Applications, techniques, and microfluidic interfacing for nanoscale biosensing

Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 149-167

  Kim, Jungkyu ^a   Junkin, Michael ^b   Kim, Deok Ho ^c   Kwon, Seunglee ^d   Shin, Young Shik ^e   Wong, Pak Kin ^b   Gale, Bruce K ^a  

^a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (United States)

^b University of Arizona   (United States)

^c Johns Hopkins University   (United States)

^d DREXEL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e California Institute of Technology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; BIOMEDICAL FIELDS; BIOSENSING; LABEL FREE; LATEST DEVELOPMENT; NANO SCALE; NANO-BIOSENSORS; PACKAGING TECHNIQUES;

BIOSENSORS; ELECTRIC WIRE; LABELS; SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE;

NANOTECHNOLOGY;

EID: 68349105025     PISSN: 16134982     EISSN: 16134990     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10404-009-0431-8     Document Type: Review

References (198)

1. Ackermann KR, Henkel T, Popp J (2007) Quantitative online detection of low concentrated drugs via a SERS microfluidic system. ChemPhysChem 8:2665-2670
2. Agrawal A, Zhang C, Byassee T, Tripp RA, Nie S (2006) Counting single native biomolecules and intact viruses with color-coded nanoparticles. Anal Chem 78:1061-1070
3. Albani JR (2007) Principles and applications of fluorescence spectroscopy. Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey
4. Albrecht MG, Creighton JA (1977) Anomalously intense Raman spectra of pyridine at a silver electrode. J Am Chem Soc 99:5215-5219
5. Alivisatos P (2004) The use of nanocrystals in biological detection. Nat Biotechnol 22:47-52
6. Aubin KL, Huang J, Park SM, Yang Y, Kondratovich M, Craighead HG, Ilic BR (2007) Microfluidic encapsulated nanoelectromechanical resonators. J Vac Sci Technol B 25:1171-1174
7. Bailey RC, Kwong GA, Radu CG, Witte ON, Heath JR (2007) DNA-encoded antibody libraries: A unified platform for multiplexed cell sorting and detection of genes and proteins. J Am Chem Soc 129:1959-1967
8. Banholzer MJ, Millstone JE, Qin L, Mirkin CA (2008) Rationally designed nanostructures for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 37:885-897
9. Bell SEJ, Sirimuthu NMS (2006) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for sub-micromolar detection of DNA/RNA mononucleotides. J Am Chem Soc 128:15580-15581
10. Benchaib A, Delorme R, Pluvinage M, Bryon PA, Souchier C (1996) Evaluation of five green fluorescence-emitting streptavidin-conjugated fluorochromes for use in immunofluorescence microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 106:253-256
11. Biswal SL, Raorane D, Chaiken A, Birecki H, Majumdar A (2006) Nanomechanical detection of DNA melting on microcantilever surfaces. Anal Chem 78:7104-7109
12. Bizzarri AR, Cannistraro S (2007) SERS detection of thrombin by protein recognition using functionalized gold nanoparticles. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 3:306-310
13. Bonham AJ, Braun G, Pavel I, Moskovits M, Reich NO (2007) Detection of sequence-specific protein-DNA interactions via surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering. J Am Chem Soc 129:14572-14573
14. Braun G, Lee SJ, Dante M, Nguyen TQ, Moskovits M, Reich N (2007) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for DNA detection by nanoparticle assembly onto smooth metal films. J Am Chem Soc 129:6378-6379
15. Briggs MS, Burns DD, Cooper ME, Gregory SJ (2000) A pH sensitive fluorescent cyanine dye for biological applications. Chem Commun 23:2323-2324
16. Bruchez M, Moronne M, Gin P, Weiss S, Alivisatos AP (1998) Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science 281:2013-2016
17. Bunimovich YL, Shin YS, Yeo WS, Amori M, Kwong G, Heath JR (2006) Quantitative real-time measurements of DNA hybridization with alkylated nonoxidized silicon nanowires in electrolyte solution. J Am Chem Soc 128:16323-16331
18. Burg TP, Godin M, Knudsen SM, Shen W, Carlson G, Foster JS, Babcock K, Manalis SR (2007) Weighing of biomolecules, single cells and single nanoparticles in fluid. Nature 446:1066-1069
19. Cai H, Wang Y, He P, Fang Y (2002) Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on silver-enhanced gold nanoparticle label. Anal Chim Acta 469:165-172
20. Chan WCW, Nie SM (1998) Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science 281:2016-2018
21. Chan WCW, Maxwell DJ, Gao X, Bailey RE, Han M, Nie S (2002) Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging. Curr Opin Biotechnol 13:40-46
22. Chang-yen DA, Myszka D, Gale BK (2006) A novel PDMS Microfluidic spotter for fabrication of protein chips and microarrays. J Microelectromech Syst 5:1145-1151
23. Chen L, Choo J (2008) Recent advances in surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection technology for microfluidic chips. Electrophoresis 29:1815-1828
24. Cheng MM-C, Cuda G, Bunimovich YL, Gaspari M, Heath JR, Hill HD, Mirkin CA, Nijdam AJ, Terracciano R, Thundat T, Ferrari M (2006) Nanotechnologies for biomolecular detection and medical diagnostics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 10:11-19
25. Cheong KH, Yi DK, Lee JG, Park JM, Kim MJ, Edel JB, Ko C (2008) Gold nanoparticles for one step DNA extraction and real-time PCR of pathogens in a single chamber. Lab Chip 8:810-813
26. Chinowsky TM, Soelberg SD, Baker P, Swanson NR, Kauffman P, Mactutis A, Grow MS, Atmar R, Yee SS, Furlong CE (2007) Portable 24-analyte surface plasmon resonance instruments for rapid, versatile biodetection. Biosens Bioelectron 22:2268-2275
27. Cross SE, Jin YS, Rao J, Gimzewski JK (2007) Nanomechanical analysis of cells from cancer patients. Nat Nanotechnol 2:780-783
28. Daniel MC, Astruc D (2004) Gold nanoparticles: Assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis and nanotechnology. Chem Rev 104:293-346
29. Dekker C (2007) Solid-state nanopores. Nat Nanotechnol 2:209-215
30. deMello AJ (2006) Control and detection of chemical reaction in microfluidic systems. Nature 442:394-402
31. Doering WE, Piotti ME, Natan MJ, Freeman RG (2007) SERS as a foundation for nanoscale, optically detected biological labels. Adv Mater 19:3100-3108
32. Dootz R, Otten A, Köster S, Struth B, Pfohl T (2006) Evolution of DNA compaction in microchannels. J Phys Condens Matter 18:S639-S652
33. Driskell JD, Shanmukh S, Liu Y, Chaney SB, Tang XJ, Zhao YP, Dluhy RA (2008) The use of aligned silver nanorod arrays prepared by oblique angle deposition as surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates. J Phys Chem C 112:895-901
34. Dubertret B, Skourides P, Norris DJ, Noireaux V, Brivanlou AH, Libchaber A (2002) In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles. Science 298:1759-1762
35. Dubus S, Gravel J-F, Drogoff BL, Nobert P, Veres T, Boudreau D (2006) PCR-free DNA detection using a magnetic bead-supported polymeric transducer and microelectromagnetic traps. Anal Chem 78:4457-4464
36. Ellington AD, Robertson MP, Bull J (1997) In vitro evolution - ribozymes in wonderland. Science 276:546-547
37. Enderlein J, Ambrose WP, Goodwin PM, Keller RA (1999) Fluorescence detection of single molecules applicable to small volume assays. In: Kohler JM, TMHPS (eds) Microsystem technology: A powerful tool for biomolecular studies. Birkhauser, Basel
38. Endo T, Kerman K, Nagatani N, Hiepa HM, Kim D-K, Yonezawa Y, Nakano K, Tamiya E (2006) Multiple label-free detection of antigen-antibody reaction using localized surface plasmon resonance-based core-shell structured nanoparticle layer nanochip. Anal Chem 78:6465-6475
39. Englebienne P, Hoonacker AV, Verhas M (2003) Surface plasmon resonance: principles, methods and applications in biomedical sciences. Spectroscopy 17:255-273
40. Fan R, Karnik R, Yue M, Li D, Majumdar A, Yang P (2005) DNA translocation in inorganic nanotubes. Nano Lett 5:1633-1637
41. Farrer RA, Butterfield FL, Chen VW, Fourkas JT (2005) Highly efficient multiphoton-absorption-induced luminescence from gold nanoparticles. Nano Lett 5:1139-1142
42. Feltis BN, Sexton BA, Glenn FL, Best MJ, Wilkins M, Davis TJ (2008) A hand-held surface plasmon resonance biosensor for the detection of ricin and other biological agents. Biosens Bioelectron 23:1131-1136
43. Fleischmann M, Hendra PJ, McQuillan AJ (1974) Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode. Chem Phys Lett 26:163-166
44. Fortina P, Kricka LJ, Graves DJ, Park J, Hyslop T, Tam F, Halas N, Surrey S, Waldman SA (2007) Applications of nanoparticles to diagnostics and therapeutics in colorectal cancer. Trends Biotechnol 25:145-152
45. Fritz J, Baller MK, Lang HP, Rothuizen H, Vettiger P, Meyer E, Guntherodt HJ, Gerber C, Gimzewski JK (2000) Translating biomolecular recognition into nanomechanics. Science 288:316-318
46. Fu CC, Lee HY, Chen K, Lim TS, Wu HY, Lin PK, Wei PK, Tsao PH, Chang HC, Fann W (2007) Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:727-732
47. Galopin E, Beaugeois M, Pinchemel B, Camart J-C, Bouazaoui M, Thomy V (2007) SPR biosensing coupled to a digital microfluidic microstreaming system. Biosens Bioelectron 23:746-750
48. Gary CH (1993) The basics of nonradioactive detection systems. In: Methods in nonradioactive detection, p. 4 Medix Biotech, Inc., Foster
49. Geddes CD, Parfenov A, Roll D, Gryczynski I, Malicka J, Lakowicz JR (2003) Silver fractal-like structures for metal-enhanced fluorescence: enhanced fluorescence intensities and increased probe photostabilities. J Fluoresc 13:267-276
50. Giesfeldt KS, Connatser RM, De Jesus MA, Dutta P, Sepaniak MJ (2005) Gold-polymer nanocomposites: Studies of their optical properties and their potential as SERS substrates. J Raman Spectrosc 36:1134-1142
51. Griffiths J (2008) The realm of the nanopore: Interest in nanoscale research has skyrocketed, and the humble pore has become a king. Anal Chem 80:23-27
52. Gupta AK, Gupta M (2005) Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 26:3995-4021
53. Gupta AK, Nair PR, Akin D, Ladisch MR, Broyles S, Alam MA, Bashir R (2006) Anomalous resonance in a nanomechanical biosensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:13362-13367
54. Haes AJ, Chang L, Klein WL, Duyne RPV (2005) Detection of a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease form synthetic and clinical sample using a nanoscale optical biosensor. J Am Chem Soc 127:1164-1171
55. Haes AJ, Hall WP, Chang L, Klein WL, Duyne RPV (2004) A localized surface plasmon resonance biosensor: First steps toward an assay for Alzheimer's disease. Nano Lett 4:1029-1034
56. Hansen KM, Thundat T (2005) Microcantilever biosensors. Methods 37:57-64
57. Haustein E, Schwille P (2007) Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: novel variations of an established technique. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 36:151-169
58. Hering K, Cialla D, Ackermann K, Dörfer T, Möller R, Schneidewind H, Mattheis R, Fritzsche W, Rösch P, Popp J (2008) SERS: A versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics. Anal Bioanal Chem 390:113-124
59. Hermanson GT (1996) Chapter 8. Tags and probes. In: Bioconjugate techniques. Academic Press, San Diego
60. Hinterdorfer P, Dufrene YF (2006) Detection and localization of single molecular recognition events using atomic force microscopy. Nat Methods 3:347-355
61. Ho YP, Kung MC, Yang S, Wang TH (2005) Multiplexed hybridization detection with multicolor colocalization of quantum dot nanoprobes. Nano Lett 5:1693-1697
62. Ho Y-P, Chen HH, Leong KW, Wang T-H (2006) Evaluating the intracellular stability and unpacking of DNA nanocomplexes by quantum dots-FRET. J Controlled Release 116:83-89
63. Hosokawa K, Sato K, Ichikawa N, Maeda M (2004) Power-free poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices for gold nanoparticle-based DNA analysis. Lab Chip 4:181-185
64. Hsing I-M, Xu Y, Zhao W (2007) Micro and nano magnetic particles for applications in biosensing. Electroanalysis 19:755-768
65. Huan-Xiang Z (2001) Disparate ionic-strength dependencies of on and off rates in protein-protein association. Biopolymers 59:427-433
66. Hun X, Zhang Z (2007) Functionalized fluorescent core-shell nanoparticles used as a fluorescent lavels in fluoroimmunoassay for IL-6. Biosens Bioelectron 22:2743-2748
67. Huo Q, Worden JG (2007) Monofunctional gold nanoparticles: Synthesis and applications. J Nanopart Res 9:1013-1025
68. Iqbal SM, Akin D, Bashir R (2007) Solid-state nanopore channels with DNA selectivity. Nat Nanotechnol 2:243-248
69. Jaiswal JK, Mattoussi H, Mauro JM, Simon SM (2003) Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates. Nat Biotechnol 21:47-51
70. Jaiswal JK, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H, Simon SM (2004) Use of quantum dots for live cell imaging. Nat Methods 1:73-78
71. Jamieson T, Bakhshi R, Petrova D, Pocock R, Imani M, Seifalian AM (2007) Biological applications of quantum dots. Biomaterials 28:4717-4732
72. Jayaraman S, Joo NS, Reitz B, Wine JJ, Verkman AS (2001) Submucosal gland secretions in airways from cystic fibrosis patients have normal [Na(+)] and pH but elevated viscosity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:8119-8123
73. Jeanmaire DL, Duyne RPV (1977) Surface Raman electrochemistry part I: heterocyclic, aromatic and aliphatic amines adsorbed on the anodized silver electrode. J Electroanal Chem 84:1-20
74. Jin R, Cao YC, Hao E, Métraux GS, Schatz GC, Mirkin CA (2003) Controlling anisotropic nanoparticle growth through plasmon excitation. Nature 425:487-490
75. Karst U (2006) Where the worlds of nanotechnology, materials science, and bioanalysis converge. Anal Bioanal Chem 384:559
76. Kessler C (1992) General aspects of nonradioactive labeling and detection. In: Nonradioactive labeling and detection of biomolecules. Springer, Berlin
77. Kewal KJ (2003) Nanodiagnostics: Application of nanotechnology in molecular diagnostics. Exp Rev Mol Diagn 3:153-161
78. Kewal KJ (2005a) Nanotechnology in clinical laboratory diagnostics. Clin Chim Acta 358:37-54
79. Kewal KJ (2005b) The role of nanobiotechnology in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 10:1435-1442
80. Keyser UF, Koeleman BN, Dorp SV, Krapf D, Smeets RMM, Lemay SG, Dekker NH, Dekker C (2006) Direct force measurements on DNA in a solid-state nanopore. Nat Phys 2:473-477
81. Kiefer W (2007) Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy I. J Raman Spectrosc 38:1538-1553
82. Kim J, Kim J, Choi H, Lee S, Jun B, Yu K, Kuk E, Kim Y, Jeong D, Cho M, Lee Y (2006) Nanoparticle probes with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic tags for cellular cancer targeting. Anal Chem 78:6967-6973
83. Kong J, Franklin NR, Zhou CW, Chapline MG, Peng S, Cho KJ, Dai HJ (2000) Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors. Science 287:622-625
84. Kuo T-C, Donald M, Cannon J, Chen Y, Tulock JJ, Shannon MA, Sweedler JV, Bohn PW (2003) Gateable nanofluidic interconnects for multilayered microfluidic separation systems. Anal Chem 75:1861-1867
85. Lanyon YH, De Marzi G, Watson YE, Quinn AJ, Gleeson JP, Redmond G, Arrigan DW (2007) Fabrication of nanopore array electrodes by focused ion beam milling. Anal Chem 79:3048-3055
86. Larson DR, Zipfel WR, Williams RM, Clark SW, Bruchez MP, Wise FW, Webb WW (2003) Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo. Science 300:1434-1436
87. Lechuga LM, Tamayo J, Alvarez M, Carrascosa LG, Yufera A, Doldan R, Peralias E, Rueda A, Plaza JA, Zinoviev K, Dominguez C, Zaballos A, Moreno M, Martinez C, Wenn D, Harris N, Bringer C, Bardinal V, Camps T, Vergnenegre C, Fontaine C, Diaz V, Bernad A (2006) A highly sensitive microsystem based on nanomechanical biosensors for genomics applications. Sens Actuators B Chem 118:2-10
88. Lee K-S, El-Sayed MA (2006) Gold and silver nanoparticles in sensing and imaging: Sensitivity of plasmon response to size, shape, and metal composition. J Phys Chem B 110:19220-19225
89. Lee K-H, Su Y-D, Chen S-J, Tseng F-G, Lee G-B (2007a) Microfluidic systems integrated with two-dimensional surface plasmon resonance phase imaging systems for microarray immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 23:466-472
90. Lee S, Mandic J, Van Vliet KJ (2007b) Chemomechanical mapping of ligand-receptor binding kinetics on cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:9609-9614
91. Lefebure S, Dubois E, Cabuil V, Neveu S, Massart R (1998) Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles: Preparation and dispersion in water and oils. J Mater Res 13:2975-2981
92. Li G, Joshi V, White RL, Wang SX (2003) Detection of single micron-sized magnetic bead and magnetic nanoparticles using spin valve sensors for biological applications. J Appl Phys 93:7557-7559
93. Li G, Sun S, Wilson RJ, White RL, Pourmand N, Wang SX (2006) Spin valve sensors for ultrasensitive detection of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biological applications. Sens Actuators A 126:98-106
94. Li M, Tang HX, Roukes ML (2007) Ultra-sensitive NEMS-based cantilevers for sensing, scanned probe and very high-frequency applications. Nat Nanotechnol 2:114-120
95. Lien V, Vollmer F (2007) Microfluidic flow rate detection based on integrated optical fiber cantilever. Lab Chip 7:1352-1356
96. Liu GL, Lu Y, Kim J, Doll JC, Lee LP (2005a) Magnetic nanocrescent as controllable surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoprobes for biomolecular imaging. Adv Mater 17:2683-2688
97. Liu W-T, Zhu L, Qin Q-W, Zhang Q, Feng H, Ang S (2005b) Microfluidic device as a new platform for immunofluorescent detection of viruses. Lab Chip 5:1327-1330
98. Liu B, Archer CT, Burdine L, Gillette TG, Kodadek T (2007) Label transfer chemistry for the characterization of protein-protein interactions. J Am Chem Soc 129:12348-12349
99. Lucas LJ, Chesler JN, Yoon JY (2007) Lab-on-a-chip immunoassay for multiple antibodies using microsphere light scattering and quantum dot emission. Biosens Bioelectron 23:675-681
100. Luo C, Fu Q, Li H, Xu L, Sun M, Ouyang Q, Chen Y, Ji H (2005) PDMS microfludic device for optical detection of protein immunoassay using gold nanoparticles. Lab Chip 5:726-729
101. Luo Y, Yu F, Zare RN (2008) Microfluidic device for immunoassays based on surface plasmon resonance imaging. Lab Chip 8:694-700
102. Martin CR, Siwy ZS (2007) Learning nature's way: Biosensing with synthetic nanopores. Science 317:331-332
103. Masmanidis SC, Karabalin RB, De Vlaminck I, Borghs G, Freeman MR, Roukes ML (2007) Multifunctional nanomechanical systems via tunably coupled piezoelectric actuation. Science 317:780-783
104. Mason WT (1999) Fluorescent and luminescent probes for biological activity. Academic Press
105. Maxwell DJ, Taylor JR, Nie S (2002) Self-assembled nanoparticle probes for recognition and detection of biomolecules. J Am Chem Soc 124:9606-9612
106. Medintz IL, Clapp AR, Mattoussi H, Goldman ER, Fisher B, Mauro JM (2003) Self-assembled nanoscale biosensors based on quantum dot FRET donors. Nat Mater 2:630-638
107. Medintz IL, Konnert JH, Clapp AR, Stanish I, Twigg ME, Mattoussi H, Mauro JM, Deschamps JR (2004) A fluorescence resonance energy transfer-derived structure of a quantum dot-protein bioconjugate nanoassembly. PNAS 101:9612-9617
108. Meserve D, Wang Z, Zhang DD, Wong PK (2008) A double-stranded molecular probe for homogeneous nucleic acid analysis. Analyst 133:1013-1019
109. Miao XY, Lin LY (2007a) Large dielectrophoresis force and torque induced by localized surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoparticle array. Optics Lett 32:295-297
110. Miao XY, Lin LY (2007b) Trapping and manipulation of biological particles through a plasmonic platform. IEEE J Selected Topics Quantum Electron 13:1655-1662
111. Miao XY, Wilson BK, Lin LY (2008) Localized surface plasmon assisted microfluidic mixing. Appl Phys Lett 92:124108.1-124108.3
112. Miller MM, Prinz GA, Cheng SF, Bounnak S (2002) Detection of a micron-sized magnetic sphere using a ring-shaped anisotropic magnetoresistance-based sensor: A model for a magnetoresistance-based biosensor. Appl Phys Lett 81:2211-2213
113. Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL, Mucic RC, Storhoff JJ (1996) A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials. Nature 382:607-609
114. Mulvaney SP, Musick MD, Keating CD, Natan MJ (2003) Glass-coated, analyte-tagged nanoparticles: A new tagging system based on detection with surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Langmuir 19:4784-4790
115. Murphy L (2006) Biosensors and bioelectrochemistry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 10:177-184
116. Nair PR, Alam MA (2006) Performance limits of nanobiosensors. Appl Phys Lett 88:233120
117. Nakamura R, Tucker ES, Carlson IH (1991) Immunoassays in the clinical laboratory. In: Henry JBE (ed) Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 870-871
118. Nam J-M, Thaxton CS, Mirkin CA (2003) Nanoparticle-based bio-bar codes for the utlrasensitive detection of proteins. Science 301:1884-1886
119. Nam J-M, Stoeva SI, Mirkin CA (2004) Bio-bar-code-based dna detection with pcr-like sensitivity. J Am Chem Soc 126:5932-5933
120. Natarajan S, Katsamba PS, Miles A, Eckman J, Papalia GA, Rich RL, Gale BK, Myszka DG (2008) Continuous-flow microfluidic printing of proteins for array-based applications including surface plasmon resonance imaging 373:141-146
121. Ngomsik A-F, Beeb A, Drayea M, Cotea G, Cabuilb V (2005) Magnetic nano- and microparticles for metal removal and environmental applications: A review. Comptes Rendus Chimie 8:963-970
122. Nguyena B., Taniousa FA, Wilson WD (2007) Biosensor-surface plasmon resonance: Quantitative analysis of small molecule-nucleic acid interactions. Methods 42:150-161
123. Nie S, Xing Y, Kim GJ, Simons J (2007) Nanotechnology application in cancer. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9:257-288
124. Obata K, Tajima H, Yohda M, Matsunaga T (2002) Recent developments in laboratory automation using magnetic particles for genome analysis. Pharmacogenomics 3:697-708
125. Ormonde AD, Hicks EC, Castillo J, Van Duyne RP (2004) Nanosphere lithography: Fabrication of large-area Ag nanoparticle arrays by convective self-assembly and their characterization by scanning UV-visible extinction spectroscopy. Langmuir The ACS J Surf Colloids 20:6927-6931
126. Osborne SE, Matsumura I, Ellington AD (1997) Aptamers as therapeutic and diagnostic reagents: Problems and prospects. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1:5-9
127. Ozsoz M, Erdem A, Kerman K, Ozkan D, Tugrul B, Topcuoglu N (2003) Electrochemical genosensor based on colloidal gold nanoparticles for the detection of factor V Leiden mutation using disposable pencil graphite electrodes. Anal Chem 75:2181-2187
128. Panchuk-Voloshina N, Haugland RP, Bishop-Stewart J, Bhalgat MK, Millard PJ, Mao F, Leung W-Y, Haugland RP (1999) Alexa dyes, a series of new fluorescent dyes that yield exceptionally bright, photostable conjugates. J Histochem Cytochem 47:1179-1188
129. Park S-J, Taton TA, Mirkin CA (2002) Array-based electrical detection of DNA with nanoparticle probes. Science 295:1503-1506
130. Park T, Lee S, Seong GH, Choo J, Lee EK, Kim YS, Ji WH, Hwang SY, Gweon D-G, Lee S (2005) Highly sensitive signal detection of duplex dye-labelled DNA oligonucleotides in a PDMS microfludic chip: Confocal surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic study. Lab Chip 5:437-442
131. Park TJ, Lee SY, Lee SJ, Park JP, Yang KS, Lee KB, Ko S, Park JB, Kim T, Kim SK, Shin YB, Chung BH, Ku SJ, Kim DH, Choi IS (2006) Protein nanopatterns and biosensors using gold binding polypeptide as a fusion partner. Anal Chem 78:7197-7205
132. Patolsky F, Zheng G, Hayden O, Lakadamyali M, Zhuang X, Lieber CM (2004) Electrical detection of single viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:14017-14022
133. Patolsky F, Timko BP, Yu G, Fang Y, Greytak AB, Zheng G, Lieber CM (2006) Detection, stimulation, and inhibition of neuronal signals with high-density nanowire transistor arrays. Science 313:1100-1104
134. Patolsky F, Timko BP, Zheng G, Lieber CM (2007) Nanowire-based nanoelectronic devices in the life sciences. MRS Bull 32:142-149
135. Perez JM, Josephson L, O'Loughlin T, Hogemann D, Weissleder R (2002) Magnetic relaxation switches capable of sensing molecular interactions. Nat Biotechnol 20:816-820
136. Perez JM, Josephson L, Weissleder R (2004) Use of magnetic nanoparticles as nanosensors to probe for molecular interactions. Chem Biol Chem 5:261-264
137. Perez-Juste J, Pastoriza-Santos I, Liz-Marzan LM, Mulvaney P (2005) Gold nanorods: Synthesis, characterization and applications. Coord Chem Rev 249:1870-1901
138. Piorek BD, Lee SJ, Santiago JG, Moskovits M, Banerjee S, Meinhart CD (2007) Free-surface microfluidic control of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the optimized detection of airborne molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:18898-18901
139. Porter MD, Lipert RJ, Siperko LM, Wang G, Narayanan R (2008) SERS as a bioassay platform: Fundamentals, design, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 37:1001-1011
140. Puleo CM, Yeh HC, Liu KJ, Wang TH (2008) Coupling confocal fluorescence detection and recirculating microfluidic control for single particle analysis in discrete nanoliter volumes. Lab Chip 8:822-825
141. Qian X-M, Nie SM (2008) Single-molecular and single-nanoparticle SERS: from fundamental mechanisms to biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 37:912-920
142. Qian X-M, Peng XH, Ansari DO, Yin-Goan Q, Chen GZ, Shin DM, Yang L, Young AN, Wang MD, Nie SM (2008) In vivo tumor targeting and spectroscopic detection with surface-enhanced Raman nanoparticle tags. Nat Biotechnol 26:83-90
143. Qin L, Banholzer MJ, Millstone JE, Mirkin CA (2007) Nanodisk codes. Nano Lett 7:3849-3853
144. Quist A, Chand A, Ramachandran S, Cohen D, Lal R (2006) Piezoresistive cantilever based nanoflow and viscosity sensor for microchannels. Lab Chip 6:1450-1454
145. Raman CV, Krishnan KS (1928) A new type of secondary radiation. Nature 121:501-502
146. Ramanathan K, Bangar MA, Yun M, Chen W, Myung NV, Mulchandani A (2005) Bioaffinity sensing using biologically functionalized conducting-polymer nanowire. J Am Chem Soc 127:496-497
147. Rhee M, Burns MA (2007) Nanopore sequencing technology: Nanopore preparations. Trends Biotechnol 25:174-181
148. Rich RL, Cannon MJ, Jenkins J, Pandian P, Sundaram S, Magyar R, Brockman J, Lambert J, Myszka DG (2008) Extracting kinetic rate constants from surface plasmon resonance array systems. Anal Biochem 373:112-120
149. Riegger L, Grumann M, Nann T, Riegler J, Ehlert O, Bessler W, Mittenbuehler K, Urban G, Pastewka L, Brenner T, Zengerle R, Ducrée J (2006) Read-out concepts for multiplexed bead-based fluorescence immunoassays on centrifugal microfluidic platforms. Sens Actuators A Phys 126:455-462
150. Safarik I, Safarikova M (2004) Magnetic techniques for the isolation and purification of proteins and peptides. BioMagnetic Res Technol 2:1-17
151. Sato Y, Hosokawa K, Maeda M (2008) Detection of non-cross-linking interaction between DNA-modified gold nanoparticles and a DNA-modified flat gold surface using surface plasmon resonance imaging on a microchip. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 62:71-76
152. Sha MY, Xu H, Penn SG, Cromer R (2007) SERS nanoparticles: A new optical detection modality for cancer diagnosis. Nanomedicine 2:725-734
153. Squires TM, Messinger RJ, Manalis SR (2008) Making it stick: Convection, reaction and diffusion in surface-based biosensors. Nat Biotechnol 26:417-426
154. Stavis SM, Edel JB, Samiee KT, Craighead HG (2005) Single molecule studies of quantum dot conjugates in a submicrometer fluidic channel. Lab Chip 5:337-343
155. Stefureac R, Waldner L, Howard P, Lee JS (2008) Nanopore analysis of a small 86-residue protein. Small 4:59-63
156. Stern E, Klemic JF, Routenberg DA, Wyrembak PN, Turner-Evans DB, Hamilton AD, LaVan DA, Fahmy TM, Reed MA (2007a) Label-free immunodetection with CMOS-compatible semiconducting nanowires. Nature 445:519-522
157. Stern E, Wagner R, Sigworth FJ, Breaker R, Fahmy TM, Reed MA (2007b) Importance of the debye screening length on nanowire field effect transistor sensors. Nano Lett 7:3405-3409
158. Stewart ME, Anderton CR, Thompson LB, Maria J, Gray SK, Rogers JA, Nuzzo RG (2008) Nanostructured plasmonic sensors. Chem Rev 108:494-521
159. Stiles PL, Dieringer JA, Shah NC, Duyne RPV (2008) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Annu Rev Anal Chem 1:20.1-20.26
160. Storhoff JJ, Elghanian R, Mucic RC, Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL (1998) One-pot colorimetric differentiation of polynucleotides with single base imperfections using gold nanoparticle probes. J Am Chem Soc 120:1959-1964
161. Sun J, Morgan M, Shen R-F, Steenbergen C, Murphy E (2007) Preconditioning results in S-nitrosylation of proteins involved in regulation of mitochondrial energetics and calcium transport. Circ Res 101:1155-1163
162. Suzuki M, Ozawa F, Sugimoto W, Aso S (2002) Miniature surface-plasmon resonance immunosensors- rapid and repetitive procedure. Anal Bioanal Chem 372:301-304
163. Tang D, Yuan R, Chai Y (2007) Magnetic control of an electrochemical microfluidic device with an arrayed immunosensor for simultaneous multiple immunoassays. Clin Chem 53:1323-1329
164. Tansil NC, Gao Z (2006) Nanoparticles in biomolecular detection. Nano Today 1:28-37
165. Taubenberger A, Cisneros DA, Friedrichs J, Puech PH, Muller DJ, Franz CM (2007) Revealing early steps of alpha(2)beta(1) integrin-mediated adhesion to collagen type I by using single-cell force spectroscopy. Mol Biol Cell 18:1634-1644
166. Turner APF (2000) Biochemistry - biosensors sense and sensitivity. Science 290:1315-1317
167. Valdes-Aguilera O, Neckers DC (1989) Aggregation phenomena in xanthene dyes. Acc Chem Res 22:171-177
168. Vestergaard M, Kerman K, Kim DK, Ha MH, Tamiya E (2008) Detection of Alzheimer's tau protein using localised surface plasmon resonance-based immunochip. Talanta 74:1038-1042
169. Vo-Dinh T, Yan F, Wabuyle MB (2005) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for medical diagnostics and biological imaging. J Raman Spectrosc 36:640-647
170. Wang WU, Chen C, Lin KH, Fang Y, Lieber CM (2005) Label-free detection of small-molecule-protein interactions by using nanowire nanosensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:3208-3212
171. Wang AJ, Xu JJ, Zhang Q, Chen HY (2006a) The use of poly(dimethylsiloxane) surface modification with gold nanoparticles for the microchip electrophoresis. Talanta 69:210-215
172. Wang F, Tan WB, Zhang Y, Fan XP, Wang MQ (2006b) Luminescent nanomaterials for biological labelling. Nanotechnology 17:R1-R13
173. Wang Z, Gidwani V, Zhang DD, Wong PK (2008) Separation-free detection of nuclear factor kappa B with double-stranded molecular probes. Analyst 133:998-1000
174. Watkins J, Altazan JD, Elder P, Li CY, Nunez MT, Cui XX, Glass J (1992) Kinetic characterization of reductant dependent processes of iron mobilization from endocytic vesicles. J Biochem 31:5820-5830
175. Willets KA, Van Duyne RP (2007) Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and sensing. Annu Rev Phys Chem 58:267-297
176. Wu GH, Datar RH, Hansen KM, Thundat T, Cote RJ, Majumdar A (2001) Bioassay of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using microcantilevers. Nat Biotechnol 19:856-860
177. Wunderlich BK, Neff PA, Bausch AR (2007) Mechanism and sensitivity of the intrinsic charge detection of biomolecular interactions by field effect devices. Appl Phys Lett 91:083904
178. Xia N, Hunt TP, Mayers BT, Alsberg E, Whitesides GM, Westervelt RM, Ingber DE (2006) Combined microfluidic-micromagnetic separation of living cells in continuous flow. Biomed Microdev 8:299-308
179. Yan Q, Chen A, Chua SJ, Zhao XS (2006) Nanosphere lithography from template-directed colloidal sphere assemblies. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6:1815-1818
180. Yeh H-C, Simone E, Zhang C, Wang T-H (2004) Single bio-molecule detection with quantum dots in a microchannel. In: Micro electro mechanical systems, 2004. 17th IEEE International Conference on. (MEMS), pp 371-374
181. Yeh HC, Ho YP, Shih IM, Wang TH (2006a) Homogeneous point mutation detection by quantum dot-mediated two-color fluorescence coincidence analysis. Nucl Acids Res 34
182. Yeh HC, Puleo CM, Lim TC, Ho YP, Giza PE, Huang RCC, Wang TH (2006b) A microfluidic-FCS platform for investigation on the dissociation of Sp1-DNA complex by doxorubicin. Nucl Acids Res 34
183. Yeung SW, Lee TMH, Cai H, Hsing IM (2006) A DNA biochip for on-the-spot multiplexed pathogen identification. Nucl Acids Res 34
184. Yu SJ, Kang MW, Chang HC, Chen KM, Yu YC (2005) Bright fluorescent nanodiamonds: No photobleaching and low cytotoxicity. J Am Chem Soc 127:17604-17605
185. Yu X, Xu D, Cheng Q (2006) Label-free detection methods for protein microarrays. Proteomics 6:5493-5503
186. Yu KN, Lee SM, Han JY, Park H, Woo MA, Noh MS, Hwang SK, Kwon JT, Jin H, Kim YK, Hergenrother PJ, Jeong DH, Lee YS, Cho MH (2007) Multiplex targeting, tracking, and imaging of apoptosis by fluorescent surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic dots. Bioconjug Chem 18:1155-1162
187. Zhang CY, Yeh HC, Kuroki MT, Wang TH (2005) Single-quantum-dot-based DNA nanosensor. Nat Mater 4:826-831
188. Zhang J, Lang HP, Huber F, Bietsch A, Grange W, Certa U, McKendry R, Guntgerodt HJ, Hegner M, Gerber C (2006a) Rapid and label-free nanomechanical detection of biomarker transcripts in human RNA. Nat Nanotechnol 1:214-220
189. 4 in block copolymers. Adv Mater 18:3233-3237
190. Zhang Q, Zhu L, Feng H, Ang S, Chau FS, Liu W-T (2006c) Microbial
191. Zhang G-J, Zhang G, Chua JH, Chee R-E, Wong EH, Agarwal A, Buddharaju KD, Singh N, Gao Z, Balasubramanian N (2008a) DNA sensing by silicon nanowire: Charge layer distance dependence. Nano Lett 8:1066-1070
192. Zhang Q, Xu JJ, Liu Y, Chen HY (2008b) In situ synthesis of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-gold nanoparticles composite films and its application in microfluidic systems. Lab Chip 8:352-357
193. Zhang X, Yin H, Cooper JM, Haswell SJ (2008c) Characterization of cellular chemical dynamics using combined microfluidic and Raman techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 390:833-840
194. Zhao J, Zhang X, Yonzon CR, Haes AJ, Van Duyne RP (2006) Localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Nanomed (Lond, Engl) 1:219-228
195. Zhao Q, Sigalov G, Dimitrov V, Dorvel B, Mirsaidov U, Sligar S, Aksimentiev A, Timp G (2007) Detecting SNPs using a synthetic nanopore. Nano Lett 7:1680-1685
196. Zheng G, Patolsky F, Cui Y, Wang WU, Lieber CM (2005) Multiplexed electrical detection of cancer markers with nanowire sensor arrays. Nat Biotechnol 23:1294-1301
197. Zhou K, Kovarik ML, Jacobson SC (2008) Surface-charge induced ion depletion and sample stacking near single nanopores in microfluidic devices. J Am Chem Soc 130:8614-8616
198. Ziegler C (2004) Cantilever-based biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 379:946-959