Oxidized LDL: Diversity, patterns of recognition, and pathophysiology

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 39-75

  Levitan, Irena ^a   Volkov, Suncica ^a   Subbaiah, Papasani V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYNONENAL; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; CD68 ANTIGEN; CERAMIDE; CHOLESTEROL ESTER; FATTY ACID; FC RECEPTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; LYSOPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; LYSOPHOSPHOLIPID; MALONALDEHYDE; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; OXYSTEROL; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PREGNANCY SPECIFIC BETA1 GLYCOPROTEIN; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR B; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR C; SMAD3 PROTEIN; SPHINGOLIPID; SPHINGOSINE 1 PHOSPHATE; STAT1 PROTEIN; STAT3 PROTEIN; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFAT; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2;

ACETYLATION; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CAVEOLA; DIABETES MELLITUS; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GENE TARGETING; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; LIPID OXIDATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS;

ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 77952966112     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2733     Document Type: Review

References (313)

1. Acton S, Rigotti A, Landschulz KT, Xu S, Hobbs HH, and Krieger M. Identification of scavenger receptor SR-BI as a high density lipoprotein receptor. Science 271: 518-520, 1996.
2. Acton SL, Scherer PE, Lodish HF, and Krieger M. Expression cloning of SR-BI, a CD36-related class B scavenger receptor. J Biol Chem 269: 21003-21009, 1994.
3. Adachi H and Tsujimoto M. Endothelial scavenger receptors. Prog Lipid Res 45: 379-404, 2006.
4. Akiba S, Chiba M, Mukaida Y, and Sato T. Involvement of reactive oxygen species and SP-1 in fibronectin production by oxidized LDL. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310: 491-497, 2003.
5. Allen LB, Capps BE, Miller EC, Clemmons DR, and Maile LA. Glucose-oxidized low-density lipoproteins enhance insulin-like growth factor I-stimulated smooth muscle cell proliferation by inhibiting integrin-associated protein cleavage. Endocrinology 150: 1321-1329, 2009.
6. 2 suura E. Antibodies against I 2-glycoprotein I complexed with an oxidised lipoprotein relate to intima thickening of carotid arteries in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Devel Immunol 13: 1-9, 2006.
7. Anderson JW, Gowri MS, Turner J, Nichols L, Diwadkar VA, Chow CK, and Oeltgen PR. Antioxidant supplementation effects on low-density lipoprotein oxidation for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nut 18: 451-461, 1999.
8. Arai T, Wang N, Bezouevski M, Welch C, and Tall AR. Decreased atherosclerosis in heterozygous low density lipo-protein receptor-deficient mice expressing the scavenger receptor BI transgene. J Biol Chem 274: 2366-2371, 1999.
9. Ashraf MZ, Kar NS, Chen X, Choi J, Salomon RG, Febbraio M, and Podrez EA. Specific oxidized phospholipids inhibit scavenger receptor BI-mediated selective uptake of cho-lesteryl esters. J Biol Chem 283: 10408-10414, 2008.
10. Auge N, Garcia V, Maupas-Schwalm F, Levade T, Salvayre R, and Negre-Salvayre A. Oxidized LDL-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation involves the EGF receptor=PI-3 kinase=Akt and the sphingolipid signaling pathways. Ar-terioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22: 1990-1995, 2002.
11. Auge N, Nikolova-Karakashian M, Carpentier S, Partha-sarathy S, Negre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R, Merrill AH, Jr., and Levade T. Role of sphingosine 1-phosphate in the mi-togenesis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in smooth muscle cells via activation of sphingomyelinase, ceramidase, and sphingosine kinase. J Biol Chem 274: 21533-21538, 1999.
12. Aviram M. Modified forms of low density lipoprotein in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 98: 1-9, 1993.
13. Babaev VR, Gleaves LA, Carter KJ, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Fazio S, and Linton MF. Reduced atherosclerotic lesions in mice deficient for total or macrophage-specific expression of scavenger receptor-A. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 2593-2599, 2000.
14. Babiy AV and Gebicki JM. Decomposition of lipid hydro-peroxides enhances the uptake of low density lipoprotein by macrophages. Acta Biochim Pol 46: 31-42, 1999.
15. Bae YS, Lee JH, Choi SH, Kim S, Almazan F, Witztum JL, and Miller YI. Macrophages generate reactive oxygen species in response to minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein: Toll-like receptor 4-and spleen tyrosine kinase-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase 2. Circ Res 104: 210-218, 2009.
16. Balagopalakrishna C, Bhunia AK, Rifkind JM, and Chat-terjee S. Minimally modified low density lipoproteins induce aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation via the activation of mitogen activated protein kinase. Mol Cell Biochem 170: 85-89, 1997.
17. Bancells C, Benitez Sn, Villegas S, Jorba O, Ordonez-Llanos J, and Sachez-Quesada JL. Novel phospholipolytic activities associated with electronegative low-density lipoprotein are involved in increased self-aggregation. Biochemistry 47: 8186-8194, 2008.
18. Bassi N, Ghirardello A, Iaccarino L, Zampieri S, Rampudda ME, Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Shoenfeld Y, and Doria A. OxLDL=[beta]2GPI-anti-OxLDL=[beta] 2GPI complex and atherosclerosis in SLE patients. Autoimmun Rev 7: 52-58, 2007.
19. Basu SK, Goldstein JL, Anderson RGW, and Brown MS. Degradation of cationized low density lipoprotein and regulation of cholesterol metabolism in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73: 3178-3182, 1976.
20. Berliner JA, Territo MC, Sevanian A, Ramin S, Kim JA, Bamshad B, Esterson M, and Fogelman AM. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein stimulates monocyte en-dothelial interactions. J Clin Invest 85: 1260-1266, 1990.
21. Bielicki JK, Forte TM, and McCall MR. Minimally oxidized LDL is a potent inhibitor of lecithin: cholesterol acyl-transferase activity. J Lipid Res 37: 1012-1021, 1996.
22. Binder CJ, Chang MK, Shaw PX, Miller YI, Hartvigsen K, Dewan A, Witztum, JL. Innate and acquired immunity in atherogenesis. Nat Med 8: 1218-1226, 2002.
23. Binder CJ and Silverman GJ. Natural antibodies and the autoimmunity of atherosclerosis. Springer Semin Immuno-pathol 26: 385-404, 2005.
24. Birukov KG. Oxidized lipids: The two faces of vascular inflammation. Curr Atheroscler Rep 8: 223-231, 2006.
25. Blair A, Shaul PW, Yuhanna IS, Conrad PA, and Smart EJ. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein displaces endothelial Nitric-oxide synthase from plasmalemmal caveolae and impairs eNOS activation. J Biol Chem 274: 32512-32519, 1999.
26. Blake DR, Unsworth J, Outhwaite JM, Morris CJ, Merry P, Kidd BL, Ballard R, Gray L, and Lunec J. Hypoxic-reperfusion injury in the inflamed human joint. Lancet 333: 289-293, 1989. (Pubitemid 19049402)
27. Bochkov V and Leitinger N. Anti-inflammatory properties of lipid oxidation products. J Mol Med 81: 613-626, 2003.
28. Boullier A, Bird DA, Chang IK, Dennis EA, Friedman P, Gillotte-Taylor K, Horkko S, Palinski W, Quehenberger O, Shaw P, Steinberg D, Terpstra V, and Witztum JL. Scavenger receptors, oOxidized LDL, and atherosclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 947: 214-223, 2001.
29. Boullier A, Gillotte KL, Horkko S, Green SR, Friedman P, Dennis EA, Witztum JL, Steinberg D, and Quehenberger O. The binding of oxidized low density lipoprotein to mouse CD36 is mediated in part by oxidized phospholipids that are associated with both the lipid and protein moieties of the lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 275: 9163-9169, 2000.
30. Boullier A, Li Y, Quehenberger O, Palinski W, Tabas I, Witztum JL, and Miller YI. Minimally oxidized LDL offsets the apoptotic effects of extensively oxidized LDL and free cholesterol in macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26: 1169-1176, 2006.
31. Boyanovsky B, Karakashian A, King K, Giltiay N, and Nikolova-Karakashian M. Uptake and metabolism of low density lipoproteins with elevated ceramide content by human microvascular endothelial cells. Implications for the regulation of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 278: 26992-26999, 2003.
32. Brown AJ, Dean RT, and Jessup W. Free and esterified oxysterol: formation during copper-oxidation of low density lipoprotein and uptake by macrophages. J Lipid Res 37: 320-335, 1996.
33. Brown AJ and Jessup W. Oxysterols and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 142: 1-28, 1999.
34. Brown AJ, Mander EL, Gelissen IC, Kritharides L, Dean RT, and Jessup W. Cholesterol and oxysterol metabolism and subcellular distribution in macrophage foam cells: Accumulation of oxidized esters in lysosomes. J Lipid Res 41: 226-237, 2000.
35. Brown MS and Goldstein JL. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage. Annu Rev Biochem 52: 223-261, 1983.
36. Brown MS and Goldstein JL. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis Science 232: 34-47, 1986.
37. Bucci M, Gratton JP, Rudic RD, Acevedo L, Roviezzo F, Cirino G, and Sessa WC. In vivo delivery of the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain inhibits nitric oxide synthesis and reduces inflammation. Nat Med 6: 1362-1367, 2000.
38. Burkitt MJ. A critical overview of the chemistry of copper-dependent low density lipoprotein oxidation: Roles of lipid hydroperoxides, [alpha]-tocopherol, tThiols, and cerulo-plasmin. Arch Biochem Biophys 394: 117-135, 2001.
39. Byfield FJ, Tikku S, Rothblat GH, Gooch KJ, and Levitan I. OxLDL increases endothelial stiffness, force generation and network formation. J Lipid Res 47: 715-723, 2006.
40. Cao G, Garcia CK, Wyne KL, Schultz RA, Parker KL, and Hobbs HH. Structure and localization of the human gene encoding SR-BI=CLA-1. Evidence for transcriptional control by steroidogenic factor 1. J Biol Chem 272: 33068-33076, 1997.
41. Chang CL, Hsu HY, Lin HY, Chiang W, and Lee H. Lysophosphatidic acid-induced oxidized low-density lipo-protein uptake is class A scavenger receptor-dependent in macrophages. Prostagland Other Lipid Med 87: 20-25, 2008.
42. Chen M, Masaki T, and Sawamura T. LOX-1, the receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein identified from endo-thelial cells: Implications in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Therapeut 95: 89-100, 2002.
43. Choi HK, Hernán MA, Seeger JD, Robins JM, and Wolfe F. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A prospective study. Lancet 359: 1173-1177, 2002.
44. Choi S-H, Harkewicz R, Lee JH, Boullier A, Almazan F, Li AC, Witztum JL, Bae YS, and Miller YI. Lipoprotein accumulation in macrophages via Toll-like receptor-4-dependent fluid phase uptake. Circ Res 104: 1355-1363, 2009.
45. Collot-Teixeira S, Martin J, McDermott-Roe C, Poston R, and McGregor JL. CD36 and macrophages in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 75: 468-477, 2007.
46. Cominacini L, Pasini AF, Garbin U, Davoli A, Tosetti ML, Campagnola M, Rigoni A, Pastorino AM, Lo Cascio V, and Sawamura T. Oxidized low fensity lipoprotein (ox-LDL) binding to ox-LDL receptor-1 in endothelial cells induces the activation of NF-kappa B through an increased production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 275: 12633-12638, 2000.
47. Cracowski JL, Durand T, and Bessard G. Isoprostanes as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation in humans: Physiology, pharmacology and clinical implications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23: 360-366, 2002.
48. Cui MZ, Laag E, Sun L, Tan M, Zhao G, and Xu X. Lyso-phosphatidic acid induces early growth response gene 1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells: CRE and SRE mediate the transcription. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26: 1029-1035, 2006.
49. Cyrus T, Pratico D, Zhao L, Witztum JL, Rader DJ, Rokach J, FitzGerald GA, and Funk CD. Absence of 12=15-lipoxygenase expression decreases lipid peroxidation and atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 103: 2277-2282, 2001.
50. Darblade B, Caillaud D, Poirot M, Fouque M, Thiers JC, Rami J, Bayard F, and Arnal JF. Alteration of plasmalemmal caveolae mimics endothelial dysfunction observed in ath-eromatous rabbit aorta. Cardiovasc Res 50: 566-576, 2001.
51. David GM. The iron hypothesis. Does iron cause atherosclerosis? Clin Cardiol 19: 925-929, 1996.
52. de Beer MC, Zhao Z, Webb NR, van der Westhuyzen DR, and de Villiers WJS. Lack of a direct role for macrosialin in oxidized LDL metabolism. J Lipid Res 44: 674-685, 2003.
53. de Winther MPJ, Gijbels MJJ, van Dijk KW, van Gorp PJJ, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Frants RR, Havekes LM, and Hofker MH. Scavenger receptor deficiency leads to more complex atherosclerotic lesions in APOE3Leiden transgenic mice. Atherosclerosis 144: 315-321, 1999.
54. de Winther MPJ, van Dijk KW, Havekes LM, and Hofker MH. Macrophage scavenger receptor Class A: A multifunctional receptor in aAtherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 290-297, 2000.
55. Dejager S, Mietus-Synder M, and Pitas RE. Oxidized low density lipoproteins bind to the scavenger receptor expressed by rabbit smooth muscle cells and acrophages. Arterioscler Thromb 13: 371-378, 1993.
56. Dixon WG and Symmons DPM. What effects might anti-TNF[alpha] treatment be expected to have on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis? A review of the role of TNF[alpha] in cardiovascular patho-physiology. Annals Rheum Dis 66: 1132-1136, 2007.
57. Drab M, Verkade P, Elger M, Kasper M, Lohn M, Lau-terbach B, Menne J, Lindschau C, Mende F, Luft FC, Schedl A, Haller H, and Kurzchalia TV. Loss of caveolae, vascular dysfunction, and pulmonary defects in caveolin-1 gene-disrupted mice. Science 293: 2449-2452, 2001.
58. Duenas AI, Aceves M, Fernandez-Pisonero I, Gomez C, Orduna A, Crespo MS, and Garcia-Rodriguez C. Selective attenuation of Toll-like receptor 2 signalling may explain the atheroprotective effect of sphingosine 1-phosphate. Cardiovasc Res 79: 537-544, 2008.
59. Elomaa O, Kangas M, Sahlberg C, Tuukkanen J, Sormunen R, Liakka A, Thesleff I, Kraal G, and Tryggvason K. Cloning of a novel bacteria-binding receptor structurally related to scavenger receptors and expressed in a subset of acrophages. Cell 80: 603-609, 1995.
60. Elshourbagy NA, Li X, Terrett J, VanHorn S, Gross MS, Adamou JE, Anderson KM, Webb CL, and Lysko PG. Molecular characterization of a human scavenger receptor, human MARCO. Eur J Biochem 267: 919-926, 2000.
61. Endemann G, Stanton LW, Madden KS, Bryant CM, White RT, and Protter AA. CD36 is a receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 268: 11811-11816, 1993.
62. Febbraio M, Guy E, and Silverstein RL. Stem cell transplantation reveals that absence of macrophage CD36 is protective against atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24: 2333-2338, 2004.
63. Febbraio M, Podrez EA, Smith JD, Hajjar DP, Hazen SL, Hoff HF, Sharma K, and Silverstein RL. Targeted disruption of the class B scavenger receptor CD36 protects against atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. J Clin Invest 105: 1049-1056, 2000.
64. Fox PL, Mazumder B, Ehrenwald E, and Mukhopadhyay CK. Ceruloplasmin and cardiovascular disease. Free Radical Biol Med 28: 1735-1744, 2000.
65. Frank PG, Lee H, Park DS, Tandon NN, Scherer PE, and Lisanti MP. Genetic ablation of caveolin-1 confers protection against atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24: 98-105, 2004.
66. Freeman M, Ashkenas J, Rees DJG, Kingsley DM, Co-peland NG, Jenkins NA, and Krieger M. An ancient, highly conserved family of cysteine-rich protein domains revealed by cloning type I and type II murine macro-phage scavenger receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U A 87: 8810-8814, 1990.
67. Freeman M, Ekkel Y, Rohrer L, Penman M, Freedman NJ, Chisolm GM, and Krieger M. Expression of type I and type II bovine scavenger receptors in Chinese hamster ovary cells: Lipid droplet accumulation and nonreciprocal cross competition by acetylated and oxidized low density lipo-protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4931-4935, 1991.
68. Frostegard J, Svenungsson E, Wu R, Gunnarsson I, Lund-berg IE, Klareskog L, Hörkkö S, and Witztum JL. Lipid peroxidation is enhanced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is associated with arterial and renal disease manifestations. Arthritis Rheum, 52. 192-200. 2005.
69. Funk CD and Cyrus T. 12=15-Lipoxygenase, oxidative modification of LDL and atherogenesis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 11: 116-124, 2004.
70. Gargiulo S, Gamba P, Sottero B, Biasi F, Chiarpotto E, Serviddio G, Vendemiale G, Poli, and Leonarduzzi G. The core-aldehyde 9-oxononanoyl cholesterol increases the level of transforming growth factor beta1-specific receptors on promonocytic U937 cell membranes. Aging Cell 8: 77-87, 2009.
71. Garrido-Sánchez L, Cardona F, Garća-Fuentes E, Rojo-Mart́nez G, Gómez-Zumaquero JM, Picón MJ, Soriguer FJ, and Tinahones FJ. Anti-oxidized low-density lipopro-tein antibody levels are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 38: 615-621, 2008.
72. Gaubatz JW, Gillard BK, Massey JB, Hoogeveen RC, Huang M, Lloyd EE, Raya JL, Yang CY, and Pownall HJ. Dynamics of dense electronegative low density lipoproteins and their preferential association with lipoprotein phospholipase A2. JLipid Res 48: 348-357, 2007.
73. Gesquiere L, Cho W, and Subbaiah PV. Role of group IIa and group V secretory phospholipases A 2 in the metabolism of lipoproteins. Substrate specificities of the enzymes and the regulation of their activities by sphingomyelin. Biochemistry 41: 4911-4920, 2002.
74. Glomset JA. The plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reaction. J Lipid Res 9: 155-167, 1968.
75. Goldstein JL, Ho YK, Basu SK, and Brown MS. Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 333-337, 1979.
76. Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Tinahones FJ, De Ramon E, Camps M, Garrido L, and Soriguer FJ. Association of biological markers of activity of systemic lupus erythematosus with levels of anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibodies. Rheumatology 43: 510-513, 2004.
77. Gonzalez MA and Selwyn AP. Endothelial function, inflammation, and prognosis in cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 115: 99S-106S, 2003.
78. Gough PJ, Greaves DR, and Gordon S. A naturally occurring isoform of the human macrophage scavenger receptor (SR-A) gene generated by alternative splicing blocks modified LDL uptake. J Lipid Res 39: 531-543, 1998.
79. Gough PJ, Greaves DR, Suzuki H, Hakkinen T, Hiltunen MO, Turunen M, Herttuala SY, Kodama T, and Gordon S. Analysis of macrophage scavenger receptor (SR-A) expression in human aortic atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 461-471, 1999.
80. Graier WF and Kostner GM. Glycated low-density lipo-protein and atherogenesis: the missing link between diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolaemia? Eur J Clin Invest 27: 457-459, 1997.
81. Grandl M, Bared SM, Liebisch G, Werner T, Barlage S, and Schmitz G. E-LDL and Ox-LDL differentially regulate cer-amide and cholesterol raft microdomains in human Mac-rophages. Cytometry A 69: 189-191, 2006.
82. Greenspan P, Yu H, Mao F, and Gutman RL. Cholesterol deposition in macrophages: foam cell formation mediated by cholesterol-enriched oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 38: 101-109, 1997.
83. Gustin C, Van Steenbrugge M, and Raes M. LPA modulates monocyte migration directly and via LPA-stimulated en-dothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295: C905-914, 2008.
84. Guy E, Kuchibhotla S, Silverstein R, and Febbraio M. Continued inhibition of atherosclerotic lesion development in long-term Western diet fed CD368=apoE8 mice. Atherosclerosis 192: 123-130, 2007.
85. Haberland ME, Olch CL, and Folgelman AM. Role of lysines in mediating interaction of modified low density lipopro-teins with the scavenger receptor of human monocyte macrophages. J Biol Chem 259: 11305-11311, 1984.
86. Haberland ME and Steinbrecher UP. Modified low-density lipoproteins: Diversity and biological relevance in athero-genesis. Monogr Hum Genet 14: 35, 1992.
87. Halliwell B and Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: How should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 142: 231-255, 2004.
88. Hammad SM, Taha TA, Nareika A, Johnson KR, Lopes-Virella MF, and Obeid LM. Oxidized LDL immune complexes induce release of sphingosine kinase in human U937 monocytic cells. Prostagland Other Lipid Med 79: 126-140, 2006.
89. Hammad SM, Twal WO, Barth JL, Smith KJ, Saad AF, Virella G, Argraves WS, and Lopes-Virella MF. Oxidized LDL immune complexes and oxidized LDL differentially affect the expression of genes involved with inflammation and survival in human U937 monocytic cells. Atherosclerosis 202: 394-404, 2009.
90. Hara S, Shike T, Takasu N, and Mizui T. Lysopho-sphatidylcholine promotes cholesterol efflux from mouse macrophage foam cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 1258-1266, 1997.
91. Hara Y, Kusumi Y, Mitsumata M, Li XK, and Fujino M. Ly- sophosphatidylcholine upregulates LOX-1, chemokine receptors, and activation-related transcription factors inhuman T-cell line Jurkat. J Thromb Thrombolysis 26: 113-118, 2008.
92. Harats D, Shaish A, George J, Mulkins M, Kurihara H, Levkovitz H, and Sigal E. Overexpression of 15-lipoxygenase in vascular endothelium accelerates early atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 2100-2105, 2000.
93. Harkewicz R, Hartvigsen K, Almazan F, Dennis EA, Witztum JL, and Miller YI. Cholesteryl ester hydroperox-ides are biologically active components of minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 283: 10241-10251, 2008.
94. Hazen SL. Oxidized phospholipids as endogenous pattern recognition ligands in Innate Immunity. J Biol Chem 283: 15527-15531, 2008.
95. Heinecke JW. Lipoprotein oxidation in cardiovascular disease: Chief culprit or innocent bystander? J Exp Med 203: 813-816, 2006.
96. Heinecke JW. Mechanisms of oxidative damage of low density lipoprotein in human atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 8: 268-274, 1997.
97. Heinecke JW. Oxidized amino acids: Culprits in human atherosclerosis and indicators of oxidative stress. Free Radical Biol Med 32: 1090-1101, 2002.
98. Henriksen T, Mahoney EM, and Steinberg D. Enhanced macrophage degradation of biologically modified low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis: 149-159, 1983.
99. Henriksen T, Mahoney EM, and Steinberg D. Enhanced macrophage degradation of low density lipoprotein previously incubated with cultured endothelial cells: recognition by receptors for acetylated low density lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 6499-6503, 1981.
100. Henry PD. Hyperlipidemic endothelial injury and angio-genesis. Basic Res Cardiol 89: 107-114, 1994.
101. Higashi Y, Peng T, Du J, Sukhanov S, Li Y, Itabe H, Par-thasarathy S, and Delafontaine P. A redox-sensitive pathway mediates oxidized LDL-induced downregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. J Lipid Res 46: 1266-1277, 2005.
102. Hiltunen TP, Luoma JS, Nikkari T, and Yla-Herttuala S. Expression of LDL receptor, VLDL receptor, LDL receptor-related protein, and scavenger receptor in rabbit atherosclerotic lesions: Marked induction of scavenger receptor and VLDL receptor expression during lesion development. Circulation 97: 1079-1086, 1998.
103. Holopainen JM, Medina OP, Metso AJ, and Kinnunen PKJ. Sphingomyelinase activity associated with human plasma low density lipoprotein. Possible functional implications. J Biol Chem 275: 16484-16489, 2000.
104. Holvoet P, Donck J, Landeloos M, Brouwers E, Luijtens K, Arnout J, Lesaffre E, Vanrenterghem Y, and Collen D. Correlation between oxidized low density lipoproteins and von Willebrand factor in chronic renal failure. Thrombosis Haemost 76: 663-669, 1996.
105. Holvoet P, Perez G, Zhao Z, Brouwers E, Bernar H, and Collen D. Malondialdehyde-modified low density lipo-proteins in patients with atherosclerotic disease. J Clin Invest 95: 2611-2619, 1995.
106. Hörkkö S, Bird DA, Miller E, Itabe H, Leitinger N, Sub-banagounder G, Berliner JA, Friedman P, Dennis EA, Curtiss LK, Palinski W, and Witztum JL. Monoclonal au-toantibodies specific for oxidized phospholipids or oxidized phospholipid-protein adducts inhibit macrophage uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. J Clin Invest 103: 117-128, 1999.
107. Hsieh CC, Yen MH, Yen CH, and Lau YT. Oxidized low density lipoprotein induces apoptosis via generation of reactive oxygen species in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 49: 135-145, 2001.
108. Huang JT, Welch JS, Ricote M, Binder CJ, Willson TM, Kelly C, Witztum JL, Funk CD, Conrad D, and Glass CK. Inter-leukin-4-dependent production of PPAR-[gamma] ligands in macrophages by 12=15-lipoxygenase. Nature 400: 378-382, 1999.
109. Huang ZH, Bates EJ, Ferrante JV, Hii CST, Poulos A, Robinson BS, and Ferrante A. Inhibition of stimulus-induced endothelial cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 expression by arachidonic acid and its hydroxy and hydroperoxy derivatives. Circ Res 80: 149-158, 1997.
110. Huber J, Boechzelt H, Karten B, Surboeck M, Bochkov VN, Binder BR, Sattler W, and Leitinger N. Oxidized cholesteryl linoleates stimulate endothelial cells to bind monocytes via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway. Ar-terioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22: 581-586, 2002.
111. Hughes DA, Fraser IP, and Gordon S. Murine macrophage scavenger receptor: In vivo expression and function as receptor for macrophage adhesion in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. Eur J Immunol 25: 466-473, 1995.
112. Hulthe J. Antibodies to oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis development. Clinical and animal studies. Clinica Chimica Acta 348: 1-8, 2004.
113. Huo Y, Zhao L, Hyman MC, Shashkin P, Harry BL, Burcin T, Forlow SB, Stark MA, Smith DF, Clarke S, Srinivasan S, Hedrick CC, Pratico D, Witztum JL, Nadler JL, Funk CD, and Ley K. Critical role of macrophage 12=15-lipoxygenase for atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 110: 2024-2031, 2004.
114. Huszar D, Varban ML, Rinninger F, Feeley R, Arai T, Fairchild-Huntress V, Donovan MJ, and Tall AR. Increased LDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice with attenuated expression of scavenger receptor B1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 1068-1073, 2000.
115. Ichi I, Nakahara K, Miyashita Y, Hidaka A, Kutsukake S, Inoue K, Maruyama T, Miwa Y, Harada M, Tsushima M, Kojo S, and Kisei Cohort Study G. Association of ceramides in human plasma with risk factors of atherosclerosis. Lipids 41: 859, 2006.
116. Ishigaki Y, Katagiri H, Gao J, Yamada T, Imai J, Uno K, Hasegawa Y, Kaneko K, Ogihara T, Ishihara H, Sato Y, Takikawa K, Nishimichi N, Matsuda H, Sawamura T, and Oka Y. Impact of plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein removal on atherosclerosis. Circulation 118: 75-83, 2008.
117. Ishikawa K, Navab M, Leitinger N, Fogelman AM, and Lusis AJ. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 inhibits the monocyte transmigration induced by mildly oxidized LDL. J Clin Invest 100: 1209-1216, 1997.
118. Itabe H. Oxidative Modification of LDL: Its Pathological Role in Atherosclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 37: 4-11, 2009.
119. Itabe H, Mori M, Fujimoto Y, Higashi Y, and Takano T. Minimally modified LDL is an oxidized LDL enriched with oxidized phosphatidylcholines. J Biochem (Tokyo) 134: 459-465, 2003.
120. Itabe H, Yamamoto H, Imanaka T, Shimamura K, Uchiyama H, Kimura J, Sanaka T, Hata Y, and Takano T. Sensitive detection of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein using a monoclonal antibody. J Lipid Res 37: 45-53, 1996.
121. James MJ, van Reyk D, Rye KA, Dean RT, Cleland LG, Barter PJ, and Jessup W. Low density lipoprotein of syno-vial fluid in inflammatory joint disease is mildly oxidized. Lipids 33: 1115-1121, 1998.
122. Jedidi I, Couturier M, Thqrond P, GardFs-Albert M, Legrand A, Barouki R, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, and Aggerbeck M. Cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides increase macrophage CD36 gene expression via PPAR[alpha]. Bio-chem Biophys Res Commun 351: 733-738, 2006.
123. Jerome W. Advanced atherosclerotic foam cell formation has features of an acquired lysosomal storage disorder. Rejuvenation Res 9: 245-255, 2006.
124. Jessup W, Krithairides L, and Stocker R. Lipid oxidation in atherogenesis: An overview. Biochem Soc Trans 32: 134-138, 2004.
125. Jessup W and Kritharides L. Metabolism of oxidized LDL by macrophages. Curr Opin Lipidol 11: 473-481, 2000.
126. Jessup W, Mander EL, and Dean RT. The intracellular storage and turnover of apolipoprotein B of oxidized LDL in macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1126: 167-177, 1992.
127. Jialal I and Chait A. Differences in the metabolism of oxi-datively modified low density lipoprotein and acetylated low density lipoprotein by human endothelial cells: Inhibition of cholesterol esterification by oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 30: 1561-1568, 1989.
128. Jiang Y, Oliver P, Davies KE, and Platt N. Identification and characterization of murine SCARA5, a novel class A scavenger receptor that is expressed by populations of epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 281: 11834-11845, 2006.
129. Kakutani M, Masaki T, and Sawamura T. A platelet-endothelium interaction mediated by lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 360-364, 2000.
130. Kakutani M, Ueda M, Naruko T, Masaki T, and Sawamura T. Accumulation of LOX-1 ligand in plasma and atherosclerotic lesions of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits: Identification by a novel enzyme immunoassay. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 282: 180-185, 2001.
131. Kanayama M, Yamaguchi S, Shibata T, Shibata N, Kobayashi M, Nagai R, Arai H, Takahashi K, and Uchida K. Identification of a serum component that regulates cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in cooperation with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. J Biol Chem 282: 24166-24174, 2007.
132. Karvonen J, Paivansalo M, Kesaniemi YA, and Horkko S. Immunoglobulin M type of autoantibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein has an inverse relation to carotid artery atherosclerosis. Circulation 108: 2107-2112, 2003.
133. Kataoka H, Kume N, Miyamoto S, Minami M, Moriwaki H, Murase T, Sawamura T, Masaki T, Hashimoto N, and Kita T. Expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 in human atherosclerotic lesions. Circulation 99: 3110-3117, 1999.
134. Kato R, Mori C, Kitazato K, Arata S, Obama T, Mori M, Takahashi K, Aiuchi T, Takano T, and Itabe H. Transient increase in plasma oxidized LDL during the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arter-ioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29: 33-39, 2009.
135. Kawai Y, Saito A, Shibata N, Kobayashi M, Yamada S, Osawa T, and Uchida K. Covalent binding of oxidized cholesteryl esters to protein: Implications for oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 278: 21040-21049, 2003.
136. Kern H, Volk T, Knauerschiefer S, Mieth T, Rustow B, Kox WJ, and Schlame M. Stimulation of monocytes and platelets by short-chain phosphatidylcholines with and without terminal carboxyl group. Biochim Biophys Acta 1394: 33-42, 1998.
137. Kincer JF, Uittenbogaard A, Dressman J, Guerin TM, Feb-braio M, Guo L, and Smart EJ. Hypercholesterolemia promotes a CD36-dependent and endothelial nitric-oxide synthase-mediated vascular dysfunction. J Biol Chem 277: 23525-23533, 2002.
138. Kinnunen PKJ and Holopainen JM. Sphingomyelinase activity of LDL: A link between atherosclerosis, ceramide, and apoptosis? Trend Cardiovasc Med 12: 37-42, 2002.
139. Kobayashi K, Kishi M, Atsumi T, Bertolaccini ML, Makino H, Sakairi N, Yamamoto I, Yasuda T, Khamashta MA, Hughes GRV, Koike T, Voelker DR, and Matsuura E. Circulating oxidized LDL forms complexes with {beta}2-glycoprotein I: Implication as an atherogenic autoantigen. J Lipid Res 44: 716-726, 2003.
140. Kodama T, Freeman M, Rohrer L, Zabrecky J, Matsudaira P, and Krieger M. Type I macrophage scavenger receptor contains a-helical and collagen-like coiled coils. Nature 343: 531-535, 1990.
141. Kodama T, Reddy P, Kishimoto C, and Krieger M. Purification and characterization of a bovine acetyl low density lipoprotein receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 9238-9242, 1988.
142. Kones R. The Jupiter study, CRP screening, and aggressive statin therapy. Implications for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 3: 309-315, 2009.
143. Kotani K, Satoh N, Kato Y, Araki R, Koyama K, Okajima T, TanabeM, Oishi M,Yamakage H,YamadaK,HattoriM,and Shimatsu A. A novel oxidized low-density lipoprotein marker, serum amyloid A-LDL, is associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis 204: 526-531, 2009.
144. Kowalsky GB, Byfield FJ, and Levitan I. OxLDL facilitates flow-induced realignment of aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295: C332-340, 2008.
145. Krieger M and Herz J. Structures and functions: macro-phage scavenger receptors and LDL receptor-related protein (LRP). Annu Rev Biochem 63: 601-637, 1994.
146. Kris-Etherton PM, Lichtenstein AH, Howard BV, Steinberg D, Witztum JL, and for the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition PAaM. Antioxidant vitamin supplements and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 110: 637-641, 2004.
147. Kruth HS. Lipoprotein cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Curr Mol Med 1: 633-653, 2001.
148. Kruth HS, Huang W, Ishii I, and Zhang WY. Macrophage foam cell formation with native low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 277: 34573-34580, 2002.
149. Ku IA, Imboden JB, Hsue PY, and Ganz P. Rheumatoid arthritis: A model of systemic inflammation driving atherosclerosis. Circul J 73: 977-985, 2009.
150. Kuchibhotla S, Vanegas D, Kennedy DJ, Guy E, Nimako G, Morton RE, and Febbraio M. Absence of CD36 protects against atherosclerosis in ApoE knock-out mice with no additional protection provided by absence of scavenger receptor A I=II. Cardiovasc Res 78: 185-196, 2008.
151. Kuhn H, Chaitidis P, Roffeis J, and Walther M. Arachidonic acid metabolites in the cardiovascular system: The role of lipoxygenase isoforms in atherogenesis with particular emphasis on vascular remodeling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 50: 609-620, 2007.
152. Kume N and Kita T. Lectin-like oxidized low-density li-poprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in atherogenesis. Trends Car-diovasc Med 11: 22-25, 2001. (Pubitemid 32544950)
153. Kunjathoor VV, Febbraio M, Podrez EA, Moore KJ, Andersson L, Koehn S, Rhee JS, Silverstein R, Hoff HF, and Freeman MW. Scavenger receptors Class A-I=II and CD36 are the principal receptors responsible for the uptake of modified low density lipoprotein leading to lipid loading in macrophages. J Biol Chem 277: 49982-49988, 2002.
154. Kurien BT and Scofield RH. Autoimmunity and oxida-tively modified autoantigens. Autoimmun Rev 7: 567-573, 2008.
155. Landschulz KT, Pathak RK, Rigotti A, Krieger M, and Hobbs HH. Regulation of scavenger receptor, class B, type I, a high density lipoprotein receptor, in liver and ste-roidogenic tissues of the rat. J Clin Invest 98: 984-995, 1996.
156. Lee HS and Song CY. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and oxidative stress in the development of glomerulo-sclerosis. Am J Nephrol 29: 62-70, 2009.
157. Lee JY, Jung GY, Heo HJ, Yun MR, Park JY, Bae SS, Hong KW, Lee WS, and Kim CD. 4-Hydroxynonenal induces vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis through mitochon-drial generation of reactive oxygen species. Toxicol Lett 166: 212-221, 2006.
158. Leitinger N, Watson AD, Hama SY, Ivandic B, Qiao JH, Huber J, Faull KF, Grass DS, Navab M, Fogelman AM, de Beer FC, Lusis, Aj, and Berliner JA. Role of group II secretory phospholipase A 2 in atherosclerosis: 2. Potential involvement of biologically active oxidized phospholipids. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 1291-1298, 1999.
159. Lemaire-Ewing Sp, Berthier A, Royer M, Logette E, Corcos L, Bouchot A, Monier S, Prunet C, Raveneau M, Rebe C, Desrumaux C, Lizard G, and Neel D. 7b-Hydroxycho-lesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol-induced interleukin-8 secretion involves a calcium-dependent activation of c-fos via the ERK1=2 signaling pathway in THP-1 cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 25: 127-139, 2009.
160. Leonarduzzi G, Chiarpotto E, Biasi F, and Poli G. 4-Hydroxynonenal and cholesterol oxidation products in atherosclerosis. Mol Nut Food Res 49: 1044-1049, 2005.
161. Li D and Mehta JL. Intracellular signaling of LOX-1 in en-dothelial cell apoptosis. Circ Res 104: 566-568, 2009.
162. Li H, Freeman MW, and Libby P. Regulation of smooth muscle cell scavenger receptor expression in vivo by ath-erogenic diets and in vitro by cytokines. J Clin Invest 95: 122-133, 1995.
163. Li R, Mouillesseaux KP, Montoya D, Cruz D, Gharavi N, Dun M, Koroniak L, and Berliner JA. Identification of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 2 as a receptor activated by OxPAPC. Circ Res 98: 642-650, 2006.
164. Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 420: 868-874, 2002.
165. Loidl A, Claus R, Ingolic E, Deigner HP, and Hermetter A. Role of ceramide in activation of stress-associated MAP kinases by minimally modified LDL in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1690: 150-158, 2004.
166. Lopes-Virella MF, Binzafar N, Rackley S, Akira T, La Via M, and Virella G. The uptake of LDL-IC by human mac-rophages: Predominant involvement of the Fc[gamma]RI receptor. Atherosclerosis 135: 161, 1997.
167. Lopez D, Garcia-Valladares I, Palafox-Sanchez CA, De La Torre IG, Kobayashi K, Matsuura E, and Lopez LR. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein=b2- glycoprotein I complexes and autoantibodies to oxLig-1=b2-glycoprotein I in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 121: 426-436, 2004.
168. Lopez D, Kobayashi K, Merrill JT, Matsuura E, and Lopez LR. IgG autoantibodies against b2-glycoprotein I complexed with a lipid ligand derived from oxidized low-density lipo-protein are associated with arterial thrombosis in antipho-spholipid syndrome. Clin Devel Immunol 10: 203-211, 2003.
169. Lopez LR, Buckner TR, Hurkey BL, Kobayashi BL, and Matsuura E. Determination of oxidized low-density lipo-proteins (ox-LDL) versus ox-LDL=β2GPI complexes for the assessment of autoimmune-mediated atherosclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1109: 303-310, 2007.
170. Lordan S, Mackrill JJ, and O'Brien NM. Oxysterols and mechanisms of apoptotic signaling: Implications in the pathology of degenerative diseases. J Nut Biochem 20: 321-336, 2009.
171. Lougheed M, Lum CM, Ling W, Suzuki H, Kodama T, and Steinbrecher U. High affinity saturable uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein by macrophages from mice lacking the scavenger receptor class A Type I=II. J Biol Chem 272: 12938-12944, 1997.
172. Lougheed M, Zhang HF, and Steinbrecher UP. Oxidized low density lipoprotein is resistant to cathepsins and accumulates within macrophages. J Biol Chem 266: 14519-14525, 1991.
173. Lourida E, Georgiadis A, Papavasiliou E, Papathanasiou A, Drosos A, and Tselepis A. Patients with early rheumatoid arthritis exhibit elevated autoantibody titers against mildly oxidized low-density lipoprotein and exhibit decreased activity of the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. Arthritis Res Ther 9: R19, 2007.
174. Lu J, Jiang W, Yang JH, Chang PY, Walterscheid JP, Chen HH, Marcelli M, Tang D, Lee YT, Liao WSL, Yang CY, and Chen CH. Electronegative LDL impairs vascular endothe-lial cell integrity in diabetes by disrupting fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) autoregulation. Diabetes 57: 158, 2008.
175. Lu J, Yang JH, Burns AR, Chen HH, Tang D, Walterscheid JP, Suzuki SS, Yang CY, Sawamura T, and Chen CH. Mediation of electronegative low-density lipoprotein signaling by LOX-1: A possible mechanism of endothelial apoptosis. Circ Res 104: 619-627, 2009.
176. Mander EL, Dean RT, Stanley KK, and Jessup W. Apoli-poprotein B of oxidized LDL accumulates in the lysosomes of macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Lipids Lipid Metab 1212: 80-92, 1994.
177. Manning-Tobin JJ, Moore KJ, Seimon TA, Bell SA, Sharuk M, Varez-Leite JI, de Winther MPJ, Tabas I, and Freeman MW. Loss of SR-A and CD36 activity reduces atherosclerotic lesion complexity without abrogating foam cell formation in hyperlipidemic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29: 19-26, 2009.
178. Maor I and Aviram M. Oxidized low density lipoprotein leads to macrophage accumulation of unesterified cholesterol as a result of lysosomal trapping of the lipoprotein hydrolyzed cholesteryl ester. J Lipid Res 35: 803-819, 1994.
179. Marathe GK, Prescott SM, Zimmerman GA, and McIntyre TM. Oxidized LDL contains inflammatory PAF-like phos-pholipids. Trend Cardiovasc Med 11: 139, 2001.
180. Matsumoto T, Kobayashi T, and Kamata K. Role of lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) in atherosclerosis. Curr Med Chem 14: 3209-3220, 2007.
181. Matsuura E, Hughes GRV, and Khamashta MA. Oxidation of LDL and its clinical implication. Autoimmun Rev 7: 558-566, 2008.
182. Matsuura E, Kobayashi K, Inoue K, Lopez LR, and Shoe-nfeld Y. Oxidized LDL=b2 glycoprotein I complexes: New aspects in atherosclerosis. Lupus 14: 736-741, 2005.
183. Matsuura E and Lopez L. Autoimmune-mediated athero-thrombosis. Lupus 17: 879-888, 2008.
184. Maziere C and Maziere JC. Activation of transcription factors and gene expression by oxidized low-density lipo-protein. Free Radical Biol Med 46: 127-137, 2009.
185. McCall MR, Carr AC, Forte TM, and Frei B. LDL modified by hypochlorous scid is a potent inhibitor of lecithin-cholesterol scyltransferase sctivity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 1040-1045, 2001.
186. Mehta JL, Sanada N, Hu CP, Chen J, Dandapat A, Suga-wara F, Satoh H, Inoue K, Kawase Y, Jishage K-I, Suzuki H, Takeya M, Schnackenberg L, Beger R, Hermonat PL, Thomas M, and Sawamura T. Deletion of LOX-1 reduces atherogenesis in LDLR knockout mice fed high cholesterol diet. Circ Res 100: 1634-1642, 2007.
187. Merry P, Grootveld M, Lunec J, and Blake D. Oxidative damage to lipids within the inflamed human joint provides evidence of radical-mediated hypoxic-reperfusion injury. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 362S-369, 1991.
188. Miller YI, Viriyakosol S, Binder CJ, Feramisco JR, Kirkland TN, and Witztum JL. Minimally modified LDL binds to CD14, induces macrophage spreading via TLR4=MD-2, and inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. J Biol Chem 278: 1561-1568, 2003.
189. Mizutani T, Sonoda Y, Minegishi T, Wakabayashi K, and Miyamoto K. Cloning, characterization, and cellular distribution of rat scavenger receptor class B Type I (SRBI) in the ovary. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 234: 499-505, 1997.
190. Montuschi P, Barnes PJ, and Roberts LJ. Isoprostanes: Markers and mediators of oxidative stress. FASEB J 18: 1791-1800, 2004.
191. Moore KJ and Freeman MW. Scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis: Beyond lipid uptake. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26: 1702-1711, 2006.
192. Moore KJ, Kunjathoor VV, Koehn SL, Manning JJ, Tseng AA, Silver JM, McKee M, and Freeman MW. Loss of receptor-mediated lipid uptake via scavenger receptor A or CD36 pathways does not ameliorate atherosclerosis in hy-perlipidemic mice. J Clin Invest 115: 2192-2201, 2005.
193. MoriwakiH, Kume N,Sawamura T, AoyamaT, Hoshikawa H, Ochi H, Nishi E, Masaki T, and Kita T. Ligand specificity of LOX-1, a novel receptor for oxidized low-density lipo-protein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18: 1541-1547, 1998.
194. Morrow JD. The Isoprostanes\Unique products of ara-chidonate peroxidation: Their role as mediators of oxidant stress. Curr Pharm Des 12: 895-902, 2006.
195. Murakami M and Kudo I. New phospholipase A2 isozymes with a potential role in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 14: 431-436, 2003.
196. Murphy JE, Tacon D, Tedbury PR, Hadden JM, Knowling S, Sawamura T, Peckham M, Phillips SEV, Walker JH, and Ponnambalam S. LOX-1 scavenger receptor mediates calcium-dependent recognition of phosphatidylserine and apoptotic cells. Biochem J 393: 107-115, 2006.
197. Murphy JE, Tedbury PR, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Walker JH, and Ponnambalam S. Biochemistry and cell biology of mammalian scavenger receptors. Atherosclerosis 182: 1, 2005.
198. Nagarajan S. Anti-OxLDL IgG blocks OxLDL interaction with CD36, but promotes Fc[gamma]R, CD32A-dependent inflammatory cell adhesion. Immunol Lett 108: 52-61, 2007.
199. Nagy L, Tontonoz P, Alvarez JGA, Chen H, and Evans RM. Oxidized LDL regulates macrophage gene expression through ligand activation of PPAR gamma. Cell 93: 229-240, 1998.
200. Naito M, Suzuki H, Mori T, Matsumoto A, Kodama T, and Takahashi K. Coexpression of type I and type II human macrophage scavenger receptors in macrophages of various organs and foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 141: 591-599, 1992.
201. Nakagawa T, Akagi M, Hoshikawa H, Chen M, Yasuda T, Mukai S, Ohsawa K, Masaki T, Nakamura T, and Sawa-mura T. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 mediates leukocyte infiltration and articular cartilage destruction in rat zymosan-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 46: 2486-2494, 2002.
202. Nakamura K, Funakoshi H, Miyamoto K, Tokunaga F, Nakamura T. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human scavenger receptor with C-type lectin (SRCL), a novel member of a scavenger receptor family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 280: 1028-1035, 2001. (Pubitemid 32924443)
203. Nakamura K, Funakoshi H, Tokunaga F, and Nakamura T. Molecular cloning of a mouse scavenger receptor with C-type lectin (SRCL)(1), a novel member of the scavenger receptor family. Biochim Biophys Acta 1522: 53-58, 2001. (Pubitemid 33079237)
204. Nakhjavani M, Esteghamati A, Asgarani F, Khalilzadeh O, Nikzamir A, and Safari R. Association of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and transforming growth factor-beta in type 2 diabetic patients: A cross-sectional study. Trans Res 153: 86-90, 2009.
205. Navab M, Hama SY, Anantharamaiah GM, Hassan K, Hough GP, Watson AD, Reddy ST, Sevanian A, Fonarow GC, and Fogelman AM. Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: Steps 2 and 3. J Lipid Res 41: 1495-1508, 2000.
206. Negre-Salvayre A, Vieira O, Escargueil-Blanc I, and Sal-vayre R. Oxidized LDL and 4-hydroxynonenal modulate tyrosine kinase receptor activity. Mol Aspects Med 24: 251-261, 2003.
207. Nicholson AC. Expression of CD36 in macrophages and atherosclerosis. The role of lipid regulation of PPAR[gam-ma] signaling. Trends Cardiovasc Med 14: 8-12, 2004.
208. Nicholson AC, Frieda S, Pearce A, and Silverstein RL. Oxidized LDL binds to CD36 on human monocyte-derived macrophages and transfected cell lines: Evidence implicating the lipid moiety of the lipoprotein as the binding site. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15: 269-275, 1995.
209. Nilsson J and Hansson GK. Autoimmunity in atherosclerosis: A protective response losing control? J Intern Med 263: 464-478, 2008.
210. Obinata H, Hattori T, Nakane S, Tatei K, and Izumi T. Identification of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and other oxidized free fatty acids as ligands of the G protein-coupled receptor G2A. J Biol Chem 280: 40676-40683, 2005.
211. Ohtani K, Suzuki Y, Eda S, Kawai T, Kase T, Keshi H, Sakai Y, Fukuoh A, Sakamoto T, Itabe H, Suzutani T, Ogasawara M, Yoshida I, and Wakamiya N. The membrane-type col-lectin CL-P1 is a scavenger eeceptor on vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 276: 44222-44228, 2001.
212. Okajima F. Plasma lipoproteins behave as carriers of extracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate: Is this an atherogenic mediator or an anti-atherogenic mediator? Biochim Biophys Acta 1582: 132-137, 2002.
213. Palinski W, Horkko S, Miller E, Steinbrecher UP, Powell HC, Curtiss LK, and Witztum JL. Cloning of monoclonal autoantibodies to epitopes of oxidized lipoproteins from apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. Demonstration of epitopes of oxidized low density lipoprotein in human plasma. J Clin Invest 98: 800-814, 1996.
214. Park YM, Febbraio M, and Silverstein RL. CD36 modulates migration of mouse and human macrophages in response to oxidized LDL and may contribute to macrophage trapping in the arterial intima. J Clin Invest 119: 136-145, 2009.
215. Parsons MS, Barrett L, Little C, and Grant MD. Harnessing CD36 to rein in inflammation, Endocr Metab Immune. Disord Drug Targets 8: 184-191, 2008.
216. Parthasarathy S, Fong LG, Otero D, and Steinberg D. Recognition of solubilized apoproteins from delipidated, oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) by the acetyl-LDL receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 537-540, 1987.
217. Parthasarathy S, Litvinov D, Selvarajan K, and Garelnabi M. Lipid peroxidation and decomposition. Conflicting roles in plaque vulnerability and stability. Biochim Biophys Acta 1781: 221-231, 2008.
218. Pearson A, Lux A, and Krieger M. Expression cloning of dSR-CI, a class C macrophage-specific scavenger receptor from Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4056-4060, 1995.
219. Pengo V, Bison E, Ruffatti A, and Iliceto S. Antibodies to oxidized LDL=[beta]2-glycoprotein I in antiphospholipid syndrome patients with venous and arterial thromboem-bolism. Thromb Res 122: 556-559, 2008.
220. Peters MJL, van Halm VP, Nurmohamed MT, Damoiseaux J, Tervaert JWC, Twisk JWR, Dijkmans BAC, and Voskuyl AE. Relations between autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein, inflammation, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 35: 1495-1499, 2008.
221. Pitas RE. Expression of the acetyl low density lipoprotein receptor by rabbit fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Up-regulation by phorbol esters. J Biol Chem 265: 12722-12727, 1990.
222. Pitas RE, Boyles J, Mahley RW, and Bissell DM. Uptake of chemically modified low density lipoproteins in vivo is mediated by specific endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 100: 103-117, 1985.
223. Plüddemann A, Mukhopadhyay S, and Gordon S. The interaction of macrophage receptors with bacterial ligands. Expert Rev Mol Med 22: 1-25, 2006.
224. Plüddemann A, Neyen C, and Gordon S. Macrophage scavenger receptors and host-derived ligands. Methods 43: 207-217, 2007.
225. Podrez EA, Febbraio M, Sheibani N, Schmitt D, Silverstein RL, Hajjar DP, Cohen PA, Frazier WA, Hoff HF, and Hazen SL. Macrophage scavenger receptor CD36 is the major receptor for LDL modified by monocyte-generated reactive nitrogen species. J Clin Invest 105: 1095-1108, 2000.
226. Podrez EA, Hoppe G, O'Neil J, and Hoff HF. Phospholipids in oxidized LDL not adducted to apoB are recognized by the CD36 scavenger receptor. Free Rad Biol Med 34: 356-364, 2003.
227. Podrez EA, Hoppe G, O'Neil J, Sayre LM, Sheibani N, and Hoff HF. Macrophage receptors responsible for distinct recognition of low density lipoprotein containing pyrrole or pyridinium adducts: Models of oxidized low density lipo-protein. J Lipid Res 41: 1455-1463, 2000.
228. Podrez EA, Poliakov E, Shen Z, Zhang R, Deng Y, Sun M, Finton PJ, Shan L, Gugiu B, Fox PL, Hoff HF, Salomon RG, and Hazen SL. Identification of a novel fFamily of oxidized phospholipids that serve as ligands for the macrophage scavenger receptor CD36. J Biol Chem 277: 38503-38516, 2002.
229. Quinn MT, Parthasarathy S, and Steinberg D. Lysopho-sphatidylcholine: A chemotactic factor for human mono-cytes and its potential role in atherogenesis. Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 85: 2805-2809, 1988.
230. Raghavamenon A, Garelnabi M, Babu S, Aldrich A, Litvi-nov D, and Parthasarathy S. Tocopherol is ineffective in preventing the decomposition of preformed lipid peroxides and may promote the accumulation of toxic aldehydes: A potential explanation for the failure of antioxidants to affect human atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 11: 1237-1248, 2009.
231. Ravetch JV and Kinet JP. Fc Receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 9: 457-492, 1991.
232. Rigotti A, Acton SL, and Krieger M. The Class B scavenger receptors SR-BI and CD36 are receptors for anionic phos-pholipids. J Biol Chem 270: 16221-16224, 1995.
233. Rigotti A, Trigatti BL, Penman M, Rayburn H, Herz J, and Krieger M. A targeted mutation in the murine gene encoding the high density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor scavenger receptor class B type I reveals its key role in HDL metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 12610-12615, 1997.
234. Rios FJ, Jancar S, Melo IB, Ketelhuth DF, and Gidlund M. Role of PPAR-gamma in the modulation of CD36 and FcgammaRII induced by LDL with low and high degrees of oxidation during the differentiation of the monocytic THP-1 cell line. Cell Physiol Biochem 22: 549-556, 2008.
235. Robbesyn F, Salvayre R, and Negre-Salvayre A. Dual role of oxidized LDL on the NF-KappaB signaling pathway. Free Rad Res 38: 541-551, 2004.
236. Rohrer L, Freeman M, Kodama T, Penman M, and Krieger M. Coiled-coil fibrous domains mediate ligand binding by macrophage scavenger receptor type II. Nature 343: 570-572, 1990.
237. Roma P, Bernini F, Fogliatto R, Bertulli SM, Negri S, Fu-magalli R, and Catapano AL. Defective catabolism of oxidized LDL by J774 murine macrophages. J Lipid Res 33: 819-829, 1992.
238. Roma P, Catapano AL, Bertulli SM, Varesi L, Fumagalli R, and Bernini F. Oxidized LDL increase free cholesterol and fail to stimulate cholesterol esterification in murine macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 171: 123-131, 1990.
239. Rosenfeld ME, Palinski W, Yla-Herttuala S, Butler S, and Witztum JL. Distribution of oxidation specific lipid-protein adducts and apolipoprotein B in atherosclerotic lesions of varying severity from WHHL rabbits. Arteriosclerosis 10: 336-349, 1990.
240. Ross R. Atherosclerosis\An inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 340: 115-126, 1999.
241. Saad AF, Virella G, Chassereau C, Boackle RJ, and Lopes-Virella MF. OxLDL immune complexes activate complement and induce cytokine production by MonoMac 6cells and human macrophages. J Lipid Res 47: 1975-1983, 2006.
242. Sakaguchi H, Takeya M, Suzuki H, Hakamata H, Kodama T, Horiuchi S, Gordon S, van der Laan LJ, Kraal G, Ishi-bashi S, Kitamura N, and Takahashi K. Role of macrophage scavenger receptors in diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice. Lab Invest 78: 423-434, 1998.
243. Salonen JT, Korpela H, Salonen R, Nyyssonen K, Yla-Herttuala S, YamamotoR,ButlerS,PalinskiW, and Witztum JL. Autoantibody against oxidised LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. The Lancet 339: 883-887, 1992.
244. Sambrano GR, Terpstra V, and Steinberg D. Independent mechanisms for macrophage binding and macrophage phagocytosis of damaged erythrocytes: Evidence of receptor cooperativity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 3442-3448, 1997.
245. Sanchez-Quesada JL, Benitez S, and Ordonez-Llanos J. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein. Curr Opin Lipidol 15: 329-335, 2004.
246. Santanam N and Parthasarathy S. Paradoxical actions of antioxidants in the oxidation of low density lipoprotein by peroxidases. J Clin Invest 95: 2594-2600, 1995.
247. Sawamura T, Kume N, Aoyama T, Moriwaki H, Hoshika-wa H, Aiba Y, Tanaka T, Miwa S, Katsura Y, Kita T, and Masaki T. An endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Nature 6: 73-77, 1997.
248. Scazzocchio B, Vari R, D'Archivio M, Santangelo C, Filesi C, Giovannini C, and Masella R. Oxidized LDL impair adi-pocyte response to insulin by activating serine=threonine kinases. J Lipid Res 50: 832-845, 2009.
249. Schissel SL, Tweedie-Hardman J, Rapp JH, Graham G, Williams KJ, and Tabas I. Rabbit aorta and human atherosclerotic lesions hydrolyze the sphingomyelin of retained low-density lipoprotein. Proposed role for arterial wall sphingomyelinase in subendothelial retention and aggregation of atherogenic lipoproteins. J Clin Invest 98: 1455-1464, 1996.
250. Selman L, Skjodt K, Nielsen O, Floridon C, Holmskov U, and Hansen S. Expression and tissue localization of col-lectin placenta 1 (CL-P1, SRCL) in human tissues. Mol Immunol 45: 3278, 2008.
251. Sevanian A, Bittolobon G, Cazzolato G, Hodis H, Hwang J, Zamburlini A, Maiorino M, and Ursini F. Ldl(-) is a lipid hydroperoxide-enriched circulating lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 38: 419-428, 1997. (Pubitemid 127777324)
252. Sevanian A, Hodis HN, Hwang J, McLeod LL, and Peterson H. Characterization of endothelial cell injury by cholesterol oxidation products found in oxidized LDL. J Lipid Res 36: 1971-1986, 1995.
253. Shaul PW. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, caveolae, and the development of atherosclerosis. J Physiol 15: 21-33, 2003.
254. Shaw PX, Goodyear CS, Chang MK, Witztum JL, and Silverman GJ. The autoreactivity of anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies for atherosclerosis- associated neo-antigens and apoptotic cells. J Immunol 15: 6151-6157, 2003.
255. Shih HH, Zhang S, Cao W, Hahn A, Wang J, Paulsen JE, and Harnish DC. CRP is a novel ligand for the oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296: H1643-1650, 2009.
256. Shimokawa H. Primary endothelial dysfunction: Atherosclerosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 31: 23-37, 1999.
257. Siess W. Platelet interaction with bioactive lipids formed by mild oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 35: 292-304, 2006.
258. Siess W and Tigyi G. Thrombogenic and atherogenic activities of lysophosphatidic acid. J Cell Biochem 92: 1086-1094, 2004.
259. Siess W, Zangl KJ, Essler M, Bauer M, Brandl R, Corrinth C, Bittman R, Tigyi G, and Aepfelbacher M. Lysophosphatidic acid mediates the rapid activation of platelets and endo-thelial cells by mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein and accumulates in human atherosclerotic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 6931-6936, 1999.
260. Sigari F, Lee C, Witztum JL, and Reaven PD. Fibroblasts that overexpress 15-lipoxygenase generate bioactive and minimally modified LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 3639-3645, 1997.
261. Singh DK and Subbaiah PV. Modulation of the activity and arachidonic acid selectivity of group X secretory phospho-lipase A 2 by sphingolipids. J Lipid Res 48: 683-692, 2007.
262. Stanton LW, White RT, Bryant CM, Protter AA, and En-demann G. A macrophage Fc receptor for IgG is also a receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 267: 22446-22451, 1992.
263. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S, Guyton JR, Insull WJ, E. RM, Schaffer SA, J. SC, Wagner WD, and Wissler RW. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 89: 2462-2478, 1994.
264. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, and Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 320: 915-924, 1989.
265. Steinbrecher UP. Oxidation of human low density lipo-protein results in derivatization of lysine residues of apo-lipoprotein B by lipid peroxide decomposition products. J Biol Chem 262: 3603-3608, 1987.
266. Steinbrecher UP. Receptors for oxidized low density lipo-protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1436: 279-298, 1999.
267. Steinbrecher UP, Witztum JL, Parthasarathy S, and Steinberg D. Decrease in reactive amino groups during oxidation or endothelial cell modification of LDL. Correlation with changes in receptor-mediated catabolism. Arteriosclerosis 7: 135-143, 1987.
268. Stocker R and Keaney KJ, Jr. New insights on oxidative stress in the artery wall. J Throm Haem 3: 1825-1834, 2005.
269. Stocker R and Keaney JF, Jr. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 84: 1381-1478, 2004.
270. Su J, Georgiades A, Wu R, Thulin T, de Faire U, and Frostega?rd J. Antibodies of IgM subclass to phosphor-ylcholine and oxidized LDL are protective factors for atherosclerosis in patients with hypertension. Atherosclerosis 188: 160-166, 2006.
271. Subbaiah PV, Subramanian VS, and Wang K. Novel physiological function of sphingomyelin in plasma. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in low density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 274: 36409-36414, 1999.
272. Subbanagounder G, Watson AD, and Berliner JA. Bioactive products of phospholipid oxidation: Isolation, identification, measurement and activities. Free Radical Biol Med 28: 1751-1761, 2000.
273. Subbanagounder G, Wong JW, Lee H, Faull KF, Miller E, Witztum JL, and Berliner JA. Epoxyisoprostane and epoxycyclopentenone phospholipids regulate monocyte che-motactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 synthesis. Formation of these oxidized phospholipids in response to interleukin-1 beta. J Biol Chem 277: 7271-7281, 2002.
274. Sun L, Ishida T, Yasuda T, Kojima Y, Honjo T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H, Ishibashi S, Hirata K-i, and Hayashi Y. RAGE mediates oxidized LDL-induced pro-inflammatory effects and atherosclerosis in non-diabetic LDL receptor-deficient mice. Cardiovasc Res 82: 371-381, 2009.
275. Suzuki H, Kurihara Y, Takeya M, Kamada N, Kataoka M, Jishage K, Ueda O, Sakaguchi H, Higashi T, Suzuki T, Takashima Y, Kawabe Y, Cynshi O, Wada Y, Honda M, Kurihara H, Aburatani H, Doi T, Matsumoto A, Azuma S, Noda T, Toyoda Y, Itakura H, Yazaki Y, and Kodama T. A role for macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis and susceptibility to infection. Nature 386: 292-296, 1997.
276. Szanto A and Nagy L. The many faces of PPAR[gamma]: Anti-inflammatory by any means? Immunobiology 213: 789-803, 2008.
277. Tabuchi M, Inoue K, Usui-Kataoka H, Kobayashi K, Ter-amoto M, Takasugi K, Shikata K, Yamamura M, Ando K, Nishida K, Kasahara J, Kume N, Lopez LR, Mitsudo K, Nobuyoshi M, Yasuda T, Kita T, Makino H, and Matsuura E. The association of C-reactive protein with an oxidative metabolite of LDL and its implication in atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 48: 768-781, 2007.
278. Terpstra V, Bird DA, and Steinberg D. Evidence that the lipid moiety of oxidized low density lipoprotein plays a role in its interaction with macrophage receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 1806-1811, 1998.
279. Tertov VV, Sobenin IA, and Orekhov AN. Similarity between naturally occurring modified desialylated, electronegative and aortic low density lipoprotein. 25: 313-319, 1996.
280. Thomson MJ, Puntmann V, and Kaski JC. Atherosclerosis and oxidant stress: The end of the road for antioxidant vitamin treatment? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 21: 195-210, 2007.
281. Tietge UJF, Pratico D, Ding T, Funk CD, Hildebrand RB, Van Berkel T, and Van Eck M. Macrophage-specific expression of group IIA sPLA2 results in accelerated ath-erogenesis by increasing oxidative stress. J Lipid Res 46: 1604-1614, 2005.
282. Toloza SMA, Uribe AG, McGwin GJ, Alarcón GS, Fessler BJ, Bastian HM, Vilá LM, Wu R, Shoenfeld Y, Roseman JM, and Reveille JD. Systemic lupus erythe-matosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA): XXIII. Baseline predictors of vascular events. Arthritis Rheum 50: 3947-3957, 2004.
283. Trigatti B and Rigotti A. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and high-density lipoprotein metabolism: Recent lessons from genetically manipulated mice. Int J Tissue React 22: 29-37, 2000.
284. Tsimikas S. Oxidative biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 98: 9P-17P, 2006.
285. Uittenbogaard A, Shaul PW, Yuhanna IS, Blair A, and Smart EJ. High density lipoprotein prevents oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced inhibition of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase localization and activation in caveolae. J Biol Chem 275: 11278-11283, 2000.
286. Upston JM, Niu X, Brown AJ, Mashima R, Wang H, Senthilmohan R, Kettle AJ, Dean RT, and Stocker R. Disease stage-dependent accumulation of lipid and protein oxidation products in human atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 160: 701-710, 2002.
287. Valiyaveettil M, Kar N, Ashraf MZ, Byzova TV, Febbraio M, and Podrez EA. Oxidized high-density lipoprotein inhibits platelet activation and aggregation via scavenger receptor B1. Blood 111: 1962-1971, 2008.
288. van den Eijnden MMED, van Noort JT, Hollaar L, van der Laarse A, and Bertina RM. Cholesterol or triglyceride loading of human monocyte-derived macrophages by incubation with modified lipoproteins does not induce tissue factor expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 384-392, 1999.
289. van der Velde AE and Groen AK. Shifting gears: Liver SR-BI drives reverse cholesterol transport in macrophages. J Clin Invest 115: 2699-2701, 2005.
290. van Meeteren LA and Moolenaar WH. Regulation and biological activities of the autotaxin-LPA axis. Prog Lipid Res 46: 145-160, 2007.
291. Varban ML, Rinninger F, Wang N, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Gosselin ML, Dixon KL, Deeds JD, Acton SL, Tall AR, and Huszar D. Targeted mutation reveals a central role for SR-BI in hepatic selective uptake of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 4619-4624, 1998.
292. Verhoye E and Langlois MR. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein: A biomarker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk? Clin Chem Lab Med 47: 128, 2009.
293. Virella G and Lopes-Virella MF. Atherogenesis and the humoral immune response to modified lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 200: 239-246, 2008.
294. Virella G, Thorpe SR, Alderson NL, Stephan EM, Atchley D, Wagner F, and Lopes-Virella MF. Autoimmune response to advanced glycosylation end-products of human LDL. J Lipid Res 44: 487-493, 2003.
295. Wada Y, Kuroda T, Murasawa A, Tanabe N, Nakano M, and Gejyo F. Autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipo-protein (LDL) and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 23: 482-486, 2005.
296. Walton KA, Cole AL, Yeh M, Subbanagounder G, Krutzik SR, Modlin RL, Lucas RM, Nakai J, Smart EJ, Vora DK, and Berliner JA. Specific phospholipid oxidation products inhibit ligand activation of toll-like receptors 4 and 2. Arter-ioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 1197-1203, 2003.
297. Watson AD, Subbanagounder G, Welsbie DS, Faull KF, Navab M, Jung ME, Fogelman AM, and Berliner JA. Structural identification of a novel pro-inflammatory epoxyisoprostane phospholipid in mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 274: 24787-24798, 1999.
298. Webb NR, de Villiers WJ, Connell PM, de Beer FC, and van der Westhuyzen DR. Alternative forms of the scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI). J Lipid Res 38: 1490-1495, 1997.
299. Wen Y and Leake DS. Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidation within lysosomes in cells. Circ Res 100: 1337-1343, 2007.
300. Winyard PGTF, Esterbauer H, Kus ML, Blake DR, and Morris CJ. Presence of foam cells containing oxidised low density lipoprotein in the synovial membrane from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 52: 677-680, 1993.
301. Wittwer J and Hersberger M. The two faces of the 15-lipoxygenase in atherosclerosis. Prostagland Leukotrienes Essent Fatty Acids 77: 67-77, 2007.
302. Witztum JL and Steinberg D. The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherosclerosis: Does it hold for humans? Trends Cardiovasc Med 11: 93, 2001.
303. Witztum JL and Steinberg D. Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. J Clin Invest 88: 1785-1792, 1991.
304. Woenckhaus C, Kaufmann A, Bufeld D, Gemsa D, Spren-ger H, and Gröne HJ. Hypochlorite-modified LDL: Che-motactic potential and chemokine induction in human monocytes. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 86: 27-33, 1998.
305. Wong M-L, Xie B, Beatini N, Phu P, Marathe S, Johns A, Gold PW, Hirsch E, Williams KJ, Licinio J, and Tabas I. Acute systemic inflammation up-regulates secretory sphingomyelinase in vivo: A possible link between inflammatory cytokines and atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 8681-8686, 2000.
306. Wu BJ, Kathir K, Witting PK, Beck K, Choy K, Li C, Croft KD, Mori TA, Tanous D, Adams MR, Lau AK, and Stocker R. Antioxidants protect from atherosclerosis by a heme oxygenase-1 pathway that is independent of free radical scavenging. J Exp Med 203: 1117-1127, 2006.
307. Yamamoto N, Toyoda M, Abe M, Kobayashi T, Kobayashi K, Kato M, Miyauchi M, Kimura M, Umezono T, and Suzuki D. Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression in the tubulointerstitial area likely plays an important role in human diabetic nephropathy. Int Med 48: 189-194, 2009.
308. Yancey PG and Jerome WG. Lysosomal sequestration of free and esterified cholesterol from oxidized low density lipoprotein in macrophages of different species. J Lipid Res 39: 1349-1361, 1998.
309. Yeh M, Cole AL, Choi J, Liu Y, Tulchinsky D, Qiao J-H, Fishbein MC, Dooley AN, Hovnanian T, Mouilleseaux K, Vora DK, Yang W-P, Gargalovic P, Kirchgessner T, Shyy JYJ, and Berliner JA. Role for sterol regulatory element-binding protein in activation of endothelial cells by phos-pholipid oxidation products. Circ Res 95: 780-788, 2004.
310. Yla-Herttuala S. Is oxidized low-density lipoprotein present in vivo? Curr Opin Lipidol 9: 337-344, 1998.
311. Zhang H, Yang Y, and Steinbrecher UP. Structural requirements for the binding of modified proteins to the scavenger receptor of macrophages. J Biol Chem 268: 5535-5542, 1993.
312. Zhang Y, Da Silva JR, Reilly M, Billheimer JT, Rothblat GH, and Rader DJ. Hepatic expression of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a positive regulator of macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. J Clin Invest 115: 2870-2874, 2005.
313. Zhao Z, de Beer MC, Cai L, Asmis R, de Beer FC, de Villiers WJS, and van der Westhuyzen DR. Low-density lipopro-tein from apolipoprotein E-deficient mice induces macro-phage lipid accumulation in a CD36 and scavenger receptor class A-dependent manner. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25: 168-173, 2005.