Telomeres and telomerase in adrenocortical tissue maintenance, carcinogenesis, and aging

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 131-141

  Else, Tobias ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; CELL PROTEIN; SHELTERIN; TELOMERASE; TELOMERASE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADRENAL CORTEX CARCINOMA; AGING; APOPTOSIS; CARCINOGENESIS; COMPLEX FORMATION; DNA DAMAGE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HOMEOSTASIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; SENESCENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; TELOMERE;

ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS; ADRENAL GLANDS; ANIMALS; CELL AGING; HUMANS; TELOMERASE; TELOMERE;

EID: 70450173163     PISSN: 09525041     EISSN: 14796813     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1677/JME-08-0189     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Armanios M, Chen JL, Chang YPC, Brodsky RA, Hawkins A, Griffin CA, Eshleman JR, Cohen AR, Chakravarti A, Hamosh A et al. 2005 Haploinsufficiency of telomerase reverse transcriptase leads to anticipation in autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita. PNAS 102 15960-15964. (Pubitemid 41552850)
2. Artandi SE & Attardi LD 2005 Pathways connecting telomeres and p53 in senescence, apoptosis, and cancer. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 331 881-890.
3. Artandi SE, Chang S, Lee SL, Alson S, Gottlieb GJ, Chin L & DePinho RA 2000 Telomere dysfunction promotes non-reciprocal translocations and epithelial cancers in mice. Nature 406 641-645. (Pubitemid 30641052)
4. Asmann YW, Wallace MB & Thompson EA 2008 Transcriptome profiling using next-generation sequencing. Gastroenterology 135 1466-1468.
5. Attardi LD 2005 The role of p53-mediated apoptosis as a crucial antitumor response to genomic instability: lessons from mouse models. Mutation Research 569 145-157.
6. Bamberger CM, Else T, Bamberger AM, Frilling A, Beil FU, Allolio B & Schulte HM 1999 Telomerase activity in benign and malignant adrenal tumors. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes 107 272-275. (Pubitemid 29322141)
7. Baumann P & Cech TR 2001 Pot1, the putative telomere end-binding protein in fission yeast and humans. Science 292 1171-1175. (Pubitemid 32440940)
8. Beamer WG, Sweet HO, Bronson RT, Shire JGM, Orth DN & Davisson MT 1994 Adrenocortical dysplasia: a mouse model system for adrenocortical insufficiency. Journal of Endocrinology 141 33-43.
9. Bellon M, Datta A, Brown M, Pouliquen JF, Couppie P, Kazanji M & Nicot C 2006 Increased expression of telomere length regulating factors TRF1, TRF2 and TIN2 in patients with adult T-cell leukemia. International Journal of Cancer 119 2090-2097. (Pubitemid 44423666)
10. Blasco MA, Lee HW, Hande MP, Samper E, Lansdorp PM, DePinho RA & Greider CW 1997 Telomere shortening and tumor formation by mouse cells lacking telomerase RNA. Cell 91 25-34. (Pubitemid 27431310)
11. Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, Holt SE, Chiu CP, Morin GB, Harley CB, Shay JW, Lichtsteiner S & Wright WE 1998 Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 279 349-352. (Pubitemid 28063364)
12. Broccoli D, Smogorzewska A, Chong L & de Lange T 1997 Human telomeres contain two distinct Myb-related proteins, TRF1 and TRF2. Nature Genetics 17 231-235.
13. Brown JP, Wei W & Sedivy JM 1997 Bypass of senescence after disruption of p21CIP1/WAF1 gene in normal diploid human fibroblasts. Science 277 831-834. (Pubitemid 27366737)
14. Bryan TM, Englezou A, Dalla-Pozza L, Dunham MA & Reddel RR 1997 Evidence for an alternative mechanism for maintaining telomere length in human tumors and tumor-derived cell lines. Nature Medicine 3 1271-1274. (Pubitemid 27508830)
15. Celli GB & de Lange T 2005 DNA processing is not required for ATMmediated telomere damage response after TRF2 deletion. Nature Cell Biology 7 712-718. (Pubitemid 40975753)
16. Chiang YJ, Kim SH, Tessarollo L, Campisi J & Hodes RJ 2004 Telomereassociated protein TIN2 is essential for early embryonic development through a telomerase-independent pathway. Molecular and Cellular Biology 24 6631-6634. (Pubitemid 38944342)
17. Chin L, Artandi SE, Shen Q, Tam A, Lee SL, Gottlieb GJ, Greider CW & DePinho RA 1999 p53 deficiency rescues the adverse effects of telomere loss and cooperates with telomere dysfunction to accelerate carcinogenesis. Cell 97 527-538. (Pubitemid 29231175)
18. Choi J, Southworth LK, Sarin KY, Venteicher AS, Ma W, Chang W, Cheung P, Jun S, Artandi MK, Shah N et al. 2008 TERT promotes epithelial proliferation through transcriptional control of a Mycand Wnt-related developmental program. PLoS Genetics 4 e10.
19. Chong L, van Steensel B, Broccoli D, Erdjument-Bromage H, Hanish J, Tempst P & de Lange T 1995 A human telomeric protein. Science 270 1663-1667.
20. Costa A, Daidone MG, Daprai L, Villa R, Cantú S, Pilotti S, Mariani L, Gronchi A, Henson JD, Reddel RR et al. 2006 Telomere maintenance mechanisms in liposarcomas: association with histologic subtypes and disease progression. Cancer Research 66 8918-8924. (Pubitemid 44449211)
21. Deng Y, Chan SS & Chang S 2008 Telomere dysfunction and tumour suppression: the senescence connection. Nature Reviews. Cancer 8 450-458. (Pubitemid 351744962)
22. Dobbie JW 1969 Adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia: the ageing adrenal. Journal of Pathology 99 1-18.
23. Else T, Theisen BK, Wu Y, Hutz JE, Keegan CE, Hammer GD & Ferguson DO 2007 Tpp1/Acd maintains genomic stability through a complex role in telomere protection. Chromosome Research 15 1001-1013.
24. Else T, Giordano TJ & Hammer GD 2008 Evaluation of telomere length maintenance mechanisms in adrenocortical carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93 1442-1449.
25. Engle LJ, Simpson CL & Landers JE 2006 Using high-throughput SNP technologies to study cancer. Oncogene 25 1594-1601.
26. Favara BE, Steele A, Grant JH & Steele P 1991 Adrenal cytomegaly: quantitative assessment by image analysis. Pediatric Pathology 11 521-536.
27. Giordano TJ, Kuick R, Else T, Gauger PG, Vinco M, Bauersfeld J, Sanders D, Thomas DG, Doherty G & Hammer G 2009 Molecular classification and prognostication of adrenocortical tumors by transcriptome profiling. Clinical Cancer Research 15 668-676.
28. Greider CW & Blackburn EH 1987 The telomere terminal transferase of Tetrahymena is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme with two kinds of primer specificity. Cell 51 887-898.
29. Griffith JD, Comeau L, Rosenfield S, Stansel RM, Bianchi A, Moss H & de Lange T 1999 Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop. Cell 97 503-514. (Pubitemid 29231173)
30. Hakin-Smith V, Jellinek DA, Levy D, Carroll T, Teo M, Timperley WR, McKay MJ, Reddel RR & Royds JA 2003 Alternative lengthening of telomeres and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Lancet 361 836-838.
31. Hande MP, Samper E, Lansdorp P & Blasco MA 1999 Telomere length dynamics and chromosomal instability in cells derived from telomerase null mice. Journal of Cell Biology 144 589-601. (Pubitemid 29234540)
32. Hansemann DP 1891 Ueber Pathologische Mitosen. Virchows Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medizin 119 299-326.
33. Hanukoglu I 2006 Antioxidant protective mechanisms against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondrial P450 systems in steroidogenic cells. Drug Metabolism Reviews 38 171-196. (Pubitemid 43739006)
34. Harley CB, Futcher AB & Greider CW 1990 Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345 458-460. (Pubitemid 20178256)
35. Hayflick L 1965 The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Experimental Cell Research 37 614-636.
36. Hayflick L & Moorhead PS 1961 The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Experimental Cell Research 25 585-621.
37. He H, Multani AS, Cosme-Blanco W, Tahara H, Ma J, Pathak S, Deng Y & Chang S 2006 POT1b protects telomeres from end-to-end chromosomal fusions and aberrant homologous recombination. EMBO Journal 25 5180-5190. (Pubitemid 44658535)
38. Heiss NS, Knight SW, Vulliamy TJ, Klauck SM, Wiemann S, Mason PJ, Poustka A & Dokal I 1998 X-linked dyskeratosis congenita is caused by mutations in a highly conserved gene with putative nucleolar functions. Nature Genetics 19 32-38. (Pubitemid 28242019)
39. Hirano Y, Fujita K, Suzuki K, Ushiyama T, Ohtawara Y & Tsuda F 1998 Telomerase activity as an indicator of potentially malignant adrenal tumors. Cancer 83 772-776. (Pubitemid 28387703)
40. Hockemeyer D, Daniels JP, Takai H & de Lange T 2006 Recent expansion of the telomeric complex in rodents: two distinct POT1 proteins protect mouse telomeres. Cell 126 63-77.
41. Hockemeyer D, PalmW, Else T, Daniels JP, Takai KK, Ye JZ, Keegan CE, de Lange T & Hammer GD 2007 Telomere protection by mammalian Pot1 requires interaction with Tpp1. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology 14 754-761. (Pubitemid 47220056)
42. Hornsby PJ 1995 Biosynthesis of DHEAS by the human adrenal cortex and its age-related decline. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 774 29-46.
43. Hornsby PJ 2002 Aging of the human adrenal cortex. Ageing Research Reviews 1 229-242.
44. Hornsby PJ 2007 Senescence as an anticancer mechanism. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25 1852-1857.
45. Houghtaling BR, Cuttonaro L, Chang W & Smith S 2004 A dynamic molecular link between the telomere length regulator TRF1 and the chromosome end protector TRF2. Current Biology 14 1621-1631. (Pubitemid 39239358)
46. Hutz JE, Krause AS, Achermann JC, Vilain E, Tauber M, Lecointre C, McCabe ER, Hammer GD & Keegan CE 2006 IMAGe association and congenital adrenal hypoplasia: no mutations found in the ACD gene. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 88 66-70.
47. Irving IM 1967 Exomphalos with macroglossia: a study of eleven cases. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2 499-507.
48. Itahana K, Campisi J & Dimri GP 2004 Mechanisms of cellular senescence in human and mouse cells. Biogerontology 5 1-10. (Pubitemid 38461023)
49. Jacobs JJ & de Lange T 2005 p16INK4a as a second effector of the telomere damage pathway. Cell Cycle 4 1364-1368.
50. Johnson JE, Varkonyi RJ, Schwalm J, Cragle R, Klein-Szanto A, Patchefsky A, Cukierman E, von Mehren M & Broccoli D 2005 Multiple mechanisms of telomere maintenance exist in liposarcomas. Clinical Cancer Research 11 5347-5355. (Pubitemid 41060807)
51. Ju Z & Rudolph KL 2006 Telomeres and telomerase in cancer stem cells. European Journal of Cancer 42 1197-1203. (Pubitemid 43810142)
52. Karlseder J, Broccoli D, Dai Y, Hardy S & de Lange T 1999 p53- and ATM-dependent apoptosis induced by telomeres lacking TRF2. Science 283 1321-1325. (Pubitemid 129507217)
53. Karlseder J, Kachatrian L, Takai H, Mercer K, Hingorani S, Jacks T & de Lange T 2003 Targeted deletion reveals an essential function for the telomere length regulator Trf1. Molecular and Cellular Biology 23 6533-6541. (Pubitemid 37075764)
54. Keegan CE, Hutz JE, Else T, Adamska M, Shah SP, Kent AE, Howes JM, Beamer WG & Hammer GD 2005 Urogenital and caudal dysgenesis in adrenocortical dysplasia (acd) mice is caused by a splicing mutation in a novel telomeric regulator. Human Molecular Genetics 14 113-123. (Pubitemid 40123467)
55. Kim AC & Hammer GD 2007 Adrenocortical cells with stem/progenitor cell properties: recent advances. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 265-266 10-16.
56. Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PL, Coviello GM, Wright WE, Weinrich SL & Shay JW 1994 Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266 2011-2015.
57. Kim SH, Kaminker P & Campisi J 1999 TIN2, a new regulator of telomere length in human cells. Nature Genetics 23 405-412.
58. Kim AC, Reuter AL, Zubair M, Else T, Serecky K, Bingham NC, Lavery GG, Parker KL & Hammer GD 2008 Targeted disruption of beta-catenin in Sf1-expressing cells impairs development and maintenance of the adrenal cortex. Development 135 2593-2602.
59. Kinoshita H, Ogawa O, Mishina M, Oka H, Okumura K, Yamabe H, Terachi T & Yoshida O 1998 Telomerase activity in adrenal cortical tumors and pheochromocytomas with reference to clinicopathologic features. Urological Research 26 29-32. (Pubitemid 28218179)
60. Kipling D & Cooke HJ 1990 Hypervariable ultra-long telomeres in mice. Nature 347 400-402.
61. Kondo T, Oue N, Yoshida K, Mitani Y, Naka K, Nakayama H & Yasui W 2004 Expression of POT1 is associated with tumor stage and telomere length in gastric carcinoma. Cancer Research 64 523-529. (Pubitemid 38120891)
62. de Lange T 2005 Shelterin: the protein complex that shapes and safeguards human telomeres. Genes and Development 19 2100-2110.
63. Lazzerini Denchi E, Celli G & de Lange T 2006 Hepatocytes with extensive telomere deprotection and fusion remain viable and regenerate liver mass through endoreduplication. Genes and Development 20 2648-2653. (Pubitemid 44498375)
64. Lee HW, Blasco MA, Gottlieb GJ, Horner JW II, Greider CW & DePinho RA 1998 Essential role of mouse telomerase in highly proliferative organs. Nature 392 569-574.
65. Levy MZ, Allsopp RC, Futcher AB, Greider CW & Harley CB 1992 Telomere end-replication problem and cell aging. Journal of Molecular Biology 225 951-960.
66. Li FP, Fraumeni JF Jr, Mulvihill JJ, Blattner WA, Dreyfus MG, Tucker MA & Miller RW 1988 A cancer family syndrome in twenty-four kindreds. Cancer Research 48 5358-5362.
67. Li B, Oestreich S & de Lange T 2000 Identification of human Rap1: implications for telomere evolution. Cell 101 471-483.
68. Lin X, Gu J, Lu C, Spitz MR & Wu X 2006 Expression of telomereassociated genes as prognostic markers for overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 12 5720-5725. (Pubitemid 44629601)
69. Liu Y, Snow BE, Hande MP, Yeung D, Erdmann NJ, Wakeham A, Itie A, Siderovski DP, Lansdorp PM, Robinson MO et al. 2000 The telomerase reverse transcriptase is limiting and necessary for telomerase function in vivo. Current Biology 10 1459-1462. (Pubitemid 32692877)
70. Liu D, O'Connor MS, Qin J & Songyang Z 2004a Telosome, a mammalian telomere-associated complex formed by multiple telomeric proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 51338-51342.
71. Liu D, Safari A, O'Connor MS, Chan DW, Laegeler A, Qin J & Songyang Z 2004b PTOP interacts with POT1 and regulates its localization to telomeres. Nature Cell Biology 6 673-680. (Pubitemid 38960926)
72. Lo AW, Sabatier L, Fouladi B, Pottier G, Ricoul M & Murnane JP 2002 DNA amplification by breakage/fusion/bridge cycles initiated by spontaneous telomere loss in a human cancer cell line. Neoplasia 4 531-538. (Pubitemid 35417077)
73. Malkin D, Friend SH, Li FP & Strong LC 1997 Germ-line mutations of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene in children and young adults with second malignant neoplasms. New England Journal of Medicine 336 734.
74. Mannelli M,Gelmini S,Arnaldi G, BecheriniL,BemporadD,Crescioli C, PazzagliM,Mantero F, SerioM&Orlando C 2000 Telomerase activity is significantly enhanced in malignant adrenocortical tumors in comparison to benign adrenocortical adenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 468-470.
75. Mansmann G, Lau J, Balk E, Rothberg M, Miyachi Y & Bornstein SR 2004 The clinically inapparent adrenal mass: update in diagnosis and management. Endocrine Reviews 25 309-340. (Pubitemid 38528713)
76. Michaloglou C, Vredeveld LC, Soengas MS, Denoyelle C, Kuilman T, van der Horst CMAM, Majoor DM, Shay JW, Mooi WJ & Peeper DS 2005 BRAFE600-associated senescence-like cell cycle arrest of human naevi. Nature 436 720-724. (Pubitemid 41117276)
77. Midzak AS, Chen H, Papadopoulos V & Zirkin BR 2009 Leydig cell aging and the mechanisms of reduced testosterone synthesis. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 299 23-31.
78. Morin GB 1989 The human telomere terminal transferase enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes TTAGGG repeats. Cell 59 521-529.
79. Muntoni A & Reddel RR 2005 The first molecular details of ALT in human tumor cells. Human Molecular Genetics 14 R191-R196.
80. Murnane JP 2006 Telomeres and chromosome instability. DNA Repair 5 1082-1092.
81. Murnane JP & Sabatier L 2004 Chromosome rearrangements resulting from telomere dysfunction and their role in cancer. BioEssays 26 1164-1174. (Pubitemid 39536612)
82. O'Hagan RC, Chang S, Maser RS, Mohan R, Artandi SE, Chin L & DePinho RA 2002 Telomere dysfunction provokes regional amplification and deletion in cancer genomes. Cancer Cell 2 149-155. (Pubitemid 41039115)
83. Olovnikov AM 1973 A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon. Journal of Theoretical Biology 41 181-190.
84. O'Riordan SM, Lynch SA, Hindmarsh PC, Chan LF, Clark AJ & Costigan C 2008 A novel variant of familial glucocorticoid deficiency prevalent among the Irish Traveler population. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93 2896-2899. (Pubitemid 352008567)
85. Orlando C & Gelmini S 2001 Telomerase in endocrine and endocrinedependent tumors. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 78 201-214.
86. Parrinello S, Samper E, Krtolica A, Goldstein J, Melov S & Campisi J 2003 Oxygen sensitivity severely limits the replicative lifespan of murine fibroblasts. Nature Cell Biology 5 741-747. (Pubitemid 36986782)
87. Poncet D, Belleville A, t'kint de Roodenbeke C, Roborel de Climens A, Ben Simon E, Merle-Beral H, Callet-Bauchu E, Salles G, Sabatier L, Delic J et al. 2008 Changes in the expression of telomere maintenance genes suggest global telomere dysfunction in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 111 2388-2391.
88. Prowse KR & Greider CW 1995 Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of mouse telomerase and telomere length. PNAS 92 4818-4822.
89. Richter T & von Zglinicki T 2007 A continuous correlation between oxidative stress and telomere shortening in fibroblasts. Experimental Gerontology 42 1039-1042. (Pubitemid 47633455)
90. Salhab M, Jiang WG, Newbold RF & Mokbel K 2008 The expression of gene transcripts of telomere-associated genes in human breast cancer: correlation with clinico-pathological parameters and clinical outcome. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 109 35-46. (Pubitemid 351538752)
91. Sarin KY, Cheung P, Gilison D, Lee E, Tennen RI,Wang E, Artandi MK, Oro AE & Artandi SE 2005 Conditional telomerase induction causes proliferation of hair follicle stem cells. Nature 436 1048-1052.
92. Savage SA, Giri N, Baerlocher GM, Orr N, Lansdorp PM & Alter BP 2008 TINF2, a component of the shelterin telomere protection complex, is mutated in dyskeratosis congenita. American Journal of Human Genetics 82 501-509.
93. Shelton DN, Chang E,Whittier PS, Choi D & FunkWD 1999Microarray analysis of replicative senescence. Current Biology 9 939-945.
94. Sun B, Huang Q, Liu S, Chen M, Hawks CL, Wang L, Zhang C & Hornsby PJ 2004 Progressive loss of malignant behavior in telomerase-negative tumorigenic adrenocortical cells and restoration of tumorigenicity by human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Cancer Research 64 6144-6151. (Pubitemid 39129415)
95. Tabori U & Malkin D 2008 Risk stratification in cancer predisposition syndromes: lessons learned from novel molecular developments in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Cancer Research 68 2053-2057.
96. Tabori U, Nanda S, Druker H, Lees J & Malkin D 2007 Younger age of cancer initiation is associated with shorter telomere length in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Cancer Research 67 1415-1418. (Pubitemid 46383364)
97. Takai H, Smogorzewska A & de Lange T 2003 DNA damage foci at dysfunctional telomeres. Current Biology 13 1549-1556. (Pubitemid 37078413)
98. Tan TY, Jameson JL, Campbell PE, Ekert PG, Zacharin M & Savarirayan R 2006 Two sisters with IMAGe syndrome: cytomegalic adrenal histopathology, support for autosomal recessive inheritance and literature review. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part A 140 1778-1784. (Pubitemid 44148240)
99. Taylor RS, Ramirez RD, OgoshiM, Chaffins M, Piatyszek MA & Shay JW 1996 Detection of telomerase activity in malignant and nonmalignant skin conditions. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 106 759-765.
100. Teng L, Tucker O, Malchoff C, Vaughan ED Jr, Jacobson J & Fahey TJ III 1998 Telomerase activity in the differentiation of benign and malignant adrenal tumors. Surgery 124 1123-1127. (Pubitemid 28555204)
101. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS & Jones JM 1998 Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282 1145-1147.
102. Venteicher AS, Meng Z, Mason PJ, Veenstra TD & Artandi SE 2008 Identification of ATPases pontin and reptin as telomerase components essential for holoenzyme assembly. Cell 132 945-957.
103. Vilain E, Le Merrer M, Lecointre C, Desangles F, Kay MA, Maroteaux P & McCabe ER 1999 IMAGe, a new clinical association of intrauterine growth retardation, metaphyseal dysplasia, adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and genital anomalies. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 4335-4340. (Pubitemid 30677641)
104. Vulliamy T, Marrone A, Goldman F, Dearlove A, Bessler M, Mason PJ & Dokal I 2001 The RNA component of telomerase is mutated in autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita. Nature 413 432-435. (Pubitemid 32928599)
105. Wajchenberg BL, Albergaria Pereira MA, Medonca BB, Latronico AC, Campos Carneiro P, Alves VA, Zerbini MC, Liberman B, Carlos Gomes G & Kirschner MA 2000 Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical and laboratory observations. Cancer 88 711-736. (Pubitemid 30091090)
106. Weng NP, Levine BL, June CH & Hodes RJ 1996 Regulated expression of telomerase activity in human T lymphocyte development and activation. Journal of Experimental Medicine 183 2471-2479. (Pubitemid 26192356)
107. Wright WE, Piatyszek MA, Rainey WE, Byrd W & Shay JW 1996 Telomerase activity in human germline and embryonic tissues and cells. Developmental Genetics 18 173-179. (Pubitemid 26116862)
108. Wu L, Multani A, He H, Cosme-Blanco W, Deng Y, Deng J, Bachilo O, Pathak S, Tahara H & Bailey S 2006 Pot1 deficiency initiates DNA damage checkpoint activation and aberrant homologous recombination at telomeres. Cell 126 49-62.
109. Yang L, Suwa T, Wright WE, Shay JW & Hornsby PJ 2001 Telomere shortening and decline in replicative potential as a function of donor age in human adrenocortical cells. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 122 1685-1694. (Pubitemid 32835216)
110. Yashima K, Maitra A, Rogers BB, Timmons CF, Rathi A, Pinar H, Wright WE, Shay JW & Gazdar AF 1998 Expression of the RNA component of telomerase during human development and differentiation. Cell Growth and Differentiation 9 805-813. (Pubitemid 28425877)
111. Ye JZ, Donigian JR, van Overbeek M, Loayza D, Luo Y, Krutchinsky AN, Chait BT & de Lange T 2004a TIN2 binds TRF1 and TRF2 simultaneously and stabilizes the TRF2 complex on telomeres. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 47264-47271.
112. Ye JZ, Hockemeyer D, Krutchinsky AN, Loayza D, Hooper SM, Chait BT & de Lange T 2004b POT1-interacting protein PIP1: a telomere length regulator that recruits POT1 to the TIN2/TRF1 complex. Genes and Development 18 1649-1654. (Pubitemid 38938182)
113. Zajicek G, Ariel I & Arber N 1986 The streaming adrenal cortex: direct evidence of centripetal migration of adrenocytes by estimation of cell turnover rate. Journal of Endocrinology 111 477-482. (Pubitemid 17207239)
114. Zanaria E, Muscatelli F, Bardoni B, Strom TM, Guioli S, GuoW, Lalli E, Moser C, Walker AP, McCabe ER et al. 1994 An unusual member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily responsible for X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita. Nature 372 635-641.
115. Zimmermann S & Martens UM 2007 Telomeres and telomerase as targets for cancer therapy. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 64 906-921. (Pubitemid 46597763)