Going outside the neighborhood: The shopping patterns and adaptations of disadvantaged consumers living in the lower eastside neighborhoods of Detroit, Michigan

Health and Place

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-14

  LeDoux, Timothy F ^a   Vojnovic, Igor ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Detroit; Disadvantaged consumer; Food desert; Food environment; Shopping patterns

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR; FOOD CONSUMPTION; GIS; HOUSEHOLD SURVEY; NEIGHBORHOOD; SHOPPING ACTIVITY; SPATIAL ANALYSIS;

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CONSUMER ATTITUDE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD PREFERENCE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; INCOME; MARKET; PHYSICAL MOBILITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; SHOPPING; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIAL STATUS; TRAVEL; TREND STUDY; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREA;

DETROIT; MICHIGAN; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84869215102     PISSN: 13538292     EISSN: 18732054     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.010     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Adu-Nyako, K., Okafor, R., 2011. Community Food Store Types Availability is Associated with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in North Carolina. Annual Southern Agricultural Economics Association Meeting, February 5-8, 2011, Corpus Christi, Texas.
2. Alexis M., Simon L.S. The food marketing commission and food prices by income groups. Journal of Farm Economics 1967, 49(2):436-446.
3. Alexis M., Simon L.S., Smith K. Some determinants of food buying behavior. Empirical Foundations of Marketing Research: Findings in the Behavioral and Applied Sciences 1969, 20-32. Markam Publishing Co., Chicago. M. Alexis, R.J. Holloway, R.S. Hancock (Eds.).
4. Algert S.J., Agrawal A., Lewis D.S. Disparities in access to fresh produce in low-income neighborhoods in Los Angeles. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006, 30:365-370.
5. Allen P. Together at the Table: Sustainability and Sustenance in the American Agrifood System 2004, The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.
6. Alwitt L., Donley T. Retail stores in poor urban neighborhoods. The Journal of Consumer Affairs 1997, 31:139-164.
7. An R., Sturm R. School and residential neighborhood food environment and diet among California youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2012, 42(2):129-135.
8. Andreyeva T., Blumenthal D.M., Schwartz M.B., Long M.L., Brownell K.D. Availability and prices of foods across stores and neighborhoods: the case of New Haven, Connecticut. Health Affairs 2008, 27:1381-1388.
9. Ard, J.D., Perumean-Chaney, S., Desmond, R.D., Sutton, B., Cox, T.L., Butsch, W.S., Allison, D.B., Franklin, F., Baskin, M.L., 2010. Fruit and Vegetable Pricing by Demographic Factors in the Birmingham, Alabama, Metropolitain area, 2004-2005. Preventing Chronic Disease 7.4. (accessed 01.10.10). http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/jul/09_0180.htm.
10. Baker, E.A., Schootman, M., Barnidge, E., Kelly, C., 2006. The Role of Race and Poverty in Access to Foods that Enable Individuals to Adhere to Dietary Guidelines. Preventing Chronic Disease 3.3. (accessed 05.03.08). http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2006/jul/05_217.htm.
11. Berry L.L., Solomon P.J. Generalizing about low-income food shoppers: a word of caution. Journal of Retailing 1971, 47(2):41-92.
12. Binkley J.K., Eales J., Jekanowski M. The relation between dietary change and rising U.S. obesity. International Journal of Obesity 2000, 24:1032-1039.
13. Block J.P., Scribner R.A., DeSalvo K.B. Fast food, race/ethnicity, and income: a geographic analysis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004, 27(3):211-217.
14. Block D., Kouba J. A comparison of the availability and affordability of a market basket in two communities in the Chicago area. Public Health Nutrition 2006, 9:837-845.
15. Bodor J.N., Rose D., Farley T.A., Swalm C., Scott S.K. Neighborhood fruit and vegetable availability and consumption: the role of small food stores in an urban environment. Public Health Nutrition 2008, 11(4):413-420.
16. Boone-Heinonen J., Gordon-Larsen P., Kiefe C.I., Shikany J.M., Lewis C.E., Popkin B.M. Fast food restaurants and food stores: longitudinal associations with diet in young to middle-aged adults: the CARDIA study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011, 171(13):1162-1170.
17. Bovell-Benjamin A.C., Hathorn C.S., Ibrahim S., Gichuhi P.N., Bromfield E.M. Healthy food choices and physical activity opportunities in two contrasting Alabama cities. Health and Place 2009, 15(2):429-438.
18. Bowman S.A., Vinyard B.T. Fast food consumption of U.S. adults: impact on energy and nutrient intakes and overweight status. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2004, 23:163-168.
19. Bromley R.D.F., Thomas C.J. Retail Change: Contemporary Issues 1993, UCL Press, London.
20. Bromley R.D.F., Thomas C.J. The retail revolution, the carless shopper and disadvantage. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 1993, 18:222-236.
21. Bromley R.D.F., Thomas C.J. Small town shopping decline: dependence and inconvenience for the disadvantaged. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 1995, 5:433-456.
22. Bromley R.D.F., Matthews D.L. Reducing consumer disadvantage: reassessing access in the retail environment. International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 2007, 17:483-501.
23. Brown A.F., Vargas R.B., Ang A., Pebley A.R. The neighborhood food resource environment and the health of residents with chronic conditions. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2008, 23:1137-1144.
24. Burton L.M., Price-Spratlen T., Spencer M.B. On ways of thinking about measuring neighborhoods: implications for studying context and developmental outcomes for children. Neighborhood Poverty: Context and Consequences for Children: Policy Implications in Studying Neighborhoods 1997, 132-144. Sage, New York. J. Brooks-Gunn, G.J. Duncan, J.L. Alber (Eds.).
25. Campbell I. Chi-squared and Fisher-Irwin tests of two-by-two tables with small sample recommendations. Statistics in Medicine 2007, 26:3661-3675.
26. Castner L., Henke J. Benefit Redemption Patterns in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 2011, United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria VA.
27. Cheadle A., Psaty B.M., Curry S., Wagner E., Diehr P., Koepsell T., Kristal A. Community-level comparisons between the grocery store environment and individual dietary practices. Preventive Medicine 1991, 20:250-261.
28. Christaller W. Central Places in Southern Germany 1933, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1966. C. Baskin (Ed.).
29. Chung C., Myers S.L. Do the poor pay more for food? An analysis of grocery store availability and food price disparities. The Journal of Consumer Affairs 1999, 33(2):276-296.
30. Clifton K.J. Mobility strategies and food shopping for low-income families. Journal of Planning Education and Research 2004, 23:402-413.
31. Cole N. Evaluation of the Expanded EBT Demonstration in Maryland: Patterns of Food Stamp and Cash Welfare Benefit Redemption. Report Submitted to U.S. Department of Agriculture 1997, Food and Nutrition Service by Abt Associates, Inc.
32. Cole N., Lee E. Analysis of EBT Redemption Patterns: Methods and Detailed Tables. United States Department of Agriculture 2005, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria VA.
33. Cotterill R.W., Franklin A.W. The urban grocery store gap. Food Marketing Policy Issue Paper, 8 1995, Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, Storrs, CT.
34. Curtis K., McClellan S. Falling through the safety net: poverty, food assistance and shopping constraints in an American city. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 1995, 24:93-135.
35. Darden J.T., Hill R.C., Thomas J., Thomas R. Detroit: Race and Uneven Development 1987, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
36. Dawson J.A. The suburbanization of retail activity. Suburban Growth: Geographical Processes at the Edge of the Western City 1974, 155-176. John Wiley & Sons, New York. J.H. Johnson (Ed.).
37. Dennis C., Marsland D., Cockett T. Central place practice: shopping centre attractiveness measures, hinterland boundaries and the UK retail hierarchy. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 2002, 9:185-199.
38. Detroit Economic Growth Corporation Public Detroit Grocers List 2011, Detroit, MI.
39. Drewnowski A., Aggarwal A., Vernez Moudon A. The supermarket gap: how to ensure equitable access to affordable, healthy foods. CPHN Public Health Research Brief 2010, 1-4.
40. Eckert R.D., Hilton G.W. The jitneys. Journal of Law and Economics 1972, 15(2):293-325.
41. Eisenhauer E. In poor health: supermarket redlining and urban nutrition. GeoJournal 2001, 53:125-133.
42. Engbers L.H., van Poppel M.N., Chin A Paw M.J., Mechelen W. Worksite health promotion programs with environmental changes: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005, 29:61-70.
43. Farley R., Danzinzer S., Holzer H. Detroit Divided 2000, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
44. Ford P.B., Dzewaltowski D.A. Limited supermarket availability is not associated with obesity risk among participants in the Kansas WIC program. Obesity 2010, 18:1944-1951.
45. Franco M., Roux A.V.D., Glass T.A., Caballero B., Brancati F.L. Neighborhood characteristics and availability of healthy foods in Baltimore. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008, 35:561-567.
46. Franco M., Diez-Roux A.V., Nettleton J.A., Lazo M., Brancati F., Caballero B., Glass T., Moore L.V. Availability of healthy foods and dietary patterns: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009, 89:897-904.
47. French S.A., Harnack L., Jeffery R.W. Fast food restaurant use among women in the pound of prevention study: dietary, behavioral and demographic correlates. International Journal of Obesity 2000, 24:1353-1359.
48. Galvez M.P., Morland K., Raines C., Kobil J., Siskind J., Godbold J., Brenner B. Race and food store availability in an inner-city neighbourhood. Public Health Nutrition 2007, 11(6):624-631.
49. Galves M.P., Hong L., Choi E., Liao L., Godbold J., Brenner B. Childhood obesity and neighborhood food-store availability in an inner-city community. Academic Pediatrics 2009, 9:339-343.
50. Giskes K., Van Lenthe F.J., Brug J., Mackenback J.P., Turrell G. Socioeconomic inequalities in food purchasing: The contribution of respondent-perceived and actual (objectively measured) price and availability of foods. Preventive Medicine 2007, 45:41-48.
51. Gittelsohn J., Franceschini M.C.T., Rasooly I.R., Ries A.V., Ho L.S., Pavlovich W., Santos V.T., Jennings S.M., Frick K.D. Understanding the food environment in a low-income urban setting: implications for food store interventions. Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition 2007, 2:33-50.
52. Glanz K., Sallis J.F., Saelens B.E., Frank L.D. Healthy nutrition environments: concepts and measures. American Journal of Health Promotion 2005, 19(5):330-333.
53. Glanz K., Sallis J.F., Saelens B.E., Frank L.D. Nutrition environment measures survey in stores (NEMS-S): development and evaluation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007, 32(4):282-289.
54. Goldman A. Confined shopping behavior among low income consumers: an empirical test. Journal of Marketing Research 1978, 15(1):11-19.
55. Goodman C.S. Do the poor pay more?. Journal of Marketing 1968, 32(1):18-24.
56. Gordon C., Purciel-Hill M., Ghai N.R., Kaufman L., Graham R., Van Wye G. Measuring food deserts in New York City's low-income neighborhoods. Health and Place 2011, 17(2):696-700.
57. Grossman A. Retailers head for exits in Detroit. Wall Street Journal 2009, A3.
58. Groves R.M., Couper M.P. Nonresponse in Household Interview Surveys 1998, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
59. Groves R.M., Dillman D.A, Eltinge J.L., Little R.J.A. Survey Nonresponse 2002, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
60. Guthrie J.F., Lin B.H., Frazao E. Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977-78 versus 1994-96: changes and consequences. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2002, 34:140-150.
61. Guy C. Classifications of retail stores and shopping centers: some methodological issues. GeoJournal 1998, 45:255-264.
62. Haines G.H., Simon L., Alexis M. An analysis of central city neighborhood food trading areas. Journal of Regional Science 1972, 12(1):95-105.
63. Hall B.F. Neighborhood differences in retail food stores: income versus race and age of population. Economic Geography 1983, 59:282-295.
64. Hargreaves, S., 2009. Hunger Hits Detroit's Middle Class. CNN. (accessed 13.08.09). http://money.cnn.com/2009/08/06/news/economy/detroit_food/.
65. Helling A., Sawicki D.S. Race and residential accessibility to shopping and services. Housing Policy Debate 2003, 14:69-101.
66. Hendrickson D., Smith C., Eikenberry N. Fruit and vegetable access in four low-income food deserts communities in Minnesota. Agriculture and Human Values 2006, 23:371-383.
67. Hillier A., Cannuscio C.C., Karpyn A., McLaughlin J., Chilton M., Glanz K. How far do low-income parents travel to shop for food? Empirical evidence from two urban neighborhoods. Urban Geography 2011, 32(5):712-729.
68. Horowitz C.R., Colson K.A., Hebert P.L., Lancaster K. Barriers to buying healthy foods for people with diabetes: evidence of environmental disparities. American Journal of Public Health 2004, 94:1549-1554.
69. Howard P.H., Fulfrost B. The density of retail food outlets in the central coast region of California: associations with income and Latino ethnic composition. Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition 2007, 2:3-18.
70. Howell D. Statistical Methods for Psychology 2012, Cengage Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont, CA. 8th edition.
71. Imrie R. Disability and discourses of mobility and movement. Environment and Planning A 2000, 32:1641-1656.
72. Inagami S., Cohen D.A., Finch B.K., Asch S.M. You are where you shop: grocery store locations, weight, and neighborhoods. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006, 31:10-17.
73. Izumi B.T., Zenk S.N., Schulz A.J., Mentz G.B., Wilson C. Associations between neighborhood availability and individual consumption of dark-green and orange vegetables among ethnically diverse adults in Detroit. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2011, 111:274-279.
74. Jago, R., Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J.C., Cullen, K.W., Thompson, D., 2007. Distance to food stores & adolescent male fruit and vegetable consumption: mediation effects. International Journal of Behavior Nutrition and Physical Activity 4(35) (accessed 12.04.08). http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/4/1/35.
75. Jeffery R., French S. Epidemic obesity in the United States: are fast foods and television viewing contribution?. American Journal of Public Health 1998, 88:277-280.
76. Jetter K., Cassady D. The availability and cost of healthier food alternatives. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006, 30(1):38-44.
77. Jones K., Simmons J. The Retail Environment 1990, Routledge, London.
78. Kirby R.F., Bhatt K.U., Kemp M.A., McGillivray R.G., Wohl M. Para-transit: Neglected Options for Urban Mobility 1974, The Urban Institute, Washington DC.
79. Kirkup M., De Kervenoael R., Hallsworth A., Clarke I., Jackson P., Perez del Aguila R. Inequalities in retail choice: exploring consumer experiences in suburban neighbourhoods. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management 2004, 32(11):511-522.
80. Kumar S., Quinn S.C., Kriska A.M., Thomas S.B. "Food is directed to the area": African Americans' perceptions of the neighborhood nutrition environment in Pittsburgh. Health and Place 2011, 17:370-378.
81. Lane S.D., Keefe R.H., Rubinstein R., Levandowski B.A., Webster N., Cibula D.A., Boahene A.K., Dele-Michael O., Carter D., Jones T., Wojtowycz M., Brill J. Structural violence, urban retail food markets, and low birth weight. Health and Place 2008, 14:415-423.
82. Laraia B., Siega-Riz A., Kaufman J., Jones S. Proximity of supermarkets is positively associated with diet quality index for pregnancy. Preventive Medicine 2004, 39:869-875.
83. Larson N., Story M., Nelson M. Neighborhood environments: disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009, 36(1):74-81.
84. Larson N., Story M. Are 'competitive foods' sold at school making our children fat?. Health Affairs 2010, 29(3):430-435.
85. Laska M.N., Hearst M.O., Forsyth A., Pasch K., Lytle L. Neighbourhood food environments: are they associated with adolescent dietary intake, food purchases and weight status?. Public Health Nutrition 2010, 13(11):1757-1763.
86. Lee H. The role of local food availability in explaining obesity risk among young school-aged children. Social Science and Medicine 2012, 74:1193-1203.
87. Lewis L.B., Sloane D.C., Nascimento L.M., Diamant A.L., Guinyard J.J., Yancey A.K., Flynn G., REACH Coalition of the African Americans Building A Legacy of Health Project, et al. African Americans' access to healthy food options in South Los Angeles restaurants. American Journal of Public Health 2005, 95(4):668-673.
88. Lisabeth L.D., Sánchez B.N., Escobar J., Hughes R., Meurer W.J., Zuniga B., Garcia N., Brown D.L., Morgenstern L.B. The food environment in an urban Mexican American community. Health and Place 2010, 16(3):598-605.
89. Liu G.C., Wilson J.S., Qi R., Ying J. Green neighborhoods, food retail and childhood overweight: differences by population density. American Journal of Health Promotion 2007, 21(4):317-325.
90. Longworth, R., January 7, 2011. Forget Urban Farms. We Need a Wal-Mart. Good Magazine. http://www.good.is/post/forget-urban-farms-we-need-a-wal-mart/.
91. Maddock J. The relationship between obesity and the prevalence of fast food restaurants: state-level analysis. American Journal of Health Promotion 2004, 19(2):137-143.
92. Michimi A., Wimberly M.C. Associations of supermarket accessibility with obesity and fruit and vegetable consumption in the conterminous United States. International Journal of Health Geographics 2010, 9:49.
93. Moore L.V., Roux A.V.D. Association of neighborhood characteristics with the location and type of food stores. American Journal of Public Health 2006, 96:325-331.
94. Moore L.V., Diez Roux A.V., Nettleton J.A., Jacobs D.R., Franco M. Fast food consumption, diet quality, and neighborhood exposure to fast food: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. American Journal of Epidemiology 2009, 170(1):29-36.
95. Morland K., Filomena S. Disparities in the availability of fruits and vegetables between racially segregated urban neighbourhoods. Public Health Nutrition 2007, 10:1481-1489.
96. Morland K., Filomena S. The utilization of local food environments by urban seniors. Preventive Medicine 2008, 47:289-293.
97. Morland K., Evenson K. Obesity prevalence and the local food environment. Health and Place 2009, 15:491-495.
98. Morland K., Wing S., Diez Roux A., Poole C. Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002, 22:23-29.
99. Morland K., Wing S., Diez Roux A. The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. American Journal of Public Health 2002, 92:1761-1767.
100. Morland K., Diez Roux A.V., Wing S. Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006, 30(4):333-339.
101. Morton L.W., Bitto E.A., Oakland M.J., Sand M. Solving the problems of Iowa food deserts: food insecurity and civic structure. Rural Sociology 2005, 70:94-112.
102. Muller P. Contemporary Suburban America 1981, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs.
103. Osypuk T.L., Acevedo-Garcia D. Beyond individual neighborhoods: a geography of opportunity perspective for understanding racial/ethnic health disparities. Health and Place 2010, 16:1113-1123.
104. Petrof J.V. Attitudes of the urban poor toward their neighborhood supermarkets. Journal of Retailing 1971, 47(1):3-17.
105. Pettinger C., Holdsworth M., Gerber M. 'All under one roof?' differences in food availability and shopping patterns in Southern France and Central England. European Journal of Public Health 2007, 18:109-114.
106. Piacentini M., Hibbert S., Al-Dajani H. Diversity in deprivation: exploring the grocery shopping behavior of disadvantaged consumers. International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 2001, 11:141-158.
107. Powell L.M., Slater S., Mirtcheva D., Bao Y., Chaloupka F.J. Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Preventive Medicine 2007, 44:189-195.
108. Powell L.M., Auld C., Chaloupka F.J., O'Malley P.M., Johnston L.D. Associations between access to food stores and adolescent body mass index. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007, 33:S301-S307.
109. Powell L.M., Chaloupka F.J., Bao Y. The availability of fast-food and full-service restaurants in the United States: associations with neighborhood characteristics. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007, 33(4):S240-S245.
110. Raja S., Ma C., Yadav P. Beyond food deserts: measuring and mapping racial disparities in neighborhood food environments. Journal of Planning Education and Research 2008, 27:469-482.
111. Rose D., Hutchinson P.L., Bodor J.N., Swalm C.M., Farley T.A., Cohen D.A., Rice J.C. Neighborhood food environments and body mass index: the importance of in-store contents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009, 37(3):214-219.
112. Rundle A., Neckerman K.M., Freeman L., Lovasi G.S., Purciel M., Quinn J., Richards C., Sircar N., Weiss C. Neighborhood food environment and walkability predict obesity in New York City. Environmental Health Perspectives 2009, 117(3):442-447.
113. Sallis J.F., Nader R., Rupp J.W., Atkins C.J., Wilson W.C. San Diego surveyed for heart-healthy foods and exercise facilities. Public Health Reports 1986, 101:216-219.
114. Sheldon, M., Gans, K.M., Tai, R., George, T., Lawson, E., Pearlman, D.N., 2010. Availability, Affordability, and Accessibility of a Healthful Diet in a Low-Income Community. Central Falls, Rhode Island, 2007-2008. Preventing Chronic Disease 7.2. (accessed 15.07.10). http://www.cdc.gov/ped/issues/2010/mar/08_0257.htm.
115. Shimotsu S.T., French S.A., Gerlach A.F., Hannah P.J. Worksite environment physical activity and healthy food choices: measurement of the worksite food and physical activity environment at four metropolitan bus garages. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2007, 4:17.
116. Short A., Guthman J., Raskin S. Food deserts, oases, or mirages? Small markets and community food security in the San Francisco Bay Area. Journal of Planning Education and Research 2007, 26:352-364.
117. Siegel J.S. Applied Demography: Applications to Business, Government, Law, and Public Policy 2002, Academic Press, San Diego.
118. Sloane D.C., Diamant A.L., Lewis L.B., Yancey A.K., Flynn G., Nascimento L.M., McCarthy W.J., Guinyward J.J., Cousineau M.R. Improving the nutritional resource environment for healthy living through community-based participatory research. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2003, 18:568-575.
119. Smith G.C. Shopping perceptions of the inner city elderly. Geoforum 1985, 16(3):319-331.
120. Smith G.C. Grocery shopping patterns of the ambulatory urban elderly. Environment and Behavior 1991, 23(1):86-114.
121. Smith D.M., Cummins S., Taylor M., Dawson J., Marshall D., Sparks L., Anderson A.S. Neighbourhood food environment and area deprivation: spatial accessibility to grocery stores selling fresh fruit and vegetables in urban and rural settings. International Journal of Epidemiology 2010, 39:277-284.
122. Sommer B.B., Sommer R. A Practical Guide to Behavioral Research: Tools and Techniques 1997, Oxford University Press, New York.
123. Sparks A., Bania N., Leete L. Finding food deserts: methodology and measurement of food access in Portland, Oregon. Understanding the Economic Concepts and Characteristics of Food Access 2009, National Poverty Center/United States Department of Agriculture-Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS), Washington DC.
124. Sugrue T. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit 2005, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
125. Teaford J.C. The Metropolitan Revolution 2006, Columbia University Press, New York.
126. Thomas J.M. Redevelopment and Race: Planning a Finer City in Postwar Detroit 1997, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
127. Timmermans H.J.P. Consumer spatial choice strategies: a comparative study of some alternative behavioural spatial shopping models. Geoforum 1980, 11(2):123-131.
128. Travers K.D. The social organization of nutritional inequities. Social Science and Medicine 1996, 43:543-553.
129. Treiman K., Freimuth V., Damron D., Lasswell A., Anliker J., Havas S., Langenberg P., Feldman R. Attitudes and behaviors related to fruits and vegetables among low-income women in the WIC program. Journal of Nutrition Education 1996, 28(3):149-156.
130. United States Census Bureau American Community Survey, 2006-2010 (5-year estimates) 2010, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
131. United States Census Bureau 2010 Redistricting File 2010, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
132. Vojnovic I. The transitional impacts of municipal consolidations. Journal of Urban Affairs 2000, 22:385-417.
133. Vojnovic I. Shaping metropolitan Toronto: a study of linear infrastructure subsidies. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2000, 27:197-230.
134. Vojnovic I. Building communities to promote physical activity: a multi-scale geographic analysis. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 2006, 88:67-90.
135. Vojnovic I., Jackson-Elmoore C., Holtrop J., Bruch S. The renewed interest in urban form and public health: promoting increased physical activity in Michigan. Cities 2006, 23:1-17.
136. Vojnovic I., Lee J., Kotval-K Z., Podagrosi A., Varnakovida P., LeDoux T., Messina J. The burdens of place: a socio-economic and ethnic/racial exploration into urban form, travel behavior, physical activity, and obesity in the Lansing Capital Region, Michigan. Journal of Urban Design 2012, 10.1080/13574809.2012.683403.
137. Wang M.C., Kim S., Gonzalez A.A., MacLeod K.E., Winkleby M.A. Socioeconomic and food-related physical characteristics of the neighbourhood environment are associated with body mass index. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2007, 61:491-498.
138. Wang M.C., MacLeod K.E., Steadman C., Wiliams L., Bowie S.L., Herd D., Luluquisen M., Woo M. Is the opening of a neighborhood full-service grocery store followed by a change in the food behavior of residents?. Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition 2007, 2:3-18.
139. Wang M.C., Cubbin C., Ahn D., Winkleby M.A. Changes in neighbourhood food store environment, food behaviour and body mass index, 1981-1990. Public Health Nutrition 2008, 11:963-970.
140. Whelan A., Wrigley N., Warm D., Cannings E. Life in a 'food desert'. Urban Studies 2002, 39:2083-2100.
141. Williams P., Hubbard P. Who is disadvantaged? retail change in social exclusion. International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 2001, 11:267-287.
142. Williams L., Ball K., Crawford D. Why do some socioeconomically disadvantaged women eat better than others? An investigation of the personal, social and environmental correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption. Appetite 2010, 55:441-446.
143. Woodliffe L. Rethinking consumer disadvantage: the importance of qualitative research. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management 2004, 32(11):523-531.
144. Woodliffe L. An empirical re-evaluation of consumer disadvantage. International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 2007, 17.1:1-21.
145. Wrigley N. Retail restructuring and retail analysis. Store choice, Store Location and Market Analysis 1988, 3-34. Routledge, London. N. Wrigley (Ed.).
146. Yang Y., Diez Roux A.V., Auchincloss A.H., Rodriquez D.A., Brown D.G. A spatial agent-based model for the simulation of adults' daily walking within a city. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011, 40(3):353-361.
147. Zenk S.N., Schulz A.J., Israel B.A., James S.A., Bao S., Wilson M.L. Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in metropolitan Detroit. American Journal of Public Health 2005, 95:660-667.
148. Zenk S.N., Schulz A.J., Israel B.A., James S.A., Bao S., Wilson M.L. Fruit and vegetable access differs by community racial composition and socioeconomic position in Detroit, Michigan. Ethnicity and Disease 2006, 16:275-280.
149. Zenk S.N., Lachance L.L., Schulz A.J., Mentz G., Kannan S., Ridella W. Neighborhood retail food environment and fruit and vegetable intake in a multiethnic urban population. American Journal of Health Promotion 2009, 23(4):255-264.
150. Zimowski M., Tourangeau R., Ghadialy R., Pedlow S. Nonresponse in Household Travel Surveys 1997, Prepared for Federal Highway Administration, NORC, Chicago.