Garlic: Nature's protection against physiological threats

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 49, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 538-551

  Butt, Masood Sadiq ^a   Sultan, Muhammad Tauseef ^a   Butt, Mehmood S ^b   Iqbal, Javaid ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Pakistan)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS COVENTRY AND WARWICKSHIRE NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aged garlic extract; Garlic; Hypercholesterolemia; Immunonutrition; Malignancies; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

ALLYL COMPOUND; ALLYL SULFIDE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; PLANT EXTRACT; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SULFIDE;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHEMISTRY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG EFFECT; GARLIC; HEALTH FOOD; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; METABOLISM; NEOPLASM; PHYTOTHERAPY;

ALLYL COMPOUNDS; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DNA DAMAGE; GARLIC; HEALTH FOOD; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; NEOPLASMS; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SULFIDES;

ALLIUM SATIVUM;

EID: 67650097315     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408390802145344     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Achenbach, S., Ropers, D., Pohle, K., Leber, A., Thilo, C., Knez, A., Menendez, T., Maeffert, R., Kusus, M., Regenfus, M., Bickel, A., Haberl, R., Steinbeck, G., Moshage, W., and Daniel, W. G. (2002). Influence of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of coronary artery calcification: a prospective evaluation. Circulation. 106:1077-1082.
2. Ackermann, R. T., Mulrow, C. D., Ramirez, G., Gardner, C. D., Morbidoni, L., Lawrence, V. A. (2001). Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med. 161:813-824.
3. Agarwal, M. K., Iqbal, M., and Athar, M. (2007). Garlic oil ameliorates ferric ni- trilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced damage and tumor promotion: implications for cancer prevention. Food Chem Toxicol. 45:1634-1640.
4. Albertini, R., Moratti, R., and De Luca, G. (2002). Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein in atherosclerosis from basic biochemistry to clinical studies. Curr MolMed. 2:579-592.
5. Amagase, A. (2006). Clarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic. JNutr. 136:716S-725S.
6. Amagase, H., Petesch, B., Matsuura, H., Kasuga, S., and Itakura, Y. (2001). Intake of garlic and its bioactive compounds. JNutr. 131:955S-9562S.
7. Amagase, H. and Milner, J. A. (1993). Impact of various sources of garlic and their constituents on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene binding to mammary cell DNA. Carcinogenesis (Lond) 14, 1627-1631.
8. Amira, O. C. and Okubadejo, N. U. (2007). Frequency of complementary and alternative medicine utilization in hypertensive patients attending an urban tertiary care centre in Nigeria. BMC Complement Altern Med. 7:30.
9. Arora, A., Kalra, N., and Shukla, Y. (2005). Regulation of p21/ras protein expression by diallyl sulfide in DMBA induced neoplastic changes in mouse skin. Cancer Lett. 242:28-36.
10. Arunkumar, A., Vijayababu, M. R., Gunadharini, N., Krishnamoorthy, G., and Arunakaran, J. (2007). Induction of apoptosis and histone hyperacetylation by diallyl disulfide in prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Cancer Lett. 251:59-67.
11. Ban, J. O., Yuk, D. Y., Woo, K. S., Kim, T. M., Lee, U. S., Jeong, H. S., Kim, D. J., Chung, Y. B., Hwang, B. Y., Oh, K. W., and Hong, J. T. (2007). Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis via inactivation of NF-kappaB by a sulfurcompound isolated from garlic in human colon cancer cells. J Pharmacol Sci. 104:374-383.
12. Barta, I., Smerak, P., Polivkova, Z., Sestakova, H., Langova, M., Turek, B., and Bartova, J. (2006). Current trends and perspectives in nutrition and cancer prevention. Neoplasma, 53:19-25.
13. Berger, M. M. (2005). Can oxidative damage be treated nutritionally? Clin. Nutr. 24:172-183.
14. Bhattacharyya, M., Girish, G. V., Karmohapatra, S. K., Samad, S. A., and Sinha, A. K. (2007). Systemic production of IFN-alpha by garlic (Allium sativum) in humans. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 27:377-382.
15. Block, G., Jensen, C. D., Norkus, E. P., Dalvi, T. B., Wong, L. G., McManus, J. F., and Hudes, M. L. (2007). Usage patterns, health, and nutritional status of long-term multiple dietary supplement users: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J. 6:30.
16. Borek, C. (2006). Garlic reduces dementia and heart-disease risk. JNutr. 136:810S-812S.
17. Borek, C. (2001). Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. JNutr. 131:1010S-15S.
18. Bourgeon, S., Raclot, T., Le Maho, Y., Ricquier, D., and Criscuolo, F. (2007). Innate immunity, assessed by plasma NO measurements, is not suppressed during the incubation fast in eiders. Dev Comp Immunol. 31:720-728.
19. Bruck, R., Aeed, H., Brazovsky, E., Noor, T., and Hershkoviz, R. (2005). Allicin, the active component of garlic, prevents immune-mediated, concanavalin A- induced hepatic injury in mice. Liver Int. 25:613-621.
20. Budoff, M. J., Takasu, J., Flores, F. R., Niihara, Y., Lu, B., Lau, B. H., Rosen, R. T., and Amagase, H. (2004). Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study. PrevMed. 39:985-991.
21. Butt, M. S., Sultan, M. T, Anjum, F. M., Sharif, M. K., and Khan, S. H. (2007). Functional foods: emerging trend in nutritional support programs. In: International Symposium on Emerging Trends in Food Science & Technology held on 5-8 November, 2007 at National Institute ofFood Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
22. Canizares, P., Gracia, I., Gomez, L. A., Garcia, A, Martin-De-Argila, C., Boixeda, D., and de Rafael, L. (2004). Thermal degradation of allicin in garlic extracts and its implication on the inhibition of the in-vitro growth of Helicobacter pylori. Biotechnol Prog. 20:32-37.
23. Casini, A., Scozzafava, A., Mastrolorenzo, A., and Supuran, L. T. (2002). Sul- fonamides and sufonylated derivatives as anticancer agent. Curr cancer drug targets. 62:6116-6123.
24. Chan, K. C., Yin, M. C., and Chao, W. J. (2007). Effect of diallyl trisulfide-rich garlic oil on blood coagulation and plasma activity of anticoagulation factors in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 45:502-507.
25. Chu, Q., Lee, D. T., Tsao, S. W., Wang, X., and Wong, Y. C. (2006). S- allylcysteine, a water-soluble garlic derivative, suppresses the growth of a human androgen-independent prostate cancer xenograft, CWR22R, under in vivo conditions. BJU Int. 99:925-932.
26. Chung, J. G., Lu, H. F., Yeh, C. C., Cheng, K. C., Lin, S. S., and Lee, J. H. (2004). Inhibition of N-acetyltransferase activity and gene expression in human colon cancer cell lines by diallyl sulfide. Food Chem Toxicol. 42:195-202.
27. Chung, L. Y. (2006). The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide. J Med Food. 9:205-213.
28. Colic, M. and Savic, M. (2000). Garlic extracts stimulates proliferation of rat lymphocytes in vitro by increasing IL-2 and IL-4 production. Immunophar-macol Immunotoxicol. 22:163-181.
29. Cooke, M. S., Evans, M. D., Dizdaroglu, M., and Lunec, J. (2003). Oxidative DNA damage: mechanisms, mutation, and disease. FASEB J, 17:1195-1214.
30. Das, A., Banik, N. L., and Ray, S. K. (2007). Garlic compounds generate reactive oxygen species leading to activation of stress kinases and cysteine proteases for apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells. Cancer. 110:1083-1095.
31. Dattner, A. M. (2003). From medical herbalism to phytotherapy in dermatology: back to the future. Dermatol Ther. 16:106-113.
32. Dhawan, V. and Jain, S. (2004). Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients of essential hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem. 266(1-2):109-115.
33. Dion, M. E. and Milner, J. A. (1997). Garlic inhibits cytochrome P450 2E1 mediated chloroxazone metabolism. FASEBJ. 11:A370 (abs.). Divisi, D., DiTommaso, S., Salvemini, S., Garramone, M., andCrisci, R. (2006). Diet and cancer. Acta Biomed. 77:118-123.
34. ahan, M., and Virag, P. (2006). Modulatory effects of several herbal extracts on avian peripheral blood cell immune responses. Phytother Res. 20:352-358.
35. Druesne-Pecollo, N., Pagniez, A., Thomas, M., Cherbuy, C., Duée, P. H., Mar- tel, P., and Chaumontet, C. (2006). Diallyl disulfide increases CDKN1A promoter-associated histone acetylation in human colon tumor cell lines. J Agric Food Chem. 54:7503-7507.
36. Durak, I., Cetin, R., Candir, O., Devrim, E., Kiliçolu, B., and Avci, A. (2007). Black grape and garlic extracts protect against cyclosporine a nephrotoxicity. Immunol Invest. 36:105-114.
37. Durand, P., Prost, M., Loreau, N., Lussier-Cacan, S., and Blache, D. (2001). Impaired homocysteine metabolism and atherothrombotic disease. Lab Invest. 81:645-672.
38. Eidi, A., Eidi, M., and Esmaeili, E. (2006). Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Al- lium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phy- tomedicine. 13:624-629.
39. Ernsberger, P., Johnson, J. L., Rosenthal, T., Mirelman, D., and Koletsky, R. J. (2007). Therapeutic actions of allylmercaptocaptopril and captopril in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Am J Hypertens. 20:866-874.
40. Fani, M. M., Kohanteb, J., and Dayaghi, M. (2007). Inhibitory activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on multidrug-resistant Streptococcus mutans. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 25:164-168.
41. Fleischauer, A. T. and Arab, L. (2001). Garlic and cancer: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature. JNutr. 131:1032S-1040S.
42. Fong, H. H. (2002). Integration of herbal medicine into modern medical practices: issues and prospects. Integr Cancer Ther. 1:287-293.
43. Fukao, H., Yoshida, H., Tazawa, Y., and Hada, T. (2006). Antithrombotic effects of odorless garlic powder both in vitro and in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 71:84-90.
44. Fuster, V. F., Badimon, L., Badimon, J. J., and Chesebro, J. H. (1992). Mechanisms of disease: the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 326:242-250.
45. Galeone, C., Pelucchi, C., Levi, F., Negri, E., Franceschi, S., Talamini, R., Giacosa, A., and La Vecchia, C. (2006). Onion and garlic use and human cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 84:1027-1032.
46. Gamboa-León, M. R., Aranda-González, I., Mut-Martín, M., García-Miss, M. R., and Dumonteil, E. (2007). In vivo and in vitro control of Leishmania mexicana due to garlic-induced NO production. Scand J Immunol. 66:508-514.
47. Geng, Z., Rong, Y., and Lau, B. (1997). S-Allyl cysteine inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa B in human T cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2:345-350.
48. Ghosh, S., Das, S., and Sengupta, A. (2000). Inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in rat colon during AOM induced carcinogenesis by garlic juice (Abstract). Proc. 21st Ann. Convention Ind. Assoc. Cancer Res. pp. 107.
49. Gonen, A., Harats, D., Rabinkov, A., Miron, T., Mirelman, D., Wilchek, M., Weiner, L., Ulman, E., Levkovitz, H., Ben-Shushan, D., and Shaish, A. (2005). The antiatherogenic effect of allicin: possible mode of action. Pathobiology, 72:325-334.
50. Gonzalez, C. A. (2006). Nutrition and cancer: the current epidemiological evidence. Br J Nutr. 96:S42-S45.
51. Gorinstein, S., Jastrzebski, Z., Namiesnik, J., Leontowicz, H., Leontowicz, M., and Trakhtenberg, S. (2007). The atherosclerotic heart disease and protecting properties of garlic: contemporary data. Mol Nutr Food Res. 51:1365-1381.
52. Harris, J. C., Cottrell, S. L., Plummer, S., and Lloyd, D. (2001). Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 57:282-286.
53. Herman-Antosiewicz, A., Powolny, A. A., and Singh, S. V. (2007). Molecular targets of cancer chemoprevention by garlic-derived organosulfides. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 28:1355-1364.
54. Hodge, G., Hodge, S., and Han, P. (2002). Allium sativum (garlic) suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro: potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cytometry. 48(4):209-215.
55. Hosono, T., Fukao, T., Ogihara, J., Ito, Y., Shiba, H., Seki, T., and Ariga, T. (2005). Diallyl trisulfide suppresses the proliferation and induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells through oxidative modification of beta-tubulin. JBiolChem. 280:41487-41493.
56. Hosseini, M., Shafiee, S. M., and Baluchnejadmojarad, T. (2007). Garlic extract reduces serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in nondiabetic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Pathophysiology. [Ahead of publication].
57. Howard, E. W., Ling, M. T., Chua, C. W., Cheung, H. W., Wang, X., and Wong, Y. C. (2007). Garlic-derived S-allylmercaptocysteine is a novel in vivo antimetastatic agent for androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 13:1847-1856.
58. Huang, Z., Lin, Z., and Haung, J. (2001). A novel kind of antitumer drugs using sulfonamides and sulfonamide as parent compound. Eur J Med Chem. 36:863-872.
59. Huffman, M. A. (2003). Animal self-medication and ethno-medicine: exploration and exploitation of the medicinal properties of plants. Proc Nutr Soc. 62:371-381.
60. Ide, N., Nelson, A. B., and Lau, B. H. S. (1997). Aged garlic extract and its constituents inhibit Cu12-induced oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Planta Med. 63:263-264.
61. Ishikawa, H., Saeki, T., Otani, T., Suzuki, T., Shimozuma, K., Nishino, H., Fukuda, S., and Morimoto, K. (2006). Aged garlic extract prevents a decline of NK cell number and activity in patients with advanced cancer. JNutr. 136:816S-820S.
62. Jakubíková, J., and Sedlák, J. (2006). Garlic-derived organosulfides induce cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress in human colon carcinoma cell lines. Neoplasma. 53:191-199.
63. Ji, L. L. and Peterson, D. M. (2004). Aging, exercise, and phytochemicals promises and pitfalls. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1019:453-461.
64. Jirovetz, L., Jager, W., Koch, H. P., and Remberg, G. (1992). Investigation of volatile constituents of the essential oil of Egyptian garlic (Alium sativum) by means of GC-MS and GC-FTIR. Z Lebensm-Unters -Forsch. 194:363-365.
65. Kabasakal, L., Sehirli, O., Cetinel, S., Cikler, E., Gedik, N., and Sener, G. (2005). Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. J Med Food. 8:319-326.
66. Kalra, N., Arora, A., and Shukla, Y. (2006). Involvement of multiple signaling pathways in diallyl sulfide mediated apoptosis in mouse skin tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 7:556-562.
67. Kasuga, S., Uda, N., Kyo, E., Ushijima, M., Morihara, N., and Itakura, Y. (2001). Pharmacologic activities of aged garlic extract in comparison with other garlic preparations. JNutr. 131:1080S-1084S.
68. Khan, A., Shukla, Y., Kalra, N., Alam, M., Ahmad, M. G., Hakim, S. R., and Owais, M. (2007). Potential of diallyl sulfide bearing pH-sensitive li- posomes in chemoprevention against DMBA-induced skin papilloma. Mol Med. 13:443-451.
69. Khanum, F., Anilakumar, K. R., and Viswanathan, K. R. (2004). Anticarcino- genic propertiesof garlic: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 44:479-488.
70. Khanum, F., Anilakumar, K. R., Sudarshanakrishna, K. R., and Viswanathan, K. R. (1998). Effects of feeding fresh garlic and garlic oil on detoxifying enzymes and micronuclei formation in rats treated with azoxymethane. Internalt J Vitamin Nutr Res. 68:208-213.
71. Kik, C., Kahane, R., and Gebhardt, R. (2001). Garlic and health. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 11:57-65.
72. Kim, Y. A., Xiao, D., Xiao, H., Powolny, A. A., Lew, K. L., Reilly, M. L., Zeng, Y., Wang, Z., and Singh, S. V. (2007). Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by diallyl trisulfide in human prostate cancer cells is associated with generation of reactive oxygen species and regulated by Bax/Bak. Mol Cancer Ther. 6:1599-1609.
73. Kim-Park, S. and Ku, D. D. (2000). Garlic elicits a nitric oxide-dependent relaxation and inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 27:780-786.
74. Kodai, S., Takemura, S., Minamiyama, Y., Hai, S., Yamamoto, S., Kubo, S., Yoshida, Y., Niki, E., Okada, S., Hirohashi, K., and Suehiro, S. (2007). S- allyl cysteine prevents CCl(4)-induced acute liver injury in rats. Free Radic Res. 41:489-497.
75. Kodera, Y., Suzuki, A., Imada, I., Kasuga, S., Sumioka, I., Kanezawa, A., Fujikawa, M., Nagae, S., Masamoto, K., Maeshige, K., and Ono, K. (2002). Physical, chemical, and biological properties of S-ailylcysteine, and amino acid derived from garlic. J Agric Food Chem. 50:622-632.
76. Kojuri, J., Vosoughi, A. R., and Akrami, M. (2007). Effects of anethum grave- olens and garlic on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. Lipids Health Dis. 1:6:5.
77. Kuttan, G. (2000). Immunomodulatory effect of some naturally occuring sulphur-containing compounds. J Ethnopharmacol. 72:93-99.
78. Kweon, S., Kim-Park, A., and Choi, H. (2003). Chemopreventive effect of garlic powder diet in diehtylnitrosamine induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Life Sciences. 73:2515-2526.
79. Kyo, E., Uda, N., Kasuga, S., and Itakura, Y. (2001). Immunomodulatory effects of aged garlic extract. JNutr. 131:1075S-1079S.
80. Kyo, E., Suzuki, A., Kakimoto, M., Ushijima, M., Kasuga, S., and Itakura, Y. (1998). Immunomodulation and antitumor activities of aged garlic extract. Phytomedicine. 5:259-267.
81. Lamm, D. L. and Riggs, D. R. (2001). Enhanced Immunocompetence by Garlic:Role in Bladder Cancer and Other Malignancies. JNutr. 131:1067-1070S.
82. Lau, B. H. (2006). Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic compounds is a possible mechanism of cardiovascular health benefit. JNutr. 136:765S-768S.
83. Lawson, L. D. and Gardner, C. D. (2005). Composition, stability, and bioavail-ability ofgarlic products used in aclinical trial. JAgric FoodChem. 53:6254-6261.
84. Lawson, L. D., Wood, S. G., and Hughes, B. G. (1991). HPLC analysis of allicin and other thiosulfinates in garlic clove homogenates. Planta Med. 57:263-270.
85. Ledezma, E., Apitz-Castro, R., and Cardier, J. (2004). Apoptotic and anti- adhesion effect of ajoene, a garlic derived compound, on the murine melanoma B16F10 cells: possible role of caspase-3 and the alpha(4)beta(1) integrin. Cancer Lett. 206:35-41.
86. Li, T. S. C. (2000). Medicinal Plants, Technomic Publ. Co., Pennsylvania.
87. Lin, W. W. and Karin, M. (2007). A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. J Clin Invest. 117:1175-1183.
88. Ling, H., Zhang, L. Y., Su, Q., Song, Y., Luo, Z. Y., Zhou, X. T., Zeng, X., He, J., Tan, H., and Yuan, J. P. (2006). Erk is involved in the differentiation induced by diallyl disulfide in the human gastric cancer cell line MGC803. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 11:408-423.
89. Liu, H. G. and Xu, L. H. (2007). Garlic oil prevents tributyltin-induced oxidative damage in vivo and in vitro. J Food Prot. 70:716-721.
90. Liu, K. L., Chen, H. W., Wang, R. Y., Lei, Y. P., Sheen, L. Y., and Lii, C. K. (2006). DATS reduces LPS-induced iNOS expression, NO production, oxidative stress, and NF-kappaB activation in RAW 264. 7 macrophages. J Agric Food Chem. 54:3472-3478.
91. Liu, J. Z., Lin, R. L., and Milner, J. A. (1992). Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene induced mammary tumor and DNA adducts by garlic powder. Carcinogenesis. 13:1847-1851.
92. Lu, H. F., Sue, C. C., Yu, C. S., Chen, S. C., Chen, G. W., and Chung, J. G. (2004). Diallyl disulfide (DADS) induced apoptosis undergo caspase-3 activity in human bladder cancer T24 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 42:1543-1552.
93. Macpherson, L. J., Geierstanger, B. H., Viswanath, V., Bandell, M., Eid, S. R., Hwang, S., and Patapoutian, A. (2005). The pungency of garlic: activation of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in response to allicin. Curr Biol. 15:929-934.
94. Mahmoodi, M., Islami, M. R., Asadi-Karam, G. R, Khaksari, M., Sahebghadam- Lotfi, A., Hajizadeh, M. R., and Mirzaee, M. R. (2006). Study of the effects of raw garlic consumption on the level of lipids and other blood biochemical factors in hyperlipidemic individuals. Pak J Pharm Sci. 19:295-298.
95. Mandavilli, B. S., Santos, J. H., and Van Houton, B. (2002). Mitochondrial DNA repair and aging. MutatRes. 509:127-151.
96. Manson, M. M. (2003). Cancer prevention-the potential for diet to modulate molecular signalling, Trends Mol Med. 9:11-18.
97. Matsuura, N., Miyamae, Y., Yamane, K., Nagao, Y., Hamada, Y., Kawaguchi, N., Katsuki, T., Hirata, K., Sumi, S., and Ishikawa, H. (2006). Aged garlic extract inhibits angiogenesis and proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cells. JNutr. 136:842S-846S.
98. Matsuura, H. (1997). Phytochemistry of garlic horticultural and processing procedures pp 55-69. In: Neutraceuticals: designer foods III. Garlic, soy and licorice, eds. Lachance PA, Food and Nutrition Press, Trumbull, CT.
99. Medina-Campos, O. N., Barrera, D., Segoviano-Murillo, S., Rocha, D., Mal- donado, P. D., Mendoza-Patino, N., and Pedraza-Chaverri, J. (2007). S- allylcysteine scavenges singlet oxygen and hypochlorous acid and protects LLC-PK(1) cells of potassium dichromate-induced toxicity. Food Chem Tox-icol. 45:2030-2039.
100. Miething, H. (1988). HPLC - analysis ofthe volatile oil ofgarlic bulbs. Phytother Res. 2:149-151.
101. Miller, K. L., Liebowitz, R. S., and Newby, L. K. (2004). Complementary and alternative medicine in cardiovascular disease: a review of biologically based approaches. Am Heart J. 147:401-411.
102. Milner, J. A. (2006). Diet and cancer: facts and controversies. Nutr Cancer. 56:6-24.
103. Milner, J. A. (2001). A historical perspective on garlic and cancer. JNutr. 131:1027S.
104. Munday, R. and Munday, C. M. (1999). Low dises of diallyl disulfide a compound derived from garlic increase tissue activities of quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Nutr Cancer. 34:42-48.
105. Murugavel, P., Pari, L., Sitasawad, S. L., Kumar, S., and Kumar, S. (2007). Cadmium induced mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in vero cells: protective effect of diallyl tetrasufide from garlic. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 39:161-170.
106. Nies, L. K., Cymbala, A. A., Kasten, S. L., Lamprecht, D. G., and Olson, K. L. (2006). Complementary and alternative therapies for the management of dyslipidemia. Ann Pharmacother. 40:1984-1992.
107. Nigam, N. and Shukla, Y. (2007). Preventive effects of diallyl sulfide on 7,12- dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced DNA alkylation damage in mouse skin. Mol Nutr Food Res. 51:1324-1328.
108. Nishikawa, T., Yamada, N., Hattori, A., Fukuda, H., and Fujino, T. (2002). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. Inhibition by ajoene of skin-tumor promotion in mice. 66:2221-2223.
109. Ogita, A., Fujita, K., Taniguchi, M., and Tanaka, T. (2005). Dependence of synergistic fungicidal activity of Cu2+ and allicin, an allyl sulfur compound from garlic, on selective accumulation of the ion in the plasma membrane fraction via allicin-mediated phospholipid peroxidation. Planta Med. 72:875-880.
110. Ou, C. C., Tsao, S. M., Lin, M. C., and Yin, M. C. (2003). Protective action on human LDL against oxidation and glycation by four organosulfur compounds derived from garlic. Lipids. 38:219-224.
111. Pari, L., Murugavel, P., Sitasawad, S. L., and Kumar, K. S. (2007). Cytopro-tective and antioxidant role of diallyl tetrasulfide on cadmium induced renal injury: an in vivo and in vitro study. Life Sci. 80:650-658.
112. Park, S. Y., Cho, S. J., Kwon, H. C., Lee, K. R., Rhee, D. K., and Pyo, S. (2005). Caspase-independent cell death by allicin in human epithelial carcinoma cells: involvement of PKA. Cancer Lett. 224:123-132.
113. Pinto, J. and Rivlin, R. (2001). Antiproliferative effects of allium derivatives from garlic. JNutr. 131:1058S. Qunibi, W. Y., Nolan, C. R., and Ayus, J. C. (2002). Cardiovascular calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease: A century-old phenomenon. Kidney Int. 82:73-80.
114. Raggi, P., Boulay, A., Chasan-Taber, S., Amin, N., Dillon, M., Burke, S. K., and Chertow, G. M. (2002). Cardiac calcification in adult hemodialysis patients. A link between end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease? JAmColl Cardiol. 39:695-701.
115. Rahman, K. (2007). Effects of garlic on platelet biochemistry and physiology. Mol Nutr Food Res. 51:1335-1344.
116. Rahman, K. and Lowe, G. M. (2006). Garlic and cardiovascular disease: a critical review. JNutr. 136:736S-740S. Ramaa, C. S., Shirode, A. R., Mundada, A. S., and Kadam, V. J. (2006). Nu-traceuticals an emerging era in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 7:15-23.
117. Raman, P., Dewitt, D. L., and Nair, M. G. (2007). Lipid peroxidation and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory activities of acidic aqueous extracts of some dietary supplements. Phytother Res. (Ahead of print). Rivlin, R. S. (2001). Historical perspective on the use of garlic. JNutr. 131:951S-954S.
118. Rose, P., Whiteman, M., Moore, P. K., and Zhu, Y. Z. (2005). Bioactive S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide metabolites in the genus Allium: the chemistry ofpotential therapeutic agents. NatProdRep. 22:351-368.
119. Ross, R. (1993). The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature (Lond). 362:801-809.
120. Sangeetha, T. and Darlin-Quine, S. (2006). Preventive effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) on cardiac marker enzymes and lipids in isoproterenol- induced myocardial injury. J Pharm Pharmacol. 58:617-623.
121. Sankaranarayanan, A., Narender, T., Kumar, S., and Dikshit, M. (2007). Allium sativum constituents: effect on free radical generation from rat neutrophils. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 53:63-67.
122. Schaffer, E. M., Liu, J. Z., Green, J., Dangler, C. A., and Milner, J. A. (1996). Garlic and associated allyl sulfurcomponents inhibit N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced ratmammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 102:199-204.
123. Sela, U., Ganor, S., Hecht, I., Brill, A., Miron, T., Rabinkov, A., Wilchek, M., Mirelman, D., Lider, O., and Hershkoviz, R. (2004). Allicin inhibits SDF-1alpha-induced T cell interactions with fibronectin and endothelial cells by down-regulating cytoskeleton rearrangement, Pyk-2 phosphorylation and VLA-4 expression. Immunology. 111:391-399.
124. Sengupta, A., Ghosh, S., and Das, S. (2004). Modulatory influence of garlic and tomato on cyclooxygenase-2 activity, cell proliferation and apoptosis during azoxymethane induced colon carcinogenesis in rat. Cancer Lett. 208:127-136.
125. Sengupta, A., Ghosh, S., and Das, S. (2003). Tomato and garlic can modulate azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Eur J Cancer Prev. 12:195-200.
126. Shamseer, L., Charrois, T. L., and Vohra, S. (2006). Complementary, holistic, and integrative medicine: Garlic. Pediat Rev. 27:e77-e80.
127. Shirin, H., Pinto, J. T., Kawabata, Y., Soh, J. W., Delohery, T., Moss, S. F, Murty, V., Rivlin, R. S., Holt, P. R., and Weinstein, I. B. (2001). Antiproliferative effects of S-allylmercaptocysteine on colon cancer cells when tested alone or in combination with sulindac sulfide. Cancer Res. 61:725-731.
128. Siegers, C. P., Steffen, B., Robke, A., and Pentz, R. (1999). The effects of garlic preprations against human tumour cell proliferation. Phytomedicine. 6:7-11.
129. Singh, B. B., Vinjamury, S. P., Der-Martirosian, C., Kubik, E., Mishra, L. C., Shepard, N. P., Singh, V. J., Meier, M., and Madhu, S. G. (2007). Ayurvedic and collateral herbal treatments for hyperlipidemia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs. Altern Ther Health Med. 13:22-28.
130. Singh, D. K. and Porter, T. D. (2006). Inhibition of sterol 4alpha-methyl oxidase is the principal mechanism by which garlic decreases cholesterol synthesis. JNutr. 136:759S-764S.
131. Singh, S. V., Pan, S. S., Srivastava, S. K., Xia, H., Hu, X., Zaren, H. A., and Orchard, J. L. (1998). Differential induction of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidore- ductase by anticarcinogenenic organosulfides from garlic. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 244:917-920. Singh, A. and Singh, S. P. (1997). Modulatory potential ofsmokeless tobacco on garlic, mace or black mustard- altered hepatic detoxification system enzymes, sulfhydryl content and lipid peroxidation in murine system. Cancer Lett. 118:109-114.
132. Song, K. and Milner, J. A. (2001). The influence of heating on the anticancer properties of garlic. J. Nutr. 131:1054s-1057s. Spigelski, D. and Jones, P. J. (2001). Efficacy of garlic supplementation in lowering serum cholesterol levels. Nutr Rev. 59:236-241.
133. Steele, V. E. (2003). Current mechanistic approaches to the chemoprevention of cancer, J Biochem Mol Biol. 36:78-81.
134. Sukta, D. (2002). Garlic - A Natural Source of Cancer Preventive Compounds. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 3:305-311.
135. Tanaka, S., Haruma, K., Kunihiro, M., Nagata, S., Kitadai, Y., Manabe, N., Sumii, M., Yoshihara, M., Kajiyama, G., and Chayama, K. (2004). Effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) on colorectal adenomas: a double-blinded study. Hiroshima J Med Sci. 53:39-45.
136. Tang, Z., Sheng, Z., Liu, S., Jian, X., Sun, K., and Yan, M. (1997). The preventing function of garlic on experimental oral precancer and its effect on natural killer cells, T-lymphocytes and interleukin-2. Bull Hunan Med Univ. 22:246-248.
137. Tapsell, L. C., Hemphill, I., Cobiac, L., Patch, C. S., Sullivan, D. R., Fenech, M., Roodenrys, S., Keogh, J. B., Clifton, P. M., Williams, P. G., Fazio, V. A., and Inge, K. E. (2006). Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future. Med J Aust. 185:S4-24.
138. Thomson, M. and Ali, M. (2003). Garlic (Allium sativum): a review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent. Curr Cancer DrugTargets. 3:67
139. Thomson, M., Al-Qattan, K. K., Bordia, T., and Ali, M. (2006). Including garlic in the diet may help lower blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. J Nutr. 136:800S-802S.
140. Truchlinski, J., Krauze, M., Cendrowska-Pinkosz, M., and Modzelewska- Banachiewicz, B. (2006). Influence of garlic, synthetic 1,2,4-triasole derivative and herbal preparation echinovit C on selected indices of turkey-hens non-specific immunity. PolJVetSci. 9:51-55.
141. Tsai, C. W., Chen, H. W., Yang, J. J., Sheen, L. Y., and Lii, C. K. (2006). Diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide up-regulate the expression of the pi class of glutathione S-transferase via an AP-1-dependent pathway. JAgric Food Chem. 55:1019-1026.
142. Tsao, S. M., Liu, W. H., and Yin, M. C. (2007). Two diallyl sulphides derived from garlic inhibit meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in diabetic mice. J Med Microbiol. 56:803-808.
143. Vina, J., Borras, C., Gomez-Cabrera, M. C., and Orr, W. C. (2006). Part of the series: from dietary antioxidants to regulators in cellular signalling and gene expression. Role of reactive oxygen species and (phyto)oestrogens in the modulation of adaptive response to stress. Free Radic Res. 40:111-119.
144. Wei, Z. and Lau, B. H. S. (1998). Garlic inhibits free radical generation and augments antioxidant enzyme activity in vascular endothelial cells. Nutr Res. 18:61-70.
145. Weisberger, A. S. and Pensky, J. (1957). Tumor inhibiting effects derived from an active principle ofgarlic (Allium sativum). Science 126:1112-1114.
146. Weiss, N., Ide, N., Abahji, T., Nill, L., Keller, C., and Hoffmann, U. (2006). Aged garlic extract improves homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in macro- and microcirculation. JNutr. 136:750S-754S.
147. Williams, M. J., Sutherland, W. H., McCormick, M. P., Yeoman, D. J., and de Jong, S. A. (2005). Aged garlic extract improves endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease. Phytother Res, 19:314-319.
148. Wilson, E. A. and Demmig-Adams, B. (2007). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of garlic and onions. Nutr Food Sci. 37:178-183.
149. Wojcikowski, K., Myers, S., and Brooks, L. (2007). Effects of garlic oil on platelet aggregation: a double blind placebo controlled crossover study. Platelets. 18:29-34.
150. Wu, C. C., Sheen, L. Y., Chen, H. W., Tsai, S. J., and Lii, C. K. 2001. Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic oil on the antioxidation system in rat liver and red blood cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 39:563-569.
151. Wu, X. J., Kassie, F., and Mersch-Sundermann, V. (2005). The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production on diallyl disulfide (DADS) induced apop- tosis and cell cycle arrest in human A549 lung carcinoma cells. Mutat Res. 579:115-124.
152. Xiao,D., Lew, K. L.,Kim,Y. A., Zeng, Y.,Hahm, E. R.,Dhir, R.,and Singh,S. V. (2006). Diallyl trisulfide suppresses growth of PC-3 human prostate cancer xenograft in vivo in association with Bax and Bak induction. Clin Cancer Res. 12:6836-6843.
153. Xiao, D., Pinto, J. T., Gundersen, G. G., and Weinstein, I. B. (2005). Effects of a series of organosulfur compounds on mitotic arrest and induction of apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 4(9):1388-1398.
154. Yamasaki, T. and Lau, B. H. S. (1997). Garlic compounds protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidant injury. Folia Pharmacol Jpn. 110:138-141.
155. Ye, Y., Yang, H. Y., Wu, J., Li, M., Min, J. M., and Cui, J. R. (2005). Z-ajoene causes cell cycle arrest at G2/M and decrease of telomerase activity in HL-60 cells. Zhonghua ZhongLiu Za Zhi. 27:516-520.
156. Yeh, Y. Y. and Yeh, S. M. (2006). Homocysteine-lowering action is another potential cardiovascular protective factor of aged garlic extract. JNutr. 136:745S-749S.
157. Yin, M. C. and Cheng, W. S. (1998). Antioxidant activity of several allium members. J Agric Food Chem. 46:4097-4101.
158. Yoshida, H., Katsuzaki, H., Ohta, R., Ishikawa, K., Fukuda, H., Fujino, T., and Suzuki, A. (1999). An organosulfur compound isolated from oil-macerated garlic extract, and its antimicrobial effect. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 63:588-590.
159. Yu, F. S., Yu, C. S., Lin, J. P., Chen, S. C., Lai, W. W., and Chung, J. G. (2005). Diallyl disulfide inhibits N-acetyltransferase activity and gene expression in human esophagus epidermoid carcinoma CE 81T/VGH cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 43(7):1029-1036.
160. Zahid-Ashraf, M., Hussain, M. E., and Fahima, M. Antiatherosclerotic effects of dietary supplementations of garlic and turmeric: Restoration of endothelial function in rats. Life Sciences. 77:837-857.
161. Zhang, Y. W., Wen, J., Xiao, J. B., Talbot, S. G., Li, G. C., and Xu, M.
162. Zhang, Z. M., Yang, X. Y., Deng, S. H., Xu, W., and Gao, H. Q. (2007). Anti- tumor effects of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles of diallyl trisulfide on orthotopic transplantation tumor model of hepatocellular carcinoma in BALB/c nude mice. Chin Med J (Engl). 120:1336-1342.
163. Zhou, S. F., Xue, C. C., Yu, X. Q., and Wang, G. (2007). Metabolic activation of herbal and dietary constituents and its clinical and toxicological implications: an update. Curr Drug Metab. 8:526-553.