Müller glial cells in retinal disease

Ophthalmologica

Volumn 227, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-19

  Bringmann, Andreas ^a   Wiedemann, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adenosine; Antioxidants; Edema; Gliosis; Glutamate toxicity; M ller cell

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; AQUAPORIN 4; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTATHIONE; I KAPPA B; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; POTASSIUM; VASCULOTROPIN; VOLTAGE GATED CALCIUM CHANNEL; WATER;

APOPTOSIS; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CELL ACTIVITY; CELL ADHESION; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CELL PROTECTION; CELL SWELLING; CELL VIABILITY; CYTOTOXICITY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DOWN REGULATION; EDEMA; ENZYME DEGRADATION; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; GLAUCOMA; GLIOSIS; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; HYPOXIA; MORTALITY; MUELLER CELL; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVE CELL EXCITABILITY; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROPROTECTION; OSMOLARITY; OSMOTIC PRESSURE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHOTORECEPTOR; POTASSIUM CELL LEVEL; POTASSIUM CONDUCTANCE; POTASSIUM CURRENT; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; RETINA CAPILLARY; RETINA DETACHMENT; RETINA DISEASE; RETINA EDEMA; RETINA INJURY; RETINITIS; REVIEW; SCAR FORMATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEM CELL; SUBRETINAL FLUID; TIGHT JUNCTION; TISSUE REPAIR; UPREGULATION; VITREORETINOPATHY; WATER TRANSPORT;

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ANIMALS; GLIOSIS; GLUTAMIC ACID; HUMANS; NEUROGLIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RETINAL DISEASES; RETINAL NEURONS; UP-REGULATION;

EID: 84155163254     PISSN: 00303755     EISSN: 14230267     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000328979     Document Type: Review

References (281)

1. Bringmann A, Pannicke T, Grosche J, Francke M, Wiedemann P, Skatchkov SN, Osborne NN, Reichenbach A: Müller cells in the healthy and diseased retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2006; 25: 397-424. (Pubitemid 44038611)
2. Stone J, Itin A, Alon T, Pe'er J, Gnessin H, Chan-Ling T, Keshet E: Development of retinal vasculature is mediated by hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by neuroglia. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 4738-4747.
3. Provis JM: Development of the primate retinal vasculature. Prog Retin Eye Res 2001; 20: 799-821. (Pubitemid 32918286)
4. Stone J, Dreher Z: Relationship between astrocytes, ganglion cells and vasculature of the retina. J Comp Neurol 1987; 255: 35-49. (Pubitemid 17215388)
5. Reichenbach A, Schippel K, Schümann R, Hagen E: Ultrastructure of rabbit retinal nerve fibre layer - neuro-glial relationships, myelination, and nerve fibre spectrum. J Hirnforsch 1988; 29: 481-491.
6. Reichenbach A, Robinson SR: Phylogenetic constraints on retinal organization and development: An Haeckelian perspective. Prog Retin Eye Res 1995; 15: 139-171.
7. Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Müller Cells in the Healthy and Diseased Retina. New York, Springer, 2010.
8. Bringmann A, Pannicke T, Biedermann B, Francke M, Iandiev I, Grosche J, Wiedemann P, Albrecht J, Reichenbach A: Role of retinal glial cells in neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism. Neurochem Int 2009; 54: 143-160.
9. Franze K, Grosche J, Skatchkov SN, Schinkinger S, Foja C, Schild D, Uckermann O, Travis K, Reichenbach A, Guck J: Müller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 8287-8292. (Pubitemid 47175480)
10. Lu Y-B, Franze K, Seifert G, Steinhäuser C, Kirchhoff F, Wolburg H, Guck J, Janmey P, Wei E-Q, Käs J, Reichenbach A: Viscoelastic properties of individual glial cells and neurons in the CNS. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 17759-17764. (Pubitemid 44852233)
11. Bringmann A, Iandiev I, Pannicke T, Wurm A, Hollborn M, Wiedemann P, Osborne NN, Reichenbach A: Cellular signaling and factors involved in Müller cell gliosis: Neuroprotective and detrimental effects. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; 28: 423-451.
12. Bignami A, Dahl D: The radial glia of Müller in the rat retina and their response to injury: An immunofluorescence study with antibodies to the glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein. Exp Eye Res 1979; 28: 63-69. (Pubitemid 9124759)
13. Lewis GP, Fisher SK: Up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in response to retinal injury: Its potential role in glial remodeling and a comparison to vimentin expression. Int Rev Cytol 2003; 230: 263-290. (Pubitemid 37517867)
14. Lewis GP, Erickson PA, Guerin CJ, Anderson DH, Fisher SK: Changes in the expression of specific Müller cell proteins during longterm retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res 1989; 49: 93-111. (Pubitemid 19190156)
15. Lewis GP, Mervin K, Valter K, Maslim J, Kappel PJ, Stone J, Fisher S: Limiting the proliferation and reactivity of retinal Müller cells during experimental retinal detachment: The value of oxygen supplementation. Am J Ophthalmol 1999; 128: 165-172. (Pubitemid 29379768)
16. Gorovits R, Yakir A, Fox LE, Vardimon L: Hormonal and non-hormonal regulation of glutamine synthetase in the developing neural retina. Mol Brain Res 1996; 43: 321-329. (Pubitemid 27042420)
17. Francke M, Pannicke T, Biedermann B, Faude F, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Reichelt W: Loss of inwardly rectifying potassium currents by human retinal glial cells in diseases of the eye. Glia 1997; 20: 210-218. (Pubitemid 27324307)
18. Francke M, Faude F, Pannicke T, Bringmann A, Eckstein P, Reichelt W, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A: Electrophysiology of rabbit Müller (glial) cells in experimental retinal detachment and PVR. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 1072-1079. (Pubitemid 32289806)
19. Francke M, Weick M, Pannicke T, Uckermann O, Grosche J, Goczalik I, Milenkovic I, Uhlmann S, Faude F, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Up-regulation of extracellular ATP-induced Müller cell responses in a dispase model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 870-881. (Pubitemid 34184509)
20. Reichelt W, Pannicke T, Biedermann B, Francke M, Faude F: Comparison between functional characteristics of healthy and pathological human retinal Müller glial cells. Surv Ophthalmol 1997; 42:S105-S117.
21. Kruchkova Y, Ben-Dror I, Herschkovitz A, David M, Yayon A, Vardimon L: Basic fibroblast growth factor: A potential inhibitor of glutamine synthetase expression in injured neural tissue. J Neurochem 2001; 77: 1641-1649. (Pubitemid 32574499)
22. Muniz A, Villazana-Espinoza ET, Hatch AL, Trevino SG, Allen DM, Tsin AT: A novel cone visual cycle in the cone-dominated retina. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85: 175-184. (Pubitemid 47087804)
23. Bringmann A, Francke M, Pannicke T, Biedermann B, Faude F, Enzmann V, Wiedemann P, Reichelt W, Reichenbach A: Human Müller glial cells: Altered potassium channel activity in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40: 3316-3323.
24. Bringmann A, Pannicke T, Moll V, Milenkovic I, Faude F, Enzmann V, Wolf S, Reichenbach A: Upregulation of P2X 7 receptor currents in Müller glial cells during proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 860-867. (Pubitemid 32206932)
25. Bringmann A, Pannicke T, Uhlmann S, Kohen L, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A: Membrane conductance of Müller glial cells in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Can J Ophthalmol 2002; 37: 221-227. (Pubitemid 34847245)
26. Uhlmann S, Bringmann A, Uckermann O, Pannicke T, Weick M, Ulbricht E, Goczalik I, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Francke M: Early glial cell reactivity in experimental retinal detachment: Effect of suramin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 4114-4122. (Pubitemid 37047989)
27. Pannicke T, Iandiev I, Uckermann O, Biedermann B, Kutzera F, Wiedemann P, Wolburg H, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: A potassium channel-linked mechanism of glial cell swelling in the postischemic retina. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 26: 493-502. (Pubitemid 38969947)
28. Pannicke T, Uckermann O, Iandiev I, Biedermann B, Wiedemann P, Perlman I, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Altered membrane physiology in Müller glial cells after transient ischemia of the rat retina. Glia 2005; 50: 1-11. (Pubitemid 40516815)
29. Pannicke T, Uckermann O, Iandiev I, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Ocular inflammation alters swelling and membrane characteristics of rat Müller glial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 161: 145-154. (Pubitemid 40340882)
30. Pannicke T, Iandiev I, Wurm A, Uckermann O, vom Hagen F , Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Hammes H-P, Bringmann A: Diabetes alters osmotic swelling characteristics and membrane conductance of glial cells in rat retina. Diabetes 2006; 55: 633-639. (Pubitemid 43343219)
31. Uckermann O, Uhlmann S, Pannicke T, Francke M, Gamsalijew R, Makarov F, Ulbricht E, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Osborne NN, Bringmann A: Ischemia-reperfusion causes exudative detachment of the rabbit retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 2592-2600. (Pubitemid 43119511)
32. Iandiev I, Tenckhoff S, Pannicke T, Biedermann B, Hollborn M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Differential regulation of Kir4.1 and Kir2.1 expression in the ischemic rat retina. Neurosci Lett 2006; 396: 97-101. (Pubitemid 43276420)
33. Iandiev I, Uckermann O, Pannicke T, Wurm A, Pietsch U-C, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, Uhlmann S: Glial cell reactivity in a porcine model of retinal detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 2161-2171. (Pubitemid 46768301)
34. Iandiev I, Wurm A, Hollborn M, Wiedemann P, Grimm C, Remé CE, Reichenbach A, Pannicke T, Bringmann A: Müller cell response to blue light injury of the rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 3559-3567.
35. Wurm A, Pannicke T, Iandiev I, Bühner E, Pietsch UC, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Uhlmann S, Bringmann A: Changes in membrane conductance play a pathogenic role in osmotic glial cell swelling in detached retinas. Am J Pathol 2006; 169: 1990-1998. (Pubitemid 351181960)
36. Wurm A, Iandiev I, Uhlmann S, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A, Pannicke T: Effects of ischemia-reperfusion on physiological properties of Müller glial cells in the porcine retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 3360-3367.
37. Ulbricht E, Pannicke T, Hollborn M, Raap M, Goczalik I, Iandiev I, Härtig W, Uhlmann S, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A, Francke M: Proliferative gliosis causes mislocation and inactivation of inwardly rectifying K + (Kir) channels in rabbit retinal glial cells. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86: 305-313.
38. Rehak M, Hollborn M, Iandiev I, Pannicke T, Karl A, Wurm A, Kohen L, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A: Retinal gene expression and Müller cell responses after branch retinal vein occlusion in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50: 2359-2367.
39. Bringmann A, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P: Pathomechanisms of cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmic Res 2004; 36: 241-249. (Pubitemid 39664117)
40. Nakazawa T, Matsubara A, Noda K, Hisatomi T, She H, Skondra D, Miyahara S, Sobrin L, Thomas KL, Chen DF, Grosskreutz CL, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Miller JW: Characterization of cytokine responses to retinal detachment in rats. Mol Vis 2006; 12: 867-878. (Pubitemid 44184719)
41. Hollborn M, Francke M, Iandiev I, Bühner E, Foja C, Kohen L, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, Uhlmann S: Early activation of inflammation-And immune response- related genes after experimental detachment of the porcine retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 1262-1273.
42. Nakazawa T, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa C, Noda K, Maruyama K, She H, Matsubara A, Miyahara S, Nakao S, Yin Y, Benowitz L, Hafezi- Moghadam A, Miller JW: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mediates retinal detachment- induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 2425-2430. (Pubitemid 46391413)
43. Neufeld AH, Kawai S, Das S, Vora S, Gachie E, Connor JR, Manning PT: Loss of retinal ganglion cells following retinal ischemia: The role of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Exp Eye Res 2002; 75: 521-528. (Pubitemid 35435607)
44. Nakazawa T, Takeda M, Lewis GP, Cho KS, Jiao J, Wilhelmsson U, Fisher SK, Pekny M, Chen DF, Miller JW: Attenuated glial reactions and photoreceptor degeneration after retinal detachment in mice deficient in glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 2760-2768. (Pubitemid 351261231)
45. Wen R, Song Y, Cheng T, Matthes MT, Yasumura D, LaVail MM, Steinberg RH: Injury- induced upregulation of bFGF and CNTF mRNAs in the rat retina. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 7377-7385.
46. Harada T, Harada C, Nakayama N, Okuyama S, Yoshida K, Kohsaka S, Matsuda H, Wada K: Modification of glial-neuronal cell interactions prevents photoreceptor apoptosis during light-induced retinal degeneration. Neuron 2000; 26: 533-541.
47. Hauck SM, Kinkl N, Deeg CA, Swiatek-de Lange M, Schöffmann S, Ueffing M: GDNF family ligands trigger indirect neuroprotective signaling in retinal glial cells. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26: 2746-2757.
48. Harada C, Harada T, Quah HMA, Maekawa F, Yoshida K, Ohno S, Wada K, Parada LF, Tanaka K: Potential role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptors in Müller glial cells during light-induced retinal degeneration. Neuroscience 2003; 122: 229-235. (Pubitemid 37329961)
49. Delyfer MN, Simonutti M, Neveux N, Léveillard T, Sahel JA: Does GDNF exert its neuroprotective effects on photoreceptors in the rd1 retina through the glial glutamate transporter GLAST? Mol Vis 2005; 11: 677-687. (Pubitemid 41410206)
50. Koeberle PD, Bähr M: The upregulation of GLAST-1 is an indirect antiapoptotic mechanism of GDNF and neurturin in the adult CNS. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15: 471-483. (Pubitemid 351267298)
51. Liu C, Peng M, Laties AM, Wen R: Preconditioning with bright light evokes a protective response against light damage in the rat retina. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 1337-1344. (Pubitemid 28082419)
52. Chu Y, Humphrey MF, Alder VV, Constable IJ: Immunocytochemical localization of basic fibroblast growth factor and glial fibrillary acidic protein after laser photocoagulation in the Royal College of Surgeons rat. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1998; 26: 87-96.
53. Woodford BJ, Tso MO, Lam KW: Reduced and oxidized ascorbates in guinea pig retina under normal and light-exposed conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983; 24: 862-867. (Pubitemid 13036939)
54. Ulyanova T, Szél A, Kutty RK, Wiggert B, Caffé AR, Chader GJ, van Veen T: Oxidative stress induces heme oxygenase-1 immunoreactivity in Müller cells of mouse retina in organ culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 1370-1374. (Pubitemid 32381983)
55. Miyahara T, Kikuchi T, Akimoto M, Kurokawa T, Shibuki H, Yoshimura N: Gene microarray analysis of experimental glaucomatous retina from cynomologous monkey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 4347-4356. (Pubitemid 37186269)
56. Chen L, Dentchev T, Wong R, Hahn P, Wen R, Bennett J, Dunaief JL: Increased expression of ceruloplasmin in the retina following photic injury. Mol Vis 2003; 9: 151-158. (Pubitemid 38097580)
57. Arai-Gaun S, Katai N, Kikuchi T, Kurokawa T, Ohta K, Yoshimura N: Heme oxygenase-1 induced in Müller cells plays a protective role in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 4226-4232. (Pubitemid 39411184)
58. Frenzel J, Richter J, Eschrich K: Pyruvate protects glucose-deprived Müller cells from nitric oxide-induced oxidative stress by radical scavenging. Glia 2005; 52: 276-288. (Pubitemid 43076220)
59. Francke M, Makarov F, Kacza J, Wendt S, Gärtner U, Faude F, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A: Retinal pigment epithelium melanin granules are phagocytozed by Müller glial cells in experimental retinal detachment. J Neurocytol 2001; 30: 131-136.
60. Flanagan LA, Ju YE, Marg B, Osterfield M, Janmey PA: Neurite branching on deformable substrates. Neuroreport 2002; 13: 2411-2415. (Pubitemid 36143534)
61. Lu YB, Iandiev I, Hollborn M, Körber N, Ulbricht E, Hirrlinger PG, Pannicke T, Wei EQ, Bringmann A, Wolburg H, Wilhelmsson U, Pekny M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Käs JA: Reactive glial cells: Increased stiffness correlates with increased intermediate filament expression. FASEB J 2011; 25: 624-631.
62. Lundkvist A, Reichenbach A, Betsholtz C, Carmeliet P, Wolburg H, Pekny M: Under stress, the absence of intermediate filaments from Müller cells in the retina has structural and functional consequences. J Cell Sci 2004; 117: 3481-3488. (Pubitemid 39206388)
63. Chaitin MH, Wortham HS, Brun-Zinkernagel AM: Immunocytochemical localization of CD44 in the mouse retina. Exp Eye Res 1994; 58: 359-366. (Pubitemid 124011069)
64. Chaitin MH, Ankrum MT, Wortham HS: Distribution of CD44 in the retina during development and the rds degeneration. Dev Brain Res 1996; 94: 92-98. (Pubitemid 26227587)
65. Kuhrt H, Härtig W, Grimm D, Faude F, Kasper M, Reichenbach A: Changes in CD44 and ApoE immunoreactivities due to retinal pathology of man and rat. J Hirnforsch 1997; 38: 223-229. (Pubitemid 127498653)
66. Krishnamoorthy R, Agarwal N, Chaitin MH: Upregulation of CD44 expression in the retina during the rds degeneration. Mol Brain Res 2000; 77: 125-130. (Pubitemid 30256198)
67. Inatani M, Tanihara H, Oohira A, Honjo M, Kido N, Honda Y: Upregulated expression of neurocan, a nervous tissue specific proteoglycan, in transient retinal ischemia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 2748-2754. (Pubitemid 30624409)
68. Sellés-Navarro I, Ellezam B, Fajardo R, Latour M, McKerracher L: Retinal ganglion cell and nonneuronal cell responses to a microcrush lesion of adult rat optic nerve. Exp Neurol 2001; 167: 282-289. (Pubitemid 32150885)
69. Zhang Y, Rauch U, Perez MT: Accumulation of neurocan, a brain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, in association with the retinal vasculature in RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 1252-1261. (Pubitemid 36297847)
70. Fisher SK, Lewis GP: Müller cell and neuronal remodeling in retinal detachment and reattachment and their potential consequences for visual recovery: A review and reconsideration of recent data. Vision Res 2003; 43: 887-897. (Pubitemid 36369129)
71. Silver J: Inhibitory molecules in development and regeneration. J Neurol 1994; 242:S22-S24. (Pubitemid 24367036)
72. Canning DR, Höke A, Malemud CJ, Silver J: A potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth that predominates in the extracellular matrix of reactive astrocytes. Int J Dev Neurosci 1996; 14: 153-175. (Pubitemid 26238162)
73. Fawcett JW, Asher RA: The glial scar and central nervous system repair. Brain Res Bull 1999; 49: 377-391. (Pubitemid 29385505)
74. Ponta H, Sherman L, Herrlich PA: CD44: From adhesion molecules to signalling regulators. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; 4: 33-45. (Pubitemid 36077255)
75. Marc RE, Jones BW, Watt CB, Strettoi E: Neural remodeling in retinal degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2003; 22: 607-655. (Pubitemid 36936804)
76. Charteris DG, Sethi CS, Lewis GP, Fisher SK: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy - developments in adjunctive treatment and retinal pathology. Eye 2002; 16: 369-374. (Pubitemid 34845964)
77. Jones BW, Watt CB, Frederick JM, Baehr W, Chen CK, Levine EM, Milam AH, Lavail MM, Marc RE: Retinal remodeling triggered by photoreceptor degenerations. J Comp Neurol 2003; 464: 1-16. (Pubitemid 36899033)
78. Sullivan R, Penfold P, Pow DV: Neuronal migration and glial remodeling in degenerating retinas of aged rats and in nonneovascular AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 856-865. (Pubitemid 36159738)
79. Lewis GP, Talaga KC, Linberg KA, Avery RL, Fisher SK: The efficacy of delayed oxygen therapy in the treatment of experimental retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137: 1085-1095. (Pubitemid 38759358)
80. Sethi CS, Lewis GP, Fisher SK, Leitner WP, Mann DL, Luthert PJ, Charteris DG: Glial remodeling and neural plasticity in human retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 329-342. (Pubitemid 40041216)
81. Lesnik Oberstein SY, Lewis GP, Chapin EA, Fisher SK: Ganglion cell neurites in human idiopathic epiretinal membranes. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92: 981-985. (Pubitemid 351969683)
82. Pardue MT, Stubbs EB Jr, Perlman JI, Narfström K, Chow AY, Peachey NS: Immunohistochemical studies of the retina following long-term implantation with subretinal microphotodiode arrays. Exp Eye Res 2001; 73: 333-343. (Pubitemid 32977199)
83. Charteris DG, Downie J, Aylward GW, Sethi C, Luthert P: Intraretinal and periretinal pathology in anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245: 93-100. (Pubitemid 46766735)
84. Bringmann A, Wiedemann P: Involvement of Müller glial cells in epiretinal membrane formation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 247: 865-883.
85. Schubert HD: Cystoid macular edema: The apparent role of mechanical factors. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989; 312: 277-291.
86. Puro DG: Stretch-activated channels in human retinal Müller cells. Glia 1991; 4: 456-460.
87. Lindqvist N, Liu Q, Zajadacz J, Franze K, Reichenbach A: Retinal glial (Müller) cells: Sensing and responding to tissue stretch. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 1683-1690.
88. Newman EA: Propagation of intercellular calcium waves in retinal astrocytes and Müller cells. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 2215-2223. (Pubitemid 32240520)
89. Newman EA: Glial cell inhibition of neurons by release of ATP. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 1659-1666. (Pubitemid 36314721)
90. Puro DG, Roberge F, Chan C-C: Retinal glial cell proliferation and ion channels: A possible link. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989; 30: 521-529. (Pubitemid 19100682)
91. Puro DG, Mano T: Modulation of calcium channels in human retinal glial cells by basic fibroblast growth factor: A possible role in retinal pathobiology. J Neurosci 1991; 11: 1873-1880.
92. Kodal H, Weick M, Moll V, Biedermann B, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Involvement of calcium-activated potassium channels in the regulation of DNA synthesis in cultured Müller glial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 4262-4267.
93. Moll V, Weick M, Milenkovic I, Kodal H, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: P2Y receptormediated stimulation of Müller glial DNA synthesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 766-773. (Pubitemid 34184495)
94. Milenkovic I, Weick M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: P2Y receptormediated stimulation of Müller glial cell DNA synthesis: Dependence on EGF and PDGF receptor transactivation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 1211-1220. (Pubitemid 36297842)
95. Ambati J, Chalam KV, Chawla DK, D'Angio CT, Guillet EG, Rose SJ, Vanderlinde RE, Ambati BK: Elevatedα-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1997; 115: 1161-1166. (Pubitemid 27387953)
96. Brooks DE, Garcia GA, Dreyer EB, Zurakowski D, Franco-Bourland RE: Vitreous body glutamate concentrations in dogs with glaucoma. Am J Vet Res 1997; 58: 864-867. (Pubitemid 127470799)
97. Lieth E, Barber A, Xu B, Dice C, Ratz MJ, Tanase D, Strother JM: Glial reactivity and impaired glutamate metabolism in shortterm experimental diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 1998; 47: 815-820. (Pubitemid 28201813)
98. Dkhissi O, Chanut E, Wasowicz M, Savoldelli M, Nguyen-Legros J, Minvielle F, Versaux- Botteri C: Retinal TUNEL-positive cells and high glutamate levels in vitreous humor of mutant quail with a glaucoma-like disorder. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40: 990-994.
99. Kowluru RA, Kennedy A: Therapeutic potential of anti-oxidants and diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10: 1665-1676. (Pubitemid 32830146)
100. Martin KR, Levkovitch-Verbin H, Valenta D, Baumrind L, Pease ME, Quigley HA: Retinal glutamate transporter changes in experimental glaucoma and after optic nerve transection in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 2236-2243. (Pubitemid 34700653)
101. Osborne NN, Casson RJ, Wood JP, Chidlow G, Graham M, Melena J: Retinal ischemia: Mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2004; 23: 91-147. (Pubitemid 38180539)
102. Delyfer MN, Forster V, Neveux N, Picaud S, Léveillard T, Sahel JA: Evidence for glutamate- mediated excitotoxic mechanisms during photoreceptor degeneration in the rd1 mouse retina. Mol Vis 2005; 11: 688-696. (Pubitemid 41410205)
103. Naskar R, Vorwerk CK, Dreyer EB: Concurrent downregulation of a glutamate transporter and receptor in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 1940-1944. (Pubitemid 30354371)
104. Barnett NL, Pow DV, Bull ND: Differential perturbation of neuronal and glial glutamate transport systems in retinal ischaemia. Neurochem Int 2001; 39: 291-299. (Pubitemid 32817099)
105. Holcombe DJ, Lengefeld N, Gole GA, Barnett NL: The effects of acute intraocular pressure elevation on rat retinal glutamate transport. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2008; 86: 408-414.
106. White RD, Neal MJ: The uptake of L -glutamate by the retina. Brain Res 1976; 111: 79-93.
107. Ladanyi M, Beaudet A: In-vivo labeling of (3H) D -aspartate uptake sites in monkey retina. Cell Tissue Res 1986; 243: 59-63. (Pubitemid 16173138)
108. Rauen T, Taylor WR, Kuhlbrodt K, Wiessner M: High-affinity glutamate transporters in the rat retina: A major role of the glial glutamate transporter GLAST-1 in transmitter clearance. Cell Tissue Res 1998; 291: 19-31. (Pubitemid 28081563)
109. Harada T, Harada C, Watanabe M, Inoue Y, Sakagawa T, Nakayama N, Sasaki S, Okuyama S, Watase K, Wada K, Tanaka K: Functions of the two glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 in the retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 4663-4666. (Pubitemid 28207970)
110. Pow DV, Barnett NL, Penfold P: Are neuronal transporters relevant in retinal glutamate homeostasis? Neurochem Int 2000; 37: 191-198. (Pubitemid 30254151)
111. Barnett NL, Pow DV: Antisense knockdown of GLAST, a glial glutamate transporter, compromises retinal function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 585-591. (Pubitemid 30080465)
112. Rauen T: Diversity of glutamate transporter expression and function in the mammalian retina. Amino Acids 2000; 19: 53-62.
113. Otori Y, Shimada S, Tanaka K, Ishimoto I, Tano Y, Tohyama M: Marked increase in glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST/ GluT-1) mRNA following transient retinal ischemia. Mol Brain Res 1994; 27: 310-314. (Pubitemid 24379214)
114. Derouiche A, Rauen T: Coincidence of L - glutamate/ L -aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamine synthetase (GS) immunoreactions in retinal glia: Evidence for coupling of GLAST and GS in transmitter clearance. J Neurosci Res 1995; 42: 131-143.
115. Rauen T, Rothstein JD, Wässle H: Differential expression of three glutamate transporter subtypes in the rat retina. Cell Tissue Res 1996; 286: 325-336. (Pubitemid 26418041)
116. Lehre KP, Davanger S, Danbolt NC: Localization of the glutamate transporter protein GLAST in rat retina. Brain Res 1997; 744: 129-137. (Pubitemid 27033587)
117. Sarthy VP, Pignataro L, Pannicke T, Weick M, Reichenbach A, Harada T, Tanaka K, Marc R: Glutamate transport by retinal Müller cells in glutamate/aspartate transporter- knockout mice. Glia 2005; 49: 184-196. (Pubitemid 40188498)
118. Macnab LT, Williams SM, Pow DV: Expression of the exon 3 skipping form of GLAST, GLAST1a, in brain and retina. Neuroreport 2006; 17: 1867-1870. (Pubitemid 46006288)
119. Brew H, Attwell D: Electrogenic glutamate uptake is a major current carrier in the membrane of axolotl retinal glial cells. Nature 1987; 327: 707-709. (Pubitemid 17085902)
120. Barbour B, Brew H, Attwell D: Electrogenic glutamate uptake in glial cells is activated by intracellular potassium. Nature 1988; 335: 433-435.
121. Barbour B, Brew H, Attwell D: Electrogenic uptake of glutamate and aspartate into glial cells isolated from the salamander (Ambystoma) retina. J Physiol 1991; 436: 169-193.
122. Sarantis M, Attwell D: Glutamate uptake in mammalian retinal glia is voltage-And potassium- dependent. Brain Res 1990; 516: 322-325. (Pubitemid 20185562)
123. Pannicke T, Stabel J, Heinemann U, Reichelt W:α-Aminoadipic acid blocks the Na + -dependent glutamate transport into acutely isolated Müller glial cells from guinea pig retina. Pflügers Arch 1994; 429: 140-142. (Pubitemid 24353841)
124. Li Q, Puro DG: Diabetes-induced dysfunction of the glutamate transporter in retinal Müller cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 3109-3116. (Pubitemid 34977066)
125. Asano T, Shigeno T, Johshita H, Usui M, Hanamura T: A novel concept on the pathogenetic mechanism underlying ischaemic brain oedema: Relevance of free radicals and eicosanoids. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1987; 41: 85-96.
126. Birkle DL, Bazan NG: Light exposure stimulates arachidonic acid metabolism in intact rat retina and isolated rod outer segments. Neurochem Res 1989; 14: 185-190. (Pubitemid 19106902)
127. Lees GJ: Inhibition of sodium-potassium- ATPase: A potentially ubiquitous mechanism contributing to central nervous system neuropathology. Brain Res Rev 1991; 16: 283-380.
128. Staub F, Winkler A, Peters J, Kempski O, Kachel V, Baethmann A: Swelling, acidosis, and irreversible damage of glial cells from exposure to arachidonic acid in vitro. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994; 14: 1030-1039. (Pubitemid 24332948)
129. Bringmann A, Francke M, Pannicke T, Biedermann B, Kodal H, Faude F, Reichelt W, Reichenbach A: Role of glial K + channels in ontogeny and gliosis: A hypothesis based upon studies on Müller cells. Glia 2000; 29: 35-44. (Pubitemid 30031132)
130. Pannicke T, Fischer W, Biedermann B, Schädlich H, Grosche J, Faude F, Wiedemann P, Allgaier C, Illes P, Burnstock G, Reichenbach A: P2X 7 receptors in Müller glial cells from the human retina. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 5965-5972. (Pubitemid 30658388)
131. Szatkowski M, Barbour B, Attwell D: Nonvesicular release of glutamate from glial cells by reversed electrogenic glutamate uptake. Nature 1990; 348: 443-446. (Pubitemid 120015084)
132. Billups B, Attwell D: Modulation of nonvesicular glutamate release by pH. Nature 1996; 379: 171-174.
133. Marcaggi P, Hirji N, Attwell D: Release of L -aspartate by reversal of glutamate transporters. Neuropharmacology 2005; 49: 843-849. (Pubitemid 41483890)
134. Maguire G, Simko H, Weinreb RN, Ayoub G: Transport-mediated release of endogenous glutamate in the vertebrate retina. Pflügers Arch 1998; 436: 481-484. (Pubitemid 28329111)
135. Kato S, Ishita S, Sugawara K, Mawatari K: Cystine/glutamate antiporter expression in retinal Müller glial cells: Implications for DL -α-aminoadipate toxicity. Neuroscience 1993; 57: 473-482. (Pubitemid 23345316)
136. Pow DV, Barnett NL: Aminoadipic acid transport, probing the role of the cystineglutamate antiporter in the retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41:S188.
137. Pow DV: Visualising the activity of the cystine- glutamate antiporter in glial cells using antibodies to aminoadipic acid, a selectively transported substrate. Glia 2001; 34: 27-38. (Pubitemid 32329029)
138. Wurm A, Pannicke T, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Glial cellderived glutamate mediates autocrine cell volume regulation in the retina: Activation by VEGF. J Neurochem 2008; 104: 386-399. (Pubitemid 350293875)
139. Muller A, Maurin L, Bonne C: Free radicals and glutamate uptake in the retina. Gen Pharmacol 1998; 30: 315-318. (Pubitemid 28046500)
140. Beretta S, Wood JP, Derham B, Sala G, Tremolizzo L, Ferrarese C, Osborne NN: Partial mitochondrial complex I inhibition induces oxidative damage and perturbs glutamate transport in primary retinal cultures. Relevance to Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Neurobiol Dis 2006; 24: 308-317. (Pubitemid 44572749)
141. Barbour B, Szatkowski M, Ingledew N, Attwell D: Arachidonic acid induces a prolonged inhibition of glutamate uptake into glial cells. Nature 1989; 342: 918-920. (Pubitemid 20021336)
142. Puro DG, Stuenkel EL: Thrombin-induced inhibition of potassium currents in human retinal glial (Müller) cells. J Physiol 1995; 485: 337-348.
143. Kusaka S, Kapousta-Bruneau NV, Puro DG: Plasma-induced changes in the physiology of mammalian retinal glial cells: Role of glutamate. Glia 1999; 25: 205-215. (Pubitemid 29060217)
144. Gass JD: Stereoscopic atlas of macular diseases: Diagnosis and treatment. St Louis, Mosby, 1997.
145. Bill A, Sperber GO: Control of retinal and choroidal blood flow. Eye 1990; 4: 319-325. (Pubitemid 20307088)
146. Yu DY, Cringle SJ: Retinal degeneration and local oxygen metabolism. Exp Eye Res 2005; 80: 745-751. (Pubitemid 40798039)
147. Linsenmeier RA: Effects of light and darkness on oxygen distribution and consumption in the cat retina. J Gen Physiol 1986; 88: 521-542. (Pubitemid 17172465)
148. Ahmed J, Braun RD, Dunn jr R, Linsenmeier RA: Oxygen distribution in the macaque retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34: 516-521. (Pubitemid 23095204)
149. Pow DV, Crook DK: Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of high levels of reduced glutathione in radial glial cells and horizontal cells in the rabbit retina. Neurosci Lett 1995; 193: 25-28.
150. Reichelt W, Stabel-Burow J, Pannicke T, Weichert H, Heinemann U: The glutathione level of retinal Müller glial cells is dependent on the high-affinity sodium-dependent uptake of glutamate. Neuroscience 1997; 77: 1213-1224.
151. Schütte M, Werner P: Redistribution of glutathione in the ischemic rat retina. Neurosci Lett 1998; 246: 53-56. (Pubitemid 28218364)
152. Huster D, Hjelle OP, Haug FM, Nagelhus EA, Reichelt W, Ottersen OP: Subcellular compartmentation of glutathione and glutathione precursors. A high resolution immunogold analysis of the outer retina of guinea pig. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1998; 198: 277-287. (Pubitemid 28438372)
153. Huster D, Reichenbach A, Reichelt W: The glutathione content of retinal Müller (glial) cells: Effect of pathological conditions. Neurochem Int 2000; 36: 461-469. (Pubitemid 30101588)
154. Penn JS, Naash MI, Anderson RE: Effect of light history on retinal antioxidants and light damage susceptibility in the rat. Exp Eye Res 1987; 44: 779-788. (Pubitemid 17113218)
155. Stone J, Maslim J, Valter-Kocsi K, Mervin K, Bowers F, Chu Y, Barnett N, Provis J, Lewis G, Fisher SK, Bisti S, Gargini C, Cervetto L, Merin S, Peer J: Mechanisms of photoreceptor death and survival in mammalian retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 1999; 18: 689-735. (Pubitemid 29445799)
156. Ribelayga C, Mangel SC: A circadian clock and light/dark adaptation differentially regulate adenosine in mammalian retina. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 215-222. (Pubitemid 40110783)
157. Harada T, Harada C, Nakamura K, Quah HM, Okumura A, Namekata K, Saeki T, Aihara M, Yoshida H, Mitani A, Tanaka K: The potential role of glutamate transporters in the pathogenesis of normal tension glaucoma. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 1763-1770. (Pubitemid 47036310)
158. Kern TS, Kowluru RA, Engerman RL: Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes or galactosemia: ATPases and glutathione. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35: 2962-2967. (Pubitemid 24186397)
159. Shelton MD, Kern TS, Mieyal JJ: Glutaredoxin regulates nuclear factorα-B and intercellular adhesion molecule in Müller cells: Model of diabetic retinopathy. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 12467-12474. (Pubitemid 47100623)
160. Paasche G, Huster D, Reichenbach A: The glutathione content of retinal Müller (glial) cells: The effects of aging and of application of free-radical scavengers. Ophthalmic Res 1998; 30: 351-360. (Pubitemid 28472889)
161. Paasche G, Gärtner U, Germer A, Grosche J, Reichenbach A: Mitochondria of retinal Müller (glial) cells: The effects of aging and of application of free radical scavengers. Ophthalmic Res 2000; 32: 229-236.
162. Larsen AK, Osborne NN: Involvement of adenosine in retinal ischemia. Studies on the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37: 2603-2611.
163. Roth S, Rosenbaum PS, Osinski J, Park SS, Toledano AY, Li B, Moshfeghi AA: Ischemia induces significant changes in purine concentration in the retina-choroid in rats. Exp Eye Res 1997; 65: 771-779. (Pubitemid 28053602)
164. Ghiardi GJ, Gidday JM, Roth S: The purine nucleoside adenosine in retinal ischemiareperfusion injury. Vision Res 1999; 39: 2519-2535. (Pubitemid 29197298)
165. Sakamoto K, Yonoki Y, Kuwagata M, Saito M, Nakahara T, Ishii K: Histological protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury by early ischemic preconditioning in rat retina. Brain Res 2004; 1015: 154-160. (Pubitemid 38829749)
166. Housley GD, Bringmann A, Reichenbach A: Purinergic signaling in special senses. Trends Neurosci 2009; 32: 128-141.
167. Ostwald P, Park SS, Toledano AY, Roth S: Adenosine receptor blockade and nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the retina: Impact upon post-ischemic hyperemia and the electroretinogram. Vision Res 1997; 37: 3453-3461. (Pubitemid 27491626)
168. Dudek FE, Obenhaus A, Tasker JG: Osmolality- induced changes in extracellular volume alter epileptiform bursts independent of chemical synapses in the rat: Importance of non-synaptic mechanisms in hippocampal epileptogenesis. Neurosci Lett 1990; 120: 267-270.
169. Chebabo SR, Hester MA, Aitken PG, Somjen GG: Hypotonic exposure enhances synaptic transmission and triggers spreading depression in rat hippocampal tissue slices. Brain Res 1995; 695: 203-216.
170. Uckermann O, Wolf A, Kutzera F, Kalisch F, Beck-Sickinger A, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Glutamate release by neurons evokes a purinergic inhibitory mechanism of osmotic glial cell swelling in the rat retina: Activation by neuropeptide Y. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83: 538-550. (Pubitemid 43384847)
171. Wurm A, Iandiev I, Hollborn M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Zimmermann H, Bringmann A, Pannicke T: Purinergic receptor activation inhibits osmotic glial cell swelling in the diabetic rat retina. Exp Eye Res 2008; 87: 385-393.
172. Wurm A, Lipp S, Pannicke T, Linnertz R, Färber K, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Involvement of A 1 adenosine receptors in osmotic volume regulation of retinal glial cells in mice. Mol Vis 2009; 15: 1858-1867.
173. Wurm A, Lipp S, Pannicke T, Linnertz R, Krügel U, Schulz A, Färber K, Zahn D, Grosse J, Wiedemann P, Chen J, Schöneberg T, Illes P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Endogenous purinergic signaling is required for osmotic volume regulation of retinal glial cells. J Neurochem 2010; 112: 1261-1272.
174. Krügel K, Wurm A, Linnertz R, Pannicke T, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Erythropoietin inhibits osmotic swelling of retinal glial cells by Janus kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2- mediated release of vascular endothelial growth factor. Neuroscience 2010; 165: 1147-1158.
175. Lutty GA, McLeod DS: A new technique for visualization of the human retinal vasculature. Arch Ophthalmol 1992; 110: 267-276.
176. McLeod DS, Hasegawa T, Prow T, Merges C, Lutty G: The initial fetal human retinal vasculature develops by vasculogenesis. Dev Dyn 2006; 235: 3336-3347. (Pubitemid 44888199)
177. Iandiev I, Wurm A, Pannicke T, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Robson SC, Zimmermann H, Bringmann A: Ecto-nucleotidases in Müller glial cells of the rodent retina: Involvement in inhibition of osmotic cell swelling. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3: 423-433.
178. Zimmermann H: Ectonucleotidases: Some developments and a note on nomenclature. Drug Dev Res 2001; 52: 44-56. (Pubitemid 32401923)
179. Failer BU, Aschrafi A, Schmalzing G, Zimmermann H: Determination of native oligomeric state and substrate specificity of rat NTPDase1 and NTPDase2 after heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes. Eur J Biochem 2003; 270: 1802-1809. (Pubitemid 36532539)
180. Zhang X, Zhang M, Laties AM, Mitchell CH: Stimulation of P2X 7 receptors elevates Ca 2+ and kills retinal ganglion cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 2183-2191.
181. Resta V, Novelli E, Vozzi G, Scarpa C, Caleo M, Ahluwalia A, Solini A, Santini E, Parisi V, Di Virgilio F, Galli-Resta L: Acute retinal ganglion cell injury caused by intraocular pressure spikes is mediated by endogenous extracellular ATP. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25: 2741-2754. (Pubitemid 46888843)
182. Zhang X, Li A, Ge J, Reigada D, Laties AM, Mitchell CH: Acute increase of intraocular pressure releases ATP into the anterior chamber. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85: 637-643. (Pubitemid 47633576)
183. Reigada D, Lu W, Zhang M, Mitchell CH: Elevated pressure triggers a physiological release of ATP from the retina: Possible role for pannexin hemichannels. Neuroscience 2008; 157: 396-404.
184. Zhang X, Zhang M, Laties AM, Mitchell CH: Balance of purines may determine life or death of retinal ganglion cells as A 3 adenosine receptors prevent loss following P2X 7 receptor stimulation. J Neurochem 2006; 98: 566-575. (Pubitemid 44133159)
185. Steinberg RH, Oakley B II, Niemeyer G: Light-evoked changes in [K + ] 0 in retina of intact cat eye. J Neurophysiol 1980; 44: 897-921. (Pubitemid 11196747)
186. Karwoski CJ, Newman EA, Shimazaki H, Proenza LM: Light-evoked increases in extracellular K + in the plexiform layers of amphibian retinas. J Gen Physiol 1985; 86: 189-213. (Pubitemid 16239555)
187. Newman EA, Frambach DA, Odette LL: Control of extracellular potassium levels by retinal glial cell K + siphoning. Science 1984; 225: 1174-1175. (Pubitemid 14029102)
188. Karwoski CJ, Lu HK, Newman EA: Spatial buffering of light-evoked potassium increases by retinal Müller (glial) cells. Science 1989; 244: 578-580.
189. Reichenbach A, Henke A, Eberhardt W, Reichelt W, Dettmer D: K + ion regulation in retina. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1992; 70:S239-S247.
190. Newman EA: Regional specialization of retinal glial cell membrane. Nature 1984; 309: 155-157. (Pubitemid 14142784)
191. Newman EA: Membrane physiology of retinal glial (Müller) cells. J Neurosci 1985; 5: 2225-2239. (Pubitemid 15011004)
192. Witkovsky P, Stone S, Ripps H: Pharmacological modification of the light-induced responses of Müller (glial) cells in the amphibian retina. Brain Res 1985; 328: 111-120. (Pubitemid 15146769)
193. Brew H, Gray PT, Mobbs P, Attwell D: Endfeet of retinal glial cells have higher densities of ion channels that mediate K + buffering. Nature 1986; 324: 466-468. (Pubitemid 17184163)
194. Newman EA: Inward-rectifying potassium channels in retinal glial (Müller) cells. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 3333-3345. (Pubitemid 23241172)
195. Kofuji P, Ceelen P, Zahs KR, Surbeck LW, Lester HA, Newman EA: Genetic inactivation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir4.1 subunit) in mice: Phenotypic impact in retina. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 5733-5740. (Pubitemid 30636901)
196. Kofuji P, Biedermann B, Siddharthan V, Raap M, Iandiev I, Milenkovic I, Thomzig A, Veh RW, Bringmann A, Reichenbach A: Kir potassium channel subunit expression in retinal glial cells: Implications for spatial potassium buffering. Glia 2002; 39: 292-303.
197. Nagelhus EA, Horio Y, Inanobe A, Fujita A, Haug FM, Nielsen S, Kurachi Y, Ottersen OP: Immunogold evidence suggests that coupling of K + siphoning and water transport in rat retinal Müller cells is mediated by a coenrichment of Kir4.1 and AQP4 in specific membrane domains. Glia 1999; 26: 47-54. (Pubitemid 29103167)
198. Ishii M, Fujita A, Iwai K, Kusaka S, Higashi K, Inanobe A, Hibino H, Kurachi Y: Differential expression and distribution of Kir5.1 and Kir4.1 inwardly rectifying K + channels in retina. Am J Physiol 2003; 285:C260-C267. (Pubitemid 36917840)
199. Tenckhoff S, Hollborn M, Kohen L, Wolf S, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A: Diversity of aquaporin mRNA expressed by rat and human retinas. Neuroreport 2005; 16: 53-56. (Pubitemid 40194560)
200. Bringmann A, Kohen L, Wolf S, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A: Age-related decrease of potassium currents in human retinal glial (Müller) cells. Can J Ophthalmol 2003; 38: 464-468. (Pubitemid 37465964)
201. Cunha-Vaz JG, Travassos A: Breakdown of the blood-retinal barriers and cystoid macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol 1984; 28: S485-S492.
202. Tout S, Chan-Ling T, Hollander H, Stone J: The role of Müller cells in the formation of the blood-retinal barrier. Neuroscience 1993; 55: 291-301. (Pubitemid 23195004)
203. Diaz CM, Penfold PL, Provis JM: Modulation of the resistance of a human endothelial cell line by human retinal glia. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1998; 26:S62-S64. (Pubitemid 28298836)
204. Tretiach M, Madigan MC, Wen L, Gillies MC: Effect of Müller cell co-culture on in vitro permeability of bovine retinal vascular endothelium in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Neurosci Lett 2005; 378: 160-165. (Pubitemid 40386864)
205. Igarashi Y, Chiba H, Utsumi H, Miyajima H, Ishizaki T, Gotoh T, Kuwahara K, Tobioka H, Satoh M, Mori M, Sawada N: Expression of receptors for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin in the inner blood-retinal barrier of rats. Cell Struct Funct 2000; 25: 237-241. (Pubitemid 32007607)
206. Eichler W, Yafai Y, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A: Angiogenesis-related factors derived from retinal glial (Müller) cells in hypoxia. Neuroreport 2004; 15: 1633-1637. (Pubitemid 38971184)
207. Eichler W, Yafai Y, Keller T, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A: PEDF derived from glial Müller cells: A possible regulator of retinal angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2004; 299: 68-78. (Pubitemid 39078382)
208. Nishikiori N, Osanai M, Chiba H, Kojima T, Mitamura Y, Ohguro H, Sawada N: Glial cell-derived cytokines attenuate the breakdown of vascular integrity in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 2007; 56: 1333-1340. (Pubitemid 46715614)
209. Yafai Y, Lange J, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Eichler W: Pigment epithelium-derived factor acts as an opponent of growthstimulatory factors in retinal glial-endothelial cell interactions. Glia 2007; 55: 642-651. (Pubitemid 46474305)
210. Keck PJ, Hauser SD, Krivi G, Sanzo K, Warren T, Feder J, Connolly DT: Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF. Science 1989; 246: 1309-1312. (Pubitemid 20066717)
211. Murata T, Nakagawa K, Khalil A, Ishibashi T, Inomata H, Sueishi K: The relation between expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and breakdown of the bloodretinal barrier in diabetic rat retinas. Lab Invest 1996; 74: 819-825. (Pubitemid 26117141)
212. Luna JD, Chan CC, Derevjanik NL, Mahlow J, Chiu C, Peng B, Tobe T, Campochiaro PA, Vinores SA: Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis: Comparison with vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1α-mediated breakdown. J Neurosci Res 1997; 49: 268-280. (Pubitemid 27344187)
213. Aiello LP, Bursell SE, Clermont A, Duh E, Ishii H, Takagi C, Mori F, Ciulla TA, Ways K, Jirousek M, Smith LE, King GL: Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinal permeability is mediated by protein kinase C in vivo and suppressed by an orally effectiveα-isoform-selective inhibitor. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1473-1480. (Pubitemid 27369086)
214. Claudio L, Martiney JA, Brosnan CF: Ultrastructural studies of the blood-retina barrier after exposure to interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor-αLab Invest 1994; 70: 850-861. (Pubitemid 24209486)
215. Derevjanik NL, Vinores SA, Xiao WH, Mori K, Turon T, Hudish T, Dong S, Campochiaro PA: Quantitative assessment of the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 2462-2467. (Pubitemid 34700682)
216. Aiello LP, Northrup JM, Keyt BA, Takagi H, Iwamoto MA: Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal cells. Arch Ophthalmol 1995; 113: 1538-1544.
217. Drescher KM, Whittum-Hudson JA: Modulation of immune-associated surface markers and cytokine production by murine retinal glial cells. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 64: 71-81. (Pubitemid 26053391)
218. Amin RH, Frank RN, Kennedy A, Eliott D, Puklin JE, Abrams GW: Vascular endothelial growth factor is present in glial cells of the retina and optic nerve of human subjects with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38: 36-47. (Pubitemid 27051522)
219. Eichler W, Kuhrt H, Hoffmann S, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A: VEGF release by retinal glia depends on both oxygen and glucose supply. Neuroreport 2000; 11: 3533-3537.
220. Yafai Y, Iandiev I, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Eichler W: Retinal endothelial angiogenic activity: Effects of hypoxia and glial (Müller) cells. Microcirculation 2004; 11: 577-586. (Pubitemid 39618629)
221. Noda K, Ishida S, Shinoda H, Koto T, Aoki T, Tsubota K, Oguchi Y, Okada Y, Ikeda E: Hypoxia induces the expression of membrane- type 1 matrix metalloproteinase in retinal glial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 3817-3824. (Pubitemid 44264692)
222. Behzadian MA, Wang XL, Windsor LJ, Gha ly N, Caldwell RB: TGF-αincreases retinal endothelial cell permeability by increasing MMP-9: Possible role of glial cells in endothelial barrier function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 853-859. (Pubitemid 32206931)
223. Giebel SJ, Menicucci G, McGuire PG, Das A: Matrix metalloproteinases in early diabetic retinopathy and their role in alteration of the blood-retinal barrier. Lab Invest 2005; 85: 597-607. (Pubitemid 40675441)
224. Reichenbach A, Wurm A, Pannicke T, Iandiev I, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A: Müller cells as players in retinal degeneration and edema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245: 627-636. (Pubitemid 46951227)
225. Li J, Patil RV, Verkman AS: Mildly abnormal retinal function in transgenic mice without Müller cell aquaporin-4 water channels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 573-579. (Pubitemid 34113244)
226. Strauss O: The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 845-881. (Pubitemid 40885218)
227. Nagelhus EA, Veruki ML, Torp R, Haug FM, Laake JH, Nielsen S, Agre P, Ottersen OP: Aquaporin-4 water channel protein in the rat retina and optic nerve: Polarized expression in Müller cells and fibrous astrocytes. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 2506-2519.
228. Iandiev I, Pannicke T, Biedermann B, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Ischemia-reperfusion alters the immunolocalization of glial aquaporins in rat retina. Neurosci Lett 2006; 408: 108-112. (Pubitemid 44498950)
229. Iandiev I, Pannicke T, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A: Diabetes alters the localization of glial aquaporins in rat retina. Neurosci Lett 2007; 421: 132-136. (Pubitemid 46907433)
230. Uckermann O, Kutzera F, Wolf A, Pannicke T, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Wolf S, Bringmann A: The glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide inhibits osmotic swelling of retinal glial cells via stimulation of endogenous adenosine signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315: 1036-1045. (Pubitemid 41635389)
231. Weuste M, Wurm A, Iandiev I, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: HB-EGF: Increase in the ischemic rat retina and inhibition of osmotic glial cell swelling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347: 310-318. (Pubitemid 44015678)
232. Kalisch F, Wurm A, Iandiev I, Uckermann O, Dilsiz N, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A: Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits osmotical glial cell swelling in the ischemic rat retina: Dependence on glutamatergic- purinergic signaling. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83: 962-971. (Pubitemid 44308616)
233. Hirrlinger PG, Wurm A, Hirrlinger J, Bringmann A, Reichenbach A: Osmotic swelling characteristics of glial cells in the murine hippocampus, cerebellum and retina in situ. J Neurochem 2008; 105: 1405-1417. (Pubitemid 351590800)
234. Kuhrt H, Wurm A, Karl A, Iandiev I, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A, Pannicke T: Müller cell gliosis in retinal organ culture mimics gliotic alterations after ischemia in vivo. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 26: 745-751.
235. Neumann F, Wurm A, Linnertz R, Pannicke T, Iandiev I, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Sex steroids inhibit osmotic swelling of retinal glial cells. Neurochem Res 2010; 5: 522-530.
236. Krügel K, Wurm A, Pannicke P, Hollborn M, Karl A, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Kohen L, Bringmann A: Involvement of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the osmotic swelling of retinal glial cells from diabetic rats. Exp Eye Res 2011; 92: 87-93.
237. Karl A, Wurm A, Pannicke T, Krügel K, Obara-Michlewska M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Albrecht J, Bringmann A: Synergistic action of hypoosmolarity and glutamine in inducing acute swelling of retinal glial (Müller) cells. Glia 2011; 59: 256-266.
238. Iandiev I, Pannicke T, Hollborn M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Grimm C, Remé CE, Bringmann A: Localization of glial aquaporin-4 and Kir4.1 in the light-injured murine retina. Neurosci Lett 2008; 434: 317-321.
239. Putting BJ, Zweypfenning RC, Vrensen GF, Oosterhuis JA, van Best JA: Blood-retinal barrier dysfunction at the pigment epithelium induced by blue light. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992; 33: 3385-3393.
240. Grimm C, Wenzel A, Williams T, Rol P, Hafezi F, Remé CE: Rhodopsin-mediated blue-light damage to the rat retina: Effect of photoreversal of bleaching. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 497-505. (Pubitemid 32121486)
241. Wenzel A, Grimm C, Samardzija M, Remé CE: Molecular mechanisms of light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis and neuroprotection for retinal degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005; 24: 275-306. (Pubitemid 40021788)
242. Yu SP, Yeh CH, Sensi SL, Gwag BJ, Canzoniero LM, Farhangrazi ZS, Ying HS, Tian M, Dugan LL, Choi DW: Mediation of neuronal apoptosis by enhancement of outward potassium current. Science 1997; 278: 114-117. (Pubitemid 27446288)
243. Bortner CD, Hughes FM Jr, Cidlowski JA: A primary role for K + and Na + efflux in the activation of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 32436-32442. (Pubitemid 28011927)
244. Szabo I, Lepple-Wienhues A, Kaba KN, Zoratti M, Gulbins E, Lang F: Tyrosine kinase- dependent activation of a chloride channel in CD95-induced apoptosis in T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 6169-6174.
245. Maeno E, Ishizaki Y, Kanaseki T, Hazama A, Okada Y: Normotonic cell shrinkage because of disordered volume regulation is an early prerequisite to apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 9487-9492. (Pubitemid 30650802)
246. Thanos S, Heiduschka P, Romann I: Exposure to a solar eclipse causes neuronal death in the retina. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001; 239: 794-800. (Pubitemid 33061887)
247. Codenotti M, Patelli F, Brancato R: OCT findings in patients with retinopathy after watching a solar eclipse. Ophthalmologica 2002; 216: 463-466. (Pubitemid 36131998)
248. Newman EA, Zahs KR: Calcium waves in retinal glial cells. Science 1997; 275: 844-847.
249. Li Y, Holtzclaw LA, Russell JT: Müller cell Ca 2+ waves evoked by purinergic receptor agonists in slices of rat retina. J Neurophysiol 2001; 85: 986-994. (Pubitemid 32147795)
250. Wurm A, Erdmann I, Bringmann A, Reichenbach A, Pannicke T: Expression and function of P2Y receptors on Müller cells of the postnatal rat retina. Glia 2009; 57: 1680-1690.
251. Bringmann A, Biedermann B, Schnurbusch U, Enzmann V, Faude F, Reichenbach A: Age-And disease-related changes of calcium channel-mediated currents in human Müller glial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 2791-2796. (Pubitemid 30624415)
252. Fine BS, Brucker AJ: Macular edema and cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 1981; 92: 466-481. (Pubitemid 11030201)
253. Yanoff M, Fine BS, Brucker AJ, Eagle RC: Pathology of human cystoid macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol 1984; 28:S505-S511.
254. Stepinac TK, Chamot SR, Rungger-Brändle E, Ferrez P, Munoz JL, van den Bergh H, Riva CE, Pournaras CJ, Wagnieres GA: Light-induced retinal vascular damage by Pd-porphyrin luminescent oxygen probes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 956-966. (Pubitemid 41321033)
255. Löffler S, Wurm A, Kutzera F, Pannicke T, Krügel K, Linnertz R, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A: Serum albumin induces osmotic swelling of rat retinal glial cells. Brain Res 2010; 1317: 268-276.
256. Gardner TW, Antonetti DA, Barber AJ, LaNoue KF, Levison SW, The Penn State Retina Research Group: Diabetic retinopathy: More than meets the eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2002; 47:S253-S262. (Pubitemid 36351245)
257. Albrecht J, Norenberg MD: Glutamine: A Trojan horse in ammonia neurotoxicity. Hepatology 2006; 44: 788-794. (Pubitemid 46489541)
258. Reichenbach A, Kasper M, El-Hifnawi E, Eckstein AK, Fuchs U: Hepatic retinopathy: Morphological features of retinal glial (Müller) cells accompanying hepatic failure. Acta Neuropathol 1995; 90: 273-281.
259. Reichenbach A, Stolzenburg JU, Wolburg H, Härtig W, El-Hifnawi E, Martin H: Effects of enhanced extracellular ammonia concentration on cultured mammalian retinal glial (Müller) cells. Glia 1995; 13: 195-208.
260. Albrecht J, Gadamski R, Kuhrt H, Walski M, Reichenbach A: Retinal gliopathy accompanying thioacetamide-induced liver insufficiency: Light and electron microscopic observations. Acta Neuropathol 1998; 96: 57-66. (Pubitemid 28297849)
261. Heuman DM, Abou-Assi SG, Habib A, Williams LM, Stravitz RT, Sanyal AJ, Fisher RA, Mihas AA: Persistent ascites and low serum sodium identify patients with cirrhosis and low MELD scores who are at high risk for early death. Hepatology 2004; 40: 802-810. (Pubitemid 39288112)
262. Ruf AE, Kremers WK, Chavez LL, Descalzi VI, Podesta LG, Villamil FG: Addition of serum sodium into the MELD score predicts waiting list mortality better than MELD alone. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 336-343. (Pubitemid 40458408)
263. Rowan S, Cepko CL: Genetic analysis of the homeodomain transcription factor Chx10 in the retina using a novel multifunctional BAC transgenic mouse reporter. Dev Biol 2004; 271: 388-402. (Pubitemid 38833669)
264. Blackshaw S, Harpavat S, Trimarchi J, Cai L, Huang H, Kuo WP, Weber G, Lee K, Fraioli RE, Cho SH, Yung R, Asch E, Ohno- Machado L, Wong WH, Cepko CL: Genomic analysis of mouse retinal development. PLoS Biol 2004; 2:E247.
265. Das AV, Mallya KB, Zhao X, Ahmad F, Bhattacharya S, Thoreson WB, Hegde GV, Ahmad I: Neural stem cell properties of Müller glia in the mammalian retina: Regulation by Notch and Wnt signaling. Dev Biol 2006; 299: 283-302. (Pubitemid 44550105)
266. Bernardos RL, Barthel LK, Meyers JR, Raymond PA: Late-stage neuronal progenitors in the retina are radial Müller glia that function as retinal stem cells. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 7028-7040. (Pubitemid 47015895)
267. Roesch K, Jadhav AP, Trimarchi JM, Stadler MB, Roska B, Sun BB, Cepko CL: The transcriptome of retinal Müller glial cells. J Comp Neurol 2008; 509: 225-238. (Pubitemid 351960786)
268. Fischer AJ, Reh TA: Müller glia are a potential source of neural regeneration in the postnatal chicken retina. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4: 247-252. (Pubitemid 32194871)
269. Fischer AJ, Reh TA: Potential of Müller glia to become neurogenic retinal progenitor cells. Glia 2003; 43: 70-76. (Pubitemid 36781699)
270. Ooto S, Akagi T, Kageyama R, Akita J, Mandai M, Honda Y, Takahashi M: Potential for neural regeneration after neurotoxic injury in the adult mammalian retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 13654-13659. (Pubitemid 39238458)
271. Chang ML, Wu CH, Jiang-Shieh YF, Shieh JY, Wen CY: Reactive changes of retinal astrocytes and Müller glial cells in kainateinduced neuroexcitotoxicity. J Anat 2007; 210: 54-65.
272. Wan J, Zheng H, Chen ZL, Xiao HL, Shen ZJ, Zhou GM: Preferential regeneration of photoreceptor from Müller glia after retinal degeneration in adult rat. Vision Res 2008; 48: 223-234.
273. Takeda M, Takamiya A, Jiao JW, Cho KS, Trevino SG, Matsuda T, Chen DF:α-Aminoadipate induces progenitor cell properties of Müller glia in adult mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 1142-1150.
274. Limb GA, Salt TE, Munro PM, Moss SE, Khaw PT: In vitro characterization of a spontaneously immortalized human Müller cell line (MIO-M1). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 864-869. (Pubitemid 34184508)
275. Kubrusly RC, da Cunha MC, Reis RA, Soares H, Ventura AL, Kurtenbach E, de Mello MC, de Mello FG: Expression of functional receptors and transmitter enzymes in cultured Müller cells. Brain Res 2005; 1038: 141-149. (Pubitemid 40332679)
276. Kubota A, Nishida K, Nakashima K, Tano Y: Conversion of mammalian Müller glial cells into a neuronal lineage by in vitro aggregate-culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351: 514-520. (Pubitemid 44666717)
277. Lawrence JM, Singhal S, Bhatia B, Keegan DJ, Reh TA, Luthert PJ, Khaw PT, Limb GA: MOI-M1 cells and similar Müller glial cell lines derived from adult human retina exhibit neural stem cell characteristics. Stem Cells 2007; 25: 2033-2043. (Pubitemid 47258181)
278. Osakada F, Ooto S, Akagi T, Mandai M, Akaike A, Takahashi M: Wnt signaling promotes regeneration in the retina of adult mammals. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 4210-4219. (Pubitemid 46597155)
279. Wan J, Zheng H, Xiao HL, She ZJ, Zhou GM: Sonic hedgehog promotes stem-cell potential of Müller glia in the mammalian retina. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363: 347-354. (Pubitemid 47484339)
280. Bull ND, Limb GA, Martin K: Human Müller stem cell (MIO-M1) transplantation in a rat model of glaucoma: Survival, differentiation and integration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 3449-3456.
281. Mayer EJ, Hughes EH, Carter DA, Dick AD: Nestin positive cells in adult human retina and in epiretinal membranes. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 1154-1158. (Pubitemid 37064895)