Transcending the skin barrier to deliver peptides and proteins using active technologies

Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 265-298

  Singh, Neha ^a   Kalluri, Haripriya ^a   Herwadkar, Anushree ^a   Badkar, Advait ^b   Banga, Ajay K ^a  

^a MERCER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Pfzer Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Electroporation; Iontophoresis; Microneedles; Protein delivery; Sonophoresis

Indexed keywords

ARGIPRESSIN[DEGLYCINAMIDE]; ERYTHROPOIETIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; GONADORELIN; GROWTH HORMONE; INFLUENZA VACCINE; INSULIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; POLYGLUTAMIC ACID; POLYLYSINE; SERUM ALBUMIN;

DEPOLARIZATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG TRANSPORT; ELECTRIC CURRENT; ELECTRODE; ELECTROOSMOSIS; ELECTROPHORESIS; ELECTROPORATION; HUMAN; HYDROPHILICITY; IONIZATION; IONTOPHORESIS; LASER SURGERY; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; MICRONEEDLE; MICROPORATION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NONHUMAN; PH; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; RADIOFREQUENCY; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; REVIEW; SKIN; SONOPHORESIS; ULTRASOUND;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ANIMALS; CATHETER ABLATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; ELECTROPORATION; HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; IONTOPHORESIS; PEPTIDES; PROTEINS; SKIN; ULTRASONICS;

EID: 84862594845     PISSN: 07434863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v29.i4.10     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Daniels D. Refning protein drug formulation. Genet Eng Biotech News. 2008 September 15 2008:1.
2. Protein therapeutics worth $77bn by 2011, says RNCOS. 2009. Available from: www.in-harmatech-nologist.com. Accessed April 7, 2011.
3. Nayak AK. Advances in therapeutic protein production and delivery. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2010;2(2):1-5.
4. Barry BW. Novel mechanisms and devices to enable successful transdermal drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001 Sep;14(2):101-114.
5. Guy RH, Kalia YN, Delgado-Charro MB, Merino V, Lopez A, Marro D. Iontophoresis: electrorepul-sion and electroosmosis. J Control Release. 2000 Feb 14;64(1-3):129-132.
6. Elias PM. Epidermal barrier function: intercellular lamellar lipid structures, origin, composition and metabolism. J Control Release. 1991;15(3):199-208.
7. Lampe MA, Burlingame AL, Whitney J, Williams ML, Brown BE, Roitman E, Elias PM. Human stratum corneum lipids: characterization and regional variations. J Lipid Res. 1983 Feb;24(2):120-130.
8. Schuetz YB, Naik A, Guy RH, Kalia YN. Emerging strategies for the transdermal delivery of peptide and protein drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2005 May;2(3):533-548.
9. Choi MJ, Maibach HI. Liposomes and niosomes as topical drug delivery systems. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2005 Sep-Oct;18(5):209-219.
10. Jain S, Jain P, Umamaheshwari RB, Jain NK. Transfersomes-a novel vesicular carrier for enhanced transdermal delivery: development, characterization, and performance evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2003 Oct;29(9):1013-1026.
11. Russell-Jones G, Himes R. Water-in-oil microemulsions for effective transdermal delivery of proteins. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2011 Apr;8(4):537-546.
12. Benson HA, Namjoshi S. Proteins and peptides: strategies for delivery to and across the skin. J Pharm Sci. 2008 Sep;97(9):3591-3610.
13. Banga AK. Transdermal and intradermal delivery of therapeutic agents: application of physical technologies. London: Taylor and Francis, Inc.; 2011.
14. Gratieri T, Kalaria D, Kalia YN. Non-invasive iontophoretic delivery of peptides and proteins across the skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2011 May;8(5):645-663.
15. Tyle P. Iontophoretic devices for drug delivery. Pharm Res. 1986;3(6):318-326.
16. Pikal MJ. Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis. I. A theoretical model for the effect of electroos-motic fow on fux enhancement in transdermal iontophoresis. Pharm Res. 1990 Feb;7(2):118-126.
17. Lee RD, White HS, Scott ER. Visualization of iontophoretic transport paths in cultured and animal skin models. J Pharm Sci. 1996 Nov;85(11):1186-1190.
18. Cullander C, Guy RH. Visualization of iontophoretic pathways with confocal microscopy and the vibrating probe electrode. Solid State Ionics. 1992;53-56(1):197-206.
19. Craane-van Hinsberg WH, Verhoef JC, Bax LJ, Junginger HE, Bodde HE. Role of appendages in skin resistance and iontophoretic peptide fux: human versus snake skin. Pharm Res. 1995 Oct;12(10):1506-1512.
20. Green P. Iontophoretic delivery of peptide drugs. J Control Release. 1996;41:33-48.
21. Pikal MJ. The role of electroosmotic fow in transdermal iontophoresis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001 Mar 1;46(1-3):281-305.
22. Schuetz YB, Naik A, Guy RH, Vuaridel E, Kalia YN. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of triptore-lin in vitro. J Pharm Sci. 2005 Oct;94(10):2175-2182.
23. Mudry B, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Transport numbers in transdermal iontophoresis. Biophys J. 2006 Apr 15;90(8):2822-2830.
24. Stamatialis DF, Rolevink HH, Koops GH. Passive and iontophoretic controlled delivery of salmon calcitonin through artifcial membranes. Curr Drug Deliv. 2004 Apr;1(2):137-143.
25. Medi BM, Singh J. Electronically facilitated transdermal delivery of human parathyroid hormone (1-34). Int J Pharm. 2003 Sep 16;263(1-2):25-33.
26. Raiman J, Koljonen M, Huikko K, Kostiainen R, Hirvonen J. Delivery and stability of LHRH and Nafarelin in human skin: the effect of constant/pulsed iontophoresis. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Feb;21(2-3):371-377.
27. Pillai O, Borkute SD, Sivaprasad N, Panchagnula R. Transdermal iontophoresis of insulin. II. Phy-sicochemical considerations. Int J Pharm. 2003 Mar 26;254(2):271-280.
28. Pillai O, Nair V, Panchagnula R. Transdermal iontophoresis of insulin: I V. Infuence of chemical enhancers. Int J Pharm. 2004 Jan 9;269(1):109-120.
29. Ellensa H, Laib Z, Marcelloa J, Davisc CB, Chengd HY, Ohe CK, Okabeb K. Transdermal iontop-horetic delivery of [3H]GHRP in rats. Int J Pharm 1997;159(1):1-11.
30. Jadoul A, Hanchard C, Thysman S, Preat V. Quantifcation and localization of fentanyl and TRH delivered by iontophoresis in the skin. Int J Pharm. 1995;120(2):221-228.
31. Abla N, Naik A, Guy RH, Kalia YN. Contributions of electromigration and electroosmosis to pepti-de iontophoresis across intact and impaired skin. J Control Release. 2005 Nov 28;108(2-3):319-330.
32. Hirvonen J, Hueber F, Guy RH. Current profle regulates iontophoretic delivery of amino acids across the skin. J Control Release. 1995;37(3):239-249.
33. Li LH, Chien CW. Transdermal iontophoretic permeation of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone: characterization of electric parameters. J Control Release. 1996;40(3):187-198.
34. Kushner JT, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Experimental demonstration of the existence of highly permeable localized transport regions in low-frequency sonophoresis. J Pharm Sci. 2004 Nov;93(11):2733-2745.
35. Hirvonen J, Guy RH. Transdermal iontophoresis: modulation of electroosmosis by polypeptide. J Control Release. 1998 Jan 2;50(1-3):283-289.
36. Begoña DC, Bayón AMR, Guy RH. Iontophoresis of nafarelin: effects of current density and concentration on electrotransport in vitro. J Control Release. 1995;35(1):35-40.
37. Cazares-Delgadillo J, Naik A, Ganem-Rondero A, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Kalia YN. Transdermal delivery of cytochrome C--A 12.4 kDa protein-across intact skin by constant-current iontophoresis. Pharm Res. 2007 Jul;24(7):1360-1368.
38. Hirvonen J, Kalia YN, Guy RH. Transdermal delivery of peptides by iontophoresis. Nat Biotechnol. 1996 Dec;14(13):1710-1713.
39. Abla N, Naik A, Guy RH, Kalia YN. Effect of charge and molecular weight on transdermal peptide delivery by iontophoresis. Pharm Res. 2005 Dec;22(12):2069-2078.
40. Banga AK, Katakam M, Mitra R. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery and degradation of vasopressin across human cadaver skin. Int J Pharm. 1995;116(2):211-216.
41. Delgado-Charro MB, Guy RH. Iontophoretic delivery of nafarelin across the skin. Int J Pharm 1995;117(2):165-172.
42. Huang YY, Wu SM. Stability of peptides during iontophoretic transdermal delivery. Int J Pharm 1996;131(1):19-23.
43. Lattin GA, Padmanabhan RV, Phipps JB. Electronic control of iontophoretic drug delivery. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;618:450-464.
44. Riviere JE, Heit MC. Electrically-assisted transdermal drug delivery. Pharm Res. 1997 Jun;14(6):687-697.
45. Langkjaer L, Brange J, Grodsky GM, Guy RH. Iontophoresis of monomeric insulin analogues in vitro: effects of insulin charge and skin pretreatment. J Control Release. 1998 Jan 23;51(1):47-56.
46. Sage BHJ, Bock CR, Denuzzio JD, Hoke RA. Technological and developmental issues of iontopho-retic transport of peptide and protein drugs. In: Lee VHL, Hashida M, Mizushima Y, editor. Trends and future perspectives in peptide and protein drug delivery. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers; 1995. p. 111-134.
47. Marro D, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Characterization of the iontophoretic permselectivity properties of human and pig skin. J Control Release. 2001 Jan 29;70(1-2):213-217.
48. Denet AR, Vanbever R, Preat V. Skin electroporation for transdermal and topical delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004 Mar 27;56(5):659-674.
49. Weaver JC, Chizmadzhev YA. Theory of electroporation: a review. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg. 1996; 41(2):135-160.
50. Meyer BR, Kreis W, Eschbach J, O'Mara V, Rosen S, Sibalis D. Successful transdermal administration of therapeutic doses of a polypeptide to normal human volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1988 Dec;44(6):607-612.
51. Prausnitz MR, Bose VG, Langer R, Weaver JC. Electroporation of mammalian skin: a mechanism to enhance transdermal drug delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 15;90(22):10504-10508.
52. Pliquett U, Langer R, Weaver JC. Changes in the passive electrical properties of human stratum corneum due to electroporation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Nov 1;1239(2):111-121.
53. Pliquett U. Mechanistic studies of molecular transdermal transport due to skin electroporation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1999 Jan 4;35(1):41-60.
54. Pliquett UF, Gusbeth CA. Perturbation of human skin due to application of high voltage. Bioelec-trochemistry. 2000 Feb;51(1):41-51.
55. Pliquett UF, Zewert TE, Chen T, Langer R, Weaver JC. Imaging of fuorescent molecule and small ion transport through human stratum corneum during high voltage pulsing: localized transport regions are involved. Biophys Chem. 1996 Jan 16;58(1-2):185-204.
56. Gowrishankar TR, Pliquett U, Weaver JC. Changes in skin structure and electrical properties following high voltage exposure. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Oct 30;888:183-194.
57. Prausnitz MR, Gimm JA, Guy RH, Langer R, Weaver JC, Cullander C. Imaging regions of transport across human stratum corneum during high-voltage and low-voltage exposures. J Pharm Sci. 1996 Dec;85(12):1363-1370.
58. Chen T, Langer R, Weaver JC. Skin electroporation causes molecular transport across the stratum corneum through localized transport regions. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1998 Aug;3(2):159-165.
59. Pliquett U VR, Preat V, Weaver J. C. Local transport regions in human stratum corneum due to short and long high-voltage pulses. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg. 1998;47:151-161.
60. Reipa V, Gaigalasa A, Abramowitza S. Conformational alterations of bovine insulin adsorbed on a silver electrode. J Electroanal Chem. 1993;348(1-2):413-428.
61. Lombry C, Dujardin N, Preat V. Transdermal delivery of macromolecules using skin electroporation. Pharm Res. 2000 Jan;17(1):32-37.
62. Vanbever R, Pliquett UF, Preat V, Weaver JC. Comparison of the effects of short, high-voltage and long, medium-voltage pulses on skin electrical and transport properties. J Control Release. 1999 Jun 28;60(1):35-47.
63. Vanbever R, Lecouturier N, Preat V. Transdermal delivery of metoprolol by electroporation. Pharm Res. 1994 Nov;11(11):1657-1662.
64. Prausnitz M, Pliquett U, Langer R, Weaver JC. Rapid temporal control of transdermal drug delivery by electroporation. Pharm Res. 1994;11:1834-1837.
65. Vanbever R, Leroy MA, Preat V. Transdermal permeation of neutral molecules by skin electropora-tion. J Control Release. 1998 Aug 14;54(3):243-250.
66. Préat R, Va V. Factors affecting transdermal delivery of metoprolol by electroporation. Bioelectroch Bioener. 1995;38(1):223-228.
67. Tokumoto S, Higo N, Sugibayashi K. Effect of electroporation and pH on the iontophoretic transder-mal delivery of human insulin. Int J Pharm. 2006 Dec 1;326(1-2):13-19.
68. Polat BE, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Low-frequency sonophoresis: application to the transdermal delivery of macromolecules and hydrophilic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2010 Dec;7(12):1415-1432.
69. Smith NB, Lee S, Maione E, Roy RB, McElligott S, Shung KK. Ultrasound-mediated transdermal transport of insulin in vitro through human skin using novel transducer designs. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(2):311-317.
70. Ng KY, Liu Y. Therapeutic ultrasound: its application in drug delivery. Med Res Rev. 2002 Mar;22(2):204-223.
71. Lavon I, Kost J. Ultrasound and transdermal drug delivery. Drug Discov Today. 2004 Aug 1;9(15):670-676.
72. Merino G, Kalia YN, Delgado-Charro MB, Potts RO, Guy RH. Frequency and thermal effects on the enhancement of transdermal transport by sonophoresis. J Control Release. 2003 Feb 14;88(1):85-94.
73. Mitragotri S, Kost J. Low-frequency sonophoresis: a review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004 Mar 27;56(5):589-601.
74. Escobar-Chavez JJ, Bonilla-Martinez D, Villegas-Gonzalez MA, Rodriguez-Cruz IM, Dominguez-Delgado CL. The use of sonophoresis in the administration of drugs throughout the skin. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2009;12(1):88-115.
75. Mitragotri S, Edwards DA, Blankschtein D, Langer R. A mechanistic study of ultrasonically enhanced transdermal drug delivery. J Pharm Sci. 1995 Jun;84(6):697-706.
76. Tezel A, Sens A, Mitragotri S. Investigations of the role of cavitation in low-frequency sonophoresis using acoustic spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci. 2002 Feb;91(2):444-453.
77. Mitragotri S, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Ultrasound-mediated transdermal protein delivery. Science. 1995 Aug 11;269(5225):850-853.
78. Weimann LJ, Wu J. Transdermal delivery of poly-l-lysine by sonomacroporation. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2002 Sep;28(9):1173-1180.
79. Tezel A, Sens A, Tuchscherer J, Mitragotri S. Synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound and surfactants on skin permeability. J Pharm Sci. 2002 Jan;91(1):91-100.
80. Tezel A, Sens A, Tuchscherer J, Mitragotri S. Frequency dependence of sonophoresis. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1694-1700.
81. Ueda H, Mutoh M, Seki T, Kobayashi D, Morimoto Y. Acoustic cavitation as an enhancing mechanism of low-frequency sonophoresis for transdermal drug delivery. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009 May;32(5):916-920.
82. Mitragotri S, Farrell J, Tang H, Terahara T, Kost J, Langer R. Determination of threshold energy dose for ultrasound-induced transdermal drug transport. J Control Release. 2000 Jan 3;63(1-2):41-52.
83. Boucaud A, Garrigue MA, Machet L, Vaillant L, Patat F. Effect of sonication parameters on trans-dermal delivery of insulin to hairless rats. J Control Release. 2002 May 17;81(1-2):113-119.
84. Farinha A, Kellogg S, Dickinson K, Davison T. Skin impedance reduction for electrophysiology measurements using ultrasonic skin permeation: initial report and comparison to current methods. Biomed Instrum Technol. 2006 Jan-Feb;40(1):72-77.
85. Available from: http://www.richmarweb.com/. Accessed April 25, 2011.
86. Lee S, Newnham RE, Smith NB. Short ultrasound exposure times for noninvasive insulin delivery in rats using the lightweight cymbal array. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2004 Feb;51(2):176-180.
87. Smith NB, Lee S, Shung KK. Ultrasound-mediated transdermal in vivo transport of insulin with low-profle cymbal arrays. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 Aug;29(8):1205-1210.
88. Smith NB, Lee S, Maione E, Roy RB, McElligott S, Shung KK. Ultrasound-mediated transdermal transport of insulin in vitro through human skin using novel transducer designs. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 Feb;29(2):311-317.
89. Lee S, Nayak V, Dodds J, Pishko M, Smith NB. Glucose measurements with sensors and ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2005 Jul;31(7):971-977.
90. Lee WR, Shen SC, Wang KH, Hu CH, Fang JY. The effect of laser treatment on skin to enhance and control transdermal delivery of 5-fuorouracil. J Pharm Sci. 2002 Jul;91(7):1613-1626.
91. Banga AK. Microporation applications for enhancing drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2009 Apr;6(4):343-354.
92. Fang JY, Lee WR, Shen SC, Wang HY, Fang CL, Hu CH. Transdermal delivery of macromolecules by erbium:YAG laser. J Control Release. 2004 Nov 5;100(1):75-85.
93. Smith A, Eppstein J, Delcher H, McRae M, Woods T, Williams D, Hatch M. Transdermal insulin infusion through thermally created micropores in humans. Diabetes. 2001;50:A132.
94. Park JH, Lee JW, Kim YC, Prausnitz MR. The effect of heat on skin permeability. Int J Pharm. 2008 Jul 9;359(1-2):94-103.
95. Bramson J, Dayball K, Evelegh C, Wan YH, Page D, Smith A. Enabling topical immunization via microporation: a novel method for pain-free and needle-free delivery of adenovirus-based vaccines. Gene Ther. 2003 Feb;10(3):251-260.
96. Arora A, Prausnitz MR, Mitragotri S. Micro-scale devices for transdermal drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2008 Dec 8;364(2):227-236.
97. Badkar AV, Smith AM, Eppstein JA, Banga AK. Transdermal delivery of interferon alpha-2B using microporation and iontophoresis in hairless rats. Pharm Res. 2007 Jul;24(7):1389-1395.
98. Goldberg SN. Radiofrequency tumor ablation: principles and techniques. Eur J Ultrasound. 2001 Jun;13(2):129-147.
99. Levin G, Kornfeld J. Rf- microchannel based transdermal drug delivery. Innovations in pharmaceutical technology. 2008;27:66-68.
100. Levin G, Gershonowitz A, Sacks H, Stern M, Sherman A, Rudaev S, Zivin I, Phillip M. Transdermal delivery of human growth hormone through RF-microchannels. Pharm Res. 2005 Apr;22(4):550-555.
101. Sintov AC, Krymberk I, Daniel D, Hannan T, Sohn Z, Levin G. Radiofrequency-driven skin mi-crochanneling as a new way for electrically assisted transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs. J Control Release. 2003 Apr 29;89(2):311-320.
102. Henry S, McAllister DV, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. Microfabricated microneedles: a novel approach to transdermal drug delivery. J Pharm Sci. 1998 Aug;87(8):922-925.
103. Kaushik S, Hord AH, Denson DD, McAllister DV, Smitra S, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. Lack of pain associated with microfabricated microneedles. Anesth Analg. 2001 Feb;92(2):502-504.
104. Kolli CS, Banga AK. Characterization of solid maltose microneedles and their use for transdermal delivery. Pharm Res. 2008 Jan;25(1):104-113.
105. Wang Y, Thakur R, Fan Q, Michniak B. Transdermal iontophoresis: combination strategies to improve transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005 Jul;60(2):179-191.
106. Banks SL, Pinninti RR, Gill HS, Crooks PA, Prausnitz MR, Stinchcomb AL. Flux across [corrected] microneedle-treated skin is increased by increasing charge of naltrexone and naltrexol in vitro. Pharm Res. 2008 Jul;25(7):1677-1685.
107. Prausnitz MR. Microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004 Mar 27;56(5):581-587.
108. Ito Y, Yoshimitsu J, Shiroyama K, Sugioka N, Takada K. Self-dissolving microneedles for the percutaneous absorption of EPO in mice. J Drug Target. 2006 Jun;14(5):255-261.
109. Li G, Badkar A, Nema S, Kolli CS, Banga AK. In vitro transdermal delivery of therapeutic antibodies using maltose microneedles. Int J Pharm. 2009 Feb 23;368(1-2):109-115.
110. Widera G, Johnson J, Kim L, Libiran L, Nyam K, Daddona PE, Cormier M. Effect of delivery parameters on immunization to ovalbumin following intracutaneous administration by a coated mi-croneedle array patch system. Vaccine. 2006 Mar 6;24(10):1653-1664.
111. Daddona PE, Matriano JA, Mandema J, Maa YF. Parathyroid hormone (1-34)-coated microneed-le patch system: clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for treatment of osteoporosis. Pharm Res. Jan;28(1):159-165.
112. Teo MA, Shearwood C, Ng KC, Lu J, Moochhala S. In vitro and in vivo characterization of MEMS microneedles. Biomed Microdevices. 2005 Mar;7(1):47-52.
113. Ito Y, Hagiwara E, Saeki A, Sugioka N, Takada K. Feasibility of microneedles for percutaneous absorption of insulin. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006 Sep;29(1):82-88.
114. Martanto W, Davis SP, Holiday NR, Wang J, Gill HS, Prausnitz MR. Transdermal delivery of insulin using microneedles in vivo. Pharm Res. 2004 Jun;21(6):947-952.
115. Cormier M, Johnson B, Ameri M, Nyam K, Libiran L, Zhang DD, Daddona P. Transdermal delivery of desmopressin using a coated microneedle array patch system. J Control Release. 2004 Jul 7;97(3):503-511.
116. Cosman F, Lane NE, Bolognese MA, Zanchetta JR, Garcia-Hernandez PA, Sees K, Matriano JA, Gaumer K, Daddona PE. Effect of transdermal teriparatide administration on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jan;95(1):151-158.
117. Ashraf MW, Tayyaba S, Nisar A, Afzulpurkar N, Bodhale DW, Lomas T, Poyai A, Tuantranont A. Design, fabrication and analysis of silicon hollow microneedles for transdermal drug delivery system for treatment of hemodynamic dysfunctions. Cardiovasc Eng. 2010;10(3):91-108.
118. Han JGE, Gardeniers RL, Erwin JW, Berenschot MJB, Shuki Y, Meir H, Oever R, Berg van den A. Silicon micromachined hollow microneedles for transdermal liquid transport. J Microelectromech S. 2003;12(6):855-862.
119. Al-Qallaf B, Das D. Optimization of square microneedle arrays for increasing drug permeability in skin. Chem Eng Sci. 2008;63:2523-2535.
120. E. V. Mukerjee, R. R. Isseroffc and R. L. Smitha. Microneedle array for transdermal biological fuid extraction and in situ analysis. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 2004;114(2-3):267-275.
121. Razzacki SZ, Thwar PK, Yang M, Ugaz VM, Burns MA. Integrated microsystems for controlled drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004 Feb 10;56(2):185-198.
122. Matteuccia M, Casellab M, Bedonib M, Donettic E, Fanettid M, De Angelise F, Gramaticab, Di Fabrizioe E. A compact and disposable transdermal drug delivery system. Microelectron Eng. 2008;85(5-6):1066-1073.
123. Lee JW, Park JH, Prausnitz MR. Dissolving microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. Biomateri-als. 2008 May;29(13):2113-2124.
124. Martanto W, Moore JS, Couse T, Prausnitz MR. Mechanism of fuid infusion during microneedle insertion and retraction. J Control Release. 2006 May 30;112(3):357-361.
125. Chu LY, Prausnitz MR. Separable arrowhead microneedles. J Control Release. 2011 Feb 10;149(3):242-249.
126. McAllister DV, Wang PM, Davis SP, Park JH, Canatella PJ, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. Microfabrica-ted needles for transdermal delivery of macromolecules and nanoparticles: fabrication methods and transport studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 25;100(24):13755-13760.
127. Miyano T, Tobinaga Y, Kanno T, Matsuzaki Y, Takeda H, Wakui M, Hanada K. Sugar micro needles as transdermic drug delivery system. Biomed Microdevices. 2005 Sep;7(3):185-188.
128. Martanto W, Moore JS, Kashlan O, Kamath R, Wang PM, O'Neal JM, Prausnitz MR. Microinfusion using hollow microneedles. Pharm Res. 2006 Jan;23(1):104-113.
129. Sammoura F, Kang JJ, Heo YM, Jung TS, Lin L. Polymeric microneedle fabrication using a micro-injection molding technique. Microsys Technol. 2007;13(5-6):517-522.
130. Park JH, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. Biodegradable polymer microneedles: fabrication, mechanics and transdermal drug delivery. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2004;4:2654-2657.
131. Park JH, Davis S, Yoon YK, Prausnitz MR, Allen MG. Micromachined biodegradable microstructu-res. In: The 16th Annual International Conference on Micro ElectroMechanical Systems, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ. 2003:371-374.
132. Park JH, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. Polymer microneedles for controlled-release drug delivery. Pharm Res. 2006 May;23(5):1008-1019.
133. Roxhed N, Griss P, Stemme G. Membrane-sealed hollow microneedles and related administration schemes for transdermal drug delivery. Biomed Microdevices. 2008 Apr;10(2):271-279.
134. Gill HS, Prausnitz MR. Coated microneedles for transdermal delivery. J Control Release. 2007 Feb 12;117(2):227-237.
135. Alvarez-Roman R, Naik A, Kalia YN, Fessi H, Guy RH. Visualization of skin penetration using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2004 Sep;58(2):301-316.
136. Li G, Badkar A, Kalluri H, Banga AK. Microchannels created by sugar and metal microneed-les: characterization by microscopy, macromolecular fux and other techniques. J Pharm Sci. Apr;99(4):1931-1941.
137. Li G, Badkar A, Nema S, Kolli CS, Banga AK. In vitro transdermal delivery of therapeutic antibodies using maltose microneedles. Int J Pharm. 2009 Feb 23;368(1-2):109-115.
138. Kalluri H, Banga AK. Formation and closure of microchannels in skin following microporation. Pharm Res. Jan;28(1):82-94.
139. Davis SP, Landis BJ, Adams ZH, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. Insertion of microneedles into skin: measurement and prediction of insertion force and needle fracture force. J Biomech. 2004 Aug;37(8):1155-1163.
140. Milewski M, Brogden NK, Stinchcomb AL. Current aspects of formulation efforts and pore lifetime related to microneedle treatment of skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. May;7(5):617-629.
141. Badran MM, Kuntsche J, Fahr A. Skin penetration enhancement by a microneedle device (Derma-roller) in vitro: dependency on needle size and applied formulation. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2009 Mar 2;36(4-5):511-523.
142. Haq MI, Smith E, John DN, Kalavala M, Edwards C, Anstey A, Morrissey A, Birchall JC. Clinical administration of microneedles: skin puncture, pain and sensation. Biomed Microdevices. 2009 Feb;11(1):35-47.
143. Smyth HD, Becket G, Mehta S. Effect of permeation enhancer pretreatment on the iontophoresis of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) through human epidermal membrane (HEM). J Pharm Sci. 2002 May;91(5):1296-1307.
144. Kuljit S., Bhatiaa S, Ga JS, A Effect of penetration enhancers and iontophoresis on the FT-IR spectros-copy and LHRH permeability through porcine skin. J Control Release. 1997;47(1):81.
145. Pliquett UF, Gusbeth CA, Weaver JC. Non-linearity of molecular transport through human skin due to electric stimulus. J Control Release. 2000 Sep 3;68(3):373-386.
146. Bommannan DB, Tamada J, Leung L, Potts RO. Effect of electroporation on transdermal iontop-horetic delivery of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in vitro. Pharm Res. 1994 Dec;11(12):1809-1814.
147. Chang SL, Hofmann GA, Zhang L, Deftos LJ, Banga AK. The effect of electroporation on iontop-horetic transdermal delivery of calcium regulating hormones. J Control Release. 2000 May 15;66(2- 3):127-133.
148. Lin W, Cormier M, Samiee A, Griffn A, Johnson B, Teng CL, Hardee GE, Daddona PE. Trans-dermal delivery of antisense oligonucleotides with microprojection patch (Macrofux) technology. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1789-1793.
149. Wu XM, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Enhancement of skin permeation of high molecular compounds by a combination of microneedle pretreatment and iontophoresis. J Control Release. 2007 Apr 2;118(2):189-195.
150. Katikaneni S, Badkar A, Nema S, Banga AK. Molecular charge mediated transport of a 13 kD protein across microporated skin. Int J Pharm. 2009 Aug 13;378(1-2):93-100.
151. Chen H, Zhu H, Zheng J, Mou D, Wan J, Zhang J, Shi T, Zhao Y, Xu H, Yang X. Iontophoresis-driven penetration of nanovesicles through microneedle-induced skin microchannels for enhancing transdermal delivery of insulin. J Control Release. 2009 Oct 1;139(1):63-72.