Autophagy: Renovation of cells and tissues

Cell

Volumn 147, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 728-741

  Mizushima, Noboru ^a   Komatsu, Masaaki ^b  

^a TOKYO MEDICAL AND DENTAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b TOKYO METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTEIN P62;

AUTOPHAGY; BONE DISEASE; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MATURATION; CELL METABOLISM; CELL REGENERATION; CROHN DISEASE; HEART DISEASE; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIVER DISEASE; LUNG DISEASE; MOUSE; MYOPATHY; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; TISSUE REGENERATION; TUMOR GROWTH; UBIQUITINATION;

EID: 81055144784     PISSN: 00928674     EISSN: 10974172     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.026     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. S. Al Rawi, S. Louvet-Vallée, A. Djeddi, M. Sachse, E. Culetto, C. Hajjar, L. Boyd, R. Legouis, and V. Galy Postfertilization autophagy of sperm organelles prevents paternal mitochondrial DNA transmission Science 2011 10.1126/science.1211878 Published online October 27, 2011
2. M. Alirezaei, C.C. Kemball, C.T. Flynn, M.R. Wood, J.L. Whitton, and W.B. Kiosses Short-term fasting induces profound neuronal autophagy Autophagy 6 2010 702 710
3. R.K. Amaravadi, J. Lippincott-Schwartz, X.M. Yin, W.A. Weiss, N. Takebe, W. Timmer, R.S. DiPaola, M.T. Lotze, and E. White Principles and current strategies for targeting autophagy for cancer treatment Clin. Cancer Res. 17 2011 654 666
4. R.K. Amaravadi, D. Yu, J.J. Lum, T. Bui, M.A. Christophorou, G.I. Evan, A. Thomas-Tikhonenko, and C.B. Thompson Autophagy inhibition enhances therapy-induced apoptosis in a Myc-induced model of lymphoma J. Clin. Invest. 117 2007 326 336
5. N.F. Bence, R.M. Sampat, and R.R. Kopito Impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by protein aggregation Science 292 2001 1552 1555
6. I. Bjedov, J.M. Toivonen, F. Kerr, C. Slack, J. Jacobson, A. Foley, and L. Partridge Mechanisms of life span extension by rapamycin in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Cell Metab. 11 2010 35 46
7. K. Cadwell, J.Y. Liu, S.L. Brown, H. Miyoshi, J. Loh, J.K. Lennerz, C. Kishi, W. Kc, J.A. Carrero, and S. Hunt A key role for autophagy and the autophagy gene Atg16l1 in mouse and human intestinal Paneth cells Nature 456 2008 259 263
8. K. Cadwell, K.K. Patel, N.S. Maloney, T.C. Liu, A.C. Ng, C.E. Storer, R.D. Head, R. Xavier, T.S. Stappenbeck, and H.W. Virgin Virus-plus- susceptibility gene interaction determines Crohn's disease gene Atg16L1 phenotypes in intestine Cell 141 2010 1135 1145
9. D.J. Cao, Z.V. Wang, P.K. Battiprolu, N. Jiang, C.R. Morales, Y. Kong, B.A. Rothermel, T.G. Gillette, and J.A. Hill Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors attenuate cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing autophagy Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 2011 4123 4128
10. N.C. Chan, A.M. Salazar, A.H. Pham, M.J. Sweredoski, N.J. Kolawa, R.L. Graham, S. Hess, and D.C. Chan Broad activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by Parkin is critical for mitophagy Hum. Mol. Genet. 20 2011 1726 1737
11. Y. Chen, and D.J. Klionsky The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions J. Cell Sci. 124 2011 161 170
12. M. Degtyarev, A. De Mazire, C. Orr, J. Lin, B.B. Lee, J.Y. Tien, W.W. Prior, S. van Dijk, H. Wu, and D.C. Gray Akt inhibition promotes autophagy and sensitizes PTEN-null tumors to lysosomotropic agents J. Cell Biol. 183 2008 101 116
13. G.M. DeNicola, F.A. Karreth, T.J. Humpton, A. Gopinathan, C. Wei, K. Frese, D. Mangal, K.H. Yu, C.J. Yeo, and E.S. Calhoun Oncogene-induced Nrf2 transcription promotes ROS detoxification and tumorigenesis Nature 475 2011 106 109
14. C. Ebato, T. Uchida, M. Arakawa, M. Komatsu, T. Ueno, K. Komiya, K. Azuma, T. Hirose, K. Tanaka, and E. Kominami Autophagy is important in islet homeostasis and compensatory increase of beta cell mass in response to high-fat diet Cell Metab. 8 2008 325 332
15. T. Eisenberg, H. Knauer, A. Schauer, S. Büttner, C. Ruckenstuhl, D. Carmona-Gutierrez, J. Ring, S. Schroeder, C. Magnes, and L. Antonacci Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity Nat. Cell Biol. 11 2009 1305 1314
16. M. Elgendy, C. Sheridan, G. Brumatti, and S.J. Martin Oncogenic Ras-induced expression of Noxa and Beclin-1 promotes autophagic cell death and limits clonogenic survival Mol. Cell 42 2011 23 35
17. J. Ezaki, N. Matsumoto, M. Takeda-Ezaki, M. Komatsu, K. Takahashi, Y. Hiraoka, H. Taka, T. Fujimura, K. Takehana, and M. Yoshida Liver autophagy contributes to the maintenance of blood glucose and amino acid levels Autophagy 7 2011 727 736
18. A. Fleming, T. Noda, T. Yoshimori, and D.C. Rubinsztein Chemical modulators of autophagy as biological probes and potential therapeutics Nat. Chem. Biol. 7 2011 9 17
19. F. Fortunato, H. Burgers, F. Bergmann, P. Rieger, M.W. Buchler, G. Kroemer, and J. Werner Impaired autolysosome formation correlates with Lamp-2 depletion: role of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis in pancreatitis Gastroenterology 137 2009 350 360 360 e351-e355
20. N. Fujita, T. Saitoh, S. Kageyama, S. Akira, T. Noda, and T. Yoshimori Differential involvement of Atg16L1 in Crohn disease and canonical autophagy: analysis of the organization of the Atg16L1 complex in fibroblasts J. Biol. Chem. 284 2009 32602 32609
21. A. Goode, and R. Layfield Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of Paget disease of bone J. Clin. Pathol. 63 2010 199 203
22. P. Grumati, L. Coletto, P. Sabatelli, M. Cescon, A. Angelin, E. Bertaggia, B. Blaauw, A. Urciuolo, T. Tiepolo, and L. Merlini Autophagy is defective in collagen VI muscular dystrophies, and its reactivation rescues myofiber degeneration Nat. Med. 16 2010 1313 1320
23. J.Y. Guo, H.Y. Chen, R. Mathew, J. Fan, A.M. Strohecker, G. Karsli-Uzunbas, J.J. Kamphorst, G. Chen, J.M. Lemons, and V. Karantza Activated Ras requires autophagy to maintain oxidative metabolism and tumorigenesis Genes Dev. 25 2011 460 470
24. D.W. Hailey, A.S. Rambold, P. Satpute-Krishnan, K. Mitra, R. Sougrat, P.K. Kim, and J. Lippincott-Schwartz Mitochondria supply membranes for autophagosome biogenesis during starvation Cell 141 2010 656 667
25. J. Hampe, A. Franke, P. Rosenstiel, A. Till, M. Teuber, K. Huse, M. Albrecht, G. Mayr, F.M. De La Vega, and J. Briggs A genome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1 Nat. Genet. 39 2007 207 211
26. M. Hansen, A. Chandra, L.L. Mitic, B. Onken, M. Driscoll, and C. Kenyon A role for autophagy in the extension of lifespan by dietary restriction in C. elegans PLoS Genet. 4 2008 e24
27. T. Hara, K. Nakamura, M. Matsui, A. Yamamoto, Y. Nakahara, R. Suzuki-Migishima, M. Yokoyama, K. Mishima, I. Saito, H. Okano, and N. Mizushima Suppression of basal autophagy in neural cells causes neurodegenerative disease in mice Nature 441 2006 885 889
28. E.S. Hars, H. Qi, A.G. Ryazanov, S. Jin, L. Cai, C. Hu, and L.F. Liu Autophagy regulates ageing in C. elegans Autophagy 3 2007 93 95
29. B. Hartleben, M. Gödel, C. Meyer-Schwesinger, S. Liu, T. Ulrich, S. Köbler, T. Wiech, F. Grahammer, S.J. Arnold, and M.T. Lindenmeyer Autophagy influences glomerular disease susceptibility and maintains podocyte homeostasis in aging mice J. Clin. Invest. 120 2010 1084 1096
30. D. Hashimoto, M. Ohmuraya, M. Hirota, A. Yamamoto, K. Suyama, S. Ida, Y. Okumura, E. Takahashi, H. Kido, and K. Araki Involvement of autophagy in trypsinogen activation within the pancreatic acinar cells J. Cell Biol. 181 2008 1065 1072
31. Y. Hashimoto, S. Ookuma, and E. Nishida Lifespan extension by suppression of autophagy genes in Caenorhabditis elegans Genes Cells 14 2009 717 726
32. C. He, and D.J. Klionsky Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy Annu. Rev. Genet. 43 2009 67 93
33. T. Hidvegi, M. Ewing, P. Hale, C. Dippold, C. Beckett, C. Kemp, N. Maurice, A. Mukherjee, C. Goldbach, and S. Watkins An autophagy-enhancing drug promotes degradation of mutant alpha1-antitrypsin Z and reduces hepatic fibrosis Science 329 2010 229 232
34. Y. Inami, S. Waguri, A. Sakamoto, T. Kouno, K. Nakada, O. Hino, S. Watanabe, J. Ando, M. Iwadate, and M. Yamamoto Persistent activation of Nrf2 through p62 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells J. Cell Biol. 193 2011 275 284
35. D. Inoue, H. Kubo, K. Taguchi, T. Suzuki, M. Komatsu, H. Motohashi, and M. Yamamoto Inducible disruption of autophagy in the lung causes airway hyper-responsiveness Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 405 2011 13 18
36. E. Itakura, and N. Mizushima Characterization of autophagosome formation site by a hierarchical analysis of mammalian Atg proteins Autophagy 6 2010 764 776
37. F. Janku, D.J. McConkey, D.S. Hong, and R. Kurzrock Autophagy as a target for anticancer therapy Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8 2011 528 539
38. K. Jia, and B. Levine Autophagy is required for dietary restriction-mediated life span extension in C. elegans Autophagy 3 2007 597 599
39. T. Johansen, and T. Lamark Selective autophagy mediated by autophagic adapter proteins Autophagy 7 2011 279 296
40. J.S. Ju, R.A. Fuentealba, S.E. Miller, E. Jackson, D. Piwnica-Worms, R.H. Baloh, and C.C. Weihl Valosin-containing protein (VCP) is required for autophagy and is disrupted in VCP disease J. Cell Biol. 187 2009 875 888
41. H.S. Jung, K.W. Chung, J. Won Kim, J. Kim, M. Komatsu, K. Tanaka, Y.H. Nguyen, T.M. Kang, K.H. Yoon, and J.W. Kim Loss of autophagy diminishes pancreatic beta cell mass and function with resultant hyperglycemia Cell Metab. 8 2008 318 324
42. V. Karantza-Wadsworth, S. Patel, O. Kravchuk, G. Chen, R. Mathew, S. Jin, and E. White Autophagy mitigates metabolic stress and genome damage in mammary tumorigenesis Genes Dev. 21 2007 1621 1635
43. S. Kaushik, J.A. Rodriguez-Navarro, E. Arias, R. Kiffin, S. Sahu, G.J. Schwartz, A.M. Cuervo, and R. Singh Autophagy in hypothalamic AgRP neurons regulates food intake and energy balance Cell Metab. 14 2011 173 183
44. T. Kimura, Y. Takabatake, A. Takahashi, J.Y. Kaimori, I. Matsui, T. Namba, H. Kitamura, F. Niimura, T. Matsusaka, and T. Soga Autophagy protects the proximal tubule from degeneration and acute ischemic injury J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22 2011 902 913
45. D.J. Klionsky, J.M. Cregg, W.A. Dunn Jr.; S.D. Emr, Y. Sakai, I.V. Sandoval, A. Sibirny, S. Subramani, M. Thumm, M. Veenhuis, and Y. Ohsumi A unified nomenclature for yeast autophagy-related genes Dev. Cell 5 2003 539 545
46. M. Komatsu, S. Waguri, T. Ueno, J. Iwata, S. Murata, I. Tanida, J. Ezaki, N. Mizushima, Y. Ohsumi, and Y. Uchiyama Impairment of starvation-induced and constitutive autophagy in Atg7-deficient mice J. Cell Biol. 169 2005 425 434
47. M. Komatsu, S. Waguri, T. Chiba, S. Murata, J.I. Iwata, I. Tanida, T. Ueno, M. Koike, Y. Uchiyama, E. Kominami, and K. Tanaka Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice Nature 441 2006 880 884
48. M. Komatsu, S. Waguri, M. Koike, Y.S. Sou, T. Ueno, T. Hara, N. Mizushima, J.I. Iwata, J. Ezaki, and S. Murata Homeostatic levels of p62 control cytoplasmic inclusion body formation in autophagy-deficient mice Cell 131 2007 1149 1163
49. M. Komatsu, Q.J. Wang, G.R. Holstein, V.L. Friedrich Jr.; J. Iwata, E. Kominami, B.T. Chait, K. Tanaka, and Z. Yue Essential role for autophagy protein Atg7 in the maintenance of axonal homeostasis and the prevention of axonal degeneration Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 2007 14489 14494
50. M. Komatsu, H. Kurokawa, S. Waguri, K. Taguchi, A. Kobayashi, Y. Ichimura, Y.S. Sou, I. Ueno, A. Sakamoto, and K.I. Tong The selective autophagy substrate p62 activates the stress responsive transcription factor Nrf2 through inactivation of Keap1 Nat. Cell Biol. 12 2010 213 223
51. V.I. Korolchuk, A. Mansilla, F.M. Menzies, and D.C. Rubinsztein Autophagy inhibition compromises degradation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway substrates Mol. Cell 33 2009 517 527
52. G. Kroemer, G. Mariño, and B. Levine Autophagy and the integrated stress response Mol. Cell 40 2010 280 293
53. P. Kuballa, A. Huett, J.D. Rioux, M.J. Daly, and R.J. Xavier Impaired autophagy of an intracellular pathogen induced by a Crohn's disease associated ATG16L1 variant PLoS ONE 3 2008 e3391
54. A. Kuma, M. Hatano, M. Matsui, A. Yamamoto, H. Nakaya, T. Yoshimori, Y. Ohsumi, T. Tokuhisa, and N. Mizushima The role of autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period Nature 432 2004 1032 1036
55. A. Lau, X.J. Wang, F. Zhao, N.F. Villeneuve, T. Wu, T. Jiang, Z. Sun, E. White, and D.D. Zhang A noncanonical mechanism of Nrf2 activation by autophagy deficiency: direct interaction between Keap1 and p62 Mol. Cell. Biol. 30 2010 3275 3285
56. J.H. Lee, W.H. Yu, A. Kumar, S. Lee, P.S. Mohan, C.M. Peterhoff, D.M. Wolfe, M. Martinez-Vicente, A.C. Massey, and G. Sovak Lysosomal proteolysis and autophagy require presenilin 1 and are disrupted by Alzheimer-related PS1 mutations Cell 141 2010 1146 1158
57. C.C. Liang, C. Wang, X. Peng, B. Gan, and J.L. Guan Neural-specific deletion of FIP200 leads to cerebellar degeneration caused by increased neuronal death and axon degeneration J. Biol. Chem. 285 2010 3499 3509
58. A. Luciani, V.R. Villella, S. Esposito, N. Brunetti-Pierri, D. Medina, C. Settembre, M. Gavina, L. Pulze, I. Giardino, and M. Pettoello-Mantovani Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition Nat. Cell Biol. 12 2010 863 875
59. K.H. Maclean, F.C. Dorsey, J.L. Cleveland, and M.B. Kastan Targeting lysosomal degradation induces p53-dependent cell death and prevents cancer in mouse models of lymphomagenesis J. Clin. Invest. 118 2008 79 88
60. F. Madeo, N. Tavernarakis, and G. Kroemer Can autophagy promote longevity? Nat. Cell Biol. 12 2010 842 846
61. M.C. Malicdan, S. Noguchi, I. Nonaka, P. Saftig, and I. Nishino Lysosomal myopathies: an excessive build-up in autophagosomes is too much to handle Neuromuscul. Disord. 18 2008 521 529
62. O.A. Mareninova, K. Hermann, S.W. French, M.S. O'Konski, S.J. Pandol, P. Webster, A.H. Erickson, N. Katunuma, F.S. Gorelick, I. Gukovsky, and A.S. Gukovskaya Impaired autophagic flux mediates acinar cell vacuole formation and trypsinogen activation in rodent models of acute pancreatitis J. Clin. Invest. 119 2009 3340 3355
63. E. Masiero, L. Agatea, C. Mammucari, B. Blaauw, E. Loro, M. Komatsu, D. Metzger, C. Reggiani, S. Schiaffino, and M. Sandri Autophagy is required to maintain muscle mass Cell Metab. 10 2009 507 515
64. R. Mathew, S. Kongara, B. Beaudoin, C.M. Karp, K. Bray, K. Degenhardt, G. Chen, S. Jin, and E. White Autophagy suppresses tumor progression by limiting chromosomal instability Genes Dev. 21 2007 1367 1381
65. R. Mathew, C.M. Karp, B. Beaudoin, N. Vuong, G. Chen, H.Y. Chen, K. Bray, A. Reddy, G. Bhanot, and C. Gelinas Autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis through elimination of p62 Cell 137 2009 1062 1075
66. N. Matsuda, S. Sato, K. Shiba, K. Okatsu, K. Saisho, C.A. Gautier, Y.S. Sou, S. Saiki, S. Kawajiri, and F. Sato PINK1 stabilized by mitochondrial depolarization recruits Parkin to damaged mitochondria and activates latent Parkin for mitophagy J. Cell Biol. 189 2010 211 221
67. S.A. McCarroll, A. Huett, P. Kuballa, S.D. Chilewski, A. Landry, P. Goyette, M.C. Zody, J.L. Hall, S.R. Brant, and J.H. Cho Deletion polymorphism upstream of IRGM associated with altered IRGM expression and Crohn's disease Nat. Genet. 40 2008 1107 1112
68. A. Meléndez, Z. Tallóczy, M. Seaman, E.-L. Eskelinen, D.H. Hall, and B. Levine Autophagy genes are essential for dauer development and life-span extension in C. elegans Science 301 2003 1387 1391
69. Q. Meng, and D. Cai Defective hypothalamic autophagy directs the central pathogenesis of obesity via the IkappaB kinase β (IKKbeta)/NF-kappaB pathway J. Biol. Chem. 286 2011 32324 32332
70. N. Mizushima, and B. Levine Autophagy in mammalian development and differentiation Nat. Cell Biol. 12 2010 823 830
71. N. Mizushima, A. Yamamoto, M. Matsui, T. Yoshimori, and Y. Ohsumi In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker Mol. Biol. Cell 15 2004 1101 1111
72. N. Mizushima, T. Yoshimori, and Y. Ohsumi The role of atg proteins in autophagosome formation Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 27 2011 107 132
73. E. Morselli, M.C. Maiuri, M. Markaki, E. Megalou, A. Pasparaki, K. Palikaras, A. Criollo, L. Galluzzi, S.A. Malik, and I. Vitale Caloric restriction and resveratrol promote longevity through the Sirtuin-1-dependent induction of autophagy Cell Death Dis 1 2010 e10
74. J. Moscat, and M.T. Diaz-Meco p62 at the crossroads of autophagy, apoptosis, and cancer Cell 137 2009 1001 1004
75. A. Nakai, O. Yamaguchi, T. Takeda, Y. Higuchi, S. Hikoso, M. Taniike, S. Omiya, I. Mizote, Y. Matsumura, and M. Asahi The role of autophagy in cardiomyocytes in the basal state and in response to hemodynamic stress Nat. Med. 13 2007 619 624
76. H. Nakatogawa, K. Suzuki, Y. Kamada, and Y. Ohsumi Dynamics and diversity in autophagy mechanisms: lessons from yeast Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10 2009 458 467
77. D. Narendra, A. Tanaka, D.F. Suen, and R.J. Youle Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy J. Cell Biol. 183 2008 795 803
78. D.P. Narendra, S.M. Jin, A. Tanaka, D.F. Suen, C.A. Gautier, J. Shen, M.R. Cookson, and R.J. Youle PINK1 is selectively stabilized on impaired mitochondria to activate Parkin PLoS Biol. 8 2010 e1000298
79. D.P. Narendra, L.A. Kane, D.N. Hauser, I.M. Fearnley, and R.J. Youle p62/SQSTM1 is required for Parkin-induced mitochondrial clustering but not mitophagy; VDAC1 is dispensable for both Autophagy 6 2010 1090 1106
80. J. Nedjic, M. Aichinger, J. Emmerich, N. Mizushima, and L. Klein Autophagy in thymic epithelium shapes the T-cell repertoire and is essential for tolerance Nature 455 2008 396 400
81. I. Nishino, J. Fu, K. Tanji, T. Yamada, S. Shimojo, T. Koori, M. Mora, J.E. Riggs, S.J. Oh, and Y. Koga Primary LAMP-2 deficiency causes X-linked vacuolar cardiomyopathy and myopathy (Danon disease) Nature 406 2000 906 910
82. J. Nishiyama, E. Miura, N. Mizushima, M. Watanabe, and M. Yuzaki Aberrant membranes and double-membrane structures accumulate in the axons of Atg5-null Purkinje cells before neuronal death Autophagy 3 2007 591 596
83. R.A. Nixon, D.S. Yang, and J.H. Lee Neurodegenerative lysosomal disorders: a continuum from development to late age Autophagy 4 2008 590 599
84. I. Novak, V. Kirkin, D.G. McEwan, J. Zhang, P. Wild, A. Rozenknop, V. Rogov, F. Löhr, D. Popovic, and A. Occhipinti Nix is a selective autophagy receptor for mitochondrial clearance EMBO Rep. 11 2010 45 51
85. K. Okatsu, K. Saisho, M. Shimanuki, K. Nakada, H. Shitara, Y.S. Sou, M. Kimura, S. Sato, N. Hattori, and M. Komatsu p62/SQSTM1 cooperates with Parkin for perinuclear clustering of depolarized mitochondria Genes Cells 15 2010 887 900
86. J. Onodera, and Y. Ohsumi Autophagy is required for maintenance of amino acid levels and protein synthesis under nitrogen starvation J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 31582 31586
87. S.J. Orenstein, and A.M. Cuervo Chaperone-mediated autophagy: molecular mechanisms and physiological relevance Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 21 2010 719 726
88. M. Parkes, J.C. Barrett, N.J. Prescott, M. Tremelling, C.A. Anderson, S.A. Fisher, R.G. Roberts, E.R. Nimmo, F.R. Cummings, D. Soars Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium Sequence variants in the autophagy gene IRGM and multiple other replicating loci contribute to Crohn's disease susceptibility Nat. Genet. 39 2007 830 832
89. X. Qu, J. Yu, G. Bhagat, N. Furuya, H. Hibshoosh, A. Troxel, J. Rosen, E.-L. Eskelinen, N. Mizushima, and Y. Ohsumi Promotion of tumorigenesis by heterozygous disruption of the beclin 1 autophagy gene J. Clin. Invest. 112 2003 1809 1820
90. N. Raben, V. Hill, L. Shea, S. Takikita, R. Baum, N. Mizushima, E. Ralston, and P. Plotz Suppression of autophagy in skeletal muscle uncovers the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and their potential role in muscle damage in Pompe disease Hum. Mol. Genet. 17 2008 3897 3908
91. N. Raben, C. Schreiner, R. Baum, S. Takikita, S. Xu, T. Xie, R. Myerowitz, M. Komatsu, J.H. Van der Meulen, and K. Nagaraju Suppression of autophagy permits successful enzyme replacement therapy in a lysosomal storage disorder - murine Pompe disease Autophagy 6 2010 1078 1089
92. B. Ravikumar, K. Moreau, L. Jahreiss, C. Puri, and D.C. Rubinsztein Plasma membrane contributes to the formation of pre-autophagosomal structures Nat. Cell Biol. 12 2010 747 757
93. B.E. Riley, S.E. Kaiser, T.A. Shaler, A.C. Ng, T. Hara, M.S. Hipp, K. Lage, R.J. Xavier, K.Y. Ryu, and K. Taguchi Ubiquitin accumulation in autophagy-deficient mice is dependent on the Nrf2-mediated stress response pathway: a potential role for protein aggregation in autophagic substrate selection J. Cell Biol. 191 2010 537 552
94. J.D. Rioux, R.J. Xavier, K.D. Taylor, M.S. Silverberg, P. Goyette, A. Huett, T. Green, P. Kuballa, M.M. Barmada, and L.W. Datta Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis Nat. Genet. 39 2007 596 604
95. D.C. Rubinsztein The roles of intracellular protein-degradation pathways in neurodegeneration Nature 443 2006 780 786
96. D.C. Rubinsztein, G. Mariño, and G. Kroemer Autophagy and aging Cell 146 2011 682 695
97. H.D. Ryoo, and E.H. Baehrecke Distinct death mechanisms in Drosophila development Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 22 2010 889 895
98. R. Sahu, S. Kaushik, C.C. Clement, E.S. Cannizzo, B. Scharf, A. Follenzi, I. Potolicchio, E. Nieves, A.M. Cuervo, and L. Santambrogio Microautophagy of cytosolic proteins by late endosomes Dev. Cell 20 2011 131 139
99. T. Saitoh, N. Fujita, M.H. Jang, S. Uematsu, B.G. Yang, T. Satoh, H. Omori, T. Noda, N. Yamamoto, and M. Komatsu Loss of the autophagy protein Atg16L1 enhances endotoxin-induced IL-1β production Nature 456 2008 264 268
100. T. Saitoh, N. Fujita, T. Hayashi, K. Takahara, T. Satoh, H. Lee, K. Matsunaga, S. Kageyama, H. Omori, and T. Noda Atg9a controls dsDNA-driven dynamic translocation of STING and the innate immune response Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106 2009 20842 20846
101. I. Sánchez-Serrano Success in translational research: lessons from the development of bortezomib Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5 2006 107 114
102. M. Sato, and K. Sato Degradation of paternal mitochondria by fertilization-triggered autophagy in C. elegans embryos Science 2011 10.1126/science.121033 Published online October 13, 2011
103. R. Singh, S. Kaushik, Y. Wang, Y. Xiang, I. Novak, M. Komatsu, K. Tanaka, A.M. Cuervo, and M.J. Czaja Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism Nature 458 2009 1131 1135
104. Y.S. Sou, S. Waguri, J. Iwata, T. Ueno, T. Fujimura, T. Hara, N. Sawada, A. Yamada, N. Mizushima, and Y. Uchiyama The Atg8 conjugation system is indispensable for proper development of autophagic isolation membranes in mice Mol. Biol. Cell 19 2008 4762 4775
105. F.H. Sterky, S. Lee, R. Wibom, L. Olson, and N.G. Larsson Impaired mitochondrial transport and Parkin-independent degeneration of respiratory chain-deficient dopamine neurons in vivo Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 2011 12937 12942
106. K. Suzuki, Y. Kubota, T. Sekito, and Y. Ohsumi Hierarchy of Atg proteins in pre-autophagosomal structure organization Genes Cells 12 2007 209 218
107. S.W. Suzuki, J. Onodera, and Y. Ohsumi Starvation induced cell death in autophagy-defective yeast mutants is caused by mitochondria dysfunction PLoS ONE 6 2011 e17412
108. A. Takamura, M. Komatsu, T. Hara, A. Sakamoto, C. Kishi, S. Waguri, Y. Eishi, O. Hino, K. Tanaka, and N. Mizushima Autophagy-deficient mice develop multiple liver tumors Genes Dev. 25 2011 795 800
109. A. Tanaka, M.M. Cleland, S. Xu, D.P. Narendra, D.F. Suen, M. Karbowski, and R.J. Youle Proteasome and p97 mediate mitophagy and degradation of mitofusins induced by Parkin J. Cell Biol. 191 2010 1367 1380
110. M. Taneike, O. Yamaguchi, A. Nakai, S. Hikoso, T. Takeda, I. Mizote, T. Oka, T. Tamai, J. Oyabu, and T. Murakawa Inhibition of autophagy in the heart induces age-related cardiomyopathy Autophagy 6 2010 600 606
111. N. Tavernarakis, A. Pasparaki, E. Tasdemir, M.C. Maiuri, and G. Kroemer The effects of p53 on whole organism longevity are mediated by autophagy Autophagy 4 2008 870 873
112. T.L. Thurston, G. Ryzhakov, S. Bloor, N. von Muhlinen, and F. Randow The TBK1 adaptor and autophagy receptor NDP52 restricts the proliferation of ubiquitin-coated bacteria Nat. Immunol. 10 2009 1215 1221
113. S.A. Tooze, and T. Yoshimori The origin of the autophagosomal membrane Nat. Cell Biol. 12 2010 831 835
114. M.L. Tóth, T. Sigmond, E. Borsos, J. Barna, P. Erdélyi, K. Takács-Vellai, L. Orosz, A.L. Kovács, G. Csikós, M. Sass, and T. Vellai Longevity pathways converge on autophagy genes to regulate life span in Caenorhabditis elegans Autophagy 4 2008 330 338
115. L.H. Travassos, L.A. Carneiro, M. Ramjeet, S. Hussey, Y.G. Kim, J.G. Magalhães, L. Yuan, F. Soares, E. Chea, and L. Le Bourhis Nod1 and Nod2 direct autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry Nat. Immunol. 11 2010 55 62
116. M. Tsukada, and Y. Ohsumi Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae FEBS Lett. 333 1993 169 174
117. S. Tsukamoto, A. Kuma, M. Murakami, C. Kishi, A. Yamamoto, and N. Mizushima Autophagy is essential for preimplantation development of mouse embryos Science 321 2008 117 120
118. R.M. Vabulas, and F.U. Hartl Protein synthesis upon acute nutrient restriction relies on proteasome function Science 310 2005 1960 1963
119. C. Vives-Bauza, C. Zhou, Y. Huang, M. Cui, R.L. de Vries, J. Kim, J. May, M.A. Tocilescu, W. Liu, and H.S. Ko PINK1-dependent recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria in mitophagy Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107 2010 378 383
120. H. Wei, S. Wei, B. Gan, X. Peng, W. Zou, and J.L. Guan Suppression of autophagy by FIP200 deletion inhibits mammary tumorigenesis Genes Dev. 25 2011 1510 1527
121. H. Weidberg, E. Shvets, and Z. Elazar Biogenesis and cargo selectivity of autophagosomes Annu. Rev. Biochem. 80 2011 125 156
122. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls Nature 447 2007 661 678
123. P. Wild, H. Farhan, D.G. McEwan, S. Wagner, V.V. Rogov, N.R. Brady, B. Richter, J. Korac, O. Waidmann, and C. Choudhary Phosphorylation of the autophagy receptor optineurin restricts Salmonella growth Science 333 2011 228 233
124. S. Yang, X. Wang, G. Contino, M. Liesa, E. Sahin, H. Ying, A. Bause, Y. Li, J.M. Stommel, and G. Dell'antonio Pancreatic cancers require autophagy for tumor growth Genes Dev. 25 2011 717 729
125. S.R. Yoshii, C. Kishi, N. Ishihara, and N. Mizushima Parkin mediates proteasome-dependent protein degradation and rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane J. Biol. Chem. 286 2011 19630 19640
126. R.J. Youle, and D.P. Narendra Mechanisms of mitophagy Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 12 2011 9 14
127. A.R. Young, M. Narita, M. Ferreira, K. Kirschner, M. Sadaie, J.F. Darot, S. Tavaré, S. Arakawa, S. Shimizu, F.M. Watt, and M. Narita Autophagy mediates the mitotic senescence transition Genes Dev. 23 2009 798 803
128. L. Yu, C.K. McPhee, L. Zheng, G.A. Mardones, Y. Rong, J. Peng, N. Mi, Y. Zhao, Z. Liu, and F. Wan Termination of autophagy and reformation of lysosomes regulated by mTOR Nature 465 2010 942 946
129. Z. Yue, S. Jin, C. Yang, A.J. Levine, and N. Heintz Beclin 1, an autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 2003 15077 15082
130. K. Zatloukal, C. Stumptner, A. Fuchsbichler, H. Heid, M. Schnoelzer, L. Kenner, R. Kleinert, M. Prinz, A. Aguzzi, and H. Denk p62 Is a common component of cytoplasmic inclusions in protein aggregation diseases Am. J. Pathol. 160 2002 255 263
131. H. Zhu, P. Tannous, J.L. Johnstone, Y. Kong, J.M. Shelton, J.A. Richardson, V. Le, B. Levine, B.A. Rothermel, and J.A. Hill Cardiac autophagy is a maladaptive response to hemodynamic stress J. Clin. Invest. 117 2007 1782 1793