Proteomics of trypanosomatids of human medical importance

Journal of Proteomics

Volumn 73, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 845-867

  Cuervo, Patricia ^a   Domont, Gilberto B ^b   De Jesus, Jose B ^a,c  

^a INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO JOÃO DEL REI   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Leishmania spp.; Proteome; Proteomics; Protozoa parasites; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma cruzi; Trypanosomatids

Indexed keywords

6 PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; ACID PHOSPHATASE; ALPHA TUBULIN; AMPHOTERICIN B; BETA TUBULIN; CRUZIPAIN; FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE; GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE; GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70; HEXOKINASE; ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE; LEISHMANIA VACCINE; MEGLUMINE ANTIMONATE; MELARSOPROL; METHOTREXATE; METHYLMALONYL COENZYME A DECARBOXYLASE; MILTEFOSINE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN; NIFURTIMOX; PENTAMIDINE; PROTEOME; STIBOGLUCONATE SODIUM; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TRANSKETOLASE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; TRIOSEPHOSPHATE ISOMERASE; TRYPANOSOMA VACCINE; TRYPANOTHIONE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS; AMASTIGOTE; AMINO ACID METABOLISM; CELL CYCLE REGULATION; CELL FRACTIONATION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CHAGAS DISEASE; CITRIC ACID CYCLE; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; DISEASE CARRIER; DOWN REGULATION; ELECTROSPRAY MASS SPECTROMETRY; ENERGY METABOLISM; FATTY ACID METABOLISM; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; FOURIER TRANSFORMATION; FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS; GENE CONTROL; GENE LOCATION; GLUCONEOGENESIS; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; KIDNEY INJURY; LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA INFANTUM; LEISHMANIA MAJOR; LEISHMANIA MEXICANA; LEISHMANIA PANAMENSIS; LEISHMANIASIS; LIFE CYCLE; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MATRIX ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION; PARASITE VIRULENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMASTIGOTE; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; SILVER STAINING; SKIN LEISHMANIASIS; TREATMENT FAILURE; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI; TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI; TRYPANOSOMIASIS; TSETSE FLY; TWO DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS; TWO DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; UPREGULATION;

HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; PROTEOMICS; PROTOZOAN PROTEINS; TRYPANOSOMA; TRYPANOSOMIASIS;

PROTOZOA; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI; TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI; TRYPANOSOMATIDAE;

EID: 77249169142     PISSN: 18743919     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.12.012     Document Type: Review

References (250)

1. World Health Organization. The world health report,- changing history (2004), WHO, Geneva 2004
2. Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 27 (2004) 305-318
3. Grimaldi Jr. G., and Tesh R.B. Leishmaniases of the New World: current concepts and implications for future research. Clin Microbiol Rev 6 (1993) 230-250
4. Shaw J.J. Taxonomy of the genus Leishmania: present and future trends and their implications. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 89 (1994) 471-478
5. Herwaldt B.L. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 354 (1999) 1191-1199
6. Murray H.W., Berman J.D., Davies C.R., and Saravia N.G. Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 366 (2005) 1561-1577
7. World Health Organization. Control of Chagas disease. Second report of the WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series 905, Geneva (2002), WHO
8. Moncayo A. Chagas disease: current epidemiological trends after the interruption of vectorial and transfusional transmission in the Southern Cone countries. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 (2003) 577-591
9. Milei J., Guerri-Guttenberg R.A., Grana D.R., and Storino R. Prognostic impact of Chagas disease in the United States. Am Heart J 157 (2009) 22-29
10. Pinto A.Y., Valente S.A., Valente Vda C., Ferreira Jr. A.G., and Coura J.R. Acute phase of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon region: study of 233 cases from Pará, Amapá and Maranhão observed between 1988 and 2005. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 41 (2008) 602-614
11. Valente S.A., da Costa Valente V., das Neves Pinto A.Y., de Jesus Barbosa C.M., dos Santos M.P., Miranda C.O., et al. Analysis of an acute Chagas disease outbreak in the Brazilian Amazon: human cases, triatomines, reservoir mammals and parasites. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103 (2009) 291-297
12. Hotez P.J., and Kamath A. Neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3 (2009) e412
13. Kennedy P.G. The continuing problem of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Ann Neurol 64 (2008) 116-126
14. Checchi F., Filipe J.A., Barrett M.P., and Chandramohan D. The natural progression of gambiense sleeping sickness: what is the evidence?. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2 (2008) e303
15. Matsudaira P.T. Sequence from picomole quantities of proteins electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. J Biol Chem 262 (1987) 10035-10038
16. Laemmli U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227 (1970) 680-685
17. O'Farrell P.H. High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. J Biol Chem 250 (1975) 4007-4021
18. Karas M., and Hillemkamp F. Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10000 kDa. Anal.Chem 60 (1988) 2299-2301
19. Tanaka K., Ido Y., Akita S., Yoshida Y., and Yoshida T. Detection of high mass molecules by laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In: Masuda H., and Xiao-tian L. (Eds). Proc. 2nd Japan-China join symp. mass spectrom (1987), Osaka, Japan 185-188
20. Tanaka K., Waki H., Ido Y., Akita S., Yoshida Y., Yoshida T., et al. Protein and polymer analyses up to m/z 100 000 by laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2 (1988) 151-153
21. Fenn J., Mann M., Meng C.K., Wong S.F., and Whitehouse C.M. Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules. Science 246 (1989) 64-71
22. Mann M., Hojrup P., and Roepstorff P. Use of mass spectrometric molecular weight information to identify proteins in sequence databases. Biol Mass Spectrom 22 (1993) 338-345
23. Henzel W.J., Billeci T.M., Stults J.T., Wong S.C., Grimley C., and Watanabe C. Identifying proteins from two-dimensional gels by molecular mass searching of peptide fragments in protein sequence databases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 (1993) 5011-5015
24. Yates III J.R., Speicher S., Griffin P.R., and Hunkapiller T. Peptide mass maps: a highly informative approach to protein identification. Anal Biochem 214 (1993) 397-408
25. James P., Quadroni M., Carafoli E., and Gonnet G. Protein identification by mass profiling fingerprinting. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 195 (1993) 58-64
26. Eng J.K., McCormack A.L., and Yates III J.R. An approach to correlate tandem mass spectral data of peptides with amino acid sequences in a protein database. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 5 (1994) 976-989
27. Aebersold R.H.., and Patterson S.D. Proteomics: the first decade and beyond. Nat Genet 33 Suppl (2003) 311-323
28. Link A.J., Eng J., Schieltz D.M., Carmack E., Mize G.J., Morris D.R., et al. Direct analysis of protein complexes using mass spectrometry. Nat Biotechnol 17 (1999) 676-682
29. Wolters D.A., Washburn M.P., and Yates III J.R. An automated multidimensional protein identification technology for shotgun proteomics. Anal Chem 73 (2001) 5683-5690
30. Larsen M.R., and Roepstorff P. Mass spectrometric identification of proteins and characterization of their post-translational modifications in proteome analysis. Fresenius J Anal Chem 366 (2000) 677-690
31. Harvey D.J. Identification of protein-bound carbohydrates by mass spectrometry. Proteomics 1 (2001) 311-328
32. Harvey D.J. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2003-2004. Mass Spectrom Rev 28 (2009) 273-361
33. MacCoss M.J., McDonald W.H., Saraf A., Sadygov R., Clark J.M., Tasto J.J., et al. Shotgun identification of protein modifications from protein complexes and lens tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (2002) 7900-7905
34. Mann M., and Jensen O.N. Proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications. Nat Biotechnol 21 (2003) 255-261
35. Cournoyer J.J., Pittman J.L., Ivleva V.B., Fallows E., Waskell L., Costello C.E., et al. Deamidation: differentiation of aspartyl from isoaspartyl products in peptides by electron capture dissociation. Protein Sci 14 (2005) 452-463
36. Edelson-Averbukh M., Pipkorn R., and Lehmann W.D. Analysis of protein phosphorylation in the regions of consecutive serine/threonine residues by negative ion electrospray collision-induced dissociation. Approach to pinpointing of phosphorylation sites. Anal Chem 79 (2007) 3476-3486
37. Gygi S.P., Rist B., Gerber S.A., Turecek F., Gelb M.H., and Aebersold R. Quantitative analysis of complex protein mixtures using isotope-coded affinity tags. Nat Biotechnol 17 (1999) 994-999
38. Ong S.E., Blagoev B., Kratchmarova I., Kristensen D.B., Steen H., Pandey A., et al. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, SILAC, as a simple and accurate approach to expression proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 1 (2002) 376-386
39. Zhu H., Pan S., Gu S., Bradbury E.M., and Chen X. Amino acid residue specific stable isotope labeling for quantitative proteomics. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 16 (2002) 2115-2123
40. Ross P.L., Huang Y.N., Marchese J.N., Williamson B., Parker K., Hattten S., et al. Multiplexed protein quantitation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using amine-reactive isobaric tagging reagents. Mol Cell Proteomics 3 (2004) 1154-1169
41. Ishihama Y., Oda Y., Tabata T., Sato T., Nagasu T., Rappsilber J., et al. Exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) for estimation of absolute protein amount in proteomics by the number of sequenced peptides per protein. Mol Cell Proteomics 4 (2005) 1265-1272
42. Pratt J.M., Simpson D.M., Doherty M.K., Rivers J., Gaskell S.J., and Beynon R.J. Multiplexed absolute quantification for proteomics using concatenated signature peptides encoded by QconCAT genes. Nat Protoc 1 (2006) 1029-1043
43. Wang G., Wu W., Zeng W., Chou C., and Shen R. Label-free protein quantification using LC-coupled ion trap or FT mass spectrometry: reproducibility, linearity, and application with complex proteomes. J Proteome Res 5 (2006) 1214-1223
44. Ivens A.C., Peacock C.S., Worthey E.A., Murphy L., Aggarwal G., Berriman M., et al. The genome of the kinetoplastid parasite, Leishmania major. Science 309 (2005) 436-442
45. El-Sayed N.M., Myler P.J., Bartholomeu D.C., Nilsson D., Aggarwal G., Tran A.N., et al. The genome sequence of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiologic agent of Chagas disease. Science 309 (2005) 409-415
46. Berriman M., Ghedin E., Hertz-Fowler C., Blandin G., Renauld H., Bartholomeu D.C., et al. The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. Science 309 (2005) 416-422
47. El-Sayed N.M., Myler P.J., Blandin G., Berriman M., Crabtree J., Aggarwal G., et al. Comparative genomics of trypanosomatid parasitic protozoa. Science 309 (2005) 404-409
48. Handman E., Mitchell G.F., and Goding J.W. Identification and characterization of protein antigens of Leishmania tropica isolates. J Immunol 126 (1981) 508-512
49. Saravia N.G., Gemmell M.A., Nance S.L., and Anderson N.L. Two-dimensional electrophoresis used to differentiate the causal agents of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Clin Chem 30 (1984) 2048-2052
50. Anderson N.L., Parish N.M., Richardson J.P., and Pearson T.W. Comparison of African trypanosomes of different antigenic phenotypes, subspecies and life cycle stages by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 16 (1985) 299-314
51. Thiel M., and Bruchhaus I. Comparative proteome analysis of Leishmania donovani at different stages of transformation from promastigotes to amastigotes. Med Microbiol Immunol 190 (2001) 33-36
52. Acestor N., Masina S., Walker J., Saravia N.G., Fasel N., and Quadroni M. Establishing two-dimensional gels for the analysis of Leishmania proteomes. Proteomics 2 (2002) 877-879
53. El Fakhry Y., Ouellette M., and Papadopoulou B. A proteomic approach to identify developmentally regulated proteins in Leishmania infantum. Proteomics 2 (2002) 1007-1017
54. Gongora R., Acestor N., Quadroni M., Fasel N., Saravia N.G., and Walker J. Mapping the proteome of Leishmania Viannia parasites using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and associated technologies. Biomedica 23 (2003) 153-160
55. Bente M., Harder S., Wiesgigl M., Heukeshoven J., Gelhaus C., Krause E., et al. Developmentally induced changes of the proteome in the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. Proteomics 3 (2003) 1811-1829
56. Drummelsmith J., Brochu V., Girard I., Messier N., and Ouellette M. Proteome mapping of the protozoan parasite Leishmania and application to the study of drug targets and resistance mechanisms. Mol Cell Proteomics 2 (2003) 146-155
57. Nugent P.G., Karsani S.A., Wait R., Tempero J., and Smith D.F. Proteomic analysis of Leishmania mexicana differentiation. Mol Biochem. Parasitol 136 (2004) 51-62
58. Walker J., Vasquez J.J., Gomez M.A., Drummelsmith J., Burchmore R., Girard I., and Ouellette M. Identification of developmentally-regulated proteins in Leishmania panamensis by proteome profiling of promastigotes and axenic amastigotes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 147 (2006) 64-73
59. Brobey R.K., Mei F.C., Cheng X., and Soong L. Comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis maps for promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania major. Braz J Infect Dis 10 (2006) 1-6
60. Brobey R.K., and Soong L. Establishing a liquid-phase IEF in combination with 2-DE for the analysis of Leishmania proteins. Proteomics 7 (2007) 116-120
61. Cuervo P., de Jesus J.B., Junqueira M., Mendonça-Lima L., González L.J., Betancourt L., et al. Proteome analysis of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Mol Biochem Parasitol 154 (2007) 6-21
62. Paba J., Santana J.M., Teixeira A.R., Fontes W., Sousa M.V., and Ricart C.A. Proteomic analysis of the human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi. Proteomics 4 (2004) 1052-1059
63. Parodi-Talice A., Durán R., Arrambide N., Prieto V., Piñeyro M.D., Pritsch O., et al. Proteome analysis of the causative agent of Chagas disease: Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Parasitol 34 (2004) 881-886
64. Atwood III J.A., Weatherly D.B., Minning T.A., Bundy B., Cavola C., Opperdoes F.R., et al. The Trypanosoma cruzi proteome. Science 309 (2005) 473-476
65. Souza R.A., Henriques C., Alves-Ferreira M., Mendonça-Lima L., and Degrave W.M. Investigation of a protein expression profile by high-resolution bidimensional electrophoresis of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Anal Biochem 365 (2007) 144-146
66. Magalhães A.D., Charneau S., Paba J., Guércio R.A., Teixeira A.R., Santana J.M., et al. Trypanosoma cruzi alkaline 2-DE: optimization and application to comparative proteome analysis of flagellate life stages. Proteome Sci 6 (2008) 24
67. Sodré C.L., Chapeaurouge A.D., Kalume D.E., de Mendonça Lima L., Perales J., and Fernandes O. Proteomic map of Trypanosoma cruzi CL Brener: the reference strain of the genome project. Arch Microbiol 191 (2009) 177-184
68. van Deursen F.J., Thornton D.J., and Matthews K.R. A reproducible protocol for analysis of the proteome of Trypanosoma brucei by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 128 (2003) 107-110
69. Jones A., Faldas A., Foucher A., Hunt E., Tait A., Wastling J.M., et al. Visualisation and analysis of proteomic data from the procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei. Proteomics 6 (2006) 259-267
70. Lainson R., Ward R.D., and Shaw J.J. Leishmania in phlebotomid sandflies: VI. Importance of hindgut development in distinguishing between parasites of the Leishmania mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes. Proc R Soc Lond B 199 (1977) 309-320
71. Bates P.A. Transmission of Leishmania metacyclic promastigotes by phlebotomine sand flies. Int J Parasitol 37 (2007) 1097-1106
72. Peacock C.S., Seeger K., Harris D., Murphy L., Ruiz J.C., Quail M.A., et al. Comparative genomic analysis of three Leishmania species that cause diverse human disease. Nat Genet 39 (2007) 839-847
73. Smith D.F., Peacock C.S., and Cruz A.K. Comparative genomics: from genotype to disease phenotype in the leishmaniases. Int J Parasitol 37 (2007) 1173-1186
74. McNicoll F., Drummelsmith J., Müller M., Madore E., Boilard N., Ouellette M., et al. A combined proteomic and transcriptomic approach to the study of stage differentiation in Leishmania infantum. Proteomics 6 (2006) 3567-3581
75. Foucher A.L., Papadopoulou B., and Ouellette M. Prefractionation by digitonin extraction increases representation of the cytosolic and intracellular proteome of Leishmania infantum. J Proteome Res 5 (2006) 1741-1750
76. Leifso K., Cohen-Freue G., Dogra N., Murray A., and McMaster W.R. Genomic and proteomic expression analysis of Leishmania promastigote and amastigote life stages: the Leishmania genome is constitutively expressed. Mol Biochem Parasitol 152 (2007) 35-46
77. Rosenzweig D., Smith D., Opperdoes F., Stern S., Olafson R.W., and Zilberstein D. Retooling Leishmania metabolism: from sand fly gut to human macrophage. FASEB J 22 (2008) 590-602
78. Morales M.A., Watanabe R., Laurent C., Lenormand P., Rousselle J.C., Namane A., et al. Phosphoproteomic analysis of Leishmania donovani pro- and amastigote stages. Proteomics 8 (2008) 350-363
79. Mojtahedi Z., Clos J., and Kamali-Sarvestani E. Leishmania major: identification of developmentally regulated proteins in procyclic and metacyclic promastigotes. Exp Parasitol 119 (2008) 422-429
80. Rosenzweig D., Smith D., Myler P.J., Olafson R.W., and Zilberstein D. Post-translational modification of cellular proteins during Leishmania donovani differentiation. Proteomics 8 (2008) 1843-1850
81. Coombs G.H., Craft J.A., and Hart D.T. A comparative study of Leishmania mexicana amastigotes and promastigotes. Enzyme activities and subcellular locations. Mol Biochem Parasitol 5 (1982) 199-211
82. Hart D.T., and Coombs G.H. Leishmania mexicana: energy metabolism of amastigotes and promastigotes. Exp Parasitol 54 (1982) 397-409
83. Clayton C.E. Developmental regulation without transcriptional control? From fly to man and back again. EMBO J 21 (2002) 1881-1888
84. Clayton C., and Shapira M. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in trypanosomes and leishmanias. Mol Biochem Parasitol 156 (2007) 93-101
85. Cohen-Freue G., Holzer T.R., Forney J.D., and McMaster W.R. Global gene expression in Leishmania. Int J Parasitol 37 (2007) 1077-1086
86. Charest H., Zhang W.W., and Matlashewski G. The developmental expression of Leishmania donovani A2 amastigote-specific genes is post-transcriptionally mediated and involves elements located in the 3′-untranslated region. J Biol Chem 271 (1996) 17081-17090
87. Brooks D.R., Denise H., Westrop G.D., Coombs G.H., and Mottram J.C. The stage-regulated expression of Leishmania mexicana CPB cysteine proteases is mediated by an intercistronic sequence element. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 47061-47069
88. Kelly B.L., Nelson T.N., and McMaster W.R. Stage-specific expression in Leishmania conferred by 3′ untranslated regions of L. major leishmanolysin genes (GP63). Mol Biochem Parasitol 116 (2001) 101-104
89. Larreta R., Soto M., Quijada L., Folgueira C., Abanades D.R., Alonso C., et al. The expression of HSP83 genes in Leishmania infantum is affected by temperature and by stage-differentiation and is regulated at the levels of mRNA stability and translation. BMC Mol Biol 5 (2004) 3
90. Purdy J.E., Donelson J.E., and Wilson M.E. Regulation of genes encoding the major surface protease of Leishmania chagasi via mRNA stability. Mol Biochem Parasitol 142 (2005) 88-97
91. Pan A.A., Duboise S.M., Eperon S., Rivas L., Hodgkinson V., Traub-Cseko Y., et al. Developmental life cycle of Leishmania-cultivation and characterization of cultured extracellular amastigotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 40 (1993) 213-223
92. Sereno D., and Lemesre J.-L. Axenically cultured amastigote forms as an in vitro model for investigation of antileishmanial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 (1997) 972-976
93. Puentes F., Diaz D., Hoya R.D., Gutíerrez J.A., Lozano J.M., Patarroyo M.E., et al. Cultivation and characterization of stable Leishmania guyanensis complex axenic amastigotes derived from infected U937 cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 (2000) 102-110
94. Gupta N., Goyal N., and Rastogi A.K. In vitro cultivation and characterization of axenic amastigotes of Leishmania. Trends Parasitol 17 (2001) 150-153
95. Sereno D., Roy G., Lemesre J.-L., Papadopoulou B., and Ouellette M. DNA transformation Leishmania infantum axenic amastigotes and their use in drug screening. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 (2001) 1168-1173
96. Debrabant A., Joshi M.B., Pimenta P.F., and Dwyer D.M. Generation of Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes: their growth and biological characteristics. Int J Parasitol 34 (2004) 205-217
97. Paape D., Lippuner C., Schmid M., Ackermann R., Barrios-Llerena M.E., Zimny-Arndt U., et al. Transgenic, fluorescent Leishmania mexicana allow direct analysis of the proteome of intracellular amastigotes. Mol Cell Proteomics 7 (2008) 1688-1701
98. Martinez J.E., Travi B.L., Valencia A.Z., and Saravia N.G. Metastatic capability of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in golden hamsters. J Parasitol 77 (1991) 762-768
99. Osorio L., Castillo C.M., and Ochoa M.T. Mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis: clinical characteristics. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 (1998) 49-52
100. Paba J., Santana J.M., Teixeira A.R., Fontes W., Sousa M.V., and Ricart C.A. Proteomic analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi developmental stages using isotope-coded affinity tag reagents. J Proteome Res 3 (2004) 517-524
101. Parodi-Talice A., Monteiro-Goes V., Arrambide N., Avila A.R., Duran R., Correa A., et al. Proteomic analysis of metacyclic trypomastigotes undergoing Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis. J Mass Spectrom 42 (2007) 1422-1432
102. Kiraga J., Mackiewicz P., Mackiewicz D., Kowalczuk M., Biecek P., Polak N., et al. The relationships between the isoelectric point and: length of proteins, taxonomy and ecology of organisms. BMC Genomics 8 (2007) 163
103. Matthews K.R. The developmental cell biology of Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 118 (2005) 283-290
104. Shapiro S.Z., and Kimmel B.E. Differential protein synthesis during the life cycle of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. J Protozool 34 (1987) 58-62
105. Opperdoes F.R. Compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism in trypanosomes. Annu Rev Microbiol 41 (1987) 127-151
106. Michels P.A., Bringaud F., Herman M., and Hannaert V. Metabolic functions of glycosomes in trypanosomatids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763 (2006) 1463-1477
107. Parsons M., and Nielsen B. Trypanosoma brucei: two-dimensional gel analysis of the major glycosomal proteins during the life cycle. Exp Parasitol 70 (1990) 276-285
108. Vertommen D., Van Roy J., Szikora J.P., Rider M.H., Michels P.A., and Opperdoes F.R. Differential expression of glycosomal and mitochondrial proteins in the two major life-cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 158 (2008) 189-201
109. Colasante C., Ellis M., Ruppert T., and Voncken F. Comparative proteomics of glycosomes from bloodstream form and procyclic culture form Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Proteomics. 6 11 (2006 Jun) 3275-3293
110. Cronín C.N., Nolan D.P., and Voorheis H.P. The enzymes of the classical pentose phosphate pathway display differential activities in procyclic and bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei. FEBS Lett 244 (1989) 26-30
111. Dreger M. Subcellular proteomics. Mass Spectrom Rev 22 (2003) 27-56
112. Borst P. Discontinuous transcription and antigenic variation in trypanosomes. Annu Rev Biochem 55 (1986) 701-732
113. Van der Ploeg L.H. Discontinuous transcription and splicing in trypanosomes. Cell 47 (1986) 479-480
114. Estevez A.M., and Simpson L. Uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria - a review. Gene 240 (1999) 247-260
115. Gao G., Nara T., Nakajima-Shimada J., and Aoki T. Novel organization and sequences of five genes encoding all six enzymes for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in Trypanosoma cruzi. J Mol Biol 285 (1999) 149-161
116. Stuart K.D., Schnaufer A., Ernst N.L., and Panigrahi A.K. Complex management: RNA editing in trypanosomes. Trends Biochem Sci 30 (2005) 97-105
117. Benabdellah K., Gonzalez-Rey E., and Gonzalez A. Alternative transsplicing of the Trypanosoma cruzi LYT1 gene transcript results in compartmental and functional switch for the encoded protein. Mol Microbiol 65 (2007) 1559-1567
118. Duschak V.G., and Cazzulo J.J. Subcellular localization of glutamate dehydrogenases and alanine aminotransferase in epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 67 (1991) 131-135
119. Hausler T., Stierhof Y.D., Wirtz E., and Clayton C. Import of a DHFR hybrid protein into glycosomes in vivo is not inhibited by the folate-analogue aminopterin. J Cell Biol 132 (1996) 311-324
120. Saas J., Ziegelbauer K., von Haeseler A., Fast B., and Boshart M. A developmentally regulated aconitase related to iron-regulatory protein-1 is localized in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 2745-2755
121. Castro H., Sousa C., Novais M., Santos M., Budde H., Cordeiro-da-Silva A., et al. Two linked genes of Leishmania infantum encode tryparedoxins localised to cytosol and mitochondrion. Mol Biochem Parasitol 136 (2004) 137-147
122. Veitch N.J., Maugeri D.A., Cazzulo J.J., Lindqvist Y., and Barrett M.P. Transketolase from Leishmania mexicana has a dual subcellular localization. Biochem J 382 (2004) 759-767
123. Hide M., Ritleng A.S., Brizard J.P., Monte-Allegre A., and Sereno D. Leishmania infantum: tuning digitonin fractionation for comparative proteomic of the mitochondrial protein content. Parasitol Res 103 (2008) 989-992
124. Docampo R., de Souza W., Miranda K., Rohloff P., and Moreno S.N. Acidocalcisomes - conserved from bacteria to man. Nat Rev Microbiol 3 (2005) 251-261
125. Porto-Carreiro I., Attias M., Miranda K., De Souza W., and Cunha-e-Silva N. Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote endocytic pathway: cargo enters the cytostome and passes through an early endosomal network before storage in reservosomes. Eur J Cell Biol 79 (2000) 858-869
126. Cunha-e-Silva N., Sant'Anna C., Pereira M.G., Porto-Carreiro I., Jeovanio A.L., and de Souza W. Reservosomes: multipurpose organelles?. Parasitol Res 99 (2006) 325-327
127. Ferella M., Nilsson D., Darban H., Rodrigues C., Bontempi E.J., Docampo R., et al. Proteomics in Trypanosoma cruzi-localization of novel proteins to various organelles. Proteomics 8 (2008) 2735-2749
128. Roberts S.B., Robichaux J.L., Chavali A.K., Manque P.A., Lee V., Lara A.M., et al. Proteomic and network analysis characterize stage-specific metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi. BMC Syst Biol 3 (2009) 52
129. Cunha-e-Silva N.L., Atella G.C., Porto-Carreiro I.A., Morgado-Diaz J.Á., Pereira M.G., and De Souza W. Isolation and characterization of a reservosome fraction from Trypanosoma cruzi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 214 (2002) 7-12
130. Sant'Anna C., Nakayasu E.S., Pereira M.G., Lourenço D., de Souza W., Almeida I.C., et al. Subcellular proteomics of Trypanosoma cruzi reservosomes. Proteomics 9 (2009) 1782-1794
131. Sant'Anna C., Parussini F., Lourenço D., de Souza W., Cazzulo J.J., and Cunha-e-Silva N.L. All Trypanosoma cruzi developmental forms present lysosome-related organelles. Histochem Cell Biol 130 (2008) 1187-1198
132. Soares M.J., Souto-Padron T., and De Souza W. Identification of a large prelysosomal compartment in the pathogenic protozoon Trypanosoma cruzi. J Cell Sci 102 (1992) 157-167
133. Parussini F., García M., Mucci J., Agüero F., Sánchez D., Hellman U., Aslund L., and Cazzulo J.J. Characterization of a lysosomal serine carboxypeptidase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 131 (2003) 11-23
134. Torres C., Perez-Victoria F.J., Parodi-Talice A., Castanys S., and Gamarro F. Characterization of an ABCA-like transporter involved in vesicular trafficking in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Microbiol 54 (2004) 632-646
135. Cuevas I.C., Rohloff P., Sanchez D.O., and Docampo R. Characterization of farnesylated protein tyrosine phosphatase TcPRL-1 from Trypanosoma cruzi. Eukaryot Cell 4 (2005) 1550-1561
136. Vieira M., Rohloff P., Luo S., Cunha-e-Silva N.L., de Souza W., and Docampo R. Role for a P-type H1-ATPase in the acidification of the endocytic pathway of Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochem J 392 (2005) 467-474
137. Ayub M.J., Atwood J., Nuccio A., Tarleton R., and Levin M.J. Proteomic analysis of the Trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 382 (2009) 30-34
138. Gao H., Ayub M.J., Levin M.J., and Frank J. The structure of the 80S ribosome from Trypanosoma cruzi reveals unique rRNA components. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (2005) 10206-10211
139. Cordero E.M., Nakayasu E.S., Gentil L.G., Yoshida N., Almeida I.C., and da Silveira J.F. Proteomic analysis of detergent-solubilized membrane proteins from insect-developmental forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. J Proteome Res 8 (2009) 3642-3652
140. Ullu E., Tschudi C., and Chakraborty T. RNA interference in protozoan parasites. Cell Microbiol 6 (2004) 509-519
141. Broadhead R., Dawe H.R., Farr H., Griffiths S., Hart S.R., Portman N., et al. Flagellar motility is required for the viability of the bloodstream trypanosome. Nature 440 (2006) 224-227
142. Panigrahi A.K., Gygi S., Ernst N., Igo Jr. R.P., Palazzo S.S., and Schnaufer A. Association of two novel proteins, TbMP52 and TbMP48, with the Trypanosoma brucei RNA editing complex. Mol Cell Biol 21 (2001) 380-389
143. Panigrahi A.K., Allen T.E., Stuart K., Haynes P.A., and Gygi S.P. Mass spectrometric analysis of the editosome and other multiprotein complexes in Trypanosoma brucei. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 14 (2003) 728-735
144. Panigrahi A.K., Schnaufer A., and Stuart K.D. Isolation and compositional analysis of trypanosomatid editosomes. Methods Enzymol 424 (2007) 3-24
145. Panigrahi A.K., Zíková A., Dalley R.A., Acestor N., Ogata Y., Anupama A., et al. Mitochondrial complexes in Trypanosoma brucei: a novel complex and a unique oxidoreductase complex. Mol Cell Proteomics 7 (2008) 534-545
146. Zíková A., Panigrahi A.K., Dalley R.A., Acestor N., Anupama A., Ogata Y., et al. Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial ribosomes: affinity purification and component identification by mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 7 (2008) 1286-1296
147. Panigrahi A.K., Ogata Y., Zíková A., Anupama A., Dalley R.A., Acestor N., et al. A comprehensive analysis of Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial proteome. Proteomics 9 (2009) 434-450
148. Panigrahi A.K., Ernst N.L., Domingo G.J., Fleck M., Salavati R., and Stuart K.D. Compositionally and functionally distinct editosomes in Trypanosoma brucei. RNA 12 (2006) 1038-1049
149. DeGrasse J.A., DuBois K.N., Devos D., Siegel T.N., Sali A., Field M.C., et al. Evidence for a shared nuclear pore complex architecture that is conserved from the last common eukaryotic ancestor. Mol Cell Proteomics 8 (2009) 2119-2130
150. Field M.C., and Rout M.P. Isolation and characterization of subnuclear compartments from Trypanosoma brucei. Identification of a major repetitive nuclear lamina component. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 38261-38267
151. Degrasse J.A., Chait B.T., Field M.C., and Rout M.P. High-yield isolation and subcellular proteomic characterization of nuclear and subnuclear structures from trypanosomes. Methods Mol Biol 463 (2008) 77-92
152. Johnson P.J., Kooter J.M., and Borst P. Inactivation of transcription by UV irradiation of T. brucei provides evidence for a multicistronic transcription unit including a VSG gene. Cell 51 (1987) 273-281
153. LeBowitz J.H., Smith H.Q., Rusche L., and Beverley S.M. Coupling of poly(A) site selection and trans-splicing in Leishmania. Genes Dev 7 (1993) 996-1007
154. Liang X.H., Haritan A., Uliel S., and Michaeli S. trans and cis splicing in trypanosomatids: mechanism, factors, and regulation. Eukaryot Cell 2 (2003) 830-840
155. Luz Ambrósio D., Lee J.H., Panigrahi A.K., Nguyen T.N., Cicarelli R.M., and Günzl A. Spliceosomal proteomics in Trypanosoma brucei reveal new RNA splicing factors. Eukaryot Cell 8 (2009) 990-1000
156. Oberholzer M., Bregy P., Marti G., Minca M., Peier M., and Seebeck T. Trypanosomes and mammalian sperm: one of a kind?. Trends Parasitol 23 (2007) 71-77
157. Ralston K.S., Kabututu Z.P., Melehani J.H., Oberholzer M., and Hill K.L. The Trypanosoma brucei flagellum: moving parasites in new directions. Annu Rev Microbiol 63 (2009) 335-362
158. Hart S.R., Lau K.W., Hao Z., Broadhead R., Portman N., Hühmer A., et al. Analysis of the trypanosome flagellar proteome using a combined electron transfer/collisionally activated dissociation strategy. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20 (2009) 167-175
159. Portman N., Lacomble S., Thomas B., McKean P.G., and Gull K. Combining RNA interference mutants and comparative proteomics to identify protein components and dependences in a eukaryotic flagellum. J Biol Chem 284 (2009) 5610-5619
160. Bridges D.J., Pitt A.R., Hanrahan O., Brennan K., Voorheis H.P., Herzyk P., et al. Characterisation of the plasma membrane subproteome of bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. Proteomics 8 (2008) 83-99
161. Silverman J.M., Chan S.K., Robinson D.P., Dwyer D.M., Nandan D., Foster L.J., et al. Proteomic analysis of the secretome of Leishmania donovani. Genome Biol 9 (2008) R35
162. Cuervo P., De Jesus J.B., Saboia-Vahia L., Mendonça-Lima L., Domont G.B., and Cupolillo E. Proteomic characterization of the released/secreted proteins of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes. J Proteomics 73 (2009) 79-92
163. Holzmuller P., Biron D.G., Courtois P., Koffi M., Bras-Gonçalves R., Daulouède S., et al. Virulence and pathogenicity patterns of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense field isolates in experimentally infected mouse: differences in host immune response modulation by secretome and proteomics. Microbes Infect 10 (2008) 79-86
164. Grébaut P., Chuchana P., Brizard J.P., Demettre E., Seveno M., Bossard G., et al. Identification of total and differentially expressed excreted-secreted proteins from Trypanosoma congolense strains exhibiting different virulence and pathogenicity. Int J Parasitol 39 (2009) 1137-1150
165. Thiede B., Lamer S., Mattow J., Siejak F., Dimmler C., Rudel T., et al. Analysis of missed cleavage sites, tryptophan oxidation and N-terminal pyroglutamylation after in-gel tryptic digestion. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 14 (2000) 496-502
166. Shevchenko A., Loboda A., Ens W., Schraven B., Standing K.G., and Shevchenko A. Archived polyacrylamide gels as a resource for proteome characterization by mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 22 (2001) 1194-1203
167. Abe A., Saeki K., Yasunaga T., and Wakabayashi T. Acetylation at the N-terminus of actin strengthens weak interaction between actin and myosin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 268 (2000) 14-19
168. Polevoda B., and Sherman F. Nα-terminal acetylation of eukaryotic proteins. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 36479-36482
169. Groll M., Heinemeyer W., Jager S., Ullrich T., Bochtler M., Wolf D.H., et al. The catalytic sites of 20S proteasomes and their role in subunit maturation: a mutational and crystallographic study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 10976-10983
170. Cummins P.M., and O'Connor B. Pyroglutamyl peptidase: an overview of the three known enzymatic forms. Biochim Biophys Acta 1429 (1998) 1-17
171. Robinson N.E., and Robinson A.B. Molecular clocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001) 944-949
172. Weintraub S.J., and Manson S.R. Asparagine deamidation: a regulatory hourglass. Mech Age Dev 125 (2004) 255-257
173. da Cunha J.P., Nakayasu E.S., de Almeida I.C., and Schenkman S. Post-translational modifications of Trypanosoma cruzi histone H4. Mol Biochem Parasitol 150 (2006) 268-277
174. Atwood III J.A., Minning T., Ludolf F., Nuccio A., Weatherly D.B., Alvarez-Manilla G., et al. Glycoproteomics of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes using subcellular fractionation, lectin affinity, and stable isotope labeling. J Proteome Res 5 (2006) 3376-3384
175. Nakayasu E.S., Gaynor M.R., Sobreira T.J., Ross J.A., and Almeida I.C. Phosphoproteomic analysis of the human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi at the epimastigote stage. Proteomics 9 (2009) 3489-3506
176. Das A., Peterson G.C., Kanner S.B., Frevert U., and Parsons M. A major tyrosine-phosphorylated protein of Trypanosoma brucei is a nucleolar RNA-binding protein. J Biol Chem 271 (1996) 15675-15681
177. Nett I.R., Davidson L., Lamont D., and Ferguson M.A. Identification and specific localization of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in Trypanosoma brucei. Eukaryot Cell 8 (2009) 617-626
178. Nakayasu E.S., Yashunsky D.V., Nohara L.L., Torrecilhas A.C., Nikolaev A.V., and Almeida I.C. GPIomics: global analysis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored molecules of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Syst Biol 5 (2009) 261
179. Roditi I., and Clayton C. An unambiguous nomenclature for the major surface glycoproteins of the procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 103 (1999) 99-100
180. Mehlert A., Treumann A., and Ferguson M.A. Trypanosoma brucei GPEET-PARP is phosphorylated on six out of seven threonine residues. Mol Biochem Parasitol 98 (1999) 291-296
181. Nett I.R., Martin D.M., Miranda-Saavedra D., Lamont D., Barber J.D., Mehlert A., et al. The phosphoproteome of bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei, causative agent of African sleeping sickness. Mol Cell Proteomics 8 (2009) 1527-1538
182. Saravia N.G., Holguin A.F., McMahon-Pratt D., and D'Alessandro A. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: Leishmania braziliensis subspecies diversity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 (1985) 714-720
183. Santrich C., Segura I., Arias A.L., and Saravia N.G. Mucosal disease caused by Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42 (1990) 51-55
184. Marsden P.D. Mucosal leishmaniasis ("espundia" escomel, 1911). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 (1986) 859-876
185. Oliveira-Neto M., Mattos M., Perez M., Da-Cruz A., Fernandes O., Moreira J., et al. American tegumentary leishmaniosis (ATL) in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil: main clinical and epidemiologic characteristics. Int J Dermatol 39 (2000) 506-514
186. Figueroa R.A., Lozano L.E., Romero I.C., Cardona M.T., Prager M., Pacheco R., et al. Detection of Leishmania in unaffected mucosal tissues of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) species. J Infect Dis 200 (2009) 638-646
187. Walker J., Acestor N., Gongora R., Quadroni M., Segura I., Fasel N., et al. Comparative protein profiling identifies elongation factor-1beta and tryparedoxin peroxidase as factors associated with metastasis in Leishmania guyanensis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 145 (2006) 254-264
188. Vickers T.J., and Fairlamb A.H. Trypanothione S-transferase activity in a trypanosomatid ribosomal elongation factor1B. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 27246-27256
189. Vickers T.J., Wylie S.H., and Fairlamb A.H. Leishmania major elongation factor 1B complex has trypanothione S-transferase and peroxidase activity. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 49003-49009
190. Dea-Ayuela M.A., Rama-Iñiguez S., and Bolás-Fernández F. Proteomic analysis of antigens from Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Proteomics 6 (2006) 4187-4194
191. Forgber M., Basu R., Roychoudhury K., Theinert S., Roy S., Sundar S., et al. Mapping the antigenicity of the parasites in Leishmania donovani infection by proteome serology. PLoS One 1 (2006) e40
192. Gupta S.K., Sisodia B.S., Sinha S., Hajela K., Naik S., Shasany A.K., et al. Proteomic approach for identification and characterization of novel immunostimulatory proteins from soluble antigens of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Proteomics 7 (2007) 816-823
193. Herrera-Najera C., Piña-Aguilar R., Xacur-Garcia F., Ramirez-Sierra M.J., and Dumonteil E. Mining the Leishmania genome for novel antigens and vaccine candidates. Proteomics 9 (2009) 1293-1301
194. Dea-Ayuela M.A., Ordoñez-Gutierrez L., and Bolás-Fernández F. Changes in the proteome and infectivity of Leishmania infantum induced by in vitro exposure to a nitric oxide donor. Int J Med Microbiol 299 (2009) 221-232
195. Bolhassani A., and Rafati S. Heat-shock proteins as powerful weapons in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 7 (2008) 1185-1199
196. Dhiman M., Nakayasu E.S., Madaiah Y.H., Reynolds B.K., Wen J.J., Almeida I.C., et al. Enhanced nitrosative stress during Trypanosoma cruzi infection causes nitrotyrosine modification of host proteins: implications in Chagas' disease. Am J Pathol 173 (2008) 728-740
197. Teixeira P.C., Iwai L.K., Kuramoto A.C., Honorato R., Fiorelli A., Stolf N., et al. Proteomic inventory of myocardial proteins from patients with chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Braz J Med Biol Res 39 (2006) 1549-1562
198. Bilate A.M., Teixeira P.C., Ribeiro S.P., Brito T., Silva A.M., Russo M., et al. Distinct outcomes of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in hamsters are related to myocardial parasitism, cytokine/chemokine gene expression, and protein expression profile. J Infect Dis 198 (2008) 614-623
199. Acosta-Serrano A., Vassella E., Liniger M., Kunz Renggli C., Brun R., Roditi I., et al. The surface coat of procyclic Trypanosoma brucei: programmed expression and proteolytic cleavage of procyclin in the tsetse fly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (2001) 1513-1518
200. Acosta-Serrano A., Cole R.N., Mehlert A., Lee M.G., Ferguson M.A., and Englund P.T. The procyclin repertoire of Trypanosoma brucei. Identification and structural characterization of the Glu-Pro-rich polypeptides. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 29763-29771
201. Acosta-Serrano A., Cole R.N., and Englund P.T. Killing of Trypanosoma brucei by concanavalin A: structural basis of resistance in glycosylation mutants. J Mol Biol 304 (2000) 633-644
202. Papadopoulos M.C., Abel P.M., Agranoff D., Stich A., Tarelli E., Bell B.A., et al. A novel and accurate diagnostic test for human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet 363 (2004) 1358-1363
203. Petricoin E.F., Ardekani A.M., Hitt B.A., Levine P.J., Fusaro V.A., Steinberg S.M., et al. Use of proteomic patterns in serum to identify ovarian cancer. Lancet 359 (2002) 572-577
204. Qu Y., Adam B.L., Yasui Y., Ward M.D., Cazares L.H., Schellhammer P.F., et al. Boosted decision tree analysis of surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectral serum profiles discriminates prostate cancer from noncancer patients. Clin Chem 48 (2002) 1835-1843
205. Li J., Zhang Z., Rosenzweig J., Wang Y.Y., and Chan D.W. Proteomics and bioinformatics approaches for identification of serum biomarkers to detect breast cancer. Clin Chem 48 (2002) 1296-1304
206. Agranoff D., Fernandez-Reyes D., Papadopoulos M.C., Rojas S.A., Herbster M., Loosemore A., et al. Identification of diagnostic markers for tuberculosis by proteomic fingerprinting of serum. Lancet 368 (2006) 1012-1021
207. Yang Y.C., Yu H., Xiao D.W., Liu H., Hu Q., Huang B., et al. Rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus by surface enhanced laser desorption and ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. J Microbiol Methods 77 (2009) 202-206
208. Croft S.L. Kinetoplastida: new therapeutic strategies. Parasite 15 (2008) 522-527
209. Croft S.L., Sundar S., and Fairlamb A.H. Drug resistance in leishmaniasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 19 (2006) 111-126
210. Faraut-Gambarelli F., Piarroux R., Deniau M., Giusiano B., Marty P., Michel G., et al. In vitro and in vivo resistance of Leishmania infantum to meglumine antimoniate: a study of 37 strains collected from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 (1997) 827-830
211. Lira R., Sundar S., Makharia A., Kenney R., Gam A., Saraiva E., et al. Evidence that the high incidence of treatment failures in Indian kalaazar is due to the emergence of antimony-resistant strains of Leishmania donovani. J Infect Dis 180 (1999) 564-567
212. Palacios R., Osorio L.E., Grajalew L.F., and Ochoa M.T. Treatment failure in children in a randomized clinical trial with 10 and 20 days of meglumine antimonate for cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania viannia species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (2001) 187-193
213. Sundar S. Drug resistance in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Trop. Med. Int. Health 6 (2001) 849-854
214. Abdo M.G., Elamin W.M., Khalil E.A., and Mukhtar M.M. Antimony-resistant Leishmania Donovani in eastern Sudan: incidence and in vitro correlation. East Mediterr Health J 9 (2003) 837-843
215. Das V.N., Ranjan A., Bimal S., Siddique N.A., Pandey K., Kumar N., et al. Magnitude of unresponsiveness to sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar. Natl Med J India 18 (2005) 131-133
216. Hadighi R., Mohebali M., Boucher P., Hajjaran H., Khamesipour A., and Ouellette M. Unresponsiveness to Glucantime treatment in Iranian cutaneous leishmaniasis due to drug-resistant Leishmania tropica parasites. PLoS Med 3 (2006) e162
217. Rojas R., Valderrama L., Valderrama M., Varona M.X., Ouellette M., and Saravia N.G. Resistance to antimony and treatment failure in human Leishmania (Viannia) infection. J Infect Dis 193 (2006) 1375-1383
218. Pérez-Victoria F.J., Sánchez-Cañete M.P., Seifert K., Croft S.L., Sundar S., Castanys S., et al. Mechanisms of experimental resistance of Leishmania to miltefosine: implications for clinical use. Drug Resist Updat 9 (2006) 26-39
219. Seifert K., Pérez-Victoria F.J., Stettler M., Sánchez-Cañete M.P., Castanys S., Gamarro F., et al. Inactivation of the miltefosine transporter, LdMT, causes miltefosine resistance that is conferred to the amastigote stage of Leishmania donovani and persists in vivo. Int J Antimicrob Agents 30 (2007) 229-235
220. Kumar D., Kulshrestha A., Singh R., and Salotra P. In vitro susceptibility of field isolates of Leishmania donovani to Miltefosine and amphotericin B: correlation with sodium antimony gluconate susceptibility and implications for treatment in areas of endemicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 (2009) 835-838
221. Prieto J.H., Koncarevic S., Park S.K., Yates III J., and Becker K. Large-scale differential proteome analysis in Plasmodium falciparum under drug treatment. PLoS One 3 (2008) e4098
222. Leitsch D., Kolarich D., Binder M., Stadlmann J., Altmann F., and Duchêne M. Trichomonas vaginalis: metronidazole and other nitroimidazole drugs are reduced by the flavin enzyme thioredoxin reductase and disrupt the cellular redox system. Implications for nitroimidazole toxicity and resistance. Mol Microbiol 72 (2009) 518-536
223. Cooper R.A., and Carucci D.J. Proteomic approaches to studying drug targets and resistance in Plasmodium. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 4 (2004) 41-51
224. Koncarevic S., Bogumil R., and Becker K. SELDI-TOF-MS analysis of chloroquine resistant and sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strains. Proteomics 7 (2007) 711-721
225. Frearson J.A., Wyatt P.G., Gilbert I.H., and Fairlamb A.H. Target assessment for antiparasitic drug discovery. Trends Parasitol 23 (2007) 589-595
226. Lüscher A., de Koning H.P., and Mäser P. Chemotherapeutic strategies against Trypanosoma brucei: drug targets vs. drug targeting. Curr Pharm Des 13 (2007) 555-567
227. Kumari S., Kumar A., Samant M., Singh N., and Dube A. Discovery of novel vaccine candidates and drug targets against visceral leishmaniasis using proteomics and transcriptomics. Curr Drug Targets 9 (2008) 938-947
228. Kumari S., Kumar A., Samant M., Sundar S., Singh N., and Dube A. Proteomic approaches for discovery of new targets for vaccine and therapeutics against visceral leishmaniasis. Proteomics 2 (2008) 372-386
229. Papadopoulou B., Roy G., and Ouellette M. A novel antifolate resistance gene on the amplified H circle of Leishmania. EMBO J 11 (1992) 3601-3608
230. Callahan H.L., and Beverley S.M. A member of the aldoketo reductase family confers methotrexate resistance in Leishmania. J Biol Chem 267 (1992) 24165-24168
231. Drummelsmith J., Girard I., Trudel N., and Ouellette M. Differential protein expression analysis of Leishmania major reveals novel roles for methionine adenosyltransferase and S-adenosylmethionine in methotrexate resistance. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 33273-33280
232. Ouellette M., Drummelsmith J., and Papadopoulou B. Leishmaniasis: drugs in the clinic, resistance and new developments. Drug Resist Updat 7 (2004) 257-266
233. Sereno D., Holzmuller P., Mangot I., Cuny G., Ouaissi A., and Lemesre J.L. Antimonial-mediated DNA fragmentation in Leishmania infantum amastigotes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 45 (2001) 2064-2069
234. Lee N., Bertholet S., Debrabant A., Muller J., Duncan R., and Nakhasi H.L. Programmed cell death in the unicellular protozoan parasite Leishmania. Cell Death Differ 9 (2002) 53-64
235. 2+ through non-selective cation channels in the host and the parasite is responsible for apoptosis of intracellular Leishmania donovani amastigotes. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 25120-25132
236. Vergnes B., Gourbal B., Girard I., Sundar S., Drummelsmith J., and Ouellette M. A proteomics screen implicates HSP83 and a small kinetoplastid calpain-related protein in drug resistance in Leishmania donovani clinical field isolates by modulating drug-induced programmed cell death. Mol Cell Proteomics 6 (2007) 88-101
237. El Fadili K., Drummelsmith J., Roy G., Jardim A., and Ouellette M. Down regulation of KMP-11 in Leishmania infantum axenic antimony resistant amastigotes as revealed by a proteomic screen. Exp Parasitol 123 (2009) 51-57
238. Urbina J.A. Parasitological cure of Chagas disease: is it possible? Is it relevant?. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 (1999) 34-35
239. Braga M.S., Lauria-Pires L., Arganaraz E.R., Nascimento R.J., and Teixeira A.R. Persistent infections in chronic Chagas' disease patients treated with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi nitroderivates. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 42 (2000) 157-161
240. Cancado J.R. Long term evaluation of etiological treatment of Chagas disease with benznidazole. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 44 (2002) 29-37
241. Murta S.M., Gazzinelli R.T., Brener Z., and Romanha A.J. Molecular characterization of susceptible and naturally resistant strains of Trypanosoma cruzi to benznidazole and nifurtimox. Mol Biochem Parasitol 93 (1998) 203-214
242. Andrade H.M., Murta S.M., Chapeaurouge A., Perales J., Nirdé P., and Romanha A.J. Proteomic analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi resistance to benznidazole. J Proteome Res 7 (2008) 2357-2367
243. Brun R., Schumacher R., Schmid C., Kunz C., and Burri C. The phenomenon of treatment failures in Human African Trypanosomiasis. Trop Med Int Health 6 (2001) 906-914
244. Stanghellini A., and Josenando T. The situation of sleeping sickness in Angola: a calamity. Trop Med Int Health 6 (2001) 330-334
245. Matovu E., Geiser F., Schneider V., Mäser P., Enyaru J.C., Kaminsky R., et al. Genetic variants of the TbAT1 adenosine transporter from African trypanosomes in relapse infections following melarsoprol therapy. Mol Biochem Parasitol 117 (2001) 73-81
246. Matovu E., Stewart M.L., Geiser F., Brun R., Mäser P., Wallace L.J., et al. Mechanisms of arsenical and diamidine uptake and resistance in Trypanosoma brucei. Eukaryot Cell 2 (2003) 1003-1008
247. Gehrig S., and Efferth T. Development of drug resistance in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Treatment of human African trypanosomiasis with natural products. Int J Mol Med 22 (2008) 411-419
248. Carter N.S., and Fairlamb A.H. Arsenical-resistant trypanosomes lack an unusual adenosine transporter. Nature 361 (1993) 173-175
249. Shahi S.K., Krauth-Siegel R.L., and Clayton C.E. Overexpression of the putative thiol conjugate transporter TbMRPA causes melarsoprol resistance in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 43 (2002) 1129-1138
250. Foucher A.L., McIntosh A., Douce G., Wastling J., Tait A., and Turner C.M. A proteomic analysis of arsenical drug resistance in Trypanosoma brucei. Proteomics 6 (2006) 2726-2732