubois-Dalcq M (1993) Distinct effects of bFGF and PDGF on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Glia 7:245-254
220. McKinnon RD, Piras G, Ida JA Jr, Dubois-Dalcq M (1993) A role for TGF-beta in oligodendrocyte differentiation. J Cell Biol 121:1397-1407
221. McMorris FA, Mozell RL, Carson MJ, Shinar Y, Meyer RD, Marchetti N (1993) Regulation of oligodendrocyte development and central nervous system myelination by insulin-like growth factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 692:321-334
222. Riemenschneider MJ, Buschges R, Wolter M, Reifenberger J, Bostrom J, Kraus JA, Schlegel U, Reifenberger G (1999) Amplification and overexpression of the MDM 4 (MDMX) gene from 1q32 in a subset of malignant gliomas without TP53 mutation or MDM 2 amplification. Cancer Res 59: 6091-6096
223. Staunton JE, Slonim DK, Coller HA, Tamayo P, Angelo MJ, Park J, Scherf U, Lee JK, Reinhold WO, Weinstein JN, Mesirov JP, Lander ES, Golub TR (2001) Chemosensitivity prediction by transcriptional profiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:10787-10792
224. Ramaswamy S, Tamayo P, Rifkin R, Mukherjee S, Yeang CH, Angelo M, Ladd C, Reich M, Latulippe E, Mesirov JP, Poggio T, Gerald W, Loda M, Lander ES, Golub TR (2001) Multi-class cancer diagnosis using tumor gene expression signatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:15149-15154
225. Golub TR, Slonim DK, Tamayo P, Huard C, Gaasenbeek M, Mesirov JP, Coller H, Loh ML, Downing JR, Caligiuri MA, Bloomfield CD, Lander ES (1999) Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 286:531-537
226. Bhattacharjee A, Richards WG, Staunton J, Li C, Monti S, Vasa P, Ladd C, Beheshti J, Bueno R, Gillette M, Loda M, Weber G, Mark EJ, Lander ES, Wong W, Johnson BE, Golub TR, Sugarbaker DJ, Meyerson M (2001) Classification of human lung carcinomas by mRNA expression profiling reveals distinct adenocarcinoma subclasses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:13790-13795
227. Russo G, Zegar C, Giordano A (2003) Advantages and limitations of microarray technology in human cancer. Oncogene 22:6497-6507
228. Fuller GN, Hess KR, Rhee CH, Yung WK, Sawaya RA, Bruner JM, Zhang W (2002) Molecular classification of human diffuse gliomas by multidimensional scaling analysis of gene expression profiles parallels morphology-based classification, correlates with survival, and reveals clinically-relevant novel glioma subsets. Brain Pathol 12:108-116
229. Kim S, Dougherty ER, Shmulevich L, Hess KR, Hamilton SR, Trent JM, Fuller GN, Zhang W (2002) Identification of combination gene sets for glioma classification. Mol Cancer Ther 1:1229-1236
230. Watson MA, Perry A, Budhjara V, Hicks C, Shannon WD, Rich KM (2001) Gene expression profiling with oligonucleotide microarrays distinguishes World Health Organization grade of oligodendrogliomas. Cancer Res 61:1825-1829
231. Nutt CL, Mani DR, Betensky RA, Tamayo P, Cairncross JG, Ladd C, Pohl U, Hartmann C, McLaughlin ME, Batchelor TT, Black PM, von Deimling A, Pomeroy SL, Golub TR, Louis DN (2003) Gene expression-based classification of malignant gliomas correlates better with survival than histological classification. Cancer Res 63:1602-1607
232. Mora J, Cheung NK, Chen L, Qin J, Gerald W (2001) Loss of heterozygosity at 19q13.3 is associated with locally aggressive neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 7:1358-1361