High mobility group box 1 protein as a potential drug target for infection- and injury-elicited inflammation

Inflammation and Allergy - Drug Targets

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 60-72

  Zhu, Shu ^a   Li, Wei ^a   Ward, Mary F ^a   Sama, Andrew E ^a   Wang, Haichao ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Antibodies; Cytokines; HMGB1; Inflammation; Innate immune cells; Phagocytes; Sepsis; Tanshinones

Indexed keywords

ANGELICA SINENSIS EXTRACT; ANTITHROMBIN III; CATECHIN; CISPLATIN; CPG OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; EPIGALLOCATECHIN; ETHYL PYRUVIC ACID; GAMMA INTERFERON ANTIBODY; GHRELIN; GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; HEPARIN; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP B1 PROTEIN; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP B1 PROTEIN INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INSULIN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MICROBIAL PRODUCTS NOT CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE; NICOTINE; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; PYRUVIC ACID DERIVATIVE; RECOMBINANT THROMBOMODULIN; SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA EXTRACT; SPERMINE; TANSHINONE; TANSHINONE I; THROMBOMODULIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; UROCORTIN; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE;

ACUTE LUNG INJURY; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MIGRATION; CHINESE MEDICINE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG TARGETING; ENDOTOXEMIA; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GYNECOLOGIC DISEASE; HERB; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INNATE IMMUNITY; MACROPHAGE; MEDIATOR; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PROTEIN SECRETION; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS; TUMOR CELL; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION;

EID: 77949409236     PISSN: 18715281     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152810791292872     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Brightbill, H.D.; Libraty, D.H.; Krutzik, S.R.; Yang, R.B.; Belisle, J.T.; Bleharski, J.R.; Maitland, M.; Norgard, M.V.; Plevy, S.E.; Smale, S.T.; Brennan, P.J.; Bloom, B.R.; Godowski, P.J.; Modlin, R. L. Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors. Science, 1999, 285, 732-6.
2. Poltorak, A.; He, X.; Smirnova, I.; Liu, M.Y.; Huffel, C.V.; Du, X.; Birdwell, D.; Alejos, E.; Silva, M.; Galanos, C.; Freudenberg, M.; Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P.; Layton, B.; Beutler, B. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science, 1998, 282, 2085-8.
3. Hemmi, H.; Takeuchi, O.; Kawai, T.; Kaisho, T.; Sato, S.; Sanjo, H.; Matsumoto, M.; Hoshino, K.; Wagner, H.; Takeda, K.; Akira, S. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature, 2000, 408, 740-5.
4. Krieg, A. M. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2002, 20, 709-60.
5. Wang, H.; Bloom, O.; Zhang, M.; Vishnubhakat, J.M.; Ombrellino, M.; Che, J.; Frazier, A.; Yang, H.; Ivanova, S.; Borovikova, L.; Manogue, K.R.; Faist, E.; Abraham, E.; Andersson, J.; Andersson, U.; Molina, P.E.; Abumrad, N.N.; Sama, A.; Tracey, K. J. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice. Science, 1999, 285, 248-51.
6. Ivanov, S.; Dragoi, A.M.; Wang, X.; Dallacosta, C.; Louten, J.; Musco, G.; Sitia, G.; Yap, G.S.; Wan, Y.; Biron, C.A.; Bianchi, M.E.; Wang, H.; Chu, W. M. A novel role for HMGB1 in TLR9-mediated inflammatory responses to CpG-DNA. Blood, 2007, 110, 1970-81.
7. Andersson, U.; Wang, H.; Palmblad, K.; Aveberger, A.C.; Bloom, O.; Erlandsson-Harris, H.; Janson, A.; Kokkola, R.; Zhang, M.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K. J. High mobility group 1 protein (HMG-1) stimulates proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in human monocytes. J. Exp. Med., 2000, 192, 565-70.
8. Li, J.; Kokkola, R.; Tabibzadeh, S.; Yang, R.; Ochani, M.; Qiang, X.; Harris, H.E.; Czura, C.J.; Wang, H.; Ulloa, L.; Wang, H.; Warren, H.S.; Moldawer, L.L.; Fink, M.P.; Andersson, U.; Tracey, K.J.; Yang, H. Structural basis for the proinflammatory cytokine activity of high mobility group box 1. Mol. Med., 2003, 9, 37-45.
9. Chen, G.Y.; Tang, J.; Zheng, P.; Liu, Y. CD24 and siglec-10 selectively repress tissue damage-induced immune responses. Science, 2009, 323, 1722-5.
10. Luster, A.D.; Alon, R.; von Andrian, U. H. Immune cell migration in inflammation: present and future therapeutic targets. Nat. Immunol., 2005, 6, 1182-1190.
11. Akira, S.; Takeda, K. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2004, 4, 499-511.
12. Baggiolini, M.; Loetscher, P. Chemokines in inflammation and immunity. Immunol. Today, 2000, 21, 418-20.
13. Balkwill, F. Cytokines--soluble factors in immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 1988, 1, 241-9.
14. Wang, H.; Zhu, S.; Zhou, R.; Li, W.; Sama, A. E. Therapeutic potential of HMGB1-targeting agents in sepsis. Expert. Rev. Mol. Med., 2008, 10, e32.
15. Johns, E. W. History, Definitions and Problems. In The HMG Chromosomal Proteins; Johns, E. W., Ed.; Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd: London, 1982; pp. 1-8.
16. Bustin, M. Revised nomenclature for high mobility group (HMG) chromosomal proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci., 2001, 26, 152-3.
17. Bonaldi, T.; Talamo, F.; Scaffidi, P.; Ferrera, D.; Porto, A.; Bachi, A.; Rubartelli, A.; Agresti, A.; Bianchi, M. E. Monocytic cells hyperacetylate chromatin protein HMGB1 to redirect it towards secretion. EMBO J., 2003, 22, 5551-60.
18. Ferrari, S.; Ronfani, L.; Calogero, S.; Bianchi, M. E. The mouse gene coding for high mobility group 1 protein (HMG1). J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 28803-8.
19. Paonessa, G.; Frank, R.; Cortese, R. Nucleotide sequence of rat liver HMG1 cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res., 1987, 15, 9077.
20. Wen, L.; Huang, J.K.; Johnson, B.H.; Reeck, G.R. A human placental cDNA clone that encodes nonhistone chromosomal protein HMG-1. Nucleic Acids Res., 1989, 17, 1197-214.
21. Bustin, M. At the crossroads of necrosis and apoptosis: signaling to multiple cellular targets by HMGB1. Sci. STKE., 2002, 2002, E39.
22. Rendon-Mitchell, B.; Ochani, M.; Li, J.; Han, J.; Wang, H.; Yang, H.; Susarla, S.; Czura, C.; Mitchell, R.A.; Chen, G.; Sama, A.E.; Tracey, K.J.; Wang, H. IFN-gamma Induces High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Release Partly Through a TNF-Dependent Mechanism. J. Immunol., 2003, 170, 3890-97.
23. Tang, D.; Shi, Y.; Kang, R.; Li, T.; Xiao, W.; Wang, H.; Xiao, X. Hydrogen peroxide stimulates macrophages and monocytes to actively release HMGB1. J Leukoc. Biol., 2007, 81, 741-7.
24. Gardella, S.; Andrei, C.; Ferrera, D.; Lotti, L.V.; Torrisi, M.R.; Bianchi, M.E.; Rubartelli, A. The nuclear protein HMGB1 is secreted by monocytes via a non-classical, vesicle-mediated secretory pathway. EMBO Rep., 2002, 3, 955-1001.
25. Youn, J.H.; Shin, J.S. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of HMGB1 is regulated by phosphorylation that redirects it toward secretion. J. Immunol., 2006, 177, 7889-97.
26. Zhang, X.; Wheeler, D.; Tang, Y.; Guo, L.; Shapiro, R.A.; Ribar, T.J.; Means, A.R.; Billiar, T.R.; Angus, D.C.; Rosengart, M. R. Calcium/calmodulin- dependent protein kinase (CaMK) IV mediates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and release of HMGB1 during lipopolysaccharide stimulation of macrophages. J. Immunol., 2008, 181, 5015-23.
27. Oh, Y.J.; Youn, J.H.; Ji, Y.; Lee, S.E.; Lim, K.J.; Choi, J.E.; Shin, J. S. HMGB1 is phosphorylated by classical protein kinase C and is secreted by a calcium-dependent mechanism. J. Immunol., 2009, 182, 5800-9.
28. Pahuja, M.; Tran, C.; Wang, H.; Yin, K. Alveolar macrophage suppression in sepsis is associated with high mobility group box 1 transmigration. Shock, 2008, 29, 754-60.
29. Yamoah, K.; Brebene, A.; Baliram, R.; Inagaki, K.; Dolios, G.; Arabi, A.; Majeed, R.; Amano, H.; Wang, R.; Yanagisawa, R.; Abe, E. High-mobility group box proteins modulate tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in osteoclastogenesis via a novel deoxyribonucleic acid sequence. Mol. Endocrinol., 2008, 22, 1141-53.
30. Jiang, W.; Pisetsky, D. S. The Role of IFN-{alpha} and Nitric Oxide in the Release of HMGB1 by RAW 264.7 Cells Stimulated with Polyinosinic- Polycytidylic Acid or Lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol., 2006, 177, 3337-43.
31. Chen, G.; Li, J.; Ochani, M.; Rendon-Mitchell, B.; Qiang, X.; Susarla, S.; Ulloa, L.; Yang, H.; Fan, S.; Goyert, S.M.; Wang, P.; Tracey, K.J.; Sama, A.E.; Wang, H. Bacterial endotoxin stimulates macrophages to release HMGB1 partly through CD14- and TNF-dependent mechanisms. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2004, 76, 994-1001.
32. Yin, K.; Gribbin, E.; Wang, H. Interferon-gamma inhibition attenuates lethality after cecal ligation and puncture in rats: implication of High Mobility Group Box-1. Shock, 2005, 24, 396-401.
33. Kim, J.H.; Kim, S.J.; Lee, I.S.; Lee, M.S.; Uematsu, S.; Akira, S.; Oh, K. I. Bacterial endotoxin induces the release of high mobility group box 1 via the IFN-beta signaling pathway. J. Immunol., 2009, 182, 2458-66.
34. Chen, G.; Li, J.; Qiang, X.; Czura, C.J.; Ochani, M.; Ochani, K.; Ulloa, L.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Wang, P.; Sama, A.E.; Wang, H. Suppression of HMGB1 release by stearoyl lysophosphatidylcholine:an additional mechanism for its therapeutic effects in experimental sepsis. J. Lipid Res., 2005, 46, 623-7.
35. Wang, H.; Li, W.; Li, J.; Rendon-Mitchell, B.; Ochani, M.; Ashok, M.; Yang, L.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Wang, P.; Sama, A.E. The aqueous extract of a popular herbal nutrient supplement, angelica sinensis, protects mice against lethal endotoxemia and sepsis. J. Nutr., 2006, 136, 360-5.
36. Li, W.; Li, J.; Ashok, M.; Wu, R.; Chen, D.; Yang, L.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Wang, P.; Sama, A.E.; Wang, H. A cardiovascular drug rescues mice from lethal sepsis by selectively attenuating a late-acting proinflammatory mediator, high mobility group box 1. J. Immunol., 2007, 178, 3856-64.
37. Jaulmes, A.; Thierry, S.; Janvier, B.; Raymondjean, M.; Marechal, V. Activation of sPLA2-IIA and PGE2 production by high mobility group protein B1 in vascular smooth muscle cells sensitized by IL-1beta. FASEB J. 2006, 20, 1727-29.
38. Scaffidi, P.; Misteli, T.; Bianchi, M. E. Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation. Nature, 2002, 418, 191-5.
39. Chu, J.J.; Ng, M. L. The mechanism of cell death during West Nile virus infection is dependent on initial infectious dose. J. Gen. Virol., 2003, 84, 3305-14.
40. Joseph, T.; Cepica, A.; Brown, L.; Ikede, B.O.; Kibenge, F. S. Mechanism of cell death during infectious salmon anemia virus infection is cell type-specific. J. Gen. Virol., 2004, 85, 3027-36.
41. Chen, L.C.; Yeh, T.M.; Wu, H.N.; Lin, Y.Y.; Shyu, H. W. Dengue virus infection induces passive release of high mobility group box 1 protein by epithelial cells. J. Infect., 2008, 56, 143-50.
42. Alleva, L.M.; Budd, A.C.; Clark, I. A. Systemic release of high mobility group box 1 protein during severe murine influenza. J. Immunol., 2008, 181, 1454-9.
43. Hofner, P.; Seprenyi, G.; Miczak, A.; Buzas, K.; Gyulai, Z.; Medzihradszky, K.F.; Rouhiainen, A.; Rauvala, H.; Mandi, Y. High mobility group box 1 protein induction by Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Mediators Inflamm., 2007, 2007, 53805.
44. Grover, A.; Taylor, J.; Troudt, J.; Keyser, A.; Sommersted, K.; Schenkel, A.; Izzo, A. A. Mycobacterial infection induces the secretion of high-mobility group box 1 protein. Cell Microbiol., 2008, 10, 1390-1404.
45. Crouser, E.D.; Shao, G.; Julian, M.W.; Macre, J.E.; Shadel, G.S.; Tridandapani, S.; Huang, Q.; Wewers, M. D. Monocyte activation by necrotic cells is promoted by mitochondrial proteins and formyl peptide receptors. Crit. Care Med., 2009, 37, 2000-9.
46. Oppenheim, J.J.; Yang, D. Alarmins: chemotactic activators of immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2005, 17, 359-65.
47. Fages, C.; Nolo, R.; Huttunen, H.J.; Eskelinen, E.; Rauvala, H. Regulation of cell migration by amphoterin. J. Cell Sci., 2000, 113, 611-20.
48. Degryse, B.; Bonaldi, T.; Scaffidi, P.; Muller, S.; Resnati, M.; Sanvito, F.; Arrigoni, G.; Bianchi, M.E. The high mobility group (HMG) boxes of the nuclear protein HMG1 induce chemotaxis and cytoskeleton reorganization in rat smooth muscle cells. J. Cell Biol., 2001, 152, 1197-206.
49. Huttunen, H.J.; Fages, C.; Kuja-Panula, J.; Ridley, A.J.; Rauvala, H. Receptor for advanced glycation end products-binding COOH-terminal motif of amphoterin inhibits invasive migration and metastasis. Cancer Res., 2002, 62, 4805-11.
50. Palumbo, R.; Sampaolesi, M.; De Marchis, F.; Tonlorenzi, R.; Colombetti, S.; Mondino, A.; Cossu, G.; Bianchi, M.E. Extracellular HMGB1, a signal of tissue damage, induces mesoangioblast migration and proliferation. J. Cell Biol., 2004, 164, 441-449.
51. Palumbo, R.; Galvez, B.G.; Pusterla, T.; De Marchis, F.; Cossu, G.; Marcu, K.B.; Bianchi, M.E. Cells migrating to sites of tissue damage in response to the danger signal HMGB1 require NF-kappaB activation. J. Cell Biol., 2007, 179, 33-40.
52. Rouhiainen, A.; Kuja-Panula, J.; Wilkman, E.; Pakkanen, J.; Stenfors, J.; Tuominen, R.K.; Lepantalo, M.; Carpen, O.; Parkkinen, J.; Rauvala, H. Regulation of monocyte migration by amphoterin (HMGB1). Blood, 2004, 104, 1174-82.
53. Yang, D.; Chen, Q.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Bustin, M.; Oppenheim, J.J. High mobility group box-1 protein induces the migration and activation of human dendritic cells and acts as an alarmin. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2007, 81, 59-66.
54. Dumitriu, I.E.; Bianchi, M.E.; Bacci, M.; Manfredi, A.A.; Rovere-Querini, P. The secretion of HMGB1 is required for the migration of maturing dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2007, 81, 84-91.
55. Orlova, V.V.; Choi, E.Y.; Xie, C.; Chavakis, E.; Bierhaus, A.; Ihanus, E.; Ballantyne, C.M.; Gahmberg, C.G.; Bianchi, M.E.; Nawroth, P.P.; Chavakis, T. A novel pathway of HMGB1-mediated inflammatory cell recruitment that requires Mac-1-integrin. EMBO J., 2007, 26, 1129-39.
56. van Zoelen, M.A.; Yang, H.; Florquin, S.; Meijers, J.C.; Akira, S.; Arnold, B.; Nawroth, P.P.; Bierhaus, A.; Tracey, K.J.; van der, P. T. Role of TOLL-like receptors 2 and 4, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in HMGB1-induced inflammation in vivo. Shock, 2009, (in press).
57. Degryse, B.; Bonaldi, T.; Scaffidi, P.; Muller, S.; Resnati, M.; Sanvito, F.; Arrigoni, G.; Bianchi, M. E. The high mobility group (HMG) boxes of the nuclear protein HMG1 induce chemotaxis and cytoskeleton reorganization in rat smooth muscle cells. J. Cell Biol., 2001, 152, 1197-206.
58. Degryse, B.; de Virgilio, M. The nuclear protein HMGB1, a new kind of chemokine? FEBS Lett., 2003, 553, 11-7.
59. Tian, J.; Avalos, A.M.; Mao, S.Y.; Chen, B.; Senthil, K.; Wu, H.; Parroche, P.; Drabic, S.; Golenbock, D.; Sirois, C.; Hua, J.; An, L.L.; Audoly, L.; La Rosa, G.; Bierhaus, A.; Naworth, P.; Marshak-Rothstein, A.; Crow, M.K.; Fitzgerald, K.A.; Latz, E.; Kiener, P.A.; Coyle, A. J. Toll-like receptor 9-dependent activation by DNA-containing immune complexes is mediated by HMGB1 and RAGE. Nat. Immunol., 2007, 8, 487-96.
60. Silva, E.; Arcaroli, J.; He, Q.; Svetkauskaite, D.; Coldren, C.; Nick, J.A.; Poch, K.; Park, J.S.; Banerjee, A.; Abraham, E. HMGB1 and LPS induce distinct patterns of gene expression and activation in neutrophils from patients with sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med., 2007, 33, 1829-39.
61. Abeyama, K.; Stern, D.M.; Ito, Y.; Kawahara, K.; Yoshimoto, Y.; Tanaka, M.; Uchimura, T.; Ida, N.; Yamazaki, Y.; Yamada, S.; Yamamoto, Y.; Yamamoto, H.; Iino, S.; Taniguchi, N.; Maruyama, I. The N-terminal domain of thrombomodulin sequesters high-mobility group-B1 protein, a novel antiinflammatory mechanism. J. Clin. Invest., 2005, 115, 1267-74.
62. Urbonaviciute, V.; Furnrohr, B.G.; Weber, C.; Haslbeck, M.; Wilhelm, S.; Herrmann, M.; Voll, R. E. Factors masking HMGB1 in human serum and plasma. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2007, 81, 67-74.
63. Sha, Y.; Zmijewski, J.; Xu, Z.; Abraham, E. HMGB1 develops enhanced proinflammatory activity by binding to cytokines. J. Immunol., 2008, 180, 2531-7.
64. Urbonaviciute, V.; Furnrohr, B.G.; Meister, S.; Munoz, L.; Heyder, P.; De Marchis, F.; Bianchi, M.E.; Kirschning, C.; Wagner, H.; Manfredi, A.A.; Kalden, J.R.; Schett, G.; Rovere-Querini, P.; Herrmann, M.; Voll, R. E. Induction of inflammatory and immune responses by HMGB1-nucleosome complexes: implications for the pathogenesis of SLE. J. Exp. Med., 2008, 205, 3007-18.
65. Park, J.S.; Svetkauskaite, D.; He, Q.; Kim, J.Y.; Strassheim, D.; Ishizaka, A.; Abraham, E. Involvement of TLR 2 and TLR 4 in cellular activation by high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279, 7370-7.
66. Yu, M.; Wang, H.; Ding, A.; Golenbock, D.T.; Latz, E.; Czura, C.J.; Fenton, M.J.; Tracey, K.J.; Yang, H. HMGB1 signals through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2. Shock, 2006, 26, 174-9.
67. Park, J.S.; Gamboni-Robertson, F.; He, Q.; Svetkauskaite, D.; Kim, J.Y.; Strassheim, D.; Sohn, J.W.; Yamada, S.; Maruyama, I.; Banerjee, A.; Ishizaka, A.; Abraham, E. High mobility group box 1 protein interacts with multiple Toll-like receptors. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 2006, 290, C917-C924.
68. Kokkola, R.; Andersson, A.; Mullins, G.; Ostberg, T.; Treutiger, C.J.; Arnold, B.; Nawroth, P.; Andersson, U.; Harris, R.A.; Harris, H.E. RAGE is the major receptor for the proinflammatory activity of HMGB1 in rodent macrophages. Scand. J. Immunol., 2005, 61, 1-9.
69. Pedrazzi, M.; Patrone, M.; Passalacqua, M.; Ranzato, E.; Colamassaro, D.; Sparatore, B.; Pontremoli, S.; Melloni, E. Selective proinflammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box 1 protein signaling. J. Immunol., 2007, 179, 8525-32.
70. Fiuza, C.; Bustin, M.; Talwar, S.; Tropea, M.; Gerstenberger, E.; Shelhamer, J.H.; Suffredini, A. F. Inflammation-promoting activity of HMGB1 on human microvascular endothelial cells. Blood, 2003, 101, 2652-60.
71. Treutiger, C.J.; Mullins, G.E.; Johansson, A.S.; Rouhiainen, A.; Rauvala, H.M.; Erlandsson-Harris, H.; Andersson, U.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Andersson, J.; Palmblad, J. E. High mobility group 1 B-box mediates activation of human endothelium. J. Intern. Med., 2003, 254, 375-85.
72. Lv, B.; Wang, H.; Tang, Y.; Fan, Z.; Xiao, X.; Chen, F. High-mobility group box 1 protein induces tissue factor expression in vascular endothelial cells via activation of NF-kappaB and Egr-1. Thromb. Haemost., 2009, 102, 352-59.
73. Yang, H.; Ochani, M.; Li, J.; Qiang, X.; Tanovic, M.; Harris, H.E.; Susarla, S.M.; Ulloa, L.; Wang, H.; DiRaimo, R.; Czura, C.J.; Wang, H.; Roth, J.; Warren, H.S.; Fink, M.P.; Fenton, M.J.; Andersson, U.; Tracey, K. J. Reversing established sepsis with antagonists of endogenous high-mobility group box 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101, 296-301.
74. Kokkola, R.; Li, J.; Sundberg, E.; Aveberger, A.C.; Palmblad, K.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Andersson, U.; Harris, H. E. Successful treatment of collagen-induced arthritis in mice and rats by targeting extracellular high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 activity. Arthritis Rheum., 2003, 48, 2052-8.
75. Yang, H.; Wang, H.; Tracey, K. J. HMG-1 rediscovered as a cytokine. Shock, 2001, 15, 247-53.
76. Messmer, D.; Yang, H.; Telusma, G.; Knoll, F.; Li, J.; Messmer, B.; Tracey, K.J.; Chiorazzi, N. High mobility group box protein 1: an endogenous signal for dendritic cell maturation and Th1 polarization. J. Immunol., 2004, 173, 307-13.
77. Kazama, H.; Ricci, J.E.; Herndon, J.M.; Hoppe, G.; Green, D.R.; Ferguson, T. A. Induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells requires caspase-dependent oxidation of high-mobility group box-1 protein. Immunity, 2008, 29, 21-32.
78. Rauvala, H.; Rouhiainen, A. RAGE as a receptor of HMGB1 (Amphoterin): roles in health and disease. Curr. Mol. Med., 2007, 7, 725-34.
79. Dintilhac, A.; Bernues, J. HMGB1 interacts with many apparently unrelated proteins by recognizing short amino acid sequences. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 7021-8.
80. Jiao, Y.; Wang, H.C.; Fan, S.J. Growth suppression and radiosensitivity increase by HMGB1 in breast cancer. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin., 2007, 28, 1957-67.
81. Liu, G.; Wang, J.; Park, Y.J.; Tsuruta, Y.; Lorne, E.F.; Zhao, X.; Abraham, E. High Mobility Group Protein-1 Inhibits Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Neutrophils through Binding to Phosphatidylserine. J. Immunol., 2008, 181, 4240-6.
82. Bell, C.W.; Jiang, W.; Reich, C.F.; Pisetsky, D.S. The Extracellular Release of HMGB1 during Apoptotic Cell Death. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 2006, 291, C1318-325.
83. Tracey, K.J.; Fong, Y.; Hesse, D.G.; Manogue, K.R.; Lee, A.T.; Kuo, G.C.; Lowry, S.F.; Cerami, A. Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia. Nature, 1987, 330, 662-4.
84. Dinarello, C.A.; Thompson, R.C. Blocking IL-1: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro. Immunol. Today, 1991, 12, 404-10.
85. Heinzel, F.P. The role of IFN-gamma in the pathology of experimental endotoxemia. J. Immunol., 1990, 145, 2920-2924.
86. Calandra, T.; Echtenacher, B.; Roy, D.L.; Pugin, J.; Metz, C.N.; Hultner, L.; Heumann, D.; Mannel, D.; Bucala, R.; Glauser, M. P. Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Nat. Med., 2000, 6, 164-70.
87. Bozza, M.; Satoskar, A.R.; Lin, G.; Lu, B.; Humbles, A.A.; Gerard, C.; David, J. R. Targeted disruption of migration inhibitory factor gene reveals its critical role in sepsis. J. Exp. Med., 1999, 189, 341-6.
88. Wichterman, K.A.; Baue, A.E.; Chaudry, I. H. Sepsis and septic shock - a review of laboratory models and a proposal. J. Surg. Res., 1980, 29, 189-201.
89. Lang, C.H.; Silvis, C.; Deshpande, N.; Nystrom, G.; Frost, R. A. Endotoxin stimulates in vivo expression of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, -6, and highmobility-group protein-1 in skeletal muscle. Shock, 2003, 19, 538-46.
90. Fang, W.H.; Yao, Y.M.; Shi, Z.G.; Yu, Y.; Wu, Y.; Lu, L.R.; Sheng, Z. Y. The significance of changes in high mobility group-1 protein mRNA expression in rats after thermal injury. Shock, 2002, 17, 329-33.
91. Wang, H.; Yang, H.; Czura, C.J.; Sama, A.E.; Tracey, K. J. HMGB1 as a Late Mediator of Lethal Systemic Inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2001, 164, 1768-73.
92. Sunden-Cullberg, J.; Norrby-Teglund, A.; Rouhiainen, A.; Rauvala, H.; Herman, G.; Tracey, K.J.; Lee, M.L.; Andersson, J.; Tokics, L.; Treutiger, C. J. Persistent elevation of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit. Care Med., 2005, 33, 564-73.
93. Angus, D.C.; Yang, L.; Kong, L.; Kellum, J.A.; Delude, R.L.; Tracey, K.J.; Weissfeld, L. Circulating high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) concentrations are elevated in both uncomplicated pneumonia and pneumonia with severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med., 2007, 35, 1061-7.
94. O'Connor, K.A.; Hansen, M.K.; Rachal, P.C.; Deak, M.M.; Biedenkapp, J.C.; Milligan, E.D.; Johnson, J.D.; Wang, H.; Maier, S.F.; Tracey, K.J.; Watkins, L. R. Further characterization of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a proinflammatory cytokine: central nervous system effects. Cytokine, 2003, 24, 254-65.
95. Sappington, P.L.; Yang, R.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Delude, R.L.; Fink, M. P. HMGB1 B box increases the permeability of Caco-2 enterocytic monolayers and impairs intestinal barrier function in mice. Gastroenterology, 2002, 123, 790-802.
96. Abraham, E.; Arcaroli, J.; Carmody, A.; Wang, H.; Tracey, K. J. HMG-1 as a mediator of acute lung inflammation. J. Immunol., 2000, 165, 2950-4.
97. Ueno, H.; Matsuda, T.; Hashimoto, S.; Amaya, F.; Kitamura, Y.; Tanaka, M.; Kobayashi, A.; Maruyama, I.; Yamada, S.; Hasegawa, N.; Soejima, J.; Koh, H.; Ishizaka, A. Contributions of high mobility group box protein in experimental and clinical acute lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med., 2004, 170, 1310-6.
98. Lin, X.; Yang, H.; Sakuragi, T.; Hu, M.; Mantell, L.L.; Hayashi, S.; Al Abed, Y.; Tracey, K.J.; Ulloa, L.; Miller, E. J. {alpha}-Chemokine receptor blockade reduces high mobility group box 1 protein-induced lung inflammation and injury and improves survival in sepsis. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 2005, 289, L583-L590.
99. Rowe, S.M.; Jackson, P.L.; Liu, G.; Hardison, M.; Livraghi, A.; Solomon, G.M.; McQuaid, D.B.; Noerager, B.D.; Gaggar, A.; Clancy, J.; O'Neal, W.; Sorscher, E.J.; Abraham, E.; Blalock, J. E. Potential Role of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2008, 178, 822-31.
100. Agnello, D.; Wang, H.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Ghezzi, P. HMGB1, a DNA-binding protein with cytokine activity, induces brain TNF and IL-6 production, and mediates anorexia and taste aversion. Cytokine, 2002, 18, 231-6.
101. Pedrazzi, M.; Raiteri, L.; Bonanno, G.; Patrone, M.; Ledda, S.; Passalacqua, M.; Milanese, M.; Melloni, E.; Raiteri, M.; Pontremoli, S.; Sparatore, B. Stimulation of excitatory amino acid release from adult mouse brain glia subcellular particles by high mobility group box 1 protein. J. Neurochem., 2006, 99, 827-38.
102. Chacur, M.; Milligan, E.D.; Gazda, L.S.; Armstrong, C.; Wang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Maier, S.F.; Watkins, L. R. A new model of sciatic inflammatory neuritis (SIN): induction of unilateral and bilateral mechanical allodynia following acute unilateral peri-sciatic immune activation in rats. Pain 2001, 94, 231-44.
103. Yang, R.; Miki, K.; Oksala, N.; Nakao, A.; Lindgren, L.; Killeen, M.E.; Mennander, A.; Fink, M.P.; Tenhunen, J. Bile high-mobility group box 1 contributes to gut barrier dysfunction in experimental endotoxemia. Am. J. Physiol Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2009, 297, R362-R369.
104. Qin, S.; Wang, H.; Yuan, R.; Li, H.; Ochani, M.; Ochani, K.; Rosas-Ballina, M.; Czura, C.J.; Huston, J.M.; Miller, E.; Lin, X.; Sherry, B.; Kumar, A.; Larosa, G.; Newman, W.; Tracey, K.J.; Yang, H. Role of HMGB1 in apoptosis-mediated sepsis lethality. J Exp. Med., 2006, 203, 1637-42.
105. Kaczorowski, D.J.; Tsung, A.; Billiar, T. R. Innate immune mechanisms in ischemia/reperfusion. Front. Biosci. (Elite. Ed), 2009, 1, 91-8.
106. Yang, R.; Harada, T.; Mollen, K.P.; Prince, J.M.; Levy, R.M.; Englert, J.A.; Gallowitsch-Puerta, M.; Yang, L.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Harbrecht, B.G.; Billiar, T.R.; Fink, M. P. Anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody ameliorates gut barrier dysfunction and improves survival after hemorrhagic shock. Mol. Med., 2006, 12, 105-14.
107. Peltz, E.D.; Moore, E.E.; Eckels, P.C.; Damle, S.S.; Tsuruta, Y.; Johnson, J.L.; Sauaia, A.; Silliman, C.C.; Banerjee, A.; Abraham, E. HMGB1 is markedly elevated within 6 hours of mechanical trauma in humans. Shock, 2009, 32, 17-22.
108. Wu, H.; Chen, G.; Wyburn, K.R.; Yin, J.; Bertolino, P.; Eris, J.M.; Alexander, S.I.; Sharland, A.F.; Chadban, S. J. TLR4 activation mediates kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 117, 2847-59.
109. Liu, K.; Mori, S.; Takahashi, H.K.; Tomono, Y.; Wake, H.; Kanke, T.; Sato, Y.; Hiraga, N.; Adachi, N.; Yoshino, T.; Nishibori, M. Anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates brain infarction induced by transient ischemia in rats. FASEB J., 2007, 21, 3904-16.
110. Tsung, A.; Sahai, R.; Tanaka, H.; Nakao, A.; Fink, M.P.; Lotze, M.T.; Yang, H.; Li, J.; Tracey, K.J.; Geller, D.A.; Billiar, T. R. The nuclear factor HMGB1 mediates hepatic injury after murine liver ischemia-reperfusion. J. Exp. Med., 2005, 201, 1135-43.
111. Tsung, A.; Klune, J.R.; Zhang, X.; Jeyabalan, G.; Cao, Z.; Peng, X.; Stolz, D.B.; Geller, D.A.; Rosengart, M.R.; Billiar, T. R. HMGB1 release induced by liver ischemia involves Toll-like receptor 4 dependent reactive oxygen species production and calcium-mediated signaling. J. Exp. Med., 2007, 204, 2913-23.
112. Watanabe, T.; Kubota, S.; Nagaya, M.; Ozaki, S.; Nagafuchi, H.; Akashi, K.; Taira, Y.; Tsukikawa, S.; Oowada, S.; Nakano, S. The role of HMGB-1 on the development of necrosis during hepatic ischemia and hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. J. Surg. Res., 2005, 124, 59-66.
113. Andrassy, M.; Volz, H.C.; Igwe, J.C.; Funke, B.; Eichberger, S.N.; Kaya, Z.; Buss, S.; Autschbach, F.; Pleger, S.T.; Lukic, I.K.; Bea, F.; Hardt, S.E.; Humpert, P.M.; Bianchi, M.E.; Mairbaurl, H.; Nawroth, P.P.; Remppis, A.; Katus, H.A.; Bierhaus, A. High-mobility group box-1 in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart. Circulation, 2008, 117, 3216-26.
114. Liu, K.; Mori, S.; Takahashi, H.K.; Tomono, Y.; Wake, H.; Kanke, T.; Sato, Y.; Hiraga, N.; Adachi, N.; Yoshino, T.; Nishibori, M. Anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates brain infarction induced by transient ischemia in rats. FASEB J., 2007, 21, 3904-16.
115. Muhammad, S.; Barakat, W.; Stoyanov, S.; Murikinati, S.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K.J.; Bendszus, M.; Rossetti, G.; Nawroth, P.P.; Bierhaus, A.; Schwaninger, M. The HMGB1 receptor RAGE mediates ischemic brain damage. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28, 12023-31.
116. Zeng, S.; Dun, H.; Ippagunta, N.; Rosario, R.; Zhang, Q.Y.; Lefkowitch, J.; Yan, S.F.; Schmidt, A.M.; Emond, J. C. Receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE)-dependent modulation of early growth response-1 in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. J. Hepatol., 2009, 50, 929-36.
117. Ogawa, E.N.; Ishizaka, A.; Tasaka, S.; Koh, H.; Ueno, H.; Amaya, F.; Ebina, M.; Yamada, S.; Funakoshi, Y.; Soejima, J.; Moriyama, K.; Kotani, T.; Hashimoto, S.; Morisaki, H.; Abraham, E.; Takeda, J. Contribution of high-mobility group box-1 to the development of ventilator-induced lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2006, 174, 400-407.
118. Sawa, H.; Ueda, T.; Takeyama, Y.; Yasuda, T.; Shinzeki, M.; Nakajima, T.; Kuroda, Y. Blockade of high mobility group box-1 protein attenuates experimental severe acute pancreatitis. World J. Gastroenterol., 2006, 12, 7666-70.
119. Kohno, T.; Anzai, T.; Naito, K.; Miyasho, T.; Okamoto, M.; Yokota, H.; Yamada, S.; Maekawa, Y.; Takahashi, T.; Yoshikawa, T.; Ishizaka, A.; Ogawa, S. Role of high-mobility group box 1 protein in post-infarction healing process and left ventricular remodelling. Cardiovasc. Res., 2009, 81, 565-73.
120. Li, W.; Sama, A.E.; Wang, H. Role of HMGB1 in cardiovascular diseases. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2006, 6, 130-5.
121. Takahashi, K.; Fukushima, S.; Yamahara, K.; Yashiro, K.; Shintani, Y.; Coppen, S.R.; Salem, H.K.; Brouilette, S.W.; Yacoub, M.H.; Suzuki, K. Modulated inflammation by injection of high-mobility group box 1 recovers post-infarction chronically failing heart. Circulation, 2008, 118, S106-S114.
122. Hagiwara, S.; Iwasaka, H.; Hasegawa, A.; Asai, N.; Noguchi, T. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin G improves systemic inflammation in a rat model of CLP-induced sepsis. Intensive Care Med., 2008, 34, 1812-9.
123. Abraham, E.; Reinhart, K.; Opal, S.; Demeyer, I.; Doig, C.; Rodriguez, A.L.; Beale, R.; Svoboda, P.; Laterre, P.F.; Simon, S.; Light, B.; Spapen, H.; Stone, J.; Seibert, A.; Peckelsen, C.; De Deyne, C.; Postier, R.; Pettila, V.; Artigas, A.; Percell, S.R.; Shu, V.; Zwingelstein, C.; Tobias, J.; Poole, L.; Stolzenbach, J.C.; Creasey, A. A. Efficacy and safety of tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2003, 290, 238-47.
124. Hagiwara, S.; Iwasaka, H.; Matsumoto, S.; Noguchi, T. High dose antithrombin III inhibits HMGB1 and improves endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rats. Intensive Care Med., 2008, 34, 361-7.
125. Nagato, M.; Okamoto, K.; Abe, Y.; Higure, A.; Yamaguchi, K. Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin decreases the plasma high-mobility group box-1 protein levels, whereas improving the acute liver injury and survival rates in experimental endotoxemia. Crit. Care Med., 2009, 37, 2181-6.
126. Hagiwara, S.; Iwasaka, H.; Hasegawa, A.; Koga, H.; Noguchi, T. Effects of hyperglycemia and insulin therapy on high mobility group box 1 in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in a rat model. Crit. Care Med., 2008, 36, 2407-13.
127. Chorny, A.; Delgado, M. Neuropeptides rescue mice from lethal sepsis by down-regulating secretion of the late-acting inflammatory mediator high mobility group box 1. Am. J. Pathol., 2008, 172, 1297-307.
128. Wang, H.; Zhu, S.; Ward, M.F.; Gong, J.; Sama, A. E. Hyperglycemia aggravates endotoxin-induced high mobility group box 1 protein release: yet another reason not to be too sweet. Crit. Care Med., 2008, 36, 2475-6.
129. Tang, Y.; Lv, B.; Wang, H.; Zuo, X.; Xiao, X. PACAP inhibit the release and cytokine activity of HMGB1 and improve the survival during lethal endotoxemia. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2008, 8, 1646-51.
130. Wu, R.; Dong, W.; Zhou, M.; Zhang, F.; Marini, C.P.; Ravikumar, T.S.; Wang, P. Ghrelin attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury and mortality in rats. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2007, 176, 805-13.
131. Wu, R.; Dong, W.; Cui, X.; Zhou, M.; Simms, H.H.; Ravikumar, T.S.; Wang, P. Ghrelin down-regulates proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis through activation of the vagus nerve. Ann. Surg., 2007, 245, 480-6.
132. Chorny, A.; Anderson, P.; Gonzalez-Rey, E.; Delgado, M. Ghrelin Protects against Experimental Sepsis by Inhibiting High-Mobility Group Box 1 Release and by Killing Bacteria. J. Immunol., 2008, 180, 8369-77.
133. Wu, R.; Dong, W.; Qiang, X.; Wang, H.; Blau, S.A.; Ravikumar, T.S.; Wang, P. Orexigenic hormone ghrelin ameliorates gut barrier dysfunction in sepsis in rats. Crit. Care Med., 2009, 37, 2421-6.
134. Borovikova, L.V.; Ivanova, S.; Zhang, M.; Yang, H.; Botchkina, G.I.; Watkins, L.R.; Wang, H.; Abumrad, N.; Eaton, J.W.; Tracey, K. J. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature, 2000, 405, 458-62.
135. Huston, J.M.; Ochani, M.; Rosas-Ballina, M.; Liao, H.; Ochani, K.; Pavlov, V.A.; Gallowitsch-Puerta, M.; Ashok, M.; Czura, C.J.; Foxwell, B.; Tracey, K.J.; Ulloa, L. Splenectomy inactivates the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway during lethal endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis. J. Exp. Med., 2006, 203, 1623-8.
136. Huston, J.M.; Gallowitsch-Puerta, M.; Ochani, M.; Ochani, K.; Yuan, R.; Rosas-Ballina, M.; Ashok, M.; Goldstein, R.S.; Chavan, S.; Pavlov, V.A.; Metz, C.N.; Yang, H.; Czura, C.J.; Wang, H.; Tracey, K. J. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces serum high mobility group box 1 levels and improves survival in murine sepsis. Crit. Care Med., 2007, 35, 2762-8.
137. Wang, H.; Liao, H.; Ochani, M.; Justiniani, M.; Lin, X.; Yang, L.; Al Abed, Y.; Wang, H.; Metz, C.; Miller, E.J.; Tracey, K.J.; Ulloa, L. Cholinergic agonists inhibit HMGB1 release and improve survival in experimental sepsis. Nat. Med., 2004, 10, 1216-21.
138. Pavlov, V.A.; Ochani, M.; Yang, L.H.; Gallowitsch-Puerta, M.; Ochani, K.; Lin, X.; Levi, J.; Parrish, W.R.; Rosas-Ballina, M.; Czura, C.J.; Larosa, G.J.; Miller, E.J.; Tracey, K.J.; Al Abed, Y. Selective alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 improves survival in murine endotoxemia and severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med., 2007, 35, 1139-44.
139. Parrish, W.R.; Rosas-Ballina, M.; Gallowitsch-Puerta, M.; Ochani, M.; Ochani, K.; Yang, L.H.; Hudson, L.; Lin, X.; Patel, N.; Johnson, S.M.; Chavan, S.; Goldstein, R.S.; Czura, C.J.; Miller, E.J.; Al Abed, Y.; Tracey, K.J.; Pavlov, V. A. Modulation of TNF release by choline requires alpha7 subunit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated signaling. Mol. Med., 2008, 14, 567-74.
140. Yan, J.J.; Jung, J.S.; Lee, J.E.; Lee, J.; Huh, S.O.; Kim, H.S.; Jung, K.C.; Cho, J.Y.; Nam, J.S.; Suh, H.W.; Kim, Y.H.; Song, D. K. Therapeutic effects of lysophosphatidylcholine in experimental sepsis. Nat. Med., 2004, 10, 161-7.
141. Wang, H.; Czura, C.J.; Tracey, K. J. Lipid unites disparate syndromes of sepsis. Nat. Med., 2004, 10, 124-5.
142. Zhu, S.; Li, W.; Li, J.; Sama, A.E.; Wang, H. Caging a beast in the inflammation arena: use of Chinese medicinal herbs to inhibit a late mediator of lethal sepsis, HMGB1. Intern. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 2008, 1, 64-79.
143. Li, W.; Ashok, M.; Li, J.; Yang, H.; Sama, A.E.; Wang, H. A major ingredient of green tea rescues mice from lethal sepsis partly by inhibiting HMGB1. PLoS ONE, 2007, 2, e1153.
144. Wheeler, D.S.; Lahni, P.M.; Hake, P.W.; Denenberg, A.G.; Wong, H.R.; Snead, C.; Catravas, J.D.; Zingarelli, B. The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves systemic hemodynamics and survival in rodent models of polymicrobial sepsis. Shock, 2007, 28, 353-9.
145. Osuchowski, M.F.; Welch, K.; Siddiqui, J.; Remick, D. G. Circulating cytokine/inhibitor profiles reshape the understanding of the SIRS/CARS continuum in sepsis and predict mortality. J. Immunol., 2006, 177, 1967-74.
146. Ji, X.Y.; Tan, B.K.; Zhu, Y. Z. Salvia miltiorrhiza and ischemic diseases. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2000, 21, 1089-94.
147. Cheng, T. O. Cardiovascular effects of Danshen. Int. J. Cardiol., 2007, 121, 9-22.
148. Fink, M. P. Ethyl pyruvate: a novel treatment for sepsis. Curr. Drug Targets, 2007, 8, 515-8.
149. Ulloa, L.; Ochani, M.; Yang, H.; Tanovic, M.; Halperin, D.; Yang, R.; Czura, C.J.; Fink, M.P.; Tracey, K. J. Ethyl pyruvate prevents lethality in mice with established lethal sepsis and systemic inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99, 12351-12356.
150. Pan, P.; Cardinal, J.; Dhupar, R.; Rosengart, M.R.; Lotze, M.T.; Geller, D.A.; Billiar, T.R.; Tsung, A. Low-dose cisplatin administration in murine cecal ligation and puncture prevents the systemic release of HMGB1 and attenuates lethality. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2009, 86, 625-32.
151. Zhang, M.; Wang, H.; Tracey, K. J. Regulation of macrophage activation and inflammation by spermine: a new chapter in an old story. Crit. Care Med., 2000, 28, N60-N66.
152. Zhang, M.; Caragine, T.; Wang, H.; Cohen, P.S.; Botchkina, G.; Soda, K.; Bianchi, M.; Ulrich, P.; Cerami, A.; Sherry, B.; Tracey, K. J. Spermine inhibits proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in human mononuclear cells: a counterregulatory mechanism that restrains the immune response. J. Exp. Med., 1997, 185, 1759-68.
153. Zhang, M.; Borovikova, L.V.; Wang, H.; Metz, C.; Tracey, K. J. Spermine inhibition of monocyte activation and inflammation. Mol. Med., 1999, 5, 595-605.
154. Wang, H.; Zhang, M.; Bianchi, M.; Sherry, B.; Sama, A.; Tracey, K. J. Fetuin (alpha2-HS-glycoprotein) opsonizes cationic macrophagedeactivating molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 14429-34.
155. Zhu, S.; Ashok, M.; Li, J.; Li, W.; Yang, H.; Wang, P.; Tracey, K.J.; Sama, A.E.; Wang, H. Spermine protects mice against lethal sepsis partly by attenuating surrogate inflammatory markers. Mol. Med., 2009, 15, 275-82.
156. Cardinal, J.; Pan, P.; Dhupar, R.; Ross, M.; Nakao, A.; Lotze, M.; Billiar, T.; Geller, D.; Tsung, A. Cisplatin prevents high mobility group box 1 release and is protective in a murine model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Hepatology, 2009, 50, 565-74.
157. Wang, Q.; Ding, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Gou, X.; Hou, L.; Chen, S.; Zhu, Z.; Xiong, L. Ethyl pyruvate attenuates spinal cord ischemic injury with a wide therapeutic window through inhibiting high-mobility group box 1 release in rabbits. Anesthesiology, 2009, 110, 1279-86.
158. Chung, K.Y.; Park, J.J.; Kim, Y. S. The role of high-mobility group box-1 in renal ischemia and reperfusion injury and the effect of ethyl pyruvate. Transplant. Proc., 2008, 40, 2136-8.
159. Mabuchi, A.; Wake, K.; Marlini, M.; Watanabe, H.; Wheatley, A. M. Protection by glycyrrhizin against warm ischemia-reperfusion-induced cellular injury and derangement of the microcirculatory blood flow in the rat liver. Microcirculation, 2009, 16, 364-76.
160. Hayakawa, K.; Mishima, K.; Irie, K.; Hazekawa, M.; Mishima, S.; Fujioka, M.; Orito, K.; Egashira, N.; Katsurabayashi, S.; Takasaki, K.; Iwasaki, K.; Fujiwara, M. Cannabidiol prevents a post-ischemic injury progressively induced by cerebral ischemia via a high-mobility group box1-inhibiting mechanism. Neuropharmacology, 2008, 55, 1280-6.
161. Mantell, L.L.; Parrish, W.R.; Ulloa, L. Hmgb-1 as a therapeutic target for infectious and inflammatory disorders. Shock, 2006, 25, 4-11.
162. Wang, H.; Yang, H.; Tracey, K. J. Extracellular role of HMGB1 in inflammation and sepsis. J. Intern. Med., 2004, 255, 320-31.
163. Beutler, B.; Milsark, I.W.; Cerami, A. C. Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin. Science, 1985, 229, 869-71.
164. Ziegler, E.J.; Fisher, C. J., Jr.; Sprung, C.L.; Straube, R.C.; Sadoff, J.C.; Foulke, G.E.; Wortel, C.H.; Fink, M.P.; Dellinger, R.P.; Teng, N. N. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The HA-1A Sepsis Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1991, 324, 429-36.
165. Ziegler, E.J.; McCutchan, J.A.; Fierer, J.; Glauser, M.P.; Sadoff, J.C.; Douglas, H.; Braude, A. I. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and shock with human antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coli. N. Engl. J. Med., 1982, 307, 1225-30.
166. Abraham, E.; Wunderink, R.; Silverman, H.; Perl, T.M.; Nasraway, S.; Levy, H.; Bone, R.; Wenzel, R.P.; Balk, R.; Allred, R. Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with sepsis syndrome. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. TNF-alpha MAb Sepsis Study Group. JAMA, 1995, 273, 934-41.
167. Cohen, J. Adjunctive therapy in sepsis: a critical analysis of the clinical trial programme. Br. Med. Bull., 1999, 55, 212-25.
168. Dellinger, R.P.; Levy, M.M.; Carlet, J.M.; Bion, J.; Parker, M.M.; Jaeschke, R.; Reinhart, K.; Angus, D.C.; Brun-Buisson, C.; Beale, R.; Calandra, T.; Dhainaut, J.F.; Gerlach, H.; Harvey, M.; Marini, J.J.; Marshall, J.; Ranieri, M.; Ramsay, G.; Sevransky, J.; Thompson, B.T.; Townsend, S.; Vender, J.S.; Zimmerman, J.L.; Vincent, J.L. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit. Care Med., 2008, 36, 296-327.