Proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects of probucol and phytosterols in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: Possible mechanisms of action

Circulation

Volumn 99, Issue 13, 1999, Pages 1733-1739

  Moghadasian, Mohammed H ^a   McManus, Bruce M ^a   Godin, David V ^b   Rodrigues, Brian ^a   Frohlich, Jiri J ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Atherosclerosis; Fibrinogen; Hypercholesterolemia; Lipoproteins

Indexed keywords

FIBRINOGEN; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PHYTOSTEROL; PROBUCOL; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTERY DIAMETER; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE 3; MALE; MICROPHOTOGRAPHY; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0033528702     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.99.13.1733     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Plump AS, Smith JD, Hayek T, Aalto-Setala K, Walsh A, Verstuyft JG, Rubin EM, Breslow JL. Severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in apolipoprolein E-deficient mice created by homologous recombination in ES cells. Cell. 1992;71:343-353.
2. Zhang SH, Reddick RL, Piedrahita JA, Maeda N. Spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions in mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Science. 1992;258:468-471.
3. Palinski W, Ord VA, Plump AS, Breslow L, Steinberg D, Witztum J. Apo E-deficient mice are a model of lipoprotein oxidation in atherogenesis: demonstration of oxidation-specific epitopes in lesions and high titers of autoantibodies to malondialdehyde-lysine in serum. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:605-616.
4. Maor I, Hayek T, Coleman R, Aviram M. Plasma LDL oxidation leads to its aggregation in the atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:2995-3005.
5. Moghadasian MH, McManus BM, Pritchard PH, Frohlich JJ. "Tall oil"-derived phytosterol mixture reduces atherosclerosis in apo E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:119-126.
6. Moghadasian MH, McManus BM, Frohlich JJ. Phytosterols prevent atherosclerosis in apo E-deficient mice. Can J Cardiol. 1997;13:81B. Abstract.
7. Tangirala RK, Casanada F, Miller E, Witztum JL, Steinberg D, Palinski W. Effects of the antioxidant N,N′-diphenyl 1,4-phenylenediamine (DPPD) on atherosclerosis in apo E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15:1625-1630.
8. Moghadasian MH, McManus BM, Frohlich JJ. Atherogenicity of probucol in apo E-deficient mice. 4th International Symposium on Multiple Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease: Strategies of Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease, Cardiac Failure, and Stroke. Washington, DC; April 1997:31. Abstract.
9. Zhang SH, Reddick RL, Avdievich E, Surles LK, Jones RG, Reynolds JB, Quarfordt SH, Maeda N. Paradoxical enhancement of atherosclerosis by probucol treatment in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:2858-2866.
10. Bird DA, Tangirala RK, Fruebis J, Steinberg D, Witztum JL, Palinski W. Effects of probucol on LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Lipid Res. 1998;39:1079-1090.
11. van Ree JH, van den Broek WJAA, Dahlmans VEH, Groot PHE, Vidgeon-Hart M, Frants RR, Wieringa B, Havekes LM, Hofker MH. Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in heterozygous apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis. 1994;111:25-37.
12. Galan X, Llobera M, Ramirez I. Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in Wistar and Sprague Dawley rat tissues: differences in the effects of gender and fasting. Lipids. 1994;29:333-336.
13. Wohaieb SA, Godin DV. Starvation-related alterations in free radical tissue defense mechanisms in rats. Diabetes. 1987;36:169-173.
14. Davignon J. Probucol. Handbook Exp Pharmacol. 1994;109:429-469.
15. Ikeda I, Tanaka K, Sugano M, Vahouny GV, Gallo LL. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption in rats by plant sterols. J Lipid Res. 1988;29: 1573-1582.
16. Walldius G, Erikson U, Olsson AG, Bergstand L, Hadell K, Johanson J, Kaijser L, Lassvik C, Molgaard J, Nilsson S, Schafer-Elinder L, Stenport G, Holme I. The effect of probucol on femoral atherosclerosis: the Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST). Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:875-883.
17. Sasahara M, Raines EW, Chait A, Carew TE, Steinberg D, Wahi P, Ross R. Inhibition of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in the nonhuman primate by probucol. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:155-164.
18. Tardif JC, Cote G, Lesperance J, Bourassa M, Lambert J, Doucet S, Bilodeau L, Nattel S, Guise PD. Probucol and multivitamins in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337:365-372.
19. Mexdour H, Jones R, Dengremont C, Castrol G, Maeda N. Hepatic lipase deficiency increases plasma cholesterol but reduces susceptibility to atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Biol Chem. 1997;272: 13570-13575.
20. Kounnas MZ, Chappell DA, Wong H, Argaves WS, Strickland DK. The cellular internalization and degradation of hepatic lipase is mediated by low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein and requires cell surface proteoglycans. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:9307-9312.
21. Sirtori CR, Sirtori M, Calaberisi L, Franceschini G. Changes in high-density lipoprotein subfraction distribution and increased cholesteryl ester transfer after probucol. Am J Cardiol. 1988;52:73B-76B.
22. McPherson R, Hogue M, Milne RW, Tall AR, Marcel YL. Increase in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein during probucol treatment: relation to changes in high density lipoprotein composition. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11:476-481.
23. Kagami A, Ishikawa T, Tada N, Sakamoto T, Mochizuki K, Nagano M, Moriguchi EH, Manabe M. Effects of probucol and pravastatin on plasma lipids, activities of post heparin lipoprotein lipase, and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and apo A-I containing lipoproteins with and without apo A-II in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Clin Biochem. 1993;26:101-107.
24. Strandberg T, Kuusi T, Tilvis R, Miettinen T. Effects of probucol on cholesterol synthesis, plasma lipoproteins and activities of lipoprotein and hepatic lipase in the rat. Atherosclerosis. 1981;40:193-201.
25. Paigen B, Plump AS, Rubin EM. The mouse as a model for human cardiovascular disease and hyperlipidemia. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994;5: 258-264.
26. Oschry Y, Eisenberg S. Rat plasma lipoproteins: reevaluation of a lipoprotein system in an animal devoid of cholesteryl ester transfer activity. J Lipid Res. 1982;23:1099-1106.
27. Kita T, Nagano Y, Yokode M, Ishii K, Kume N, Narumiya S, Kawai C. Prevention of atherosclerotic progression in Watanabe rabbits by probucol. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:13B-19B.
28. Davignon J, Nestruck AC, Alaupovic P, Bouthiller D. Severe hypoalphalipoproteinemia induced by a combination of probucol and clofibrate. In: Angel A, Frohlich J, eds. Lipoprotein Deficiency Syndromes. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1986:111-125.
29. Yamamoto A, Matsuzawa Y, Yokoyama S, Funahashi T, Yamamura T, Kishino B. Effects of probucol on xanthomata regression in familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57:29H-35H.
30. Carew TE, Schwenke DC, Steinberg D. Antiatherogenic effects of probucol unrelated to its hypercholesterolemic effect: evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:7725-7729.
31. Sato S, Kobayashi T, Iida M, Naito Y, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Iso H, Komachi Y. A case-reference study on plasma fibrinogen concentrations and coronary atherosclerosis. Jpn J Epidemiol. 1996;6:81-86.
32. Toss H, Lindahl B, Siegbahn A, Wallentin L. Prognostic influence of increased fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels in unstable coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1997;96:4204-4210.
33. Mori Y, Wada H, Nagano Y, Deguchi K, Kita T, Shirakawa S. Hypercoagulable state in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit, an animal model for the progression of atherosclerosis: effect of probucol on coagulation. Thromb Haemost. 1989;61:140-143.
34. Hayek T, Chajek-Shaul T, Walsh A, Azrolan N, Breslow J. Probucol decreases apolipoprotein A-I transport rate and increases high density lipoprotein cholesteryl ester fractional catabolic rate in control and human apolipoprotein A-I transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11: 1295-1302.
35. Yoshida T, Yoshika K, Sakane N, Umekawa T, Kondo M. Probucol prevents the progression of fatty liver in MSG obese mice. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1995;103:119-122.
36. Kita T, Nagano Y, Yokode M, Ishii K, Kume N, Ooshima A. Probucol prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits, an animal model for familial hypercholesterolemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84:5928-5931.
37. Naruszewicz M, Carew TE, Pittman RC, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. A novel mechanism by which probucol lowers low density lipoprotein levels demonstrated in the LDL receptor-deficient rabbit. J Lipid Res. 1984;25:1206-1213.
38. Nagano Y, Nakamura T, Matsuzawa Y, Cho M, Ueda Y, Kita T. Probucol and atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit: long-term antiatherogenic effect and effects on established plaques. Atherosclerosis. 1992;92:131-140.
39. Gebhard RL, Prigge WF, Andreini JP, Freeman ML. Effects of probucol on blood cholesterol and basal and lovastatin-induced 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in mice. J Lab Clin Med. 1991;117:299-304.
40. Stein Y, Stein O, Delplanque B, Fesmire JD, Lee DM, Alaupovic P. Lack of effect of probucol on atheroma formation in cholesterol-fed rabbits kept at comparable plasma cholesterol levels. Atherosclerosis. 1989;75: 145-155.
41. Baker SG, Joffe BI, Mendelsohn D, Seftel HC. Treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with probucol. S Afr Med J. 1982;62:7-11.