Demographic diversity in the boardroom: Mediators of the board diversity-firm performance relationship

Journal of Management Studies

Volumn 46, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 755-786

  Miller, Toyah ^a   Del Carmen Triana, María ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 66249122411     PISSN: 00222380     EISSN: 14676486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00839.x     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Albinger, H. S. Freeman, S. J. (2000 Corporate social performance and attractiveness as an employer to different job seeking populations Journal of Business Ethics, 28, 243 53.
2. Alliance for Board Diversity (2005). Launch of Alliance for Board Diversity Calls for Fair Representation on Corporate Boards. Available at: http://www.catalyst.org/press-release/117/alliance-for-board-diversity-fact- sheet (accessed 3 March 2008).
3. Amason, A. C. (1996 Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making Academy of Management Journal, 39, 123 48.
4. Audia, P. G., Locke, E. A. Smith, K. G. (2000 The paradox of success: an archival and a laboratory study of strategic persistence following radical environmental change Academy of Management Journal, 43, 837 53.
5. Backhaus, K. B., Stone, B. A. Heiner, K. (2002 Exploring the relationship between corporate social performance and employer attractiveness Business & Society, 41, 292 318.
6. Balkin, D. B., Markman, G. D. Gomez-Mejía, L. R. (2000 Is CEO pay in high-technology firms related to innovation? Academy of Management Journal, 43, 1118 29.
7. Bantel, K. A. Jackson, S. E. (1989 Top management and innovations in banking: does the composition of the top team make a difference? Strategic Management Journal, 10, 107 24.
8. Baron, R. M. Kenny, D. A. (1986 The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173 82.
9. Baysinger, B. Hoskisson, R. E. (1989 Diversification strategy and R&D intensity in multiproduct firms Academy of Management Journal, 32, 310 32.
10. Baysinger, B. Hoskisson, R. E. (1990 The composition of boards of directors and strategic control: effects on corporate strategy Academy of Management Review, 15, 72 87.
11. Baysinger, B. D., Kosnik, R. D. Turk, T. A. (1991 Effects of board and ownership structure on corporate R&D strategy Academy of Management Journal, 34, 205 14.
12. Bazerman, M. H. Schoorman, F. D. (1983 A limited rationality model of interlocking directorates Academy of Management Review, 8, 206 17.
13. Beatty, R. P. Ritter, J. R. (1986 Investment banking, reputation and the underpricing of initial public offerings Journal of Financial Economics, 15, 213 32.
14. Beekes, W., Pope, P. Young, S. (2004 The link between earnings timeliness, earnings conservatism and board composition: evidence from the UK Corporate Governance, 12, 47 59. (Pubitemid 38213609)
15. Berger, J., Cohen, B. R. Zelditch, M. (1972 Status characteristics and social interaction American Sociological Review, 37, 241 55.
16. Bilimoria, D. (2000 Building the business case for women corporate directors In Burke, R. J. Mattis, M. C. (Eds Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International Challenges and Opportunities. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic, 25 40.
17. Bilimoria, D. (2006 The relationship between women corporate directors and women corporate officers Journal of Managerial Issues, 18, 47 61.
18. Bilimoria, D. Wheeler, J. V. (2000 Women corporate directors: current research and future directions In Burke, R. J. Mattis, M. C. (Eds Women in Management: Current Research Issues. London : Sage, 138 63.
19. Black, E., Carnes, T. Richardson, V. (2000 The market value of corporate reputation Corporate Reputation Review, 1, 31 42.
20. Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and Heterogeneity. Glencoe, IL : Free Press.
21. Boyd, B. K. (1995 CEO duality and firm performance: a contingency model Strategic Management Journal, 16, 301 12.
22. Brammer, S. Millington, A. (2005 Corporate reputation and philanthropy: an empirical analysis Journal of Business Ethics, 61, 29 44. (Pubitemid 41424941)
23. Brancato, C. K. (1999 Study suggests that more diversified boards can strengthen corporations Corporate Governance Advisor, 7, 14 7.
24. Brown, B. Perry, S. (1994 Removing the financial performance halo from Fortune's "most admired" companies Academy of Management Journal, 37, 1347 59.
25. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2005). Economic Surveys. Data and Reports. Washington, DC : Bureau of Labor Statistics.
26. Burke, R. J. (1997 Women on corporate boards of directors: a needed resource Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 909 15.
27. Burke, R. J. (2000 Women on Canadian corporate boards of directors: still a long way to go In Burke, R. J. Mattis, M. C. (Eds Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International Challenges and Opportunities. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 97 110.
28. Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
29. Burt, R. S. (1997 The contingent value of social capital Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 339 65.
30. Carter, D. A., Simkins, B. J. Simpson, W. G. (2003 Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value The Financial Review, 38, 33 53.
31. Carter, S. M. (2006 The interaction of top management group, stakeholder, and situational factors on certain corporate reputation management activities Journal of Management Studies, 43, 1145 76.
32. Catalyst (2006a). 2005 Catalyst Census of Women Board Directors of the Fortune 500. New York : Catalyst.
33. Catalyst (2006b). 2006 Catalyst Member Benchmarking Report. New York : Catalyst.
34. Catalyst (2008). 2007 Catalyst Census of Women Board Directors of the Fortune 500. New York : Catalyst.
35. Caves, B. E. Ghemawat, P. (1992 Identifying mobility barriers Strategic Management Journal, 13, 1 12.
36. Certo, S. T. (2003 Influencing initial public offering investors with prestige: signaling with board structures Academy of Management Review, 28, 432 46.
37. Certo, S. T., Covin, J. G., Daily, C. M. Dalton, D. R. (2001 Wealth and the effects of founder management among IPO-stage new ventures Strategic Management Journal, 22, 641 58.
38. Certo, S. T., Daily, C. M. Dalton, D. R. (2001 Signaling firm value through board structure: an investigation of initial public offerings Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 26, 33 50.
39. Chatterjee, S., Harrison, J. S. Bergh, D. D. (2003 Failed takeover attempts, corporate governance and refocusing Strategic Management Journal, 24, 87 96.
40. Chen, G., Liu, C. Tjosvold, D. (2005 Conflict management for effective top management teams and innovation in China Journal of Management Studies, 42, 277 300. (Pubitemid 40344550)
41. Clark, E. Soulsby, A. (2007 Understanding top management and organizational change through demographic and processual analysis Journal of Management Studies, 44, 932 54.
42. Cleveland, J. N., Stockdale, M. Murphy, K. R. (2000). Women and Men in Organizations: Sex and Gender Issues at Work. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
43. Coffey, B. S. Wang, J. (1998 Board diversity and managerial control as predictors of corporate social performance Journal of Business Ethics, 17, 1595 603.
44. Coleman, J. S. (1988 Social capital in the creation of human capital American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95 120.
45. Combs, J. G., Ketchen, D. J., Perryman, A. A. Donahue, M. S. (2007 The moderating effect of CEO power on the board composition-firm performance relationship Journal of Management Studies, 44, 1299 323.
46. Cox, T. (1996 Cultural diversity in organizations: intergroup conflict In Ott, J. S. (Ed. Classic Readings in Organizational Behavior. Belmont : Wadsworth, 13, 263 73.
47. Cox, T. H., Lobel, S. A. McLeod, P. L. (1991 Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task Academy of Management Journal, 34, 827 47.
48. Cyert, R. M. March, J. G. (1963). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall.
49. Daft, R. L. Lengel, R. H. (1984 Information richness: a new approach to managerial behavior and organization design Research in Organizational Behavior, 6, 191 233.
50. Daily, C. M. Dalton, D. R. (2003 Women in the boardroom: a business imperative Journal of Business Strategy, 24, 8 9.
51. Daily, C. M., Certo, S. T. Dalton, D. R. (2000 International experience in the executive suite: the path to prosperity? Strategic Management Journal, 21, 515 23.
52. Daily, C. M., Dalton, D. R. Cannella, A. A. (2003 Corporate governance: decades of dialogue and data Academy of Management Review, 28, 371 82.
53. Dalton, D. R., Daily, C. M., Ellstrand, A. E. Johnson, J. L. (1998 Meta-analytic review of board composition, leadership structure, and financial performance Strategic Management Journal, 19, 269 90.
54. Dalton, D. R., Dalton, C. M. Certo, S. T. (2006). Women and Boards of Directors After Sarbanes-Oxley: Participation, Position, and Promise. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA.
55. Deephouse, D. L. Carter, S. M. (2005 An examination of differences between organizational legitimacy and organizational reputation Journal of Management Studies, 42, 329 60.
56. Deutsch, Y. (2005 The impact of board composition on firms' critical decisions: a meta-analytic review Journal of Management, 31, 424 44.
57. Deutsch, Y. Ross, T. W. (2003 You are known by the directors you keep: reputable directors as a signaling mechanism for young firms Management Science, 49, 1003 17.
58. Dimovski, W. Brooks, R. (2006 The gender composition of boards after an IPO Corporate Governance, 6, 11 7.
59. Dowling, G. (2006 Reputation risk: it is the board's ultimate responsibility Journal of Business Strategy, 27, 59 68.
60. Dwyer, S., Richard, O. C. Chadwick, K. (2003 Gender diversity in management and firm performance: the influence of growth orientation and organizational culture Journal of Business Research, 56, 1009 19.
61. Erhardt, N. L., Werbel, J. D. Shrader, C. B. (2003 Board of director diversity and firm financial performance Corporate Governance, 11, 102 11.
62. Executive Leadership Council (2006). Implications and Recommendations of the 2004 Census of African-Americans on Boards of Directors. Available at: http://www.elcinfo.com/downloads/docs/2004-Census.pdf (accessed 13 March 2008).
63. Fama, E. F. Jensen, M. C. (1983 Separation of ownership and control Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 301 25.
64. Ferrier, W. J. (1997 "Tough talk" and market leaders: the role of overt signaling and reputation-building behaviors in sustaining industry dominance Corporate Reputation Review, 1, 98 103.
65. Filatotchev, I. Bishop, K. (2002 Board composition, share ownership, and "underpricing" of U.K. IPO firms Strategic Management Journal, 23, 941 55.
66. Fombrun, C. (1996). Reputation: Realizing Value from the Corporate Image. Boston, MA : Harvard Business School Press.
67. Fombrun, C. (2004 Corporate reputations as economic assets In Hitt, M. A., Freeman, R. E. Harrison, J. S. (Eds Handbook of Strategic Management. Oxford : Blackwell, 289 312.
68. Fombrun, C. Shanley, M. (1990 What's in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy Academy of Management Journal, 33, 233 58.
69. Fondas, N. (2000 Women on boards of directors: gender bias or power threat? In Burke, R. J. Mattis, M. C. (Eds Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International Challenges and Opportunities. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic, 171 8.
70. Forbes, D. P. Milliken, F. J. (1999 Cognition and corporate governance: understanding board of directors as strategic decision-making groups Academy of Management Review, 24, 489 505.
71. Franko, L. G. (1989 Global corporate competition: who's winning, who's losing, and the R&D factor as one reason why Strategic Management Journal, 10, 449 74.
72. Fryxell, G. E. Lerner, L. D. (1989 Contrasting corporate profiles: women and minority representation in top management positions Journal of Business Ethics, 8, 341 52.
73. Gabrielsson, J. Huse, M. (2004 Context, behavior, and evolution International Studies of Management and Organizations, 34, 11 36.
74. Giscombe, K. Mattis, M. (2002 Leveling the playing field for women of color in corporate management Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 103 19.
75. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Balkin, D. B. Cardy, R. L. (2007). Managing Human Resources, 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall.
76. Granovetter, M. S. (1973 The strength of weak ties American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360 80.
77. Graves, S. B. (1988 Institutional ownership and corporate R&D in the computer industry Academy of Management Journal, 31, 417 28.
78. Gregory, J. R. (1998 Does corporate reputation provide a cushion to companies facing market volatility? Some supportive evidence Corporate Reputation Review, 1, 288 90.
79. Hall, R. (1993 A framework linking intangible resources and capabilities Strategic Management Journal, 14, 607 19.
80. Hambrick, D. C. Mason, P. A. (1984 Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers Academy of Management Review, 9, 193 206.
81. Hansen, G. S. Hill, C. W. L. (1991 Are institutional investors myopic? A time-series study of four technology-driven industries Strategic Management Journal, 12, 1 16.
82. Harrison, D. A. Klein, K. J. (2007 What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, and disparity in organization Academy of Management Review, 32, 1199 228.
83. Harrison, D. A. Sin, H.-P. (2006 What is diversity and how should it be measured? In Konrad, A. M., Prasad, P. Pringle, J. K. (Eds Handbook of Workplace Diversity. London : Sage, 191 216.
84. Heeley, M. B., King, D. R. Covin, J. G. (2006 Effects of firm R&D investment and environment on acquisition likelihood Journal of Management Studies, 43, 1513 35.
85. Helfat, C. E., Harris, D. Wolfson, P. J. (2006 The pipeline to the top: women and men in the top executive ranks of US corporations Academy of Management Perspectives, 20, 42 64.
86. Henderson, A. D., Miller, D. Hambrick, D. C. (2006 How quickly do CEOs become obsolete? Industry dynamism, CEO tenure, and company performance Strategic Management Journal, 27, 447 60.
87. Henke, J. (1983 Involving boards of directors in strategic planning Journal of Business Strategy, 7, 87 95.
88. Heugens, P. P. M. A. R., van Riel, C. B. M. van den Bosch, F. A. J. (2004 Reputation management capabilities as decision rules Journal of Management Studies, 41, 1349 77.
89. Hill, C. W. L. Jones, T. M. (1992 Stakeholder-agency theory Journal of Management Studies, 29, 131 54.
90. Hill, C. W. L. Snell, S. A. (1988 External control, corporate strategy, and firm performance in research-intensive industries Strategic Management Journal, 9, 577 90.
91. Hillman, A. Dalziel, T. (2003 Board of directors and firm performance: integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives Academy of Management Review, 28, 383 96.
92. Hillman, A. J., Cannella, A. A. Paetzold, R. L. (2000 The resource dependence role of corporate directors: strategic adaptation of board composition in response to environmental change Journal of Management Studies, 37, 235 55.
93. Hillman, A., Cannella, A. A. Harris, I. (2002 Women and racial minorities in the boardroom: how do they differ? Journal of Management, 28, 747 63.
94. Himmelberg, C. P., Hubbard, G. Palia, D. (1999 Understanding the determinants of managerial ownership and the link between ownership and performance Journal of Financial Economics, 53, 353 84.
95. Hirsch, P. M. Andrews, J. A. Y. (1984 Administrators' response to performance and value challenges: stance, symbols, and behavior In Sergiovanni, T. J. Corbally, J. E. (Eds Leadership and Organizational Culture. Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press, 170 85.
96. Hispanic Association on Corporate Responsibility (2007). Despite Hispanic Community's Growing Economic Clout, Hispanics Remain Absent from Corporate Boardrooms. Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.hacr.org/mediacenter/pubID. 237/pub-detail.asp (accessed 13 March 2009).
97. Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., Johnson, R. A. Moesel, D. D. (1996 The market for corporate control and firm innovation Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1084 119.
98. Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E. Kim, H. (1997 International diversification: effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms Academy of Management Journal, 40, 767 99.
99. Hoel, M. (2004). The Nordic 500: Women Board Directors and Executive Directors. Oslo : Center for Corporate Diversity.
100. Hoffman, L. (1959 Homogeneity and member personality and its effect on group problem solving Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 27 32.
101. Hoffman, L. Maier, N. (1961 Quality and acceptance of problem solutions by members of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 401 7.
102. Holtgraves, T. (1986 Language structure in social interaction: perceptions of direct and indirect speech acts and interactants who use them Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 305 14.
103. Hoskisson, R. E., Hitt, M. A., Johnson, R. A. Grossman, W. (2002 Conflicting voices: the effects of institutional ownership heterogeneity and internal governance on corporate innovation strategies Academy of Management Journal, 45, 697 716.
104. Ibarra, H. (1992 Homophily and differential returns: sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 422 47.
105. Ibarra, H. (1993 Personal networks of women and minorities in management: a conceptual framework Academy of Management Review, 18, 56 87.
106. Ibarra, H. (1995 Race, opportunity, and diversity of social circles in managerial networks Academy of Management Journal, 38, 673 703.
107. Jackson, S. E., Joshi, A. Erhardt, N. L. (2003 Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications Journal of Management, 29, 801 30.
108. Johnson, J. L., Daily, C. M. Ellstrand, A. E. (1996 Board of directors: a review and research agenda Journal of Management, 22, 409 38.
109. Judd, C. M. Kenny, D. A. (1981 Process analysis: estimating mediation in treatment evaluations Evaluation Review, 5, 602 19.
110. Kesner, I. F. (1987 Director's stock ownership and organizational performance: an investigation of Fortune 500 companies Journal of Management, 13, 499 508.
111. Kesner, I. F. (1988 Directors' characteristics and committee membership: an investigation of type, occupation, tenure, and gender Academy of Management Journal, 31, 66 84.
112. Knight, R. F. Pretty, D. J. (1999 Corporate catastrophes, stock returns, and trading volume Corporate Reputation Review, 2, 363 80.
113. Kochan, T., Bezrukova, K., Ely, R. J., Jackson, S., Joshi, A., Jehn, K., Leonard, J., Levine, D. Thomas, D. (2003 The effects of diversity on business performance: report of the diversity research network Human Resource Management, 42, 3 21. (Pubitemid 37514427)
114. Lane, P. J., Cannella, A. A. Lubatkin, M. H. (1998 Agency problems as antecedents to unrelated mergers and diversification: Amihud and Lev reconsidered Strategic Management Journal, 19, 555 78.
115. Lawrence, B. S. (1997 The black box of organizational demography Organization Science, 8, 1 22.
116. Lawrence, T. B. (1998 Examining resources in an occupational community: reputation in Canadian forensic accounting Human Relations, 51, 1103 31.
117. Mahon, J. F. (2002 Corporate reputation: a research agenda using strategy and stakeholder literature Business and Society, 41, 415 45.
118. Markides, C. C. Williamson, P. J. (1994 Related diversification, core competencies and corporate performance Strategic Management Journal, 15, 149 65.
119. Mattis, M. C. (2000 Women corporate directors in the United States In Burke, R. J. Mattis, M. C. (Eds Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International Challenges and Opportunities. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic, 43 56.
120. McGuire, J. B., Schneeweis, T. Branch, B. (1990 Perceptions of firm quality: a cause or result of firm performance Journal of Management, 16, 167 80.
121. Melcher, R. (1996 The best and worst boards Business Week, November, 82 9.
122. Miller, C. C., Burke, L. M. Glick, W. H. (1998 Cognitive diversity among upper-echelon executives: implications for strategic decision processes Strategic Management Journal, 19, 39 58. (Pubitemid 128469385)
123. Milliken, F. J. Martins, L. L. (1996 Searching for common threads: understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups Academy of Management Review, 21, 402 33.
124. Milliken, F. J. Vollrath, D. (1991 Strategic decision-making tasks and group effectiveness: insights from theory and research on small groups Human Relations, 44, 1229 53.
125. Mintzberg, H., Raisinghani, D. Theoret, A. (1976 The structure of "unstructured" decision processes Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 246 74.
126. Mizruchi, M. S. (1996 What do interlocks do? An analysis, critique, and assessment of research on interlocking directories Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 271 98.
127. Morbey, G. K. (1988 R&D: its relationship to company performance Journal of Product Innovation Management, 5, 191 200.
128. Nelson, R. R. Winter, S. G. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA : Belknap.
129. O'Brien, J. P. (2003 The capital structure implications of pursuing a strategy of innovation Strategic Management Journal, 24, 415 32.
130. Opler, T. C., Pinkowitz, L., Stulz, R. Williamson, R. (1999 The determinants and implications of corporate cash holdings Journal of Financial Economics, 52, 3 46.
131. O'Reilly, C. A. (1983 The use of information in organizational decision making: a model and some propositions Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 103 40.
132. Pakes, A. Schankerman, M. (1984 The rate of obsolescence of patents, research gestation lags, and the private rate of return to research resources In Pakes, A. Griliches, Z Eds R&D, Patents, and Productivity. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press, 315 38.
133. Parker, L. D. (2007 Boardroom strategizing in professional associations: processual and institutional perspectives Journal of Management Studies, 44, 1454 80.
134. Parsons, T. (1960). Structure and Process in Modern Societies. New York : Free Press.
135. Pearce, J. A. Zahra, S. A. (1992 Board composition from a strategic contingency perspective Journal of Management Studies, 29, 411 38.
136. Peterson, C. A. Philpot, J. (2007 Women's roles on U.S. Fortune 500 boards: director expertise and committee memberships Journal of Business Ethics, 72, 177 96.
137. Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in Organizations. Marshfield, MA : Pitman.
138. Pfeffer, J. Salancik, G. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependency Perspective. New York : Harper & Row.
139. Rechner, P. L. Dalton, D. R. (1991 CEO duality and organizational performance: a longitudinal analysis Strategic Management Journal, 12, 155 60.
140. Richard, O. (2000 Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance Academy of Management Journal, 43, 164 77.
141. Rindova, V. P. (1999 What corporate boards have to do with strategy: a cognitive perspective Journal of Management Studies, 36, 953 75.
142. Roberts, P. W. Dowling, G. R. (2002 Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance Strategic Management Journal, 23, 1077 93.
143. Robertson, M., Swan, J. Newell, S. (1996 The role of networks in the diffusion of technological innovation Journal of Management Studies, 33, 333 59.
144. Robinson, G. Dechant, K. (1997 Building a business case for diversity Academy of Management Executive, 11, 21 31. (Pubitemid 127695379)
145. Rodan, S. Galunic, C. (2004 More than network structure: how knowledge heterogeneity influences managerial performance and innovativeness Strategic Management Journal, 25, 541 62.
146. Ruigrok, W., Peck, S. Keller, P. (2006 Board characteristics and involvement in the strategic decision making: evidence from Swiss companies Journal of Management Studies, 43, 1201 26.
147. Shrader, C. B., Blackburn, V. B. Iles, P. (1997 Women in management and firm financial performance: an exploratory study Journal of Managerial Issues, 9, 355 73.
148. Singh, V. Vinnicombe, S. (2003 The 2002 female FTSE index and women directors Women in Management Review, 18, 349 58.
149. Singh, V. Vinnicombe, S. (2004 Why so few women directors in top UK boardrooms? Evidence and theoretical explanations Corporate Governance, 12, 479 88.
150. Singh, V. Vinnicombe, S. (2006). Women on Boards of Directors: Utilising Knowledge and Public Concern to Develop Intervention Strategies and initiate Global action for Gender Equity at Board Level. Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA.
151. Singh, V., Terjesen, S. Vinnicombe, S. (2008 Newly appointed directors in the boardroom: how do women and men differ? European Management Journal, 26, 48 58.
152. Spence, M. (1973 Job market signaling Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87, 355 74.
153. Stanwick, P. A. Stanwick, S. D. (1998 The determinants of corporate social performance: an empirical examination American Business Review, 16, 86 93.
154. Staw, B. M. Epstein, L. D. (2000 What bandwagons bring: effects of popular management techniques on corporate performance, reputation, and CEO pay Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 523 56.
155. Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group Process and Productivity. New York : Academic Press.
156. Stiles, P. (2001 The impact of the board on strategy: an empirical examination Journal of Management Studies, 38, 627 50.
157. Teece, D., Pisano, G. Shuen, A. (1997 Dynamic capabilities and strategic management Strategic Management Journal, 18, 509 33.
158. Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. O'Reilly, C. A. III. (1992 Being different: relational demography and organizational attachment Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 549 79.
159. Turban, D. B. Greening, D. W. (1997 Corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness to prospective employees Academy of Management Journal, 40, 658 763.
160. van der Walt, N. Ingley, C. (2003 Board dynamics and the influence of professional background, gender and racial diversity of directors Corporate Governance, 11, 218 34.
161. Waddock, S. (2000 The multiple bottom lines of corporate citizenship: social investing, reputation, and responsibility audits Business and Society Review, 105, 323 45.
162. Wang, J. Coffey, B. S. (1992 Board composition and corporate philanthropy Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 771 8.
163. Westphal, J. D. Milton, L. P. (2000 How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 366 98.
164. Westphal, J. D. Stern, I. (2006 The other pathway to the boardroom: how interpersonal influence behavior can substitute for elite credentials and demographic majority status in gaining access to board appointments Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 169 204.
165. Westphal, J. D. Stern, I. (2007 Flattery will get you everywhere: how ingratiation, boardroom behavior, and demographic minority status affect the likelihood of gaining additional board appointments in U.S. companies Academy of Management Journal, 50, 267 88.
166. Williams, K. Y. O'Reilly, C. A. (1998 Demography and diversity in organizations: a review of 40 years of research Research in Organizational Behavior, 20, 77 140. (Pubitemid 128054175)
167. Williams, R. J. (2003 Women on corporate boards of directors and their influence on corporate philanthropy Journal of Business Ethics, 42, 1 10. (Pubitemid 38103720)
168. Williams, R. J. Barrett, J. D. (2000 Corporate philanthropy, criminal activity, and firm reputation: is there a link? Journal of Business Ethics, 26, 341 50.
169. Woo, C. Y. Willard, G. (1983). Performance Presentation in Business Policy Research: Discussion and Recommendation. Presented at the Academy of Management conference, Dallas, Texas.
170. Zahra, S. A. (1996 Governance, ownership, and corporate entrepreneurship: the moderating impact of industry Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1713 35.
171. Zahra, S. A. Garvis, D. M. (2000 International corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance: the moderating effect of international environmental hostility Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 469 92.
172. Zelechowski, D. D. Bilimoria, D. (2001). Women Corporate Inside Directors: Tokens at the Top. Unpublished manuscript, Cleveland, OH.
173. Zelechowski, D. D. Bilimoria, D. (2003 The experience of women corporate inside directors on the boards of Fortune 1000 firms Women in Management Review, 18, 376 81.
174. Zelechowski, D. D. Bilimoria, D. (2004 Characteristics of women and men corporate inside directors in the U.S Corporate Governance, 12, 337 42.