Ageing, telomeres, senescence, and liver injury

Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 53, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 950-961

  Hoare, Matthew ^a   Das, Tapas ^a   Alexander, Graeme ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cell cycle arrest; Chronic liver disease; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver regeneration; Oxidative stress; Senescence; Telomerase; Telomeres

Indexed keywords

AGING; CANCER RISK; CELL AGING; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELLULAR STRESS RESPONSE; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; LIVER INJURY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENESCENCE; TELOMERE;

AGING; ANIMALS; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; CELL AGING; CHRONIC DISEASE; DNA DAMAGE; HEPATOCYTES; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES; LIVER NEOPLASMS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TELOMERE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53;

EID: 77957372850     PISSN: 01688278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.009     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. J.E. Martin, and M.T. Sheaff The pathology of ageing: concepts and mechanisms J Pathol 211 2007 111 113
2. T. Miki, A. Morishima, and J. Nakura The genes responsible for human progeroid syndromes Intern Med 39 2000 327 328
3. R.T. Calado, and N.S. Young Telomere diseases N Engl J Med 361 2009 2353 2365
4. J.W. Shay, and W.E. Wright Hallmarks of telomeres in ageing research J Pathol 211 2007 114 123
5. T. Poynard, P. Bedossa, and P. Opolon Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups Lancet 349 1997 825 832
6. R.N. Keswani, A. Ahmed, and E.B. Keeffe Older age and liver transplantation: a review Liver Transpl 10 2004 957 967
7. A. Regev, and E.R. Schiff Liver disease in the elderly Gastroenterol Clin North Am 30 2001 547 563
8. D.L. Schmucker Age-related changes in liver structure and function: implications for disease? Exp Gerontol 40 2005 650 659
9. D.L. Schmucker, J.S. Mooney, and A.L. Jones Stereological analysis of hepatic fine structure in the Fischer 344 rat. Influence of sublobular location and animal age J Cell Biol 78 1978 319 337
10. D.L. Schmucker, and H. Sachs Quantifying dense bodies and lipofuscin during aging: a morphologist's perspective Arch Gerontol Geriatr 34 2002 249 261
11. T. Jung, N. Bader, and T. Grune Lipofuscin: formation, distribution, and metabolic consequences Ann NY Acad Sci 1119 2007 97 111
12. R.D. Jolly, B.V. Douglas, P.M. Davey, and J.E. Roiri Lipofuscin in bovine muscle and brain: a model for studying age pigment Gerontology 41 1995 283 295
13. D.L. Schmucker, and R.K. Wang Effects of animal age and phenobarbital on rat liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity Exp Gerontol 15 1980 7 13
14. C. Zhang, and A.M. Cuervo Restoration of chaperone-mediated autophagy in aging liver improves cellular maintenance and hepatic function Nat Med 14 2008 959 965
15. T. Watanabe, and Y. Tanaka Age-related alterations in the size of human hepatocytes. A study of mononuclear and binucleate cells Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 39 1982 9 20
16. D.L. Schmucker Hepatocyte fine structure during maturation and senescence J Electron Microsc Tech 14 1990 106 125
17. B.N. Kudryavtsev, M.V. Kudryavtseva, G.A. Sakuta, and G.I. Stein Human hepatocyte polyploidization kinetics in the course of life cycle Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 64 1993 387 393
18. N. Sanz, C. Diez-Fernandez, A.M. Alvarez, L. Fernandez-Simon, and M. Cascales Age-related changes on parameters of experimentally-induced liver injury and regeneration Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 154 1999 40 49
19. I. Tsukamoto, R. Nakata, and S. Kojo Effect of ageing on rat liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy Biochem Mol Biol Int 30 1993 773 778
20. M. Fry, J. Silber, L.A. Loeb, and G.M. Martin Delayed and reduced cell replication and diminishing levels of DNA polymerase-alpha in regenerating liver of aging mice J Cell Physiol 118 1984 225 232
21. N. Gagliano, F. Grizzi, and G. Annoni Mechanisms of aging and liver functions Dig Dis 25 2007 118 123
22. M.L. Biondo-Simoes, J.E. Matias, G.R. Montibeller, L.C. Siqueira, E.S. Nunes, and C.A. Grassi Effect of aging on liver regeneration in rats Acta Cir Bras 21 2006 197 202
23. P. Iakova, S.S. Awad, and N.A. Timchenko Aging reduces proliferative capacities of liver by switching pathways of C/EBPalpha growth arrest Cell 113 2003 495 506
24. N.A. Timchenko, T.E. Harris, M. Wilde, T.A. Bilyeu, B.L. Burgess-Beusse, and M.J. Finegold CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha regulates p21 protein and hepatocyte proliferation in newborn mice Mol Cell Biol 17 1997 7353 7361
25. A. Forbes, and R. Williams Increasing age - an important adverse prognostic factor in hepatitis A virus infection J R Coll Physicians Lond 22 1988 237 239
26. A. Forbes, and R. Williams Changing epidemiology and clinical aspects of hepatitis A Br Med Bull 46 1990 303 318
27. R.K. Dhiman, S. Jain, U. Maheshwari, A. Bhalla, N. Sharma, and J. Ahluwalia Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure: an assessment of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and King's College Hospital criteria Liver Transpl 13 2007 814 821
28. V. Wong, S. Caronia, D. Wight, C.R. Palmer, J. Petrik, and P. Britton Importance of age in chronic hepatitis C virus infection J Viral Hepat 4 1997 255 264
29. T. Poynard, V. Ratziu, F. Charlotte, Z. Goodman, J. McHutchison, and J. Albrecht Rates and risk factors of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis c J Hepatol 34 2001 730 739
30. S.B. Missiha, M. Ostrowski, and E.J. Heathcote Disease progression in chronic hepatitis C: modifiable and nonmodifiable factors Gastroenterology 134 2008 1699 1714
31. P. Pradat, N. Voirin, H.L. Tillmann, M. Chevallier, and C. Trepo Progression to cirrhosis in hepatitis C patients: an age-dependent process Liver Int 27 2007 335 339
32. S.D. Ryder, W.L. Irving, D.A. Jones, K.R. Neal, and J.C. Underwood Progression of hepatic fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C: a prospective repeat liver biopsy study Gut 53 2004 451 455
33. E. Minola, D. Prati, F. Suter, F. Maggiolo, F. Caprioli, and A. Sonzogni Age at infection affects the long-term outcome of transfusion-associated chronic hepatitis C Blood 99 2002 4588 4591
34. M. Wright, R. Goldin, A. Fabre, J. Lloyd, H. Thomas, and C. Trepo Measurement and determinants of the natural history of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus infection: a cross sectional and longitudinal study Gut 52 2003 574 579
35. B.M. Goudie, A.D. Burt, G.J. Macfarlane, P. Boyle, C.R. Gillis, and R.N. MacSween Risk factors and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis Am J Gastroenterol 84 1989 713 716
36. E.H. Forrest, C.D. Evans, S. Stewart, M. Phillips, Y.H. Oo, and N.C. McAvoy Analysis of factors predictive of mortality in alcoholic hepatitis and derivation and validation of the Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score Gut 54 2005 1174 1179
37. V. Ratziu, P. Giral, F. Charlotte, E. Bruckert, V. Thibault, and I. Theodorou Liver fibrosis in overweight patients Gastroenterology 118 2000 1117 1123
38. P. Angulo, J.C. Keach, K.P. Batts, and K.D. Lindor Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Hepatology 30 1999 1356 1362
39. M. Wali, R.F. Harrison, P.J. Gow, and D. Mutimer Advancing donor liver age and rapid fibrosis progression following transplantation for hepatitis C Gut 51 2002 248 252
40. M. Berenguer, M. Prieto, J.F. San, J.M. Rayon, F. Martinez, and D. Carrasco Contribution of donor age to the recent decrease in patient survival among HCV-infected liver transplant recipients Hepatology 36 2002 202 210
41. J. Campisi, and F. d'Adda di Fagagna Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8 2007 729 740
42. L. Hayflick, and P.S. Moorhead The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains Exp Cell Res 25 1961 585 621
43. I. Ben-Porath, and R.A. Weinberg The signals and pathways activating cellular senescence Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37 2005 961 976
44. M.J. McEachern, A. Krauskopf, and E.H. Blackburn Telomeres and their control Annu Rev Genet 34 2000 331 358
45. J.D. Griffith, L. Comeau, S. Rosenfield, R.M. Stansel, A. Bianchi, and H. Moss Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop Cell 97 1999 503 514
46. T. de Lange Shelterin: the protein complex that shapes and safeguards human telomeres Genes Dev 19 2005 2100 2110
47. B. van Steensel, A. Smogorzewska, and T. de Lange TRF2 protects human telomeres from end-to-end fusions Cell 92 1998 401 413
48. H. Xin, D. Liu, M. Wan, A. Safari, H. Kim, and W. Sun TPP1 is a homologue of ciliate TEBP-beta and interacts with POT1 to recruit telomerase Nature 445 2007 559 562
49. Y. Deng, S.S. Chan, and S. Chang Telomere dysfunction and tumour suppression: the senescence connection Nat Rev Cancer 8 2008 450 458
50. F. d'Adda di Fagagna Living on a break: cellular senescence as a DNA-damage response Nat Rev Cancer 8 2008 512 522
51. F. d' Adda di Fagagna, P.M. Reaper, L. Clay-Farrace, H. Fiegler, P. Carr, and T. von Zglinicki A DNA damage checkpoint response in telomere-initiated senescence Nature 426 2003 194 198
52. A.R. Choudhury, Z. Ju, M.W. Djojosubroto, A. Schienke, A. Lechel, and S. Schaetzlein Cdkn1a deletion improves stem cell function and lifespan of mice with dysfunctional telomeres without accelerating cancer formation Nat Genet 39 2007 99 105
53. U. Herbig, W.A. Jobling, B.P. Chen, D.J. Chen, and J.M. Sedivy Telomere shortening triggers senescence of human cells through a pathway involving ATM, p53, and p21(CIP1), but not p16(INK4a) Mol Cell 14 2004 501 513
54. S. Rajaraman, J. Choi, P. Cheung, V. Beaudry, H. Moore, and S.E. Artandi Telomere uncapping in progenitor cells with critical telomere shortening is coupled to S-phase progression in vivo Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 2007 17747 17752
55. S. Neidle Human telomeric G-quadruplex: the current status of telomeric G-quadruplexes as therapeutic targets in human cancer FEBS J 277 2010 1118 1125
56. M.W. Djojosubroto, Y.S. Choi, H.W. Lee, and K.L. Rudolph Telomeres and telomerase in aging, regeneration and cancer Mol Cells 15 2003 164 175
57. L.F. Cherkas, J.L. Hunkin, B.S. Kato, J.B. Richards, J.P. Gardner, and G.L. Surdulescu The association between physical activity in leisure time and leukocyte telomere length Arch Intern Med 168 2008 154 158
58. A.M. Valdes, T. Andrew, J.P. Gardner, M. Kimura, E. Oelsner, and L.F. Cherkas Obesity, cigarette smoking, and telomere length in women Lancet 366 2005 662 664
59. C. Wang, D. Jurk, M. Maddick, G. Nelson, C. Martin-Ruiz, and T. von Zglinicki DNA damage response and cellular senescence in tissues of aging mice Aging Cell 8 2009 311 323
60. H. Aikata, H. Takaishi, Y. Kawakami, S. Takahashi, M. Kitamoto, and T. Nakanishi Telomere reduction in human liver tissues with age and chronic inflammation Exp Cell Res 256 2000 578 582
61. S.U. Wiemann, A. Satyanarayana, M. Tsahuridu, H.L. Tillmann, L. Zender, and J. Klempnauer Hepatocyte telomere shortening and senescence are general markers of human liver cirrhosis FASEB J 16 2002 935 942
62. Y.S. Cong, W.E. Wright, and J.W. Shay Human telomerase and its regulation Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66 2002 407 425
63. A. Lechel, M.P. Manns, and K.L. Rudolph Telomeres and telomerase: new targets for the treatment of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma J Hepatol 41 2004 491 497
64. A. Satyanarayana, M.P. Manns, and K.L. Rudolph Telomeres and telomerase: a dual role in hepatocarcinogenesis Hepatology 40 2004 276 283
65. I. Flores, M.L. Cayuela, and M.A. Blasco Effects of telomerase and telomere length on epidermal stem cell behavior Science 309 2005 1253 1256
66. A.G. Bodnar, M. Ouellette, M. Frolkis, S.E. Holt, C.P. Chiu, and G.B. Morin Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells Science 279 1998 349 352
67. K. Nagao, M. Tomimatsu, H. Endo, H. Hisatomi, and K. Hikiji Telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA expression and telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma J Gastroenterol 34 1999 83 87 (Pubitemid 29112340)
68. V. Codd, M. Mangino, P. van der Harst, P.S. Braund, M. Kaiser, and A.J. Beveridge Common variants near TERC are associated with mean telomere length Nat Genet 42 2010 197 199
69. Y. Cong, and J.W. Shay Actions of human telomerase beyond telomeres Cell Res 18 2008 725 732
70. T. Vulliamy, A. Marrone, F. Goldman, A. Dearlove, M. Bessler, and P.J. Mason The RNA component of telomerase is mutated in autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita Nature 413 2001 432 435 (Pubitemid 32928599)
71. K. Takubo, K. Nakamura, N. Izumiyama, E. Furugori, M. Sawabe, and T. Arai Telomere shortening with aging in human liver J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55 2000 B533 B536
72. R.M. Cawthon, K.R. Smith, E. O'Brien, A. Sivatchenko, and R.A. Kerber Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older Lancet 361 2003 393 395
73. T. Kitada, S. Seki, N. Kawakita, T. Kuroki, and T. Monna Telomere shortening in chronic liver diseases Biochem Biophys Res Commun 211 1995 33 39
74. Y. Urabe, K. Nouso, T. Higashi, H. Nakatsukasa, N. Hino, and K. Ashida Telomere length in human liver diseases Liver 16 1996 293 297
75. S. Sekoguchi, T. Nakajima, M. Moriguchi, M. Jo, T. Nishikawa, and T. Katagishi Role of cell-cycle turnover and oxidative stress in telomere shortening and cellular senescence in patients with chronic hepatitis C J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22 2007 182 190
76. H. Ikeda, M. Sasaki, Y. Sato, K. Harada, Y. Zen, and T. Mitsui Large cell change of hepatocytes in chronic viral hepatitis represents a senescent-related lesion Hum Pathol 40 2009 1774 1782
77. K.L. Rudolph, S. Chang, M. Millard, N. Schreiber-Agus, and R.A. DePinho Inhibition of experimental liver cirrhosis in mice by telomerase gene delivery Science 287 2000 1253 1258
78. S.U. Wiemann, A. Satyanarayana, J. Buer, K. Kamino, M.P. Manns, and K.L. Rudolph Contrasting effects of telomere shortening on organ homeostasis, tumor suppression, and survival during chronic liver damage Oncogene 24 2005 1501 1509
79. N.E. Sharpless, and R.A. DePinho Telomeres, stem cells, senescence, and cancer J Clin Invest 113 2004 160 168
80. K.L. Rudolph, S. Chang, H.W. Lee, M. Blasco, G.J. Gottlieb, and C. Greider Longevity, stress response, and cancer in aging telomerase-deficient mice Cell 96 1999 701 712
81. M.A. Blasco, H.W. Lee, M.P. Hande, E. Samper, P.M. Lansdorp, and R.A. DePinho Telomere shortening and tumor formation by mouse cells lacking telomerase RNA Cell 91 1997 25 34
82. L. Chin, S.E. Artandi, Q. Shen, A. Tam, S.L. Lee, and G.J. Gottlieb P53 deficiency rescues the adverse effects of telomere loss and cooperates with telomere dysfunction to accelerate carcinogenesis Cell 97 1999 527 538
83. Y. Begus-Nahrmann, A. Lechel, A.C. Obenauf, K. Nalapareddy, E. Peit, and E. Hoffmann P53 deletion impairs clearance of chromosomal-instable stem cells in aging telomere-dysfunctional mice Nat Genet 41 2009 1138 1143
84. S.E. Artandi Telomere shortening and cell fates in mouse models of neoplasia Trends Mol Med 8 2002 44 47
85. W. Xue, L. Zender, C. Miething, R.A. Dickins, E. Hernando, and V. Krizhanovsky Senescence and tumour clearance is triggered by p53 restoration in murine liver carcinomas Nature 445 2007 656 660
86. H. Kojima, O. Yokosuka, F. Imazeki, H. Saisho, and M. Omata Telomerase activity and telomere length in hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease Gastroenterology 112 1997 493 500
87. A. Lechel, H. Holstege, Y. Begus, A. Schienke, K. Kamino, and U. Lehmann Telomerase deletion limits progression of p53-mutant hepatocellular carcinoma with short telomeres in chronic liver disease Gastroenterology 132 2007 1465 1475
88. N. Ozturk, E. Erdal, M. Mumcuoglu, K.C. Akcali, O. Yalcin, and S. Senturk Reprogramming of replicative senescence in hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 2006 2178 2183
89. H. Kim, B.K. Oh, M. Roncalli, C. Park, S.M. Yoon, and J.E. Yoo Large liver cell change in hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis Hepatology 50 2009 752 762
90. R.R. Plentz, M. Caselitz, J.S. Bleck, M. Gebel, P. Flemming, and S. Kubicka Hepatocellular telomere shortening correlates with chromosomal instability and the development of human hepatoma Hepatology 40 2004 80 86
91. B.K. Oh, H. Kim, Y.N. Park, J.E. Yoo, J. Choi, and K.S. Kim High telomerase activity and long telomeres in advanced hepatocellular carcinomas with poor prognosis Lab Invest 88 2008 144 152
92. B.K. Oh, Y.J. Kim, C. Park, and Y.N. Park Up-regulation of telomere-binding proteins, TRF1, TRF2, and TIN2 is related to telomere shortening during human multistep hepatocarcinogenesis Am J Pathol 166 2005 73 80
93. Y.H. Lee, B.K. Oh, J.E. Yoo, S.M. Yoon, J. Choi, and K.S. Kim Chromosomal instability, telomere shortening, and inactivation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) in dysplastic nodules of hepatitis B virus-associated multistep hepatocarcinogenesis Mod Pathol 22 2009 1121 1131
94. P.A. Farazi, J. Glickman, S. Jiang, A. Yu, K.L. Rudolph, and R.A. DePinho Differential impact of telomere dysfunction on initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma Cancer Res 63 2003 5021 5027
95. Q.M. Chen Replicative senescence and oxidant-induced premature senescence. Beyond the control of cell cycle checkpoints Ann NY Acad Sci 908 2000 111 125
96. H.J. Zhang, L. Xu, V.J. Drake, L. Xie, L.W. Oberley, and K.C. Kregel Heat-induced liver injury in old rats is associated with exaggerated oxidative stress and altered transcription factor activation FASEB J 17 2003 2293 2295
97. G.W. Intano, E.J. Cho, C.A. McMahan, and C.A. Walter Age-related base excision repair activity in mouse brain and liver nuclear extracts J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58 2003 205 211
98. M.L. Hamilton, H. van Remmen, J.A. Drake, H. Yang, Z.M. Guo, and K. Kewitt Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 2001 10469 10474
99. M. Helenius, S. Kyrylenko, P. Vehvilainen, and A. Salminen Characterization of aging-associated up-regulation of constitutive nuclear factor-kappa B binding activity Antioxid Redox Signal 3 2001 147 156
100. S. Ikeyama, X.T. Wang, J. Li, A. Podlutsky, J.L. Martindale, and G. Kokkonen Expression of the pro-apoptotic gene gadd153/chop is elevated in liver with aging and sensitizes cells to oxidant injury J Biol Chem 278 2003 16726 16731
101. J.M. Houben, H.J. Moonen, F.J. van Schooten, and G.J. Hageman Telomere length assessment: biomarker of chronic oxidative stress? Free Radic Biol Med 44 2008 235 246
102. T. Von Zglinicki, G. Saretzki, W. Docke, and C. Lotze Mild hyperoxia shortens telomeres and inhibits proliferation of fibroblasts: a model for senescence? Exp Cell Res 220 1995 186 193
103. L. Packer, and K. Fuehr Low oxygen concentration extends the lifespan of cultured human diploid cells Nature 267 1977 423 425 (Pubitemid 8105518)
104. J.F. Passos, and T. von Zglinicki Mitochondria, telomeres and cell senescence Exp Gerontol 40 2005 466 472
105. T. Von Zglinicki, R. Pilger, and N. Sitte Accumulation of single-strand breaks is the major cause of telomere shortening in human fibroblasts Free Radic Biol Med 28 2000 64 74
106. T. von Zglinicki, G. Saretzki, W. Docke, and C. Lotze Mild hyperoxia shortens telomeres and inhibits proliferation of fibroblasts: a model for senescence? Exp Cell Res 220 1995 186 193
107. S. Kawanishi, and S. Oikawa Mechanism of telomere shortening by oxidative stress Ann NY Acad Sci 1019 2004 278 284
108. 2+-mediated fenton reactions has possible biological implications J Biol Chem 274 1999 962 971
109. S. Petersen, G. Saretzki, and T. von Zglinicki Preferential accumulation of single-stranded regions in telomeres of human fibroblasts Exp Cell Res 239 1998 152 160
110. S. Ahmed, J.F. Passos, M.J. Birket, T. Beckmann, S. Brings, and H. Peters Telomerase does not counteract telomere shortening but protects mitochondrial function under oxidative stress J Cell Sci 121 2008 1046 1053
111. J.F. Passos, G. Nelson, C. Wang, T. Richter, C. Simillion, and C.J. Proctor Feedback between p21 and reactive oxygen production is necessary for cell senescence Mol Syst Biol 6 2010 347
112. O. Lo Iacono, G. Venezia, S. Petta, C. Mineo, S. De Lisi, and V. Di Marco The impact of insulin resistance, serum adipocytokines and visceral obesity on steatosis and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C Aliment Pharmacol Ther 25 2007 1181 1191
113. A. Lonardo, L.E. Adinolfi, P. Loria, N. Carulli, G. Ruggiero, and C.P. Day Steatosis and hepatitis C virus: mechanisms and significance for hepatic and extrahepatic disease Gastroenterology 126 2004 586 597
114. L.E. Fridlyand, and L.H. Philipson Reactive species, cellular repair and risk factors in the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus: review and hypothesis Curr Diabetes Rev 2 2006 241 259
115. S.K. Mantena, A.L. King, K.K. Andringa, A. Landar, V. Darley-Usmar, and S.M. Bailey Novel interactions of mitochondria and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in alcohol mediated liver disease World J Gastroenterol 13 2007 4967 4973
116. M. Bellon, and C. Nicot Regulation of telomerase and telomeres: human tumor viruses take control J Natl Cancer Inst 100 2008 98 108
117. A.S. Kekule, U. Lauer, L. Weiss, B. Luber, and P.H. Hofschneider Hepatitis B virus transactivator HBx uses a tumour promoter signalling pathway Nature 361 1993 742 745
118. Z.L. Qu, S.Q. Zou, N.Q. Cui, X.Z. Wu, M.F. Qin, and D. Kong Upregulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA expression by in vitro transfection of hepatitis B virus X gene into human hepatocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma cells World J Gastroenterol 11 2005 5627 5632
119. X. Zhang, N. Dong, H. Zhang, J. You, H. Wang, and L. Ye Effects of hepatitis B virus X protein on human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression and activity in hepatoma cells J Lab Clin Med 145 2005 98 104
120. H. Liu, F. Luan, Y. Ju, H. Shen, L. Gao, and X. Wang In vitro transfection of the hepatitis B virus PreS2 gene into the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 induces upregulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase Biochem Biophys Res Commun 355 2007 379 384
121. J.M. Su, X.M. Lai, K.H. Lan, C.P. Li, Y. Chao, and S.H. Yen X protein of hepatitis B virus functions as a transcriptional corepressor on the human telomerase promoter Hepatology 46 2007 402 413
122. Z. Zhu, A.T. Wilson, K. Gopalakrishna, K.E. Brown, B.A. Luxon, and W.N. Schmidt Hepatitis C virus core protein enhances Telomerase activity in Huh7 cells J Med Virol 82 2010 239 248
123. N.C. Casavant, M.H. Luo, K. Rosenke, T. Winegardner, A. Zurawska, and E.A. Fortunato Potential role for p53 in the permissive life cycle of human cytomegalovirus J Virol 80 2006 8390 8401
124. Y.Q. Huang, L.W. Wang, S.N. Yan, and Z.J. Gong Effects of cell cycle on telomerase activity and on hepatitis B virus replication in HepG2 2.2.15 cells Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 3 2004 543 547
125. V.L. Tarakanova, V. Leung-Pineda, S. Hwang, C.W. Yang, K. Matatall, and M. Basson Gamma-herpesvirus kinase actively initiates a DNA damage response by inducing phosphorylation of H2AX to foster viral replication Cell Host Microbe 1 2007 275 286
126. E. Denchi, G. Celli, and T. de Lange Hepatocytes with extensive telomere deprotection and fusion remain viable and regenerate liver mass through endoreduplication Genes Dev 20 2006 2648 2653
127. H. Wege, M.S. Chui, H.T. Le, S.C. Strom, and M.A. Zern In vitro expansion of human hepatocytes is restricted by telomere-dependent replicative aging Cell Transplant 12 2003 897 906
128. V. Paradis, N. Youssef, D. Dargere, N. Ba, F. Bonvoust, and J. Deschatrette Replicative senescence in normal liver, chronic hepatitis C, and hepatocellular carcinomas Hum Pathol 32 2001 327 332
129. V. Trak-Smayra, J. Contreras, F. Dondero, F. Durand, S. Dubois, and D. Sommacale Role of replicative senescence in the progression of fibrosis in hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence after liver transplantation Transplantation 77 2004 1755 1760
130. V. Krizhanovsky, M. Yon, R. Dickins, S. Hearn, J. Simon, and C. Miething Senescence of activated stellate cells limits liver fibrosis Cell 134 2008 657 667
131. M. Sasaki, H. Ikeda, J. Yamaguchi, S. Nakada, and Y. Nakanuma Telomere shortening in the damaged small bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis reflects ongoing cellular senescence Hepatology 48 2008 186 195
132. M. Hoare, W.T. Gelson, A. Das, J.M. Fletcher, S.E. Davies, and M.D. Curran CD4+ T-lymphocyte telomere length is related to fibrosis stage, clinical outcome and treatment response in chronic hepatitis C virus infection J Hepatol 53 2010 252 260
133. T. Kuilman, C. Michaloglou, L.C. Vredeveld, S. Douma, R. van Doorn, and C.J. Desmet Oncogene-induced senescence relayed by an interleukin-dependent inflammatory network Cell 133 2008 1019 1031
134. M.W. Djojosubroto, A.C. Chin, N. Go, S. Schaetzlein, M.P. Manns, and S. Gryaznov Telomerase antagonists GRN163 and GRN163L inhibit tumor growth and increase chemosensitivity of human hepatoma Hepatology 42 2005 1127 1136
135. P.H. Zhang, L. Zou, and Z.G. Tu RNAi-hTERT inhibition hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation via decreasing telomerase activity J Surg Res 131 2006 143 149
136. A.J. Cesare, and R.R. Reddel Alternative lengthening of telomeres: models, mechanisms and implications Nat Rev Genet 11 2010 319 330
137. J.C. Acosta, A. O'Loghlen, A. Banito, M.V. Guijarro, A. Augert, and S. Raguz Chemokine signaling via the CXCR2 receptor reinforces senescence Cell 133 2008 1006 1018
138. T. Poynard, F. Zoulim, V. Ratziu, F. Degos, F. Imbert-Bismut, and P. Deny Longitudinal assessment of histology surrogate markers (FibroTest-ActiTest) during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection Am J Gastroenterol 100 2005 1970 1980
139. G.V. Papatheodoridis, K. Petraki, E. Cholongitas, E. Kanta, I. Ketikoglou, and E.K. Manesis Impact of interferon-alpha therapy on liver fibrosis progression in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B J Viral Hepat 12 2005 199 206
140. C.M. Chu, and Y.F. Liaw Incidence and risk factors of progression to cirrhosis in inactive carriers of hepatitis B virus Am J Gastroenterol 104 2009 1693 1699
141. C.W. Chan, J.R. Carpenter, C. Rigamonti, F. Gunsar, and A.K. Burroughs Survival following the development of ascites and/or peripheral oedema in primary biliary cirrhosis: a staged prognostic model Scand J Gastroenterol 40 2005 1081 1089
142. M. Prince, A. Chetwynd, W. Newman, J.V. Metcalf, and O.F. James Survival and symptom progression in a geographically based cohort of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: follow-up for up to 28 years Gastroenterology 123 2002 1044 1051
143. A. Louvet, S. Naveau, M. Abdelnour, M.J. Ramond, E. Diaz, and L. Fartoux The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids Hepatology 45 2007 1348 1354
144. M. Dominguez, D. Rincon, J.G. Abraldes, R. Miquel, J. Colmenero, and P. Bellot A new scoring system for prognostic stratification of patients with alcoholic hepatitis Am J Gastroenterol 103 2008 2747 2756
145. A. Floreani, G. Niro, R.E. Rosa, S. Antoniazzi, F. Ferrara, and I. Carderi Type I autoimmune hepatitis: clinical course and outcome in an Italian multicentre study Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24 2006 1051 1057
146. T. Al-Chalabi, S. Boccato, B.C. Portmann, I.G. McFarlane, and M.A. Heneghan Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the elderly: a systematic retrospective analysis of a large group of consecutive patients with definite AIH followed at a tertiary referral centre J Hepatol 45 2006 575 583
147. A.J. Czaja, and H.A. Carpenter Distinctive clinical phenotype and treatment outcome of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly Hepatology 43 2006 532 538
148. P.A. Dawkins, L.J. Dowson, P.J. Guest, and R.A. Stockley Predictors of mortality in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency Thorax 58 2003 1020 1026
149. J.K. Olynyk, T.G. St Pierre, R.S. Britton, E.M. Brunt, and B.R. Bacon Duration of hepatic iron exposure increases the risk of significant fibrosis in hereditary hemochromatosis: a new role for magnetic resonance imaging Am J Gastroenterol 100 2005 837 841
150. F. Stickel, C.H. Osterreicher, C. Datz, P. Ferenci, M. Wolfel, and W. Norgauer Prediction of progression to cirrhosis by a glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism in subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis Arch Intern Med 165 2005 1835 1840
151. J.C. Garcia-Pagan, M. Heydtmann, S. Raffa, A. Plessier, S. Murad, and F. Fabris TIPS for Budd-Chiari syndrome: long-term results and prognostics factors in 124 patients Gastroenterology 135 2008 808 815
152. G. Zeitoun, S. Escolano, A. Hadengue, N. Azar, M. El Younsi, and A. Mallet Outcome of Budd-Chiari syndrome: a multivariate analysis of factors related to survival including surgical portosystemic shunting Hepatology 30 1999 84 89