The role of electroosmotic flow in transdermal iontophoresis

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 46, Issue 1-3, 2001, Pages 281-305

  Pikal, Michael J ^a  

^a ELI LILLY AND COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Electroosmosis; Electroosmotic flow; Iontophoresis; Permselectivity; Transdermal drug delivery

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; HAIRLESS MOUSE; HUMAN; INTRADERMAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; IONTOPHORESIS; MOUSE; OSMOSIS; PERMEABILITY; REVIEW; THERMODYNAMICS;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ANIMALS; HUMANS; IONTOPHORESIS; MICE; MICE, INBRED HRS; OSMOSIS; PERMEABILITY; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 0035289973     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00138-1     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. L. Gangarosa, N. Park, C. Wiggins, J. Hill, Increased penetration of non-electrolytes into mouse skin during iontophoretic water transport (iontohydrokinesis), J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 212 (1980) 377-381.
2. R. Burnette, D. Marrero, Comparison between the iontophoretic and passive transport of thyrotropin releasing hormone across excised nude mouse skin, J. Pharm. Sci. 75 (1986) 738-743.
3. R. Burnette, B. Ongpipattanakul, Characterization of the permselective properties of excised human skin during iontophoresis, J. Pharm. Sci. 76 (1987) 765-773.
4. H. Rein, Experimental studies on electroosmosis in surviving human skin, Z. Biol. 81 (1924) 125-140.
5. M.J. Pikal, S. Shah, Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis. II. Electroosmotic flow and transference number measurements for hairless mouse skin, Pharm. Res. 7 (1990) 213-221.
6. D.G. Miller, Thermodynamics of irreversible processes: the experimental verification of the Onsager reciprocal relations, Chem. Rev. 60 (1960) 15-37.
7. N. Lakshminarayanaiah, Transport phenomena in artificial membranes, Chem. Rev. 65 (1965) 491-565.
8. Y. Kobatake, M. Yuasa, H. Fujita, Studies of membrane phenomena. VI. Further study on volume flow, J. Phys. Chem. 72 (1968) 1752-1757.
9. R.P. Rastogi, M.L. Srivastava, S.N. Singh, Cross-phenomenological coefficients. XIII. Electroosmotic transport in membranes, J. Phys. Chem. 74 (1970) 2960-2965.
10. D. Fitts, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962.
11. J. Garrido, V. Compan, On the volume flow in non-equilibrium membrane systems, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 63 (1990) 2454-2455.
12. J. Padova, Ion-solvent interactions. II. Partial molar volume and electrostriction: a thermodynamic approach, J. Chem. Phys. 39 (1963) 1552-1557.
13. A.W. Adamson, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 2nd Edition, Interscience, New York, 1967.
14. M.J. Pikal, Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis. I. A theoretical model for the effect of electroosmotic flow on flux enhancement in transdermal iontophoresis, Pharm. Res. 7 (1990) 118-126.
15. G.S. Manning, Model for electroosmosis in fixed charge systems, J. Chem. Phys. 46 (1967) 4976-4980.
16. D. Hildreth, Electrokinetic flow in fine capillary channels, J. Phys. Chem. 74 (1970) 2006-2015.
17. E. González-Tovar, M. Lozada-Gassou, W. Olivares, Electrokinetic flow in ultrafine slits: ionic size effects, J. Chem. Phys. 94 (1991) 2219-2231.
18. M. Lozada-Cassou, E. Diaz-Herrera, Three point extension for hypernetted chain and other integral equation theories: numerical results, J. Chem. Phys. 92 (1990) 1194-1210.
19. S.M. Sims, W.I. Higuchi, V. Srinivasan, Interaction of electric field and electroosmotic effects in determining iontophoretic enhancement of anions and cations, Int. J. Pharm. 1991:in press.
20. M.J. Pikal, S. Shah, Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis. III. An experimental study of the contributions of electroosmotic flow and permeability change in transport of low and high molecular weight solutes, Pharm. Res. 7 (1990) 222-229.
21. P.H. Barry, A.B. Hope, Electroosmosis in membranes: effects of unstirred layers and transport numbers. I. Theory, Biophys. J. 9 (1969) 700-728.
22. P.H. Barry, A.B. Hope, Electroosmosis in membranes: effects of unstirred layers and transport numbers. II. Experimental, Biophys. J. 9 (1969) 729-757.
23. V. Srinivasan, W.I. Higuchi, S.M. Sims, A.H. Ghanem, C.R. Behl, Transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery: mechanistic analysis and application to polypeptide delivery, J. Pharm. Sci. 78 (1989) 370-375.
24. V. Srinivasan, W.I. Higuchi, M. Su, Baseline studies with the four-electrode system: the effect of skin permeability increase and water transport on the flux of a model uncharged solute during iontophoresis, J. Control. Release 10 (1989) 157-165.
25. M.J. Pikal, S. Shah, Study of the mechanisms of flux enhancement through hairless mouse skin by pulsed DC iontophoresis, Pharm. Res. 8 (1991) 365-369.
26. S.M. Sims, W.I. Higuchi, V. Srinivasan, Skin alteration and convective solvent effects during iontophoresis. I. Neutral solute transport across human skin, Int. J. Pharm. 69 (1991) 109-121.
27. J.D. DeNuzzio, B. Berner, Electrochemical and iontophoretic studies of human skin, J. Control. Release 11 (1990) 105-112.