Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: Genetics enlightens physiopathology

Journal of Neural Transmission, Supplementa

Volumn , Issue 73, 2009, Pages 215-221

  Corti, Olga ^a,b   Fournier, Margot ^a,b   Brice, Alexis ^a,b,c  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

DJ 1; Lewy bodies; Parkin; Parkinson's disease; PINK1; synuclein

Indexed keywords

ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; LEUCINE RICH REPEAT KINASE 2; NERVE PROTEIN; PARKIN; PROTEIN PINK1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; DOPAMINE; PROTEIN KINASE; PTEN INDUCED PUTATIVE KINASE; PTEN-INDUCED PUTATIVE KINASE; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE;

BRAIN STEM; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; LEWY BODY; MISSENSE MUTATION; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PARKINSONISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN METABOLISM; REVIEW; ARTICLE; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MUTATION; NERVE CELL; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES; MUTATION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEURONS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PROTEIN KINASES; UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES;

EID: 77952303475     PISSN: 03036995     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_17     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Alvarez-Fischer D, Guerreiro S, Hunot S, Saurini F, Marien M, Sokoloff P, Hirsch EC, Hartmann A, Michel PP (2008) Modelling Parkinsont-like neurodegeneration via osmotic minipump delivery of MPTP and probenecid. J Neurochem 107:701-711
2. Alves da Costa C (2007) DJ-1: a newcomer in Parkinson's disease pathology. Curr Mol Med 7:650-657
3. Ancolio K, Alves da Costa C, Ueda K, Checler F (2000) Alphasynuclein and the Parkinson's disease-related mutant Ala53Thralpha-synuclein do not undergo proteasomal degradation in HEK293 and neuronal cells. Neurosci Lett 285:79-82
4. Bennett MC, Bishop JF, Leng Y, Chock PB, Chase TN, Mouradian MM (1999) Degradation of alpha-synuclein by proteasome. J Biol Chem 274:33855-33858
5. Biskup S, Gerlach M, Kupsch A, Reichmann H, Riederer P, Vieregge P, Wullner U, Gasser T (2008) Genes associated with Parkinson syndrome. J Neurol 255 (Suppl 5):8-17
6. Bove J, Zhou C, Jackson-Lewis V, Taylor J, Chu Y, Rideout HJ, Wu DC, Kordower JH, Petrucelli L, Przedborski S (2006) Proteasome inhibition and Parkinson's disease modeling. Ann Neurol 60:260-264
7. Canet-Aviles RM, Wilson MA, Miller DW, Ahmad R, McLendon C, Bandyopadhyay S, Baptista MJ, Ringe D, Petsko GA, Cookson MR (2004) The Parkinson's disease protein DJ-1 is neuroprotective due to cysteine-sulfinic acid-driven mitochondrial localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:90103-90108
8. Chartier-Harlin MC, Kachergus J, Roumier C, Mouroux V, Douay X, Lincoln S, Levecque C, Larvor L, Andrieux J, Hulihan M, Waucquier N, Defebvre L, Amouyel P, Farrer M, Destee A (2004) Alphasynuclein locus duplication as a cause of familial Parkinson's disease. Lancet 364:1167-1169
9. Clark IE, Dodson MW, Jiang C, Cao JH, Huh JR, Seol JH, Yoo SJ, Hay BA, Guo M (2006) Drosophila pink1 is required for mitochondrial function and interacts genetically with parkin. Nature 441:1162-1166
10. Conway KA, Harper JD, Lansbury PT Jr (2000a) Fibrils formed in vitro from alpha-synuclein and two mutant forms linked to Parkinson's disease are typical amyloid. Biochemistry 39:2552-2563
11. Conway KA, Lee SJ, Rochet JC, Ding TT, Williamson RE, Lansbury PT Jr (2000b) Acceleration of oligomerization, not fibrillization, is a shared property of both alpha-synuclein mutations linked to earlyonset Parkinson's disease: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:571-576
12. Conway KA, Rochet JC, Bieganski RM, Lansbury PT Jr (2001) Kinetic stabilization of the alpha-synuclein protofibril by a dopaminealpha-synuclein adduct. Science 294:1346-1349
13. Cookson MR, Hardy J, Lewis PA (2008) Genetic neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 1:217-231
14. Corti O, Brice A (2007) Of parkin and Parkinson's: light and dark sides of a multifaceted E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech 4:121-127
15. Corti O, Hampe C, Koutnikova H, Darios F, Jacquier S, Prigent A, Robinson JC, Pradier L, Ruberg M, Mirande M, Hirsch E, Rooney T, Fournier A, Brice A (2003) The p38 subunit of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex is a Parkin substrate: linking protein biosynthesis and neurodegeneration. Hum Mol Genet 12:1427-1437
16. Cuervo AM, Stefanis L, Fredenburg R, Lansbury PT, Sulzer D (2004) Impaired degradation of mutant alpha-synuclein by chaperonemediated autophagy. Science 305:1292-1295
17. Darios F, Corti O, Lucking CB, Hampe C, Muriel MP, Abbas N, Gu WJ, Hirsch EC, Rooney T, Ruberg M, Brice A (2003) Parkin prevents mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release in mitochondria-dependent cell death. Hum Mol Genet 12:517-526
18. Dauer W, Kholodilov N, Vila M, Trillat AC, Goodchild R, Larsen KE, Staal R, Tieu K, Schmitz Y, Yuan CA, Rocha M, Jackson-Lewis V, Hersch S, Sulzer D, Przedborski S, Burke R, Hen R (2002) Resistance of alpha-synuclein null mice to the parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:14524-14529
19. Deng H, Dodson MW, Huang H, Guo M (2008) The Parkinson's disease genes pink1 and parkin promote mitochondrial fission and/or inhibit fusion in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:14503-14508
20. Devi L, Raghavendran V, Prabhu BM, Avadhani NG, Anandatheerthavarada HK (2008) Mitochondrial import and accumulation of alphasynuclein impair complex I in human dopaminergic neuronal cultures and Parkinson disease brain. J Biol Chem 283:9089-9100
21. Di Fonzo A, Chien HF, Socal M, Giraudo S, Tassorelli C, Iliceto G, Fabbrini G, Marconi R, Fincati E, Abbruzzese G, Marini P, Squitieri F, Horstink MW, Montagna P, Libera AD, Stocchi F, Goldwurm S, Ferreira JJ, Meco G, Martignoni E, Lopiano L, Jardim LB, Oostra BA, Barbosa ER, Bonifati V (2007) ATP13A2 missense mutations in juvenile Parkinsonism and young onset Parkinson disease. Neurology 68:1557-1562
22. Dodson MW, Guo M (2007) Pink1, Parkin, DJ-1 and mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 17:331-337
23. Dong Z, Ferger B, Paterna JC, Vogel D, Furler S, Osinde M, Feldon J, Bueler H (2003) Dopamine-dependent neurodegeneration in rats induced by viral vector-mediated overexpression of the parkin target protein, CDCrel-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:12438-12443
24. Eslamboli A, Romero-Ramos M, Burger C, Bjorklund T, Muzyczka N, Mandel RJ, Baker H, Ridley RM, Kirik D (2007) Long-term consequences of human alpha-synuclein overexpression in the primate ventral midbrain. Brain 130:799-815
25. Exner N, Treske B, Paquet D, Holmstrom K, Schiesling C, Gispert S, Carballo-Carbajal I, Berg D, Hoepken HH, Gasser T, Kruger R, Winklhofer KF, Vogel F, Reichert AS, Auburger G, Kahle PJ, Schmid B, Haass C (2007) Loss-of-function of human PINK1 results in mitochondrial pathology and can be rescued by parkin. J Neurosci 27:12413-12418
26. Fallon L, Belanger CM, Corera AT, Kontogiannea M, Regan-Klapisz E, Moreau F, Voortman J, Haber M, Rouleau G, Thorarinsdottir T, Brice A, van Bergen En Henegouwen PM, Fon EA (2006) A regulated interaction with the UIM protein Eps15 implicates parkin in EGF receptor trafficking and PI (3) K-Akt signalling. Nat Cell Biol 8:834-842
27. Feany MB, Bender WW (2000) A Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Nature 404:394-398
28. Fornai F, Schluter OM, Lenzi P, Gesi M, Ruffoli R, Ferrucci M, Lazzeri G, Busceti CL, Pontarelli F, Battaglia G, Pellegrini A, Nicoletti F, Ruggieri S, Paparelli A, Sudhof TC (2005) Parkinson-like syndrome induced by continuous MPTP infusion: convergent roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and alpha-synuclein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:3413-3418
29. Fredenburg RA, Rospigliosi C, Meray RK, Kessler JC, Lashuel HA, Eliezer D, Lansbury PT Jr (2007) The impact of the E46K mutation on the properties of alpha-synuclein in its monomeric and oligomeric states. Biochemistry 46:7107-7118
30. Fukui H, Moraes CT (2008) The mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration connection: reality or just an attractive hypothesis? Trends Neurosci 31:251-256
31. Gan-Or Z, Giladi N, Rozovski U, Shifrin C, Rosner S, Gurevich T, Bar-Shira A, Orr-Urtreger A (2008) Genotype-phenotype correlations between GBA mutations and Parkinson disease risk and onset. Neurology 70:2277-2283
32. Gautier CA, Kitada T, Shen J (2008) Loss of PINK1 causes mitochondrial functional defects and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:11364-11369
33. Greene JC, Whitworth AJ, Kuo I, Andrews LA, Feany MB, Pallanck LJ (2003) Mitochondrial pathology and apoptotic muscle degeneration in Drosophila parkin mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:4078-4083
34. Hampe C, Ardila-Osorio H, Fournier M, Brice A, Corti O (2006) Biochemical analysis of Parkinson's disease-causing variants of Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase with monoubiquitylation capacity. Hum Mol Genet 15:2059-2075
35. Haywood AF, Staveley BE (2004) Parkin counteracts symptoms in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurosci 5:14
36. Henn IH, Bouman L, Schlehe JS, Schlierf A, Schramm JE, Wegener E, Nakaso K, Culmsee C, Berninger B, Krappmann D, Tatzelt J, Winklhofer KF (2007) Parkin mediates neuroprotection through activation of IkappaB kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. J Neurosci 27:1868-1878
37. Hoepken HH, Gispert S, Morales B, Wingerter O, Del Turco D, Mulsch A, Nussbaum RL, Muller K, Drose S, Brandt U, Deller T, Wirth B, Kudin AP, Kunz WS, Auburger G (2007) Mitochondrial dysfunction, peroxidation damage and changes in glutathione metabolism in PARK6. Neurobiol Dis 25:401-411
38. Hsu LJ, Sagara Y, Arroyo A, Rockenstein E, Sisk A, Mallory M, Wong J, Takenouchi T, Hashimoto M, Masliah E (2000) Alpha-synuclein promotes mitochondrial deficit and oxidative stress. Am J Pathol 157:401-410
39. Ibanez P, Bonnet AM, Debarges B, Lohmann E, Tison F, Pollak P, Agid Y, Durr A, Brice A (2004) Causal relation between alphasynuclein gene duplication and familial Parkinson's disease. Lancet 364:1169-1171
40. Imai Y, Soda M, Inoue H, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, Takahashi R (2001) An unfolded putative transmembrane polypeptide, which can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress, is a substrate of Parkin. Cell 105:891-902
41. Itier JM, Ibanez P, Mena MA, Abbas N, Cohen Salmon C, Bohme GA, Laville M, Pratt J, Corti O, Pradier L, Ret G, Joubert C, Periquet M, Araujo F, Negroni J, Casarejos MJ, Canals S, Solano R, Serrano A, Gallego E, Sanchez M, Denefle P, Benavides J, Tremp G, Rooney TA, Brice A, Garcia DY (2003) Parkin gene inactivation alters behaviour and dopamine neurotransmission in the mouse. Hum Mol Genet 12:2277-2291
42. Kirik D, Rosenblad C, Burger C, Lundberg C, Johansen TE, Muzyczka N, Mandel RJ, Bjorklund A (2002) Parkinson-like neurodegeneration induced by targeted overexpression of alpha-synuclein in the nigrostriatal system. J Neurosci 22:2780-2791
43. Kitao Y, Imai Y, Ozawa K, Kataoka A, Ikeda T, Soda M, Nakimawa K, Kiyama H, Stern DM, Hori O, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Itohara S, Takahashi R, Ogawa S (2007) Pael receptor induces death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra via endoplasmic reticulum stress and dopamine toxicity, which is enhanced under condition of parkin inactivation. Hum Mol Genet 16:50-60
44. Klivenyi P, Siwek D, Gardian G, Yang L, Starkov A, Cleren C, Ferrante RJ, Kowall NW, Abeliovich A, Beal MF (2006) Mice lacking alpha-synuclein are resistant to mitochondrial toxins. Neurobiol Dis 21:541-548
45. Kordower JH, Kanaan NM, Chu Y, Suresh Babu R, Stansell J 3rd, Terpstra BT, Sortwell CE, Steece-Collier K, Collier TJ (2006) Failure of proteasome inhibitor administration to provide a model of Parkinson's disease in rats and monkeys. Ann Neurol 60:264-268
46. Langston JW, Forno LS, Tetrud J, Reeves AG, Kaplan JA, Karluk D (1999) Evidence of active nerve cell degeneration in the substantia nigra of humans years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine exposure. Ann Neurol 46:598-605
47. Lee HJ, Khoshaghideh F, Patel S, Lee SJ (2004) Clearance of alphasynuclein oligomeric intermediates via the lysosomal degradation pathway. J Neurosci 24:1888-1896
48. Lim KL, Chew KC, Tan JM, Wang C, Chung KK, Zhang Y, Tanaka Y, Smith W, Engelender S, Ross CA, Dawson VL, Dawson TM (2005) Parkin mediates nonclassical, proteasomal-independent ubiquitination of synphilin-1: implications for Lewy body formation. J Neurosci 25:2002-2009
49. Martin LJ, Pan Y, Price AC, Sterling W, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Price DL, Lee MK (2006) Parkinson's disease alpha-synuclein transgenic mice develop neuronal mitochondrial degeneration and cell death. J Neurosci 26:41-50
50. Matsuda N, Kitami T, Suzuki T, Mizuno Y, Hattori N, Tanaka K (2006) Diverse effects of pathogenic mutations of Parkin that catalyze multiple monoubiquitylation in vitro. J Biol Chem 281:3204-3209
51. McNaught KS, Perl DP, Brownell AL, Olanow CW (2004) Systemic exposure to proteasome inhibitors causes a progressive model of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 56:149-162
52. Mills RD, Sim CH, Mok SS, Mulhern TD, Culvenor JG, Cheng HC (2008) Biochemical aspects of the neuroprotective mechanism of PTEN-induced kinase-1 (PINK1). J Neurochem 105:18-33
53. Muftuoglu M, Elibol B, Dalmizrak O, Ercan A, Kulaksiz G, Ogus H, Dalkara T, Ozer N (2004) Mitochondrial complex I and IV activities in leukocytes from patients with parkin mutations. Mov Disord 19:544-548
54. Palacino JJ, Sagi D, Goldberg MS, Krauss S, Motz C, Wacker M, Klose J, Shen J (2004) Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in parkin-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 279:18614-18622
55. Park J, Lee SB, Lee S, Kim Y, Song S, Kim S, Bae E, Kim J, Shong M, Kim JM, Chung J (2006) Mitochondrial dysfunction in Drosophila PINK1 mutants is complemented by parkin. Nature 441:1157-1161
56. Petrucelli L, O'Farrell C, Lockhart PJ, Baptista M, Kehoe K, Vink L, Choi P, Wolozin B, Farrer M, Hardy J, Cookson MR (2002) Parkin protects against the toxicity associated with mutant alpha-synuclein: proteasome dysfunction selectively affects catecholaminergic neurons. Neuron 36:1007-1019
57. Poole AC, Thomas RE, Andrews LA, McBride HM, Whitworth AJ, Pallanck LJ (2008) The PINK1/Parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial morphology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:1638-1643
58. Ramirez A, Heimbach A, Grundemann J, Stiller B, Hampshire D, Cid LP, Goebel I, Mubaidin AF, Wriekat AL, Roeper J, Al-Din A, Hillmer AM, Karsak M, Liss B, Woods CG, Behrens MI, Kubisch C (2006) Hereditary Parkinsonism with dementia is caused by mutations in ATP13A2, encoding a lysosomal type 5 P-type ATPase. Nat Genet 38:1184-1191
59. Rideout HJ, Larsen KE, Sulzer D, Stefanis L (2001) Proteasomal inhibition leads to formation of ubiquitin/alpha-synuclein-immunoreactive inclusions in PC12 cells. J Neurochem 78:899-908
60. Rideout HJ, Lang-Rollin I, Stefanis L (2004) Involvement of macroautophagy in the dissolution of neuronal inclusions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2551-2562
61. Rogaeva E, Hardy J (2008) Gaucher and Parkinson diseases: unexpectedly related. Neurology 70:2272-2273
62. Schapira AH, Cleeter MW, Muddle JR, Workman JM, Cooper JM, King RH (2006) Proteasomal inhibition causes loss of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase neurons. Ann Neurol 60:253-255
63. Schluter OM, Fornai F, Alessandri MG, Takamori S, Geppert M, Jahn R, Sudhof TC (2003) Role of alpha-synuclein in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism in mice. Neuroscience 118:985-1002
64. Shults CW (2006) Lewy bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:1661-1668
65. Singleton AB, Farrer M, Johnson J, Singleton A, Hague S, Kachergus J, Hulihan M, Peuralinna T, Dutra A, Nussbaum R, Lincoln S, Crawley A, Hanson M, Maraganore D, Adler C, Cookson MR, Muenter M, Baptista M, Miller D, Blancato J, Hardy J, Gwinn-Hardy K (2003) Alpha-Synuclein locus triplication causes Parkinson's disease. Science 302:841
66. Stefanis L, Larsen KE, Rideout HJ, Sulzer D, Greene LA (2001) Expression of A53T mutant but not wild-type alpha-synuclein in PC12 cells induces alterations of the ubiquitin-dependent degradation system, loss of dopamine release, and autophagic cell death. J Neurosci 21:9549-9560
67. Stichel CC, Zhu XR, Bader V, Linnartz B, Schmidt S, Lubbert H (2007) Mono-and double-mutant mouse models of Parkinson's disease display severe mitochondrial damage. Hum Mol Genet 16:3377-3393
68. Tofaris GK, Layfield R, Spillantini MG (2001) Alpha-synuclein metabolism and aggregation is linked to ubiquitin-independent degradation by the proteasome. FEBS Lett 509:22-26
69. Trinh K, Moore K, Wes PD, Muchowski PJ, Dey J, Andrews L, Pallanck LJ (2008) Induction of the phase II detoxification pathway suppresses neuron loss in Drosophila models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 28:465-472
70. Valente EM, Abou-Sleiman PM, Caputo V, Muqit MM, Harvey K, Gispert S, Ali Z, Del Turco D, Bentivoglio AR, Healy DG, Albanese A, Nussbaum R, Gonzalez-Maldonado R, Deller T, Salvi S, Cortelli P, Gilks WP, Latchman DS, Harvey RJ, Dallapiccola B, Auburger G, Wood NW (2004) Hereditary early-onset Parkinson's disease caused by mutations in PINK1. Science 304:1158-1160
71. van der Brug MP, Blackinton J, Chandran J, Hao LY, Lal A, Mazan-Mamczarz K, Martindale J, Xie C, Ahmad R, Thomas KJ, Beilina A, Gibbs JR, Ding J, Myers AJ, Zhan M, Cai H, Bonini NM, Gorospe M, Cookson MR (2008) RNA binding activity of the recessive parkinsonism protein DJ-1 supports involvement in multiple cellular pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:10244-10249
72. Volles MJ, Lansbury PT (2002) Vesicle permeabilization by protofibrillar alpha-synuclein is sensitive to Parkinson's disease-linked mutations and occurs by a pore-like mechanism. Biochemistry 41:4595-4602
73. von Coelln R, Thomas B, Andrabi SA, Lim KL, Savitt JM, Saffary R, Stirling W, Bruno K, Hess EJ, Lee MK, Dawson VL, Dawson TM (2006) Inclusion body formation and neurodegeneration are parkin independent in a mouse model of alpha-synucleinopathy. J Neurosci 26:3685-3696
74. Webb JL, Ravikumar B, Atkins J, Skepper JN, Rubinsztein DC (2003) Alpha-Synuclein is degraded by both autophagy and the proteasome. J Biol Chem 278:25009-25013
75. Whitworth AJ, Theodore DA, Greene JC, Benes H, Wes PD, Pallanck LJ (2005) Increased glutathione S-transferase activity rescues dopaminergic neuron loss in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:8024-8029
76. Willingham S, Outeiro TF, De Vit MJ, Lindquist SL, Muchowski PJ (2003) Yeast genes that enhance the toxicity of a mutant huntingtin fragment or alpha-synuclein. Science 302:1769-1772
77. Yang Y, Nishimura I, Imai Y, Takahashi R, Lu B (2003) Parkin suppresses dopaminergic neuron-selective neurotoxicity induced by Pael-R in Drosophila. Neuron 37:911-924
78. Yang Y, Gehrke S, Imai Y, Huang Z, Ouyang Y, Wang JW, Yang L, Beal MF, Vogel H, Lu B (2006) Mitochondrial pathology and muscle and dopaminergic neuron degeneration caused by inactivation of Drosophila Pink1 is rescued by Parkin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:10793-10798
79. Yang Y, Ouyang Y, Yang L, Beal MF, McQuibban A, Vogel H, Lu B (2008) Pink1 regulates mitochondrial dynamics through interaction with the fission/fusion machinery. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:7070-7075
80. Zeevalk GD, Razmpour R, Bernard LP (2008) Glutathione and Parkinson's disease: is this the elephant in the room? Biomed Pharmacother 62:236-249
81. Zhang L, Shimoji M, Thomas B, Moore DJ, Yu SW, Marupudi NI, Torp R, Torgner IA, Ottersen OP, Dawson TM, Dawson VL (2005) Mitochondrial localization of the Parkinson's disease related protein DJ-1: implications for pathogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 14:2063-2073