Alzheimer's disease: β-amyloid plaque formation in human brain

Synapse

Volumn 65, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1289-1297

  Seeman, Philip ^a   Seeman, Neil ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Amyloid precursor protein; Amyloid beta; Amyloid beta oligomer

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; BETA SECRETASE; BETA SECRETASE INHIBITOR; GAMMA SECRETASE; GAMMA SECRETASE INHIBITOR;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID PLAQUE; ARTICLE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; DRUG RESEARCH; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; NERVE CELL; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN SECRETION; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES; ANIMALS; BRAIN; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; PLAQUE, AMYLOID;

EID: 80053912909     PISSN: 08874476     EISSN: 10982396     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/syn.20957     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Balducci C, Mehdawy B, Mare L, Giuliani A, Lorenzini L, Sivilia S, Giardino L, Calzà L, Lanzillotta A, Sarnico I, Pizzi M, Usiello A, Viscomi AR, Ottonello S, Villetti G, Imbimbo BP, Nisticò G, Forloni G, Nisticò R. The γ-secretase modulator CHF5074 restores memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in plaque-free Tg2576 mice. J Alzheimers Dis (in press).
2. Basi GS, Hemphill S, Brigham EF, Liao A, Aubele DL, Baker J, Barbour R, Bova M, Chen XH, Dappen MS, Eichenbaum T, Goldbach E, Hawkinson J, Lawler-Herbold R, Hu K, Hui T, Jagodzinski JJ, Keim PS, Kholodenko D, Latimer LH, Lee M, Marugg J, Mattson MN, McCauley S, Miller JL, Motter R, Mutter L, Neitzel ML, Ni H, Nguyen L, Quinn K, Ruslim L, Semko CM, Shapiro P, Smith J, Soriano F, Szoke B, Tanaka K, Tang P, Tucker JA, Ye XM, Yu M, Wu J, Xu YZ, Garofalo AW, Sauer JM, Konradi AW, Ness D, Shopp G, Pleiss MA, Freedman SB, Schenk D. 2010. Amyloid precursor protein selective gamma-secretase inhibitors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2: 36.
3. Bhatia R, Lin H, Lal R. 2000. Fresh and globular amyloid beta protein (1-42) induces rapid cellular degeneration: Evidence for AbetaP channel-mediated cellular toxicity. FASEB J 14: 1233-1243.
4. Bien-Ly N, Andrews-Zwilling Y, Xu Q, Bernardo A, Wang C, Huang Y. 2011. C-terminal-truncated apolipoprotein (apo) E4 inefficiently clears amyloid-beta (Abeta) and acts in concert with Abeta to elicit neuronal and behavioral deficits in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 4236-4241.
5. Burdick D, Kosmoski J, Knauer MF, Glabe CG. 1997. Preferential adsorption, internalization and resistance to degradation of the major isoform of the Alzheimer's amyloid peptide. A beta 1-42, in differentiated PC12 cells. Brain Res 746: 275-284.
6. Burns MP, Vardanian L, Pajoohesh-Ganji A, Wang L, Cooper M, Harris DC, Duff K, Rebeck GW. 2006. The effects of ABCA1 on cholesterol efflux and Abeta levels in vitro and in vivo. J Neurochem 98: 792-800.
7. Busciglio J, Gabuzda DH, Matsudaira P, Yankner BA. 1993. Generation of beta-amyloid in the secretory pathway in neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 2092-2096.
8. Caetano FA, Beraldo FH, Hajj GN, Guimaraes AL, Jürgensen S, Wasilewska-Sampaio AP, Hirata PH, Souza I, Machado CF, Wong DY, De Felice FG, Ferreira ST, Prado VF, Rylett RJ, Martins VR, Prado MA. 2011. Amyloid-beta oligomers increase the localization of prion protein at the cell surface. J Neurochem 117: 538-553.
9. Canepa E, Borghi R, Viña J, Traverso N, Gambini J, Domenicotti C, Marinari UM, Poli G, Pronzato MA, Ricciarelli R. Cholesterol and amyloid-β: Evidence for a cross-talk between astrocytes and neuronal cells. J Alzheimers Dis (in press).
10. Carter MD, Simms GA, Weaver DF. 2010. The development of new therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 88: 475-486.
11. Chen M, Inestrosa NC, Ross GS, Fernandez HL. 1995. Platelets are the primary source of amyloid beta-peptide in human blood. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 213: 96-103.
12. Chiti F, Dobson CM. 2006. Protein misfolding, functional amyloid, and human disease. Annu Rev Biochem 75: 333-366.
13. Corona C, Masciopinto F, Silvestri E, Viscovo AD, Lattanzio R, Sorda RL, Ciavardelli D, Goglia F, Piantelli M, Canzoniero LM, Sensi SL. 2010. Dietary zinc supplementation of 3xTg-AD mice increases BDNF levels and prevents cognitive deficits as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Death Dis 1: e91.
14. Cowburn RF, Wiehager B, Trief E, Li-Li M, Sundström E. 1997. Effects of beta-amyloid-(25-35) peptides on radioligand binding to excitatory amino acid receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels: Evidence for a selective affinity for the glutamate and glycine recognition sites of the NMDA receptor. Neurochem Res 22: 1437-1442.
15. Darocha-Souto B, Scotton TC, Coma M, Serrano-Pozo A, Hashimoto T, Serenó L, Rodríguez M, Sánchez B, Hyman BT, Gómez-Isla T. 2011. Brain oligomeric β-amyloid but not total amyloid plaque burden correlates with neuronal loss and astrocyte inflammatory response in amyloid precursor protein/tau transgenic mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 70: 360-376.
16. DaSilva KA, Shaw JE, McLAurin J. 2010. Amyloid-beta fibrillogenesis: Structural insight and therapeutic intervention. Exp Neurol 223: 311-321.
17. De Felice FG, Velasco PT, Lambert MP, Viola K, Fernandez SJ, Ferreira ST, Klein WL. 2007. Abeta oligomers induce neuronal oxidative stress through an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent mechanism that is blocked by the Alzheimer drug memantine. J Biol Chem 282: 11590-11601.
18. De Felice FG, Vieira MN, Bomfim TR, Decker H, Velasco PT, Lambert MP, Viola KL, Zhao WQ, Ferreira ST, Klein WL. 2009. Protection of synapses against Alzheimer's-linked toxins: Insulin signaling prevents the pathogenic binding of Abeta oligomers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 1971-1976. Erratum in: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 7678.
19. Deane R, Du Yan S, Submamaryan RK, LaRue B, Jovanovic S, Hogg E, Welch D, Manness L, Lin C, Yu J, Zhu H, Ghiso J, Frangione B, Stern A, Schmidt AM, Armstrong DL, Arnold B, Liliensiek B, Nawroth P, Hofman F, Kindy M, Stern D, Zlokovic B. 2003. RAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brain. Nat Med 9: 907-913.
20. Decker H, Jürgensen S, Adrover MF, Brito-Moreira J, Bomfim TR, Klein WL, Epstein AL, De Felice FG, Jerusalinsky D, Ferreira ST. 2010. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors are required for synaptic targeting of Alzheimer's toxic amyloid-β peptide oligomers. J Neurochem 115: 1520-1529.
21. Ferretti MT, Partridge V, Leon WC, Canneva F, Allard S, Arvanitis DN, Vercauteren F, Houle D, Ducatenzeiler A, Klein WL, Glabe CG, Szyf M, Cuello AC. 2011. Transgenic mice as a model of pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 8: 4-23.
22. Fitz NF, Cronican A, Pham T, Fogg A, Fauq AH, Chapman R, Lefterov I, Koldamova R. 2010. Liver X receptor agonist treatment ameliorates amyloid pathology and memory deficits caused by high-fat diet in APP23 mice. J Neurosci 30: 6862-6872.
23. Frankfort SV, Tulner LR, van Campen JP, Verbeek MM, Jansen RW, Beijnen JH. 2008. Amyloid beta protein and tau in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma as biomarkers for dementia: A review of recent literature. Curr Clin Pharmacol 3: 123-131.
24. Frydman-Marom A, Levin A, Farfara D, Benromano T, Scherzer-Attali R, Peled S, Vassar R, Segal D, Gazit E, Frenkel D, Ovadia M. 2011. Orally administrated cinnamon extract reduces β-amyloid oligomerization and corrects cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease animal models. PLoS One 6: e1656.
25. Galasko D, Chang L, Motter R, Clark CM, Kaye J, Knopman D, Thomas R, Kholodenko D, Schenk D, Lieberburg I, Miller B, Green R, Basherad R, Kertiles L, Boss MA, Seubert P. 1998. High cerebrospinal fluid tau and low amyloid beta42 levels in the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease and relation to apolipoprotein E genotype. Arch Neurol 55: 937-945.
26. Gandhi S, Wood NW. 2010. Genome-wide association studies: The key to unlocking neurodegeneration? Nat Neurosci 13: 789-794.
27. Gunther EC, Strittmatter SM. 2010. Beta-amyloid oligomers and cellular prion protein in Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Med 88: 331-338.
28. Haass C, Hung AY, Selkoe DJ. 1991. Processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein in microglia and astrocytes favors an internal localization over constitutive secretion. J Neurosci 11: 3783-3793.
29. Hawkins J, Harrison DC, Ahmed S, Davis RP, Chapman T, Marshall I, Smith B, Mead TL, Medhurst A, Giblin GM, Hall A, Gonzalez MI, Richardson J, Hussain I. Dynamics of Aβ42 reduction in plasma, CSF and brain of rats treated with the γ-secretase modulator, GSM-10h. Neurodegener Dis (in press).
30. Höglund K, Wiklund O, Vanderstichele H, Eikenberg O, Vanmechelen E, Blennow K. 2004. Plasma levels of beta-amyloid(1-40), beta-amyloid(1-42), and total beta-amyloid remain unaffected in adult patients with hypercholesterolemia after treatment with statins. Arch Neurol 61: 333-337.
31. Hollingworth P, Harold D, Sims R, Gerrish A, Lambert JC, Carrasquillo MM, Abraham R, Hamshere ML, Pahwa JS, Moskvina V, Dowzell K, Jones N, Stretton A, Thomas C, Richards A, Ivanov D, Widdowson C, Chapman J, Lovestone S, Powell J, Proitsi P, Lupton MK, Brayne C, Rubinsztein DC, Gill M, Lawlor B, Lynch A, Brown KS, Passmore PA, Craig D, McGuinness B, Todd S, Holmes C, Mann D, Smith AD, Beaumont H, Warden D, Wilcock G, Love S, Kehoe PG, Hooper NM, Vardy ER, Hardy J, Mead S, Fox NC, Rossor M, Collinge J, Maier W, Jessen F, Rüther E, Schürmann B, Heun R, Kölsch H, van den Bussche H, Heuser I, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J, Dichgans M, Frölich L, Hampel H, Gallacher J, Hüll M, Rujescu D, Giegling I, Goate AM, Kauwe JS, Cruchaga C, Nowotny P, Morris JC, Mayo K, Sleegers K, Bettens K, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Livingston G, Bass NJ, Gurling H, McQuillin A, Gwilliam R, Deloukas P, Al-Chalabi A, Shaw CE, Tsolaki M, Singleton AB, Guerreiro R, Mühleisen TW, Nöthen MM, Moebus S, Jöckel KH, Klopp N, Wichmann HE, Pankratz VS, Sando SB, Aasly JO, Barcikowska M, Wszolek ZK, Dickson DW, Graff-Radford NR, Petersen RC;the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, van Duijn CM, Breteler MM, Ikram MA, Destefano AL, Fitzpatrick AL, Lopez O, Launer LJ, Seshadri S;CHARGE consortium, Berr C, Campion D, Epelbaum J, Dartigues JF, Tzourio C, Alpérovitch A, Lathrop M;EADI1 consortium, Feulner TM, Friedrich P, Riehle C, Krawczak M, Schreiber S, Mayhaus M, Nicolhaus S, Wagenpfeil S, Steinberg S, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Snædal J, Björnsson S, Jonsson PV, Chouraki V, Genier-Boley B, Hiltunen M, Soininen H, Combarros O, Zelenika D, Delepine M, Bullido MJ, Pasquier F, Mateo I, Frank-Garcia A, Porcellini E, Hanon O, Coto E, Alvarez V, Bosco P, Siciliano G, Mancuso M, Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Bossù P, Piccardi P, Arosio B, Annoni G, Seripa D, Pilotto A, Scarpini E, Galimberti D, Brice A, Hannequin D, Licastro F, Jones L, Holmans PA, Jonsson T, Riemenschneider M, Morgan K, Younkin SG, Owen MJ, O'Donovan M, Amouyel P, Williams J. 2011. Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet 43: 429-435.
32. Huttunen HJ, Havas D, Peach C, Barren C, Duller S, Xia W, Frosch MP, Hutter-Paier B, Windisch M, Kovacs DM. 2010. The acyl-coenzyme A: Cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor CI-1011 reverses diffuse brain amyloid pathology in aged amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 69: 777-788.
33. 3H]BMS-599240-A novel tritiated ligand for the characterization of BACE1 inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 593: 10-15.
34. Jacobsen JS, Wu CC, Redwine JM, Comery TA, Arias R, Bowlby M, Martone R, Morrison JH, Pangalos MN, Reinhart PH, Bloom FE. 2006. Early-onset behavioral and synaptic deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 5161-5166.
35. Jan A, Gokce O, Luthi-Carter R, Lashuel HA. 2008. The ratio of monomeric to aggregated forms of Abeta40 and Abeta42 is an important determinant of amyloid-beta aggregation, fibrillogenesis, and toxicity. J Biol Chem 283: 28176-28189.
36. Kang J, Lemaire HG, Unterbeck A, Salbaum JM, Masters CL, Grzeschik KH, Multhaup G, Beyreuther K, Müller-Hill B. 1987. The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature 325: 733-736.
37. Klaver DW, Wilce MC, Cui H, Hung AC, Gasperini R, Foa L, Small DH. 2010. Is BACE1 a suitable therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease? Current strategies and future directions. Biol Chem 391: 849-859.
38. Koo EH, Squazzo SL, Selkoe DJ, Koo CH. 1996. Trafficking of cell-surface amyloid beta-protein precursor. I. Secretion, endocytosis and recycling as detected by labeled monoclonal antibody. J Cell Sci 109: 991-998.
39. Lacor PN, Buniel MC, Chang L, Fernandez SJ, Gong Y, Viola KL, Lambert MP, Velasco PT, Bigio EH, Finch CE, Krafft GA, Klein WL. 2004. Synaptic targeting by Alzheimer's-related amyloid beta oligomers. J Neurosci 24: 10191-10200.
40. Lai AY, McLaurin J. 2010. Mechanisms of amyloid-Beta Peptide uptake by neurons: The role of lipid rafts and lipid raft-associated proteins. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011: 548380.
41. Lambert MP, Barlow AK, Chromy BA, Edwards C, Freed R, Liosatos M, Morgan TE, Rozovsky I, Trommer B, Viola KL, Wals P, Zhang C, Finch CE, Krafft GA, Klein WL. 1998. Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 6448-6453.
42. Lemmens MA, Sierksma AS, Rutten BP, Dennissen F, Steinbusch HW, Lucassen PJ, Schmitz C. Age-related changes of neuron numbers in the frontal cortex of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Struct Funct (in press).
43. Lin H, Bhatia R, Lal R. 2001. Amyloid beta protein forms ion channels: Implications for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. FASEB J 15: 2433-2444. Erratum in: FASEB J 2002;16:759.
44. Loane DJ, Washington PM, Vardanian L, Pocivavsek A, Hoe HS, Duff KE, Cernak I, Rebeck GW, Faden AI, Burns MP. 2011. Modulation of ABCA1 by an LXR agonist reduces beta-amyloid levels and improves outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 28: 225-236.
45. Maezawa I, Zimin PI, Wulff H, Jin LW. 2011. Amyloid-beta protein oligomer at low nanomolar concentrations activates microglia and induces microglial neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 286: 3693-3706.
46. Mangialasche F, Solomon A, Winblad B, Mecocci P, Kivipelto M. 2010. Alzheimer's disease: Clinical trials and drug development. Lancet Neurol 9: 702-716.
47. Martone RL, Zhou H, Atchison K, Comery T, Xu JZ, Huang X, Gong X, Jin M, Kreft A, Harrison B, Mayer SC, Aschmies S, Gonzales C, Zaleska MM, Riddell DR, Wagner E, Lu P, Sun SC, Sonnenberg-Reines J, Oganesian A, Adkins K, Leach MW, Clarke DW, Huryn D, Abou-Gharbia M, Magolda R, Bard J, Frick G, Raje S, Forlow SB, Balliet C, Burczynski ME, Reinhart PH, Wan HI, Pangalos MN, Jacobsen JS. 2009. Begacestat (GSI-953): A novel, selective thiophene sulfonamide inhibitor of amyloid precursor protein gamma-secretase for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 331: 598-608.
48. McLaurin J, Franklin T, Chakrabartty A, Fraser PE. 1998. Phosphatidylinositol and inositol involvement in Alzheimer amyloid-beta fibril growth and arrest. J Mol Biol 278: 183-194.
49. McLaurin J, Golomb R, Jurewicz A, Antel JP, Fraser PE. 2000. Inositol stereoisomers stabilize an oligomeric aggregate of Alzheimer amyloid beta peptide and inhibit abeta -induced toxicity. J Biol Chem 275: 18495-18502.
50. McLaurin J, Kierstead ME, Brown ME, Hawkes CA, Lambermon MH, Phinney AL, Darabie AA, Cousins JE, French JE, Lan MF, Chen F, Wong SS, Mount HT, Fraser PE, Westaway D, St George-Hyslop P. 2006. Cyclohexanehexol inhibitors of Abeta aggregation prevent and reverse Alzheimer phenotype in a mouse model. Nat Med 12: 801-808.
51. McLaurin J, Cecal R, Kierstead ME, Tian X, Phinney AL, Manea M, French JE, Lambermon MH, Darabie AA, Brown ME, Janus C, Chishti MA, Horne P, Westaway D, Fraser PE, Mount HT, Przybylski M, St George-Hyslop P. 2002. Therapeutically effective antibodies against amyloid-beta peptide target amyloid-beta residues 4-10 and inhibit cytotoxicity and fibrillogenesis. Nat Med 8: 1263-1269.
52. Mehta PD, Pirttila T, Patrick BA, Barshatzky M, Mehta SP. 2001. Amyloid beta protein 1-40 and 1-42 levels in matched cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurosci Lett 304: 102-106.
53. Moghekar A, Rao S, Li M, Ruben D, Mammen A, Tang X, O'Brien RJ. 2011. Large quantities of A{beta} peptide are constitutively released during amyloid precursor protein metabolism in vivo and vitro. J Biol Chem 286: 15989-15997.
54. Mohamed A, Posse de Chaves E. 2011. A β internalization by neurons and glia. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011: 127984.
55. Nag S, Sarkar B, Bandyopadhyay A, Sahoo B, Sreenivasan VK, Kombrabail M, Muralidharan C, Maiti S. 2011. Nature of the amyloid-{beta} monomer and the monomer-oligomer equilibrium. J Biol Chem 286: 13827-13833.
56. Naj AC, Jun G, Beecham GW, Wang LS, Vardarajan BN, Buros J, Gallins PJ, Buxbaum JD, Jarvik GP, Crane PK, Larson EB, Bird TD, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, De Jager PL, Evans D, Schneider JA, Carrasquillo MM, Ertekin-Taner N, Younkin SG, Cruchaga C, Kauwe JS, Nowotny P, Kramer P, Hardy J, Huentelman MJ, Myers AJ, Barmada MM, Demirci FY, Baldwin CT, Green RC, Rogaeva E, George-Hyslop PS, Arnold SE, Barber R, Beach T, Bigio EH, Bowen JD, Boxer A, Burke JR, Cairns NJ, Carlson CS, Carney RM, Carroll SL, Chui HC, Clark DG, Corneveaux J, Cotman CW, Cummings JL, Decarli C, Dekosky ST, Diaz-Arrastia R, Dick M, Dickson DW, Ellis WG, Faber KM, Fallon KB, Farlow MR, Ferris S, Frosch MP, Galasko DR, Ganguli M, Gearing M, Geschwind DH, Ghetti B, Gilbert JR, Gilman S, Giordani B, Glass JD, Growdon JH, Hamilton RL, Harrell LE, Head E, Honig LS, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Jicha GA, Jin LW, Johnson N, Karlawish J, Karydas A, Kaye JA, Kim R, Koo EH, Kowall NW, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Lieberman AP, Lopez OL, Mack WJ, Marson DC, Martiniuk F, Mash DC, Masliah E, McCormick WC, McCurry SM, McDavid AN, McKee AC, Mesulam M, Miller BL, Miller CA, Miller JW, Parisi JE, Perl DP, Peskind E, Petersen RC, Poon WW, Quinn JF, Rajbhandary RA, Raskind M, Reisberg B, Ringman JM, Roberson ED, Rosenberg RN, Sano M, Schneider LS, Seeley W, Shelanski ML, Slifer MA, Smith CD, Sonnen JA, Spina S, Stern RA, Tanzi RE, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Van Deerlin VM, Vinters HV, Vonsattel JP, Weintraub S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Williamson J, Woltjer RL, Cantwell LB, Dombroski BA, Beekly D, Lunetta KL, Martin ER, Kamboh MI, Saykin AJ, Reiman EM, Bennett DA, Morris JC, Montine TJ, Goate AM, Blacker D, Tsuang DW, Hakonarson H, Kukull WA, Foroud TM, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Pericak-Vance MA, Farrer LA, Schellenberg GD. 2011. Common variants at MS4A4/MS4A6E, CD2AP, CD33 and EPHA1 are associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet 43: 436-441.
57. Nitz M, Fenili D, Darabie AA, Wu L, Cousins JE, McLaurin J. 2008. Modulation of amyloid-beta aggregation and toxicity by inosose stereoisomers. FEBS J 275: 1663-1674.
58. Ono K, Yamada M. 2011. Low-n oligomers as theraputic targets of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 117: 19-28.
59. Orellana JA, Shoji KF, Abudara V, Ezan P, Amigou E, Sáez PJ, Jiang JX, Naus CC, Sáez JC, Giaume C. 2011. Amyloid {beta}-induced death in neurons involves glial and neuronal hemichannels. J Neurosci 31: 4962-4977.
60. Panza F, Frisardi V, Imbimbo BP, Seripa D, Solfrizzi V, Pilotto A. 2011. Monoclonal antibodies against β-amyloid (Aβ) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: The Aβ target at a crossroads. Expert Opin Biol Ther 11: 679-686.
61. Pasic MD, Diamandis EP, McLaurin J, Holtzman DM, Schmitt-Ulms G, Quirion R. 2011. Alzheimer disease: Advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Clin Chem 57: 664-669.
62. Patel NV, Forman BM. 2004. Linking lipids. Alzheimer's and LXRs? Nucl Recept Signal 2: e001.
63. Prvulovic D, Hampel H. 2011. Amyloid β (Aβ) and phospho-tau (p-tau) as diagnostic biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 49: 367-374.
64. Riddell DR, Zhou H, Comery TA, Kouranova E, Lo CF, Warwick HK, Ring RH, Kirksey Y, Aschmies S, Xu J, Kubek K, Hirst WD, Gonzales C, Chen Y, Murphy E, Leonard S, Vasylyev D, Oganesian A, Martone RL, Pangalos MN, Reinhart PH, Jacobsen JS. 2007. The LXR agonist TO901317 selectively lowers hippocampal Abeta42 and improves memory in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 34: 621-628.
65. 11C-PiB PET assessment of change in fibrillar amyloid-beta load in patients with Alzheimer's disease treated with bapineuzumab: A phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose study. Lancet Neurol 9: 363-372.
66. Roher AE, Esh CL, Kokjohn TA, Castaño EM, Van Vickle GD, Kalback WM, Patton RL, Luehrs DC, Daugs ID, Kuo YM, Emmerling MR, Soares H, Quinn JF, Kaye J, Connor DJ, Silverberg NB, Adler CH, Seward JD, Beach TG, Sabbagh MN. 2009. Amyloid beta peptides in human plasma and tissues and their significance for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 5: 18-29.
67. Sandberg A, Luheshi LM, Söllvander S, Pereira de Barros T, Macao B, Knowles TP, Biverstål H, Lendel C, Ekholm-Petterson F, Dubnovitsky A, Lannfelt L, Dobson CM, Härd T. 2010. Stabilization of neurotoxic Alzheimer amyloid-beta oligomers by protein engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 15595-15600.
68. Seeman P, Chau-Wong M, Tedesco J, Wong K. 1975. Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: Direct binding assays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 4376-4380.
69. Seeman P, Lee T, Chau-Woong M, Wong K. 1976. Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors. Nature 261: 717-719.
70. High receptors. CNS Neurosci Ther 17: 118-132.
71. Sharman MJ, Morici M, Hone E, Berger T, Taddei K, Martins IJ, Lim WL, Singh S, Wenk MR, Ghiso J, Buxbaum JD, Gandy S, Martins RN. 2010. APOE genotype results in differential effects on the peripheral clearance of amyloid-beta42 in APOE knock-in and knock-out mice. J Alzheimers Dis 21: 403-409.
72. Soreghan B, Kosmoski J, Glabe C. 1994. Surfactant properties of Alzheimer's A beta peptides and the mechanism of amyloid aggregation. J Biol Chem 269: 28551-28554.
73. Suon S, Zhao J, Villarreal SA, Anumula N, Liu M, Carangia LM, Renger JJ, Zerbinatti CV. 2010. Systemic treatment with liver X receptor agonists raises apolipoprotein E, cholesterol, and amyloid-β peptides in the cerebral spinal fluid of rats. Mol Neurodegener 5: 44.
74. Sun Y, Zhang G, Hawkes CA, Shaw JE, McLaurin J, Nitz M. 2008. Synthesis of scyllo-inositol derivatives and their effects on amyloid beta peptide aggregation. Bioorg Med Chem 16: 7177-7184.
75. Takamura A, Okamoto Y, Kawarabayashi T, Yokoseki T, Shibata M, Mouri A, Nabeshima T, Sun H, Abe K, Urisu T, Yamamoto N, Shoji M, Yanagisawa K, Michikawa M, Matsubara E. 2011. Extracellular and intraneuronal HMW-AbetaOs represent a molecular basis of memory loss in Alzheimer's disease model mouse. Mol Neurodegener 6: 20.
76. Tamaki C, Ohtsuki S, Iwatsubo T, Hashimoto T, Yamada K, Yabuki C, Terasaki T. 2006. Major involvement of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 in the clearance of plasma free amyloid beta-peptide by the liver. Pharm Res 23: 1407-1416.
77. Tamayev R, Matsuda S, Fà M, Arancio O, D'Adamio L. 2010. Danish dementia mice suggest that loss of function and not the amyloid cascade causes synaptic plasticity and memory deficits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 20822-20827.
78. Tampellini D, Gouras GK. 2010. Synapses, synaptic activity and intraneuronal abeta in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2.pii: 13.
79. Tsakanikas D, Shah K, Flores C, Assuras S, Relkin NR. 2008. Effects of uninterrupted intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of Alzheimer's disease for nine months. Alzheimers Dement 4( 4, Suppl 2): T776.
80. Van Broeck B, Chen JM, Tréton G, Desmidt M, Hopf C, Ramsden N, Karran E, Mercken M, Rowley A. 2011. Chronic treatment with a novel γ-secretase modulator, JNJ-40418677, inhibits amyloid plaque formation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 163: 375-389.
81. Vassar R, Bennett BD, Babu-Khan S, Kahn S, Mendiaz EA, Denis P, Teplow DB, Ross S, Amarante P, Loeloff R, Luo Y, Fisher S, Fuller J, Edenson S, Lile J, Jarosinski MA, Biere AL, Curran E, Burgess T, Louis JC, Collins F, Treanor J, Rogers G, Citron M. 1999. Beta-secretase cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein by the transmembrane aspartic protease BACE. Science 286: 735-741.
82. Verbeek MM, Otte-Höller I, Fransen JA, de Waal RM. 2002. Accumulation of the amyloid-beta precursor protein in multivesicular body-like organelles. J Histochem Cytochem 50: 681-690.
83. Verwey NA, van der Flier WM, Blennow K, Clark C, Sokolow S, De Deyn PP, Galasko D, Hampel H, Hartmann T, Kapaki E, Lannfelt L, Mehta PD, Parnetti L, Petzold A, Pirttila T, Saleh L, Skinningsrud A, Swieten JC, Verbeek MM, Wiltfang J, Younkin S, Scheltens P, Blankenstein MA. 2009. A worldwide multicentre comparison of assays for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Biochem 46(Part 3): 235-240.
84. Walsh DM, Tseng BP, Rydel RE, Podlisny MB, Selkoe DJ. 2000. The oligomerization of amyloid beta-protein begins intracellularly in cells derived from human brain. Biochemistry 39: 10831-10839.
85. Walsh DM, Klyubin I, Fadeeva JV, Cullen WK, Anwyl R, Wolfe MS, Rowan MJ, Selkoe DJ. 2002. Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid beta protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 416: 535-539.
86. Wood KM, McCush F, Conboy JJ. 2010. IP/MS analysis of human CSF Abeta following a single dose of the C-terminal anti-Abeta antibody ponezumab (PF-04360365) to Alzheimer patients. Alzheimer Dement 6( 4, Suppl 1): S311-S311.
87. Yang DS, Stavrides P, Mohan PS, Kaushik S, Kumar A, Ohno M, Schmidt SD, Wesson D, Bandyopadhyay U, Jiang Y, Pawlik M, Peterhoff CM, Yang AJ, Wilson DA, St George-Hyslop P, Westaway D, Mathews PM, Levy E, Cuervo AM, Nixon RA. 2011. Reversal of autophagy dysfunction in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease ameliorates amyloid pathologies and memory deficits. Brain 134(Part 1): 258-277.
88. Yu J, Gattoni-Celli M, Zhu H, Bhat NR, Sambamurti K, Gattoni-Celli S, Kindy MS. Vitamin D3-enriched diet correlates with a decrease of amyloid plaques in the brain of AβPP transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis (in press).
89. Zelcer N, Khanlou N, Clare R, Jiang Q, Reed-Geaghan EG, Landreth GE, Vinters HV, Tontonoz P. 2007. Attenuation of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathology by liver X receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 10601-10606.
90. Zhu Y, Hou H, Rezai-Zadeh K, Giunta B, Ruscin A, Gemma C, Jin J, Dragicevic N, Bradshaw P, Rasool S, Glabe CG, Ehrhart J, Bickford P, Mori T, Obregon D, Town T, Tan J. 2011. CD45 deficiency drives amyloid-β peptide oligomers and neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease mice. J Neurosci 31: 1355-1365.
91. Zlokovic BV, Ghiso J, Mackic JB, McComb JG, Weiss MH, Frangione B. 1993. Blood-brain barrier transport of circulating Alzheimer's amyloid beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 197: 1034-1040.
92. Zlokovic BV, Deane R, Sagare AP, Bell RD, Winkler EA. 2010. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1: A serial clearance homeostatic mechanism controlling Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide elimination from the brain. J Neurochem 115: 1077-1089.