Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in cerebrovascular & coronary heart diseases

Indian Journal of Medical Research

Volumn 132, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 363-378

  Anoop, Shajith ^a   Misra, Anoop ^b   Meena, Kiran ^c   Luthra, Kalpana ^c  

^a BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b Fortis Hospitals   (India)

^c ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Apolipoprotein E; Cholesterol; Coronary heart diseases; Polymorphism

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E; APOLIPOPROTEIN E2; APOLIPOPROTEIN E3; APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; CHOLESTEROL; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE 3; INDIAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM; REVIEW; ALLELE; ANIMAL; BLOOD; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETICS; INDIA; METABOLISM; MOUSE; MOUSE MUTANT;

ALLELES; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; APOLIPOPROTEINS E; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; CHOLESTEROL; CORONARY DISEASE; HUMANS; INDIA; LDL-RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN 1; LIPIDS; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC;

EID: 78049483253     PISSN: 09715916     EISSN: 09715916     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: Cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science 1988; 240: 622-630.
2. Scott J, Knott TJ, Shaw DJ, Brook JD. Localisation of genes encoding apolipoprotein C I, C II, and E to the P->Cen region of human chromosome. Hum Genet 1985; 71: 144-146.
3. Weisgraber KH. Apolipoprotein E: Structure-function relationships. Adv Protein Chem 1994; 45: 249-302.
4. Ulrike Beisiegel, Wilfried Weber, Gudrun Ihrke, Joachim Herz, Keith K. Stanley. The LDL- receptor- related protein LRP is an apolipoprotein E binding protein. Nature 1989; 341: 162-164.
5. Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 1-21.
6. Zannis VI, Breslow JL, Utermann G, Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Havel RJ, et al. Proposed nomenclature of Apo E isoproteins, Apo E genotypes and phenotypes. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 911-914.
7. Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou P, Giannakopoulou V, Mihas C, Hatzigeorgiou GI, et al. Apolipoprotein E Gene polymorphism and obesity status in middle - aged men with coronary heart disease. In vivo 2009; 23: 33-40.
8. Eichner JE, Dunn ST, Perveen G, Thompson DM, Stewart KE, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: A HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 2002: 155: 487-495.
9. Grocott HP, Newman MF, El-Moalem H, Bainbridge D, Butler, BAA, Laskowitz DT, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype differentially influences the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thoracic Cardio Vasc Surg 2001; 122: 622-623.
10. Hegsted DM, Ausman LM, Johnson JA, Dallal GE. Dietary fat and serum lipids: an evaluation of the experimental data. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 875-883.
11. Frank Lammert, David Q-H. Wang, Beverly Paigen, Martin C. Carey Phenotypic characterization of Lith genes that determine susceptibility to cholesterol cholelithiasis in inbred mice. Integrated activities of hepatic lipid regulatory enzymes. J Lipid Res 1999; 40: 2080-2090.
12. Kesäniemi YA, Ehnholm C, Miettinen TA. Intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency in man is related to apolipoprotein E phenotype. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 578-581.
13. Ostos MA, Lopez-Miranda J, Marin C, Castro P, Gomez P, Paz E, et al. The apolipoprotein A-IV-360 His polymorphism determines the dietary fat clearance in normal subjects. Atherosclerosis 2000; 153: 209-217.
14. Innerarity TL, Pitas RE, Mahley RW. Modulating effects of canine high density lipoproteins on cholesterol ester synthesis induced by β - very low density lipoproteins in macrophages. Possible in vitro correlates with atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1982; 2: 114-124.
15. Gordon V, Innerarity TL, Mahley RW. Formation of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E - enriched high density lipoprotein in vitro. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 6202-6212.
16. Mahley RW, Innerarity TL. Lipoprotein receptors and cholesterol homeostasis. Biochim Biophys, Acta 1983; 737: 197-222.
17. Ehnholm C, Mahley RW, Chappell DA, Weisgraber KH, Ludwig E, Witztum JL. Role of apolipoprotein in lipolytic conversion of β very low density lipoproteins to low density lipoproteins in type III hypolipoproteinemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 5556-5570.
18. Gregg RE, Ronan R, Zech LA, Ghiselli G, Schaefer EJ, Brewer HB Jr., et al. Abnormal metabolism of apolipoprotein E4. Circulation 1982; 66: (Suppl 2): 160.
19. Gerd Utermann. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in health and disease. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 433-440.
20. Myhre A, Tysnes OB. Etiology and genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2002; 122: 50-53.
21. McCarron MO, Nicoll JA, Stewart J, Ironside JW, Mann DM, Love S, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype and cerebral amyloid angiopathy- related hemorrhage. Ann NY Acad Sci 2000; 903: 176-179.
22. Jovone T, Kervinen K, Kairaluoma MI. Gall stone cholesterol content is related to a apolipoprotein E polymorphism. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1806-1813.
23. Zunarelli E, Nicoll JA, Trentini GP: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and central nervous system tumors correlation with cell proliferation indices and clinical outcome. Clin Neurol Pathol 2000; 19: 1-6.
24. Carlin C, Murray L, Graham D, Doyle D, Nicoll J, Carlin C, et al. Involvement of apolipoprotein E in multiple sclerosis: Absence of myelination associated with possession of APO E epsilon 2 allele. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000; 59: 361-367.
25. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E allele type 4 and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993; 261: 921-923.
26. Misra UK, Adlakha CL, Gawdi G, McMillian MK, Pizzo SV, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotein E and mimetic peptide initiate a calcium dependent signaling response in Macrophages. J Leukocyte Biol 1998; 70: 677-683.
27. 2+ channel. Brain Pathol 1998; 8: 641-653.
28. Aono M, Lee Y, Grant ER, Zivin RA, Pearlstein RD, Warner DS. Apolipoprotein E protects against NMDA excitotoxicity. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 11: 214-220.
29. Yoonki Lee, Mitsuo Aono, Daniel Laskowitz, Warner DS, Pearlstein RD. Apolipoprotein E protects against oxidative stress in mixed neuronal glial cell culture by reducing glutamate toxicity. Neurochem Int 2004; 44: 107-118.
30. Cedazo-Mínguez A, Cowburn RF. Apolipoprotein E: a major piece in the Alzheimer's disease puzzle. J Cell Mol Med 2001; 5: 254-266.
31. Gutman CR, Strittmatter WJ, Weisgraber KH, Matthew WD. Apolipoprotein E binds to and potentiates the biological activity of ciliary neurotrophic factor. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 6114-6121.
32. Curtiss LK, Boisvert WA. Apolipoprotein E and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000; 11: 243-251.
33. Baskina F, Smithb GM, Fosmirea JA, Rosenberga RN. Altered apolipoprotein E secretion in cytokine treated astrocyte cultures. J Neurol Sci 1997; 148: 15-18.
34. Laskowitz DT, Goel S, Bennett ER, Matthew WD. Apolipoprotein E suppresses glial cell secretion of TNF alpha. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 76: 70-74.
35. Rebeck GW, LaDu MJ, Estus S, Bu G, Weeber EJ. The generation and function of soluble apo E receptors in the CNS. Mol Neurodegen 2006; 15: 1-13.
36. Haass C, Koo EH, Mellon A, Hung AY, Selkoe DJ. Targeting of cell surface beta amyloid precursor protein to lysosomes: alternative processing into amyloid bearing fragments. Nature 1992; 357: 500-503.
37. Shoji M, Golde TE, Ghiso J, Cheung TT, Estus S, Shaffer LM, et al. Production of the Alzheimer amyloid beta protein by normal proteolytic processing. Science 1992; 258: 126-129.
38. Kimberly WT, LaVoie MJ, Ostaszewski BL, Ye W, Wolfe MS, Selkoe DJ. Gamma secretase is a membrane protein complex comprised of presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1 and Pen-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 6382-6387.
39. Vassar R, Bennett BD, Babu-Khan S, Kahn S, Mendiaz EA, Denis P. Beta- secretase cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein by the transmembrane aspartic protease BACE. Science 1999; 286: 735-741.
40. Stewart R, Liolitsa D. Type 2 diabetes, cognitive impairment and dementia. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 93-112.
41. Cummings JL, Vinters HV, Cole GM, Khachaturian ZS. Alzheimer's disease: etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve and treatment opportunities. Neurology 1998; 51: (Suppl): S2-S17.
42. 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease among African Americans, Whites and Hispanics. JAMA 1998; 279: 751-755.
43. Ganguli M, Chandra V, Kamboh MI, Johnston JM, Dodge HH, Thelma BK, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease: The Indo- US- Cross- National Dementia study. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 824-830.
44. Chandra V, Ganguli M, Pandav R, Johnston J, Belle S, DeKosky ST. Prevalence of Alzheimer's and other dementias in rural India: the Indo-US study. Neurology 1998; 51: 1000-1008.
45. Gounden N, Naidoo J, Pegoraro RJ, Berger GMB. Apolipoprotein E allele frequencies in a South African Indian female population. Clin Genet 1995; 48: 243-245.
46. Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL, Hyman B, Kukull WA, Mayeux R, et al. Effects of age, sex and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer's disease: A meta analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA 1997: 278: 1349-1356.
47. Sando SB, Melquist S, Cannon A, Hutton ML, Sletvold O, Saltved I, et al. Apo E 4 lowers age of onset and is a high risk factor for Alzheimer's disease; A case control study from central Norway. BMC Neurol 2008: 8: 1-7.
48. Lucotte G, Loirat F, Hazout S. Pattern of gradient of apolipoprotein E allele 4 frequencies in Western Europe. Hum Biol 1997; 69: 253-262.
49. Myers RH, Schaefer EJ, Wilson PW, D'Agostino R, Ordovas JM, Espino A, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 association with dementia in a population based study. The Framingham study. Neurology 1996; 46: 673-377.
50. Raber J, Huang Y, Ashford JW. Apo E genotype accounts for the vast majority of AD risk and AD pathology. Neurobiol Ageing 2004; 25: 641-6.
51. Prasher VP, Chowdhury TA, Rowe BR. APO E genotype and Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down's syndrome: Meta analysis. Am J Mental Retard 1997; 102: 103-110.
52. Tyrrell J, Cosgrave M, Hawi Z, McPheroson J, O'Brien C, McCalvert J, et al. A protective effect of apolipoprotein E e2 allele on dementia in Down's syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43: 397-400.
53. Deb S, Braganza J, Norton N, Williams H, Kehoe PG, Williams J, et al. APO E4 influences the manifestation of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down's syndrome. Br J Psy 2000; 176: 468-472.
54. Hyman BT, Hedley-Whyte ET, Rebeck GW, Vonsattel J, West HL, Growdon JH. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4/4 in a neuropathologically normal very elderly individual. Arch Neurol 1996; 53: 215.
55. Hendrie HC, Hall KS, Hui S, Unverzagt FW, Yu CE, Lahiri DK, et al. Apolipoprotein E Genotypes and Alzheimer's disease in a community of elderly African Americans. Ann Neurol 1995; 37: 118-120.
56. Luthra K, Tripathi M, Grover R, Dwivedi M, Kumar A, Dey AB. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism in Indian patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Demet Geriatr Cong Disord 2004; 17: 132-135.
57. Frank A, Díez-Tejedor E, Bullido MJ, Valdivieso F, Barreiroa P. APO E genotype in cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 2000; 203-204: 173-176.
58. Slooter AJ, Tang MX, van Duijn CM, Stern Y, Ott A, Bell K, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and the risk of dementia with stroke. A population based investigation. JAMA 1997; 277: 818-821.
59. Luthra K, Prasad K, Kumar P, Dwivedi M, Pandey RM, Das N. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism in cerebrovascular disease. A case control study. Clin Genet 2002; 62: 39-44.
60. Pedro-Botet J, Senti M, Nogues X, Rubies-Prat J, Roquer J, D'Olhaberriague L, et al. Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profile in men with ischemic stroke. Role of lipoprotein (a), triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and apolipoprotein E polymorphism. Stroke 1992; 23: 1556-1562.
61. Parfenova MG, Nikolaeva TY. Sudomoina MA, Fedorova SA, Guekht AB, Gusev EI, et al. Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E (APO E) and lipoprotein lipase (LDL) genes and Ischemic stroke in individuals of Yakut ethnicity. J Neurol Sci 2007; 255: 42-49.
62. Wang B, Zhao H, Zhou L, Dai X, Wang D, Caoe J, et al. Association of genetic variation in apolipoprotein E and low density lipoprotein receptor with ischemic stroke in northern Han Chinese. J Neurol Sci 2009; 276: 118-122.
63. Pezzini A, Grassi M, Zotto ED, Bazzoli E, Archetti S, Assanelli D, et al. Synergistic effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms and cigarette smoking on risks of ischemic stroke in young adults. Stroke 2004; 35: 438-442.
64. Kumar A, Tripathi Manjari, Pandey Ravindra M, Ramakrishnan Lakshmy, Srinivas M, Luthra K. Apolipoprotein E in temporal lobe epilepsy: A case-control study. Dis Markers 2006; 22: 335-342.
65. Stengård JH, Zerba KE, Pekkanen J, Ehnholm C, Nissinen A, Sing CF. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism predicts death from coronary heart disease in a longitudinal study of elderly Finnish men. Circulation 1995; 91: 265-269.
66. Hsiung GYR, Sadovnick AD, Feldman H. Apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype as a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia: data from the Canadian study of health and aging. CMAJ 2004; 171: 863-867.
67. Mooser V, Helbecque N, Miklossy J, Marcovina SM, Nicod P, Amouyel P. Interactions between apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein(a) in patients with late-onset Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 533-537.
68. Srinivasan SR, Ehnholm C, Elkasabany A, Berenson GS. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism modulates the association between obesity and dyslipidemics during young adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism 2001; 50: 696-702.
69. Lehtinen S, Lehtimäki T, Sisto T, Salenius JP, Nikkilä M, Jokela H, koivula T, et al. Apolipoprotein E, serum lipids, myocardial infarction and severity of angiographically verified coronary artery disease in men and women. Atherosclerosis 1995; 114: 83-91.
70. Brscic E, Bergerone S, Gagnor A, Colajanni E, Matullo G, Scaglione L, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in young adults: prognostic role of angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, apolipoprotein E, endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase, and glycoprotein IIIagenetic polymorphisms at medium term follow-up. Am Heart J 2000; 139: 979-984.
71. Howard BV, Gidding SS, Liu K. Association of apolipoprotein E phenotype with plasma lipoproteins in African American and white young adults. The CARDIA study. Coronary Artery risk development in young adults. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148: 859-868.
72. van Bockxmeer FM, Mamotte CDS. Apolipoprotein epsilon 4 homozygosity in young men with coronary heart disease. Lancet 1990; 340: 879-880.
73. McCarron MO, Delong D, Alberts MJ. Apo E genotype as a risk factor for ischemic cerebro disease: A meta analysis. Neurology 1993; 53: 1308-1311, 1999.
74. Kumar P, Luthra K, Dwivedi M, Behl VK, Pandey RM, Misra A. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms in patients with premature myocardial infarction: a case-controlled study in Asian Indians in north India. Ann Clin Biochem 2003; 40: 382-387.
75. Ashavaid TF, Todur SP, Nair KG. Apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism as risk factor for coronary heart disease among Indian subjects. IJCB 2002; 17: 83-93.
76. Venkatramana P, Reddy PC. Effects of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on the lipid and lipoprotein levels related to risk for cardiovascular disease. ICMR Bull 1998; 28: 66-67.
77. Lenzen HJ, Assmann G, Buchwalsky R. Association of Apo E polymorphism, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary artery diseases. Arteriosclerosis 1983; 3: 310-315.
78. Luthra K, Bharghav B, Chabbra S, Das N, Misra A, Agarwal DP, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in Northern Indian patients with coronary heart disease: phenotype distribution and relation to Serum lipids and lipoproteins. Mol Cell Biochem 2002; 232: 97-102.
79. Beisiegel U, Weber W, Ihrke G, Herz J, Stanley KK. The LDL- receptor- related protein LRP is an apolipoprotein E binding protein. Nature 1989; 341: 162-164.
80. Gerdes LU, Gerdes C, Kervinen K, Savolainen M, Klausen IC, Hansen PS, et al. The apolipoprotein ε allele determines prognosis and the effect on prognosis of simvastatin in survivors of myocardial infarction. A sub study of the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study. Circulation 2000; 101: 1366-1371.
81. Stengard JH, Weiss KM, Sing CF. An ecological study of association between coronary heart disease mortality rate in men and the relative frequencies of common allelic variations in the gene coding for apolipoprotein E. Hum Genet 1998; 103: 234-241.
82. Sing CF, Moll PP. Genetics of variability of coronary heart disease risk. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18 (Suppl 1): S183-S195.
83. Schiele F, De Bacquer D, Vincent-Viry M, Beisiegel U, Ehnholm C, Evans A, et al. Apolipoprotein E serum concentration and polymorphism in six European countries: the Apo Europe project. Arteriosclerosis 2000; 152: 475-488.
84. Mooijaart SP, Berbée JFP, van Heemst D, Havekes LM, de Craen AJM, Slagboom PE, et al. Apo E plasma levels and risk of cardiovascular mortality in old age. PLoS Med 2006; (6): e 176: 0874-0883.
85. Song Y, Stampfer MJ, Liu S. Meta analysis: Apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 137-147.
86. Humphries SE, Talmud PJ, Hawe E, Bolla M, Day INM, Miller GJ. Apolipoprotein E4 and coronary heart disease in middle aged men who smoke: a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 358: 115-119.
87. Karvonen J, Kauma H, Kervinen K, Ukkola O, Rantala M, Päivänsalo M. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism affects carotid artery atherosclerosis in smoking hypertensive men. J Hyperten 2002; 20: 2371-2378.
88. Singh PP, Singh M, Bhatnagar DP, Kaur TP, Gaur SK. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and its relation to plasma lipids in coronary heart disease. Indian J Med Sci 2008; 62: 105-112.
89. Singh PP, Singh M, Mastana SS. Apo E distribution in world populations with new data from India and the U.K. Ann Hum Biol 2006; 33: 279-308.
90. Moghadasian MH, McManus BM, Godin DV, Rodrigues B, Frohlich JJ. Pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic effects of probucol and phytosterols in apo E deficient mice: possible mechanisms of action. Circulation 1999; 99: 1733-1739.
91. Lehtimaki T, Moilanen T, Viikari J, Akerblom HK, Ehnholm C, Ronnemaa T, et al. Apolipoprotein E phenotypes in finnish youths: a cross sectional and six year follow-up study. J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 487-495.
92. Ehnholm C, Lukka M, Kuusi T, Nikkila E, Utermann G. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in the Finnish population: gene frequencies and relation to lipoprotein concentrations. J Lipid Res 1986; 27: 227-235.
93. Heide S, Manfred K, Glaser C, Schulz S. Apolipoprotein E (apo E) polymorphism: A risk factor for fatal coronary sclerosis. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 192: 62-66.
94. Volcik KA, Barkley RA, Hutchinson RG, Mosley TH, Heiss G, Sharrett AR, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms predict low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and carotid artery wall thickness but not incident coronary heart disease in 12,491 ARIC study participants. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164: 342-348.
95. Zhang SH, Reddick RL, Piedrahita JA, Maeda N. Spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions in mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Science 1992; 258: 468-471.
96. Harwood DG, Barker WW, Ownby RL, George-Hyslop PS, Mullan M, Duara R. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and age of onset for Alzheimer's disease in a bi-ethnic Sample. Int Psychogeriatr 2004; 16: 317-326.
97. Elosua R, Ordovas JM, Cupple LA, Fox CS, Polak JF, Wolf PA, et al. Association of Apo E genotype with carotid arteriosclerosis in men and women: The Framingham heart study. J Lipid Res 2004; 45: 1868-1875.
98. Belkovets A, Kurilovich S, Dolgich M, Agarwal DP. Distribution of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes in a Siberian female population sample. IJHG 2001; 3: 179-182.
99. Anuurad E, Lu G, Rubin J, Pearson TA, Berglund L. Apo E genotype affects allele- specific apo (a) levels for large apo [a] sizes in African- Americans: the Harlem - Basset Study. J Lipid Res 2007; 48: 693-698.
100. Stakias N, Liakos P, Tsiapali E, Goutou M, Koukoulis GN. Lower prevalence of Epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E gene in healthy, longer lived individuals of Hellenic origin. J Geronto Biol Sci 2006; 61A: 1228-1231.
101. Seet WT, Ai TJ, Anne M, Yen TS. Apolipoprotein E genotyping in the Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups in Malaysia - a study on the distribution of the different Apo E alleles and genotypes. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 340: 201-205.
102. Elba L, Veronica M, Roxana O, Maria P, Miguel A. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in type 2 diabetic patients of Talca, Chile. Diab Res Clin Pract 2004; 68: 244-249.
103. Kim YS, Paeng JR, Woo JT, Kim SW, Yang IM, Kim JW, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotypes of normal and hyperlipidemic subjects. J Korean Med Sci 1993; 8: 262-266.
104. Miida T. Apolipoprotein E phenotypes in patients with coronary Artery disease. Tohoku J Exp Med 1990; 160: 177-187.
105. Tiret L, de Knijff P, Menzel HJ. Apo E polymorphism and predisposition to coronary heart disease in youths of different European populations. The EARS study: (European Atherosclerosis Research Study). Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 1617-1624.
106. Masliah E, Mallory M, Ge N, Alford M, Veinbergs I, Roses AD. Neurodegeneration in the central nervous system of apo E deficient mice. Exp Neurol 1995; 136: 107-122.
107. 2 switch of autoimmune response in atherosclerotic Apo E knock out mice. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1717-1725.
108. Gordon I, Grauer E, Genis I, Sehayek E, Michaelson DM. Memory deficits and cholinergic impairments in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Neuroscience 1995; 199: 1-4.
109. Oitzl MS, Mulder M, Lucasser PJ, Havekes LM, Grootendorst J, de Kloet ER. Severe learning deficits in apolipoprotein E- knockout mice in water maze task. Brain Res1997; 752: 189-196.
110. Krugers HJ, Mulder M, Korf J, Havekes L, de Kloet ER, Joels M. Altered synaptic plasticity in hippocampal CAI area of apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Neuro Rep 1997; 8: 2505-2510.
111. Robertson TA, Dutton NS, Martins RN, Roses AD, Kakulas BA, Papadimitriou JM. Age related congophillic inclusions in the brains of apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Neuroscience 1998; 82: 171-180.
112. Karackattu SL, Picard MH, Krieger M. Lymphocytes are not required for the rapid onset of coronary heart disease in scavenger receptor class B Type-I. Apolipoprotein E double knock out mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 24: 1-6.
113. Moghadasian MH, Mcmanus BM, Nguyen LB, Shefer S, Nadji M, Godin DV, et al. Pathophysiology of apolipoprotein E deficiency in mice: relevance to apo E related disorders in humans. FASEB J 2001; 15: 2623-2630.
114. Visvikis-Siest S, Marteau JB. Genetic variants pre disposing to cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17: 139-151.
115. Bales KR, Du Y, Holtzman D, Cordell B, Paul SM. Neuroinflammation indced glial and Alzheimer's disease: Critical roles for cytokine A activation, NF-KB and apolipoprotein E. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21: 427-432.
116. Grainger DJ, Reckless J, Mc Killigin E. Apolipoprotein E modulates clearance of apoptopic bodies in vitro and in vivo resulting in a systemic pro inflammatory state in Apolipoprotein E deficient mice. J Immunol 2004; 173: 6366-6374.
117. de Bont N, Netea MG, Demacker PN, Verschueren I, Kullberg BJ, van Dijk KW, et al. Apolipoprotein E knock out mice are highly susceptible to endotoxemia and Klebsiella pnuemoniae infection. J Lipid Res 1999; 40: 680-685.
118. Roselaar SE, Daugherty A. Apolipoprotein E deficient mice have impaired innate immune response to Listeria monocytogenes in vivo. J Lipid Res 1998; 39: 1740-1743.
119. Netea MG, Demacker PNM, Kullberg BJ, Boerman OC, Verschueren I, Stalenhoef AFH, et al. Low density lipoprotein receptor - deficient mice are protected against lethal endotoxemia and severe gram negative infections. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 1366-1372.
120. Braun A, Trigatti BL, Post MJ, Sato K, Simons M, Edelberg JM, et al. Loss of SR-BI expressions leads to early onset of occlusive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, spontaneous myocardial infractions, severe cardiac dysfunction and premature death in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Circ Res 2002; 90: 270-276.
121. Dansky HM, Charlton SA, Harper MM, Smith JD. T and B Lymphocytes play a minor role in atherosclerotic plaque formation in the apolipoprotein E deficient mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 4642-4626.
122. Corella D, Jose M. Ordovas. Single nucleotide polymorphisms that influence lipid metabolism: interaction with dietary factors. Annu Rev Nutr 2005; 25: 341-390.
123. Chen Y, Lomnitski L, Michaelson DM, Shohami E. Motor and cognitive deficits in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice after closed head injury. Neuroscience 1997; 80: 1255-1262.
124. Lomnitski L, Kohen R, Chen Y, Shohami E, Trembovler V, Vogel T, et al. Reduced levels of antioxidants in brains of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice followed closed head injury. Pharmacol biochem Behav 1997; 56: 669-673.
125. Buttini M, Orth M, Bellosta S, Akeefe H, Pitas RE, Wyss-Coray T, et al. Expression of human apolipoprotein E3 or E4 in the brains of APO e-/- mice: isoform specific effects on neurodengeration. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 4867-4680.
126. Blackman JA, Worley G, Strittmatter WJ. Apolipoprotein E and brain injury: implications for children. Develop Med Child Neurol 2005; 47: 64-70.
127. Wilson PWF, Myers RH, Larson MG, Ordovas JM, Wolf PA, Schaefer EJ. Apolipoprotein E alleles, Dyslipidemia and coronary heart disease. The Framingham offspring study. JAMA 1994; 272: 1666-1671.
128. Dammerman M, Breslow JL. Genetic basis of lipoprotein disorders. Circulation 1995; 91: 505-512.