Advancing the country image construct

Journal of Business Research

Volumn 62, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 726-740

  Roth, Katharina P ^a   Diamantopoulos, Adamantios ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Country image; Country of origin; Country of origin image; Literature review

Indexed keywords

EID: 67349168120     PISSN: 01482963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.05.014     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Ajzen I. Nature and operation of attitudes. Annu Rev Psychol 52 (2001) 27-58
2. Ajzen I., and Fishbein M. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior (1980), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
3. Allred A., Chakraborty G., and Miller S.J. Measuring images of developing countries: a scale development study. J Euro-mark 8 3 (1999) 29-49
4. Askegaard S., and Ger G. Product-country images as stereotypes: a comparative study of Danish food products in Germany and Turkey (1997), Centre for Market Surveillance, Research and Strategy for the Food Sector, Denmark
5. Askegaard S., and Ger G. Product-country images: towards a contextualized approach. In: Englis B., and Olofsson A. (Eds). European advances in consumer research (1998) 50-58
6. Aylesworth A.B., and MacKenzie S.B. Context is key: the effect of program-induced mood on thoughts about the ad. J Advert 27 2 (1998) 17-31
7. Bagozzi R.P., and Burnkrant R.E. Attitude organization and the attitude-behavior relationship. J Pers Soc Psychol 37 (1979) 913-919
8. Balabanis G., Mueller R., and Melewar T.C. In-group and out-group orientations and their relation to formation of country-of-origin image stereotyes. Int J Bus Glob 1 3 (2007) 328-344
9. Bannister J.P., and Saunders J.A. U.K. consumers' attitudes toward imports: the measurement of national stereotype image. Eur J Mark 12 8 (1978) 562-570
10. Bar-Tal D. Formation and change of ethnic and national stereotypes: an integrative model. Int J Intercult Relat 21 4 (1997) 491-523
11. Batra R., and Ahtola O.T. Measuring the hedonic and utilitarian sources of consumer attitudes. Mark Lett 2 (1990) 159-170
12. Bennett, D., Canadian consumer evaluations of european countries and their products. Unpublished M.M.S.Thesis, Carleton University; 1991.
13. Bilkey W.J. Foreword. In: Papadopoulos N., and Heslop L.A. (Eds). Product-country-images: impact and role in international marketing (1993), International Business Press, New York xix-xx
14. Bilkey W.J., and Nes E. Country-of-origin effects on product evaluations. J Int Bus Stud 8 1 (1982) 89-91
15. Boulding K. The image (1956), University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
16. Boulding K. National Images and International Systems. J Confl Resolut 3 (1959) 120-131
17. Brijs, K., Unravelling country-of-origin - semiotics as a theoretical basis for a meaning-centred approach towards country-of-origin effects. PhD Dissertation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands: Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 2006.
18. Buchanan W., and Cantril H. How nations see each other (1953), University of Illinois Press, Urbana
19. Cacioppo J.T., and Gardner W.L. Emotion. Annu Rev Psychol 50 (1999) 191-214
20. Cannon H.M., and Yaprak A. Will the real-world citizen please stand up! The many faces of cosmopolitan consumer behavior. J Int Mark 10 4 (2002) 30
21. Chao P., and Rajendran K.N. Consumer profiles and perceptions: country-of-origin effects. Int Mark Rev 10 2 (1993) 22-39
22. Child I.L., and Doob L.W. Factors determining national stereotypes. J Soc Psychol 17 (1943) 203-219
23. Churchill Jr. G.A. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. J Mark Res 16 1 (1979) 64-73
24. Crites S.L., Fabrigar L.R., and Petty R.E. Measuring the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes: conceptual and methodological issues. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 20 6 (1994) 619-634
25. Darling J.R., and Kraft F.B. A competitive profile of products and associated marketing practices of selected European and non-European countries. Eur J Mark 11 7 (1977) 519-531
26. d'Astous A., and Boujbel L. Positioning countries on personality dimensions: scale development and implications for country marketing. J Bus Res 60 (2007) 231-239
27. Dekker H., Malová D., and Hoogendoorn S. Nationalism and its explanations. Polit Psychol 24 2 (2003) 345-376
28. De Pelsmacker P., Geuens M., and Van den Bergh J. Marketing communications (2001), Prentice Hall, London
29. Derbaix C.M. The impact of affective reactions on attitudes toward the advertisement and the brand: a step toward ecological validity. J Mark Res 32 4 (1995) 470
30. Desborde R.D. Development and testing of a psychometric scale to measure country-of-origin image (1990), Florida State University, University Microfilms International (U M I), Ann Arbor, Michigan
31. DeVellis R.F. Scale development: theory and applications (2003), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks
32. Dichter E. The world customer. Harvard Bus Rev 40 4 (1962) 113-122
33. Diener E., and Emmons R.A. The independence of positive and negative affect. J Pers Soc Psychol 47 5 (1984) 1105-1117
34. Diener E., Smith H., and Fujita F. The personality structure of affect. J Pers Soc Psychol 69 1 (1995) 130-141
35. Doosje B., Ellemers N., and Spears R. Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. J Exp Soc Psychol 31 5 (1995) 410-436
36. D'Souza, R., The Canadian investment climate: foreign investors' experience and perceptions. Unpublished M.M.S.Thesis, Carleton University; 1993.
37. Eagly A.H., Mladinic A., and Otto S. Cognitive and affective bases of attitudes toward social groups and social policies. J Exp Soc Psychol 30 (1994) 113-137
38. Edwards J.R. Multidimensional constructs in organizational behavior research: an integrative analytical framework. Organ Res Methods 4 2 (2001) 144-192
39. Ekincy Y., and Hosany S. Destination personality: an application of brand personality to tourism destinations. J Travel Res 45 2 (2006) 127-139
40. Engel J.F., Blackwell R.D., and Miniard P.W. Consumer behavior (1995), The Dryden Press, Forth Worth
41. Esses V.M., Haddock G., and Zanna M.P. Values, stereotypes, and emotions as determinants of intergroup attitudes. In: Mackie D.M., and Hamilton D.L. (Eds). Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: interactive processes in group perception (1993), Academic Press, San Diego 137-166
42. Fattah, H.M., Caricature of Muhammad leads to boycott of Danish goods. The New York Times; 31/1/2006.
43. Fishbein M., and Ajzen I. Belief, attitude, intention and behavior, an introduction to theory and research (1975), Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA
44. Fiske S.T., and Linville P.W. What does the schema concept buy us?. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 6 4 (1980) 543-557
45. Ger G. Country image: perceptions, attitudes, associations, and their relationships to context. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference in Marketing and Development (1991) 390-398
46. Ger G., Askegaard S., and Christensen A. Experimental nature of product-place images: image as a narrative. Adv Consum Res 26 (1999) 165-169
47. Granzin K.L., and Painter J.J. Motivational influences on "buy domestic" purchasing: marketing management implications from a study of two nations. J Int Mark 9 2 (2001) 73-96
48. Haddock G., and Zanna M.P. Cognition, affect, and the prediction of social attitudes. In: Stroebe W., and Hewstone M. (Eds). European Review of Social Psychology (1998), Wiley, Chichester, UK
49. Han C.M. Country image: halo or summary construct?. J Mark Res 26 2 (1989) 222-229
50. Häubl G. A cross-national investigation of the effects of country of origin and brand name on the evaluation of a new car. Int Mark Rev 13 5 (1996) 76-97
51. Herche J. A note on the predictive validity of the CETSCALE. J Acad Mark Sci 20 3 (1992) 261-264
52. Heslop L.A., and Papadopoulos N. But Who Knows Where or When? reflections on the images of countries and their products. In: Papadopoulos N., and Heslop L.A. (Eds). Product-country images: impact and role in international marketing (1993), International Business Press, New York 39-75
53. Heslop L.A., Papadopoulos N., Dowdles M., Wall M., and Compeau D. who controls the purse strings: a study of consumers' and retail buyers' reactions in an America's FTA environment. J Bus Res 57 10 (2004) 1177-1188
54. Hooley G.J., Shipley D., and Krieger N. A method for modelling consumer perceptions of country of origin. Int Mark Rev 5 3 (1988) 67-76
55. Hosany S., Ekinci Y., and Uysal M. Destination image and destination personality: an application of branding theories to tourism places. J Bus Res 59 5 (2006) 638-642
56. Hsieh M.H., Pan S.L., and Setiono R. Product-, corporate-, and country-image dimensions and purchase behavior: a multicountry analysis. J Acad Mark Sci 32 3 (2004) 251-270
57. Ittersum K.V., Candel M.J.J.M., and Meulenberg M.T.G. The influence of the image of a product's region of origin on product evaluation. J Bus Res 56 3 (2003) 215-226
58. Izard C.E., Libero D., Putnam P., and Haynes O.M. Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality. J Pers Soc Psychol 64 5 (1993) 847-860
59. Jaffe E.D., and Nebenzahl I.D. On the measurement of country image: an alternative approach. Proceedings of the Academy of International Business (1991)
60. Jaffe E.D., and Nebenzahl I.D. Global promotion of country image: do the olympics count?. In: Papadopoulos N., and Heslop L.A. (Eds). Product-country images: impact and role in international marketing (1993), International Business Press, New York 433-452
61. Jaffe E.D., and Nebenzahl I.D. National image and competitive advantage (2001), Copenhagen Business School Press, Copenhagen, Denmark
62. Jarvis C.B., MacKenzie S.B., and Podsakoff P.M. A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. J Consum Res 30 (2003) 199-218
63. Javalgi R.G., Thomas E.G., and Rao S.R. US pleasure travellers' perceptions of selected European destinations. Eur J Mark 26 7 (1992) 45-64
64. Jones R.A., and Ashmore R.D. The structure of intergroup perception: categories and dimensions in views of ethnic groups and adjectives used in stereotype research. Pers Soc Psychol 25 3 (1973) 428-438
65. Katz D., and Braly K. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 28 (1933) 280-290
66. Katz D., and Stotland E. A preliminary statement to a theory of attitude structure and change. In: Koch S. (Ed). Psychology: A Study of Science (1959), McGraw-Hill, New York 423-475
67. Keillor B.D., Hult G.T.M., Erffmeyer R.C., and Babakus E. NATID: the development and application of a national identity measure for use in international marketing. J Int Mark 4 2 (1996) 57-73
68. Kelman H.C. International behavior (1965), Holt, Rinehart, Winston, New York
69. Kempf D.S. Attitude formation from product trial: distinct roles of cognition and affect for hedonic and functional products. Psychol Mark 16 (1999) 35-50
70. Klein J.G., and Ettenson R. Consumer animosity and consumer ethnocentrism: an analysis of unique antecedents. J Int Consum Mark 11 4 (1999) 5-24
71. Klein J.G., Ettenson R., and Morris M.D. The animosity model of foreign product purchase: an empirical test in the People's Republic of China. J Mark 62 1 (1998) 89-100
72. Klingberg F.L. Studies in measurement of the relationship among sovereign states. Psychometrica 6 (1941) 335-352
73. Knight G.A., and Calantone R.J. A flexible model of consumer country-of-origin perceptions. Int Mark Rev 17 2 (2000) 127-145
74. Knight G.A., Spreng R.A., and Yaprak A. Cross-national development and validation of an international business measurement scale: the COISCALE. Int Bus Rev 12 5 (2003) 581-599
75. Kochunny C.M., Babakus E., Berl R., and Marks W. Schematic representation of country image: its effects on product evaluations. J Int Consum Mark 5 1 (1993) 5-25
76. Kosterman R., and Feshbach S. Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Polit Psychol 10 2 (1989) 257-274
77. Kotler P., and Gertner D. Country as brand, product, and beyond: a place marketing and brand management perspective. J Brand Manag 9 4-5 (2002) 249-261
78. Kotler P., Haider D.H., and Rein I. Marketing places: attracting investment, industry, and tourism to cities, states, and nations (1993), Free Press, New York
79. Kühn R. Das "Made-in-Image" Deutschlands im internationalen Vergleich. Marketing ZFP 15 2 (1993) 119-127
80. Laroche M., Papadopoulos N., Heslop L.A., and Mourali M. The influence of country image structure on consumer evaluations of foreign products. Int Mark Rev 22 1 (2005) 96-115
81. Lavine H., Thomsen C.J., Zanna M.P., and Borgida E. On the primacy of affect in the determination of attitudes and behavior: the moderating role of affective-cognitive ambivalence. J Exp Soc Psychol 34 (1998) 398-421
82. Law K.S., Wong C.S., and Mobley W.H. Toward a taxonomy of multidimensional constructs. Acad Manage Rev 23 4 (1998) 741-755
83. Lebrenz, S. Länderimages: Einflußfaktor und Bedeutung für das Konsumentenverhalten. Lohmar: PhD Disseration, University of Passau, Josef Eul Verlag, 1996.
84. Lee D., and Ganesh G. Effects of partitioned country image in the context of brand image and familiarity. Int Mark Rev 16 1 (1999) 18-39
85. Li W.K., and Wyer R.S. The role of country of origin in product evaluations: informational and standard-of-comparison effects. J Consum Psychol 3 2 (1994) 187-212
86. Li Z.G., Fu S., and Murray W.L. Country and product images: the perceptions of consumers in the People's Republic of China. J Int Consum Mark 10 1-2 (1997) 115-138
87. Liefeld J.P. Experiments on country-of-origin effects: review and meta-analysis of effect size. In: Papadopoulos N., and Heslop L.A. (Eds). Product country images: impact and role in international marketing (1993), International Business Press, New York 117-156
88. Liska A.E. A critical examination of the causal structure of the Fishbein/Ajzen attitude-behavior model. Soc Psychol Q 47 1 (1984) 61-74
89. Lutz R.J. The role of attitude theory in marketing. In: Kassarjian H.H., and Robertson T.S. (Eds). Perspectives in consumer behavior (1981), Scott, Foresman and Company, Glenview, Il 233-250
90. Mackie D.M., and Hamilton D.L. Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: concluding comments. In: Mackie D.M., and Hamilton D.L. (Eds). Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: interactive processes in group perception (1993), Academic Press, San Diego 371-383
91. Mano H., and Oliver R.L. Assessing the dimensionality and structure of the consumption experience: evaluation, feeling, and satisfaction. J Consum Res 20 3 (1993) 451
92. Martin, A., U.S.-made toys benefit from China's troubles. The New York Times; 15/8/2007.
93. Martin I.M., and Eroglu S. Measuring a multi-dimensional construct: country image. J Bus Res 28 3 (1993) 191-210
94. McGee L.W., and Spiro R.L. Salesperson and product country-of-origin effects on attitudes and intentions to purchase. J Bus Res 22 1 (1991) 21-32
95. Mittelstaedt J.D., Hopkins C.D., Raymond M.A., and Duke C.R. Perceived differences among countries: understanding relative perceptions. J Int Consum Mark 17 1 (2004) 7-31
96. Moeller, T., Landesimage und Kaufentscheidung - Erklärung, Messung und Marketingimplikationen. Wiesbaden: PhD Dissertation, University of Hamburg, Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 1997.
97. Mossberg L., and Kleppe I.A. Country and destination image - different or similar image concepts?. Serv Ind J 25 4 (2005) 493-503
98. Nagashima A. A comparison of Japanese and US attitudes toward foreign products. J Mark 34 1 (1970) 68-74
99. Nagashima A. A comparative "made in" product image survey among japanese businessmen. J Mark 41 3 (1977) 95-100
100. Narayana C.L. Aggregate images of American and Japanese products: implication on international marketing. Columbia J World Bus 16 2 (1981) 31-35
101. Nebenzahl I.D., Jaffe E.D., and Usunier J.C. Personifying country of origin research. Manag Int Rev 43 4 (2003) 383-406
102. Obermiller C., and Spangenberg E. Exploring the effects of country-of-origin labels: an information processing framework. Adv Consum Res 16 1 (1989) 454-459
103. Obermiller C., Spangenberg E.R., and Perkins A.W. Predicting the effects of country of origin as an information cue. Asian J Mark 7 1 (1999)
104. O'Shaughnessy J., and O'Shaughnessy N.J. Treating the nation as a brand: some neglected issues. J Macromark 20 1 (2000) 56-64
105. Papadopoulos N. Development and organization of a cross-national study: the country-of-origin effect. In: Papadopoulos N., and Bradley M.F. (Eds). Proceedings, workshop on international strategy (1986), European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management, Brussels 42-56
106. Papadopoulos N. What product country images are and are not. In: Papadopoulos N., and Heslop L.A. (Eds). Product-country image: impact and role in international marketing (1993), International Business Press, New York 3-38
107. Papadopoulos N. Place branding: evolution, meaning and implications. Place Branding 1 1 (2004) 36-49
108. Papadopoulos N., and Heslop L.A. Country equity and product-country images: state-of-the-art in research and implications. In: Jain S.C. (Ed). Handbook of research in international marketing (2003), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Northampton 402-433
109. Papadopoulos N., Heslop L.A., and Bamossy G. A comparative image analysis of domestic versus imported products. Int J Res Mark 16 7 (1990) 283-294
110. Papadopoulos N., Heslop L.A., and Beracs J. National stereotypes and product evaluations in a socialist country. Int Mark Rev 7 1 (1990) 32-47
111. Papadopoulos N., Heslop L.A., Szamosi L., Ettenson R., and Mort G.S. 'Czech made' or check mate? An assessment of the competitiveness of East European products. In: Arnott D., et al. (Ed). 26th EMAC Conference, 20-23rd May 1997 (1997), Coventry 993-1012
112. Papadopoulos N., Heslop L.A., and IKON Research Group. A cross-national and longitudinal study of product-country images with a focus on the U.S. and Japan (2000), Marketing Science Institute, Cambridge 1-67
113. Pappu R., Quester P.G., and Cooksey R.W. Country image and consumer-based brand equity: relationship and implications for international marketing. J Int Bus Stud 38 5 (2007) 726-745
114. Parameswaran R., and Pisharodi R.M. Facets of country of origin image: an empirical assessment. J Advert 23 1 (1994) 43-61
115. Parameswaran R., and Pisharodi R.M. Assimilation effects in country image research. Int Mark Rev 19 3 (2002) 259-278
116. Parameswaran R., and Yaprak A. A cross-national comparison of consumer research measures. J Int Bus Stud 18 1 (1987) 35-49
117. Pereira A., Hsu C.C., and Kundu S.K. Country-of-origin image: measurement and cross-national testing. J Bus Res 58 1 (2005) 103-106
118. Pisharodi R.M., and Parameswaran R. Confirmatory factor analysis of a country-of-origin scale: initial results. Adv Consum Res 19 2 (1992) 706-714
119. Plutchik R. A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In: Plutchik R., and Kellerman H. (Eds). Emotion: theory, research, and experience. Theories of Emotion vol. 1 (1980), Academic, New York 3-33
120. Poiesz T.B.C. The image concept: its place in consumer psychology. J Econ Psychol 10 4 (1989) 457-472
121. Puaschunder J., Schweiger G., and Kirchler E. Länderimagevergleich Österreich - Deutschland - Schweiz in Australien. Werbeforsch Prax 1 (2004) 8-13
122. Rawwas M.Y.A., Rajendran K.N., and Wuehrer G.A. The influence of worldmindedness and nationalism on consumer evaluation of domestic and foreign products. Int Mark Rev 13 2 (1996) 20-38
123. Reynolds N.L., Simintiras A.C., and Diamantopoulos A. Theoretical justification of sampling choices in international marketing research: key issues and guidelines for researchers. J Int Bus Stud 34 1 (2003) 80-89
124. Richins M.L. Measuring emotions in the consumption experience. J Consum Res 24 2 (1997) 127
125. Robinson J.P., and Hefner R. Multidimensional differences in public and academic perceptions of nations. J Pers Soc Psychol 7 3 (1967) 251-259
126. Rosenberg M.J., and Hovland C.I. Cognitive, affective and behavioural components of attitude. In: Hovland C.I., and Rosenberg M.J. (Eds). Attitude organization and change (1960), Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. 1-14
127. Roth M.S., and Romeo J.B. Matching product category and country image perceptions: a framework for managing country-of-origin effects. J Int Bus Stud 23 3 (1992) 477-497
128. Russell J.A., and Mehrabian A. Distinguishing anger and anxiety in terms of emotional response factors. J Consult Clin Psychol 42 (1974) 79-83
129. Schatz R.R., Staub E., and Lavine H. On the varieties of national attachment: blind versus constructive patriotism. Polit Psychol 20 1 (1999) 151-174
130. Schlegel R.P., and DiTecco D. Attitudinal structures and the attitude-behavior relation. In: Zanna M.P., Higgins E.T., and Herman C.P. (Eds). Consistency in social behavior (1982), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.
131. Schoefer K., and Diamantopoulos A. Measuring experienced emotions during service recovery encounters: construction and assessment of the ESRE scale. Service Business 2 1 (2008) 65-81
132. Schooler R.D. Product bias in Central American common market. J Mark Res 2 4 (1965) 394-397
133. Schweiger G. Österreichs Image im Ausland (1988), Norka Verlag, Wien
134. Schweiger G. Das Image des Herkunftslandes als Grundlage für den Imagetransfer zwischen Landes- und Markenimage. Werbeforsch Prax 35 3 (1990) 57-59
135. Schweiger G. Österreichs Image in der Welt - Ein Vergleich mit Deutschland und der Schweiz (1992), Service Fachverlag, Wien
136. Schweiger G., and Kurz H. Herkunftstypische Positionierung und Werbung: Die Nutzung des Image Österreichs und österreichische Regionen für die Vermarktung österreichischer Produkte. Der Markt 36 140 (1997) 84-92
137. Shankarmahesh M.N. Consumer Ethnocentrism: An Integrative Review of its Antecedents and Consequences. International Marketing Review 23 2 (2006) 146-172
138. Shimp T.A., and Sharma S. Consumer ethnocentrism: construction and validation of the CETSCALE. J Mark Res 24 3 (1987) 280-289
139. Simons J., and Carey K.B. A structural analysis of attitudes toward alcohol and marijuana use. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 24 (1998) 727-735
140. Smith M.B. The personal setting of public opinions: a study of attitudes toward Russia. Public Opinion Quarterly 11 (1947) 507-523
141. Solomon M., Bamossy G., Askegaard S., and Hogg M.K. Consumer behaviour - a European perspective (2006), Prentice Hall, Harlow
142. Spencer P., and Wollman H. Nationalism: a critical introduction (2003), Sage Publications, London
143. Spiegel Verlag. Spiegel-Dokumentation: Auto, Verkehr und Umwelt (1993), Spiegel Verlag, Hamburg
144. Steenkamp J.B.E.M., and Baumgartner H. Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. J Consum Res 25 78 (1998) 90
145. Story, L., Barboza, D., Mattel recalls 19 million toys sent from China. The New York Times; 15/8/2007.
146. Strutton D., True S.L., and Rody R.C. Russian consumer perceptions of foreign and domestic consumer goods. J Mark Theory Pract 3 3 (1995) 76-87
147. Um S., and Crompton J.L. Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Ann Tour Res 17 3 (1990) 432-448
148. Usunier J.C. Relevance in business research: the case of country-of-origin research in marketing. Eur Manag Rev 3 (2006) 60-73
149. Vandenberg R.J., and Lance C.E. A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organ Res Methods 3 1 (2000) 4-70
150. Vence D.L. Marketers ready for shoppers with a renewed yen for American-made goods. Mark News 41 19 (2007) 12-15
151. Verlegh PWJ. Country-of-origin effects on consumer product evaluations. Unpublished Phd Dissertation, Wageningen, the Netherlands: Wageningen University; 2001.
152. Verlegh P.W.J. Home country bias in product evaluation: the complementary roles of economic and socio-psychological motives. J Int Bus Stud 38 (2007) 361-373
153. Verlegh P.W.J., and Steenkamp J.B.E.M. A review and meta-analysis of country-of-origin research. J Econ Psychol 20 5 (1999) 521-546
154. Wang C.K., and Lamb C. Foreign environmental factors influencing American consumers' predispositions toward European products. J Acad Mark Sci 8 4 (1980) 345-356
155. Wang C.K., and Lamb C. The impact of selected environmental forces upon consumers' willingness to buy foreign products. J Acad Mark Sci 11 1 (1983) 71-83
156. Watson D., Clark L.A., and Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 54 6 (1988) 1063-1070
157. Weber U., and Grundhöfer H. Länderimages - ein Qualitätspotential?. Absatzwirtschaft 34 (1991) 204-210 (Sondernummer Oktober 1991)
158. Yaprak A., and Parameswaran R. Strategy formulation in multinational marketing: a deductive, paradigm-integrating approach. Adv Int Mark 1 (1986) 21-45
159. Yoon S.J., Cannon H.M., and Yaprak A. Evaluating the CYMYC cosmopolitan scale on Korean consumers. Adv Int Mark 7 (1995) 211-232
160. Yoon S.J., Cannon H.M., and Yaprak A. A cross-cultural study of the "cosmopolitanism" construct: validation of a new cosmopolitanism scale. Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business (1996)
161. Zajonc R.B. Feeling and thinking: closing the debate over the independence of affect. In: Forgas J.P. (Ed). Feeling and thinking: the role of affect in social cognition (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 31-58
162. Zajonc R.B., and Markus H. Affective and cognitive factors in preferences. J Consum Res 9 (1982) 123-131
163. Zanna M.P., and Rempel J.R. Attitudes: a new look at an old concept. In: Bar-Tal D., and Kruglanski A. (Eds). The social psychology of knowledge (1988), Cambridge University Press, New York 315-334
164. Zinkhan G.H., and Fornell C. A test of the learning hierarchy in high & low involvement situations. Adv Consum Res 16 1 (1989) 152-159