Signal transduction and photodynamic therapy

Current Signal Transduction Therapy

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 55-74

  Uzdensky, Anatoly B ^a  

^a SOUTHERN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Cell death; Necrosis; Photodynamic therapy; Signaling pathways

Indexed keywords

ADENYLATE CYCLASE; CALCIUM; CALMODULIN; CERAMIDE; CYCLIC AMP; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN P21; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; SINGLET OXYGEN; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2F; UNINDEXED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CANCER CELL; CANCER THERAPY; CELL DAMAGE; CELL DEATH; CELL MEMBRANE; EARLY RESPONSE GENE; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; LYSOSOME; MITOCHONDRION; MOLECULAR SENSOR; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RADIATION DOSE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 39449132218     PISSN: 15743624     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157436208783334277     Document Type: Review

References (251)

1. Bradshaw RA, Dennis EA. Eds, Handbook of Cell Signaling. CD. Academic Press 2003.
2. Moor ACE. Signaling pathways in cell death and survival after photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2000; 57: 1-13.
3. Oleinick NL, Morris RL, Belichenko I. The role of apoptosis in response to photodynamic therapy: what, where, why, and how. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1: 1-21.
4. Agostinis P, Buytaert E, Breyssens H, Hendrickx: N. Regulatory pathways in photodynamic therapy induced apoptosis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3: 721-9.
5. Almeida RD, Manadas B., Carvalho AP, Duarte CB. intracellular signaling mechanisms in photodynamic therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004; 1704: 59-86.
6. Plaetzer K, Kiesslich T, Oberdanner CB, Krammer B. Apoptosis following photodynamic tumor therapy: Induction, mechanisms and detection. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11: 1151-65.
7. Castano AP, Demidova IN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two - cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death. Photodiagn Photodyn That 2005; 2: 1-23.
8. Nowis D, Makowski M, Stoklosa T, Legal M, Issat T, Golab J. Direct tumor damage mechanisms of photodynamic therapy. Acta Biochim Pol 2005; 52: 339-52.
9. Brown SB, Brown EA, Walker I. The present and future role of photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Lancet Oncol 2004; 5: 497-508.
10. Detty MR, Gibson SL, Wagner SJ. Current clinical and preclinical photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 2004; 47: 3897-915.
11. Allison RR, Downie GH, Cuenca R, et al. Photosensitizers in clinical PDT. Photodiagn Photodynam Ther 2004; 1: 2742.
12. Girotti A. Photodynamic lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Photochem Photobiol 1990; 51: 497-509.
13. Girotti A. Photosensitized oxidation of membrane lipids: reaction pathways, cytotoxic effects, and cytoprotective mechanisms. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2001; 63: 103-13.
14. Krasnovsky AA. Singlet molecular oxygen in photochemical systems: IR phosphorescence studies. Membr Cell Biol 1998; 12: 665-90.
15. Moan J, Berg K. The photodegradation of porphyrins in cells can be used to estimate the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol 1991; 53: 549-53.
16. Kessel D, Luo Y, Deng Y, Chang CK. The role of subcellular localization in initiation of apoptosis by photodynamic therapy. Photochem, Photobiol 1997; 65: 422-6.
17. Boyle RW, Dolphin D. Structure and biodistribution relationships of photodynamic sensitizers. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 64: 469-85.
18. Peng Q. Correlation of intracellular and intratumoral photosensitizer distribution with photodynamic effect. In: Calzavara-Pinton P, Szeitnies PM, Ortel B Eds, Photodynamic therapy and fluorescence diagnosis in dermatology. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2001; 55-64.
19. Uzdensky AB, Ma LW, Iani V, et al. Intracellular localization of hypericin in human glioblastoma and carcinoma cell lines. Laser Med Sci 2001; 16: 276-83.
20. Berg K, Moan J. Lysosomes and microtubules as targets for photochemotherapy of cancer. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65: 403-9.
21. Ball DJ, Luo Y, Kassel D, Griffiths J, Brown SB, Vernon DI. The induction of apoptosis by a positively charged methylene blue derivative. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 1998; 42: 159-63.
22. Uzdensky AB, Dergacheva OYu, Zhavoronkova AA, Ivanov AV, Reshetnikov AV, Ponomarev GV. Photodynamic effect of deuteroporphyrin IX and hematoporphyrin derivatives on single neuron. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281: 1194-9.
23. Uzdensky AB, Dergacheva OY, Zhavoronkova AA, Reshetnikov AV, Ponomarev GV. Photodynamic effect of novel chlorin e6 derivatives on a single nerve cell. Life Sci 2004; 74: 2185-97.
24. Rancan F, Wiehe A, Nobel M, et al. Influence of substitution on asymmetric dihydroxychlorins with regard to intracellular uptake, subcellular localization and photosensitization of Jurkat cells. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2005; 78: 17-28.
25. Wood SR, Holroyd JA, Brown SB. The subcellular localization of Zn(II) phthalocyanines and their redistribution on exposure to light. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65: 397-402.
26. Agarwal ML, Larkin HE, Zaidi SI, Mukhtar H, Oleinick NL. Phospholipase activation triggers apoptosis in photosensitized mouse lymphoma cells. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5897-902.
27. Ehrenberg B, Gross E, Nitzan Y, Malik: Z. Electric depolarization of photo-sensitized cells: lipids vs. protein alterations. Biochim Biophys Acts, 1993; 1151: 257-64.
28. Davies MJ. Singlet oxygen-mediated damage to proteins and its consequences. Biochem Biophys Res Common 2003; 305: 761-70.
29. Spikes JD, Straight RC. Biochemistry of photodynamic action. In: Heitz JR, Downum KR. Eds, Light-activated pesticides. Washington, Amer Chem Soc 1987; 98-108.
30. 2+ -ATPase in R3230AC rat mammary adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 3360-6.
31. Valenzeno DP, Tarr M. Membrane photomodification and its use to study reactive oxygen effects. In: Rabek JF Ed, Photochemistry and Photophysics. Boca Raton, CRC Press 1991; VIII: 137-91.
32. Kunz L, Stark G. Photodynamic membrane damage at the level of single ion channel. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1327: 1-4.
33. Chaloupka R, Obsil T, Plasek J, Sureau F. The effect of hypericin and hypocrellin A on lipid membranes and membrane potential of 3T3 fibro-blasts. Biochim Biophys Acts 1999; 1418: 39-47.
34. Grossweiner LI. Photosensitization of red blood cell hemolysis: a brief review 1998; http://www.photobiology.com/reviews/5/index.htm.
35. Kessel D, Luo Y. Mitochondrial photodamage and PDT-induced apoptosis. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 1998; 42: 89-95.
36. Salet C, Moreno G. Primary effects of photo-induced singlet oxygen on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Trends Photochem Photobiol 1994; 3: 169-74.
37. Morgan J, Oseroff AR. Mitochondria-based photodynamic anti-cancer therapy. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 2001; 49: 71-86.
38. Lam M, Oleinick NL, Nieminen AL. Photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis in epidermoid carcinoma cells. Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilization. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 47379-86.
39. Skulachev VP. Mitochondrial physiology and pathology; concepts of pro-grammed death of organelles, cells, and organisms. Mol Aspect Med 1999; 20: 139-84.
40. Hilf R, Smail DB, Murant RS, Leakey PB, Gibson SL. Hematoporphyrin derivative-induced photosensitivity of mitochondrial succinate dehydro-genase and selected cytosolic enzymes of R3230AC mammary adenocarcinomas of rats. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 1483-8.
41. Uzdensky A, Bragin D, Kolosov M, Dergacheva O, Fedorenko, G, Zhavoronkova A. Photodynamic inactivation of isolated crayfish mechanoreceptor neuron. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76: 431-7.
42. Musser DA, Oseroff AR. The use of tetrazolium salts to determine sites of damage to the mitochondrial electron transport chain in intact cells following in vitro photodynamic therapy with Photofrin II. Photochem Photobiol 1994; 59: 621-6.
43. 2+ chelate of bathophenanthroline with the sensitizer. Acts Chem Scand 1988; B42: 175-82.
44. Belzacq AS, Jacotot E, Vieira HL, et al. Apoptosis induction by the photo-sensitizer verteporfin: identification of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator as a critical target. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 1260-4.
45. Noodt BB, Rodal GH, Wainwright M, et al. Apoptosis induction by different pathways with methylene blue derivative and light from mitochondrial sites in V79 cells. Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 941-8.
46. Oberdanner CB, Kiesslich T, Krammer B, Plaetzer K. Glucose is required to maintain high ATP-levels for the energy-utilizing steps during PDT-induced apoptosis. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76: 695-703.
47. Fadeel B, Orrenius S. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in human disease. J Intern Med 2005; 258: 479-517.
48. Venna A, Nye J, Synder SH Porphyrins are endogenous ligands for mitochondrial (peripheral type) benzodiazepine receptor. Proc Natl Acrid Sci USA 1987; 84: 2256-61.
49. Halestrap AP, Brenner C. The adenine nucleotide translocase: a central component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and key player in cell death. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10: 1507-25.
50. Vyssokikh MY, Brdiczka D. The function of complexes between the outer mitochondrial membrane pore (VDAC) and the adenine nucleotide translocase in regulation of energy metabolism and apoptosis. Acta Biochim Pol 2003; 50: 389-404.
51. Garrido C, Galuzzi L, Brunet M, Puig PE, Didelot C, Kroemer G. Mechanisms of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Cell Death Dif 2006; 613: 1423-33.
52. Varnes ME, Chiu SM, Xue LY, Oleinick NL, Photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells: translocation of cytochrome C causes inhibition of respiration as well as caspase activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 255: 673-9.
53. Granville DJ, Carthy CM, Jiang H, Shore GC, McManu: BM, Hunt DW. Rapid cytochrome c release, activation of caspases 3, 6, 7 and 8 followed by Bap31 cleavage in HeLa cells treated with photodynamic therapy. FEBS Lett 1998; 437: 5-10.
54. Granville DJ, Cassidy BA, Ruehlmann DO, et al. Mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochroma C during smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 305-11.
55. Vantieghem, A, Xu Y, Declereq W, et al. Different pathways mediate cylochrome c release after photodynamic therapy with hypericin. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74: 133-142.
56. Inanami O, Yoshito A, Takahashi K, Hiraoka W, Kuwabara M. Effects of BAPTA-AM and forskolin on apoptosis and cytochrome c release in photo-sensitized Chinese hamster V79 cells. Photochem Photobiol 1999; 70: 650-655.
57. Kessel D, Luo Y. Photodynamic therapy: a mitochondrial inducer of apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 1999; 6: 28-35.
58. Chin SM, Oleinick NL. Dissociation of mitochondrial depolarizatien from cytochrome c release during apoptosis induced by photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 1099-1106.
59. Usuda J, Chin SM, Azizuddin K, et al. Promotion of photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis by the mitochondrial protein Smac/DIABLO: dependence on Bax. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76: 217-223.
60. Granville DJ, Shaw JR, Leong S, et al. Release of cytochrome c, Bax migration, Bid cleavage, and activation of caspases 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 during endothelial cell apoptosis. Am J Pathol 155; 1999: 1021-1025.
61. Kriska T, Korytowski W. Girotti AW. Role of mitochondrial cardiolipin peroxidation in apoptotic photokilling of 5-aminolevulinate-treated tumor cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 433: 435-46.
62. Kessel D, Antonovich M, Smith KM. The role of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in the apoptotic response to photodynamic, therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74: 346-9.
63. Furre IE, Shahaidi S, I ukiene Z, et al. Targeting PBR by hexammolevulinate-mediated photodynamic therapy induces apoptosis through translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in human leukemia cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 11051-60.
64. Salet C, Moreno G, Ricchelli F, Bernardi P. Singlet oxygen produced by photodynamic action causes inactivation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 21938-43.
65. Granville DJ, Jiang H, An MT, Levy JG, McManus BM, Hunt DW. Bc1-2 overexpression blocks caspise activation and downstream apoptotic events instigated by photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 95-100.
66. He J, Agarwal ML, Larkin HE, Friedman LR, Xue L, Oleinick NL. The induction of partial resistance to photodynamic therapy by the protooncogene BCL-2. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 64: 845-52.
67. Chaloupka R, Petit PX, Israel N, Sureau F. Over-expression of Bc1-2 does not protect cells from hypericin photo-induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization, but delays subsequent events in the apoptotic pathway. FEBS Lett 1999; 462: 295-301.
68. Zhang WG, Ma LP, Wang SW, Zhang ZY, Cao GD. Antisense Bc1-2 retrovirus vector increases the sensitivity of a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line to photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 1999; 69: 582-6.
69. Xue LY, Chiu SM, Oleinick NL. Photochemical destruction of the Bc1-2 oncoprotein during photodynamic therapy with the phthalocyanine photosen-sitizer Pc 4. Oncogene 2001; 30: 3420-7.
70. L prevents caspase-3-mediated activation of DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) produced by treatment with the photochemotherapeutic agent BPD-MA. FEBS Lett 1998; 422:151-4.
71. Srivastava M, Abroad N, Gupta S, Mukhtar H. Involvement of Bc1-2 and Bax in photodynamic therapy-mediated apoptosis. Antisense Bc1-2 oligonucleotide sensitizes RIF1 cells to photodynamic therapy apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 15481-8.
72. Kim HR. Lou Y, Li G, Kessel D. Enhanced apoptotic, response to photodynamic therapy after bc1-2 transfection. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3429-32.
73. Shen XY, Zacal N, Singh G, Rainbow AJ. Alterations in mitochondrial and apoptosis-regulating gene expression in photodynamic therapy-resistant variants of HT29 colon carcinoma cells. Photochem Photobiol 2005; 81: 306-13.
74. Usuda J, Chiu SM, Murphy ES, et al. Domain dependent photodamage to Bc1-2. A membrane anchorage region is needed to form the target of phthalocyamine photosensitization. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 2021-9.
75. Grebenova D, Kuzelova K, Smetana K, Pluskalova M, et al. Mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptotic pathways are activated by 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy in HL60 leukemia cells. J Photochem Photobiol. B Biol 2003; 69: 71-85.
76. Vantieghem A, Xu Y, Assefa Z, et al. Phosphorylation of BCL-2 in G2/M phase arrested cells following photodynamic therapy with hypericin involves a CDK1-mediated signal and delays the onset of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 37718-31.
77. Xue LY, Chiu SM, Fiebig A, Andrews DW, Oleinick NL. Photodamage to multiple Bcl-xL isoforms by photodynamic therapy with the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4. Oncogene 2003; 22: 9197-204.
78. Xue LY, Chiu SM, Oleinick NL. Differential responses of Mcl-1 in photosensitized epithelial vs lymphoid-derived human cancer cells. Oncogene 2005; 24: 6987-92.
79. Kessel D, Castelli M. Evidence that bcl-2 is the target of three photosensitizers that induce a rapid apoptotic response. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74: 318-22.
80. Crescenzi E, Varriale L, Iovino M, Chiaviello A, Veneziani BM, Palumbo G. Photodynamic therapy with indocyanine green complements and enhances low-dose cisplatin cytotoxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3: 537-44.
81. Lavie G, Kaplinsky G, Toren A, et al. A photodynamic pathway to apoptosis and necrosis induced by dimethyl tatrahydroxyhelianthrone and hypericin in leukaemic cells: possible relevance to photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 423-32.
82. Chiu SM, Xue LY, Usuda J, Azizuddin K, Oleinick NL. Bax is essential for mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis but not for cell death caused by photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer 2003; 89: 1590-7.
83. Chiu SM, Xue LY, Azizuddin K, Oleinick NL. Photodynamic therapy-induced death of HCT 116 cells: apoptosis with or without Bax expression. Apoptosis 2005; 10: 1357-68.
84. Buytaert EP, Callewaert G, Hendrickx N, et al. Role of endoplasmic reticulum depletion and multidomain proapoptotic Bax and Bak proteins in shaping cell death after hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy. FASEB J 2006; 20: 756-68.
85. Kessel D, Vicente MG, Reiners JJ. Initiation of apoptosis and autophagy by photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 38: 482-8.
86. Dellinger M. Apoptosis or necrosis following Photofrin photosensitization: influence of the incubation protocol. Photochem. Photobiol 1997; 66: 479-83.
87. Granville DJ, Jiang H, McManus BM, Hunt DW. Fas ligand and TRAIL augment the effect of photodynamic therapy on the induction of apoptosis in JURKAT cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1: 1831-40.
88. Zhuang S, Lynch MC, Kochevar IE. Caspase-8 mediates caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release during singlet oxygen-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Exp Cell Res 1999; 250: 203-12.
89. Ahmad N, Gupta S, Feyes DK, Mukhtar H. Involvement of Fas (APO-1/CD-95) during photodynamic-therapy-mediated apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma A431cells. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115: 1041-6.
90. Schempp CM, Simon-Haarhaus B, Termeer CC, Simon JC. Hypericin photo-induced apoptosis involves the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and activation of caspase-8. FEBS Lett 2001; 493: 26-30.
91. Yokota T, Ikeda H, Inokuchi T, Sano K, Koji T. Enhanced cell death in NR-S1 tumor by photodynamic therapy: possible involvement of Fas and Fas ligand system. Lasers Surg Med 2000; 26: 449-60.
92. Chen B, Roskams T, Xu Y, Agostinis P, De Witte PAM. Photodynamic, therapy with hypericin induces vascular damage and apoptosis in the RIF-1 mouse tumor model. Int J Cancer 2002; 98: 284-90.
93. Ali SM, Chee SK, Yuen GY, Olivo M. Photodynamic therapy induced Fas-mediated apoptosis in human carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2002; 9: 257-70.
94. Ali SM, Chee SK, Yuen GY, Olivo M. Hypericin induced death receptor-mediated apoptosis in photoactivated tumor cells. Int J Mol Med 2002; 9: 601-16.
95. Takahashi H, Itoh Y, Miyauchi Y, et al. H. Activation of two caspase cascades, caspase 8/3/6 and caspase 9/3/6, during photodynamic therapy using a novel photosensitizer, ATX-S10(Na), in normal human keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 2003; 295: 242-8.
96. Kessel D, Luo Y, Mathieu P, Reiners JJ. Determinants of the apoptotic response to lysosomal photodamage. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 71: 196-200.
97. Reiners JJ, Caruso JA, Mathieu P, Chelladurai B, Yin XM, Kessel D. Release of cytochrome C and activation of pro-caspase-9 following lysosomal photodamage involves bid cleavage. Cell Death Diff 2002; 9: 934-44.
98. Caruso JA, Mathieu PA, Joiakim A, et al. Differential susceptibilities of murine hepatoma 1c1c7 and Tao cells to the Lysosomal photosensitizer NPe6: Influence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor on Lysosomal fragility and protease contents. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 65: 1018-28.
99. Turpaev KT. Reactive oxygen species and regulation of gene expression. Biochemistry (Most). 2002; 67:281-92.
100. Gabbita SP, Robinson KA, Stewart CA, Floyd RA, Hensley K. Redox regulatory mechanisms of cellular signal transduction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 376: 1-13.
101. Finkel T. Oxygen radicals and signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1998; 10: 248-53.
102. Girotti AW, Kriska T. Role of lipid hydroperoxydes in photooxidative stress signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6: 301-10.
103. Hidalgo E, Ding H, Demple B. Redox signal transduction via iron-sulfur clusters in the SoxR transcription activator. Trends Biochem Sci 1997; 22: 207-10.
104. Moan J, Vistnes AI. Porphyrin photosensitization of proteins in cell membranes as studied by spin-labelling and by quantification of DTNB-reactive SH-groups. Photochem Photobiol 1986; 44: 15-9.
105. Atlante A, Pasarella S, Quagliariello S, Moreno G, Salet C. Carrier thiols are targets of Photofrin II photosensitization of isolated rat liver mitochondria. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 1990; 7: 21-32.
106. Hensley K, Robinson KA, Gabbia P, Salsman S, Floyd RA. Reactive oxygen species, cell signaling and cell injury. Free Rad Biol Med 2000; 28: 1456-62.
107. von Montfort C, Metzger S, Klotz LO. Singlet oxygen inactivates protein tyrosine phosphatases by oxidation of the active site cysteine. Free Rad Biol Med 2004; 37: S112.
108. Klotz LO, Kronke KD, Sies H. Singlet oxygen-induced signaling effects in mammalian cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003; 2: 88-94.
109. Kochevar IE. Singlet oxygen signaling: from intimate to global. Sci STKE 2004; 221: pe7.
110. Legrand-Poels S, Schoonbroodt S, Matroule JY, Pierre J. NF-kB: an important transcription factor in photobiology. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 1998; 45: 1-8.
111. Matroule J, Piette J. Photosensitization and redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2000; 2: 301-15.
112. 2, and the 3 PHDs: how animal cells signal hypoxia to the nucleus. Cell 2001; 107: 1-3.
113. Juzeniene A, Nielsen KP, Moan J. Biophysical aspects of photodynamic therapy. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2006; 25: 7-28.
114. van Blitterswijk WJ, van der Luit AH, Veldman RJ, Verheij M, Borst J. Ceramide: second messenger or modulator of membrane structure and dynamics? Biochem J 2003; 369: 199-211.
115. Siskind LJ. Mitochondrial ceramide and the induction of apoptosis. J Bioenerg Biomemb 2005; 37: 143-53.
116. Separovic D, He J, Oleinick NL. Ceramide generation in response to photodynamic treatment of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 1717-21.
117. Separovic D, Mann KJ, Oleinick NL. Association of ceramides accumulation with photodynamic treatment-induced cell death. Photochem Photobiol 1998; 68: 101-9.
118. Separovic D, Pink JJ, Oleinick NL, et al. Niemann - Pick human lymphoblasts are resistant to phthalocyanine 4-photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Common 1999; 258: 506-12.
119. Nagy B, Chin SM, Separovic D. Fumonism B1 does not prevent apoptosis in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells after photosensitization with a silicon phthalocyanine. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2000; 57: 132-41.
120. Chiu SM, Davis TW, Meyers M, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H, Separovic D. Phthalocyanine 4-photodynamic therapy induces ceramides generation and apoptosis in acid sphingomyelinase-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Int J Oncol 2000; 16: 423-7.
121. Matroule JY, Bonizzi G, Morliere P, et al. Pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester-mediated photosensitization activates transcription factor NF-kappa B through the interleukin-1 receptor-dependent signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 2988-3000.
122. Dolgachev V, Farooqui MS, Kulaeva OI, et al. De novo ceramide accumulation due to inhibition of its conversion to complex sphingolipids in apoptotic photosensitized cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 23238-49.
123. Wispriyono B, Schmelz E, Pelayo H, Hanada K, Separovic D. A role for the de novo sphingolipids in apoptosis of photosensitized cells. Exp Cell Res 2002; 279: 153-65.
124. Pozzan T, Ruzutto R. High tide of calcium in mitochondria. Nat Cell Biol 2000; 2: E25-E27.
125. Verkhratsky A. The endoplasmic reticulum and neuronal calcium signaling. Cell Calcium 2002; 32: 393-404.
126. Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P. Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; 4: 552-65.
127. 2+ in the apoptotic process - "Friends or Foes". Pathways 2006; 2: 1-7.
128. Ben-Hur E, Dubbelman TMAR. Cytoplasmic free calcium changes as trigger mechanism in the response of cells to photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58: 890-4.
129. Hubmer A, Hermann A, Uberriegler K, Krammer B. Role of calcium in photodynamically induced cell damage of human fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 64: 211-5.
130. 2+ concentrations related to PDT-induced apoptosis in photosensitized human cancer cells. Cancer Lett 1998; 128: 205-10.
131. Ruck A, Heckelsmiller K, Kaufmann R, Grossman N, Haseroth E, Akgun N. Light-induced apoptosis involves a defined sequence of cytoplasmic and nuclear calcium release in AlPcS4-photosensitized rat bladder RR 1022 epithelial cells. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72: 210-6.
132. 2+ stores during photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis. Cell Calcium 2001; 30: 343-50.
133. Ding X, Xu Q, Liu F, et al. Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether photodynamic damage on HeLa cells by means of reactive oxygen species production and cytosolic free calcium concentration elevation. Cancer Lett 2004; 216: 43-54.
134. 2+ release initiated by photodamage to the endoplasmic reticulum: scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12: 502-11.
135. Hendrickx N, Dewaele M, Buytaert E, et al. Targeted inhibition of p38alpha MAPK suppresses tumor-associated endothelial cell migration in response to hypericin-based photodynamic therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Common 2005; 337:928-35.
136. Ogata M, Inanami O, Nakajima M, Nakajima T, Hiraoka W, Kuwabara M. Ca2+-dependent and caspase-3-independent apoptosis caused by damage in Golgi apparatus due to 2,4,5,7-tetrabromorhodamine 123 bromide-induced photodynamic effects. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78: 241-7.
137. Mak NK, Li KM, Leung WN, et al. Involvement of both endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in photokilling of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by the photosensitizer Zn-BC-AM. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68: 2387-96.
138. Riechelli F, Barbato P, Milani M, Gobbo S, Salet C, Moreno G. Photodynamic action of porphyrin on Ca2+ influx in endoplasmic reticulum: a comparison with mitochondria. Biochem J 1999; 338:221-7.
139. Klein SD, Walt H, Richter C. Photosensitization of isolated rat liver mitochondria by tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 348: 313-19.
140. Moreno G, Poussin Y, Ricchelli F, Salet C. The effect of singlet oxygen produced by photodynamic action on the mitochondrial permeability transition differs in accordance with the localization of the sensitizer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 386: 243-50.
141. Matthews EK, Mesler DE. Photodynamic effect of erythrosine on the smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig taenia coli. Br J Pharmacol.1984; 83: 555-66.
142. Stuart J, Pessah I, Favero TG, Abramson JJ. Photooxidation of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum induces rapid calcium release. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 292: 512-20.
143. Freas W, Hart JL, Golightly D, McClure H, Rodgers DR, Muldoon SM. Vascular interactions of calcium and reactive oxygen intermediates produced following photoirradiation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17: 27-35.
144. 2+. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2003; 70: 99-105.
145. 2+. Lasers Med Sci 2000; 15: 123-30.
146. Stocker M, Hirzel K, D'hoedt D, Pedarzani P. Matching molecules to function: neuronal Ca2+-activated K+ channels and afterhyperpolarizations. Toxicon 2004; 43: 933-49.
147. Saitow F, Nakaoka Y, Oosawa Y. A calcium-activated, large conductance and non-selective cation channel in Paramecium cell. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1327: 52-60.
148. 2+-mediated prostaglandin E2 induction reduces haematoporphyrin-derivative-induced cytotoxicity of T24 human bladder transitional carcinoma cells in vitro. Biochem J 1993; 292: 237-40.
149. Zheng JH, Shi D, Zhao Y, Chen ZL. Role of calcium signal in apoptosis and protective mechanism of colon cancer cell line SW480 in response to 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy. Ai Zheng 2006; 25: 683-8.
150. 2 in the central nervous system: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. J Lipid Res 2004; 45: 205-13.
151. Luna MC, Wong S, Gomer CJ. Photodynamic therapy mediated induction of early response genes. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1374-80.
152. Colbran RJ. Targeting of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Biochem J 2004; 378: 1-16.
153. Rodriguez-Mora OG, Lahair MM, Evans MG, et al. Inhibition of CaM-kinases augments cell death in response to oxygen radicals and oxygen radical inducing cancer therapies in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2006; 5: 1022-30.
154. 2+- and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated signaling pathways in photodynamic injury of isolated crayfish neuron and satellite glial cells. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85: 860-70.
155. Gopalakrishna R, Jaken S. Protein kinase C signaling and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28: 1349-61.
156. Rash MH, Tijssen K, Lagerberg JW, Corver WE, VanSteveninck J, Dubbelman TM. The role of protein kinase C activity in the killing of Chinese hamster ovary cells by ionizing radiation and photodynamic treatment. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66: 209-13.
157. Luo Y, Kessel D. The phosphatase inhibitor calyculin antagonizes the rapid initiation of apoptosis by photodynamic therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Communs 1996; 221: 72-6.
158. Weller M, Trepel M, Grimmel C, et al. Hypericin-induced apoptosis of human malignant glioma cells is light-dependent, independent of bcl-2 expression, and does not require wild-type p53. Neurol Res 1997; 19: 459-70.
159. Fox FE, Niu Z, Tobia A, Rook AH. Photoactivated hypericin is an anti-proliferative agent that induces a high rate of apoptotic death of normal, transformed, and malignant T lymphocytes: implications for the treatment of cutaneous lymphoproliferative and inflammatory disorders. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111: 327-32.
160. Zhuang S, Lynch MC, Kochevar IE. Activation of protein kinase C is required for protection of cells against apoptosis induced by singlet oxygen. FEBS Lett 1998; 437: 158-62.
161. Jiang F, Cho KK, Mikkelse T, et al. Tamoxifen increases photodynamic therapeutic response of U87 and U25ln human glioma cells. J Neurooncol 2002; 56: 51-8.
162. Utsumi T, Okuma M, Utsumi T, et al. Light-dependent inhibition of protein kinase C and superoxide generation of neutrophils by hypericin, an antiretroviral agent. Arch Biochem Biophys 1995; 316: 493-7.
163. Pollack IF, Kawecki S. The effect of calphostin C, a potent photodependent protein kinase inhibitor, on the proliferation of glioma cells in vitro J Neuro-Oncol 1997; 3: 255-66.
164. Gopalakrishna R, Chen Z. Gundimeda U. Light and dark reactions of calphostin C and hypericin induce irreversible inactivation of protein kinase C by site-specific oxidations Free Rad Biol Med 1993; 15: 530-7
165. Vantieghem A, Assefa Z, Vandenabeele P, et al. Hypericin-induced photo-sensitization of HeLa cells leads to apoptosis or necrosis. Involvement of cytochrome c and procaspase-3 activation in the mechanism of apoptosis. FEBS Lett 1998; 440: 19-24.
166. Agostinis P, Vantieghem A, Merlevede W, de Witte PAM. Hypericin in cancer treatment: more light on the way. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 34: 221-41.
167. Miskovsky P. Hypericin - a new antiviral and antitumor photosensitizer: mechanism of action and interaction with biological macromolecules. Curr Drug Targets 2002; 3: 55-84.
168. Kamuhabwa A, Agostinis P, Ahmed B, el al. Hypericin is a potential phototherapeutic agent in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3: 772-80.
169. Varshney R, Jain V. Effects of calcium on phthalocyanine sensitized photo-hemolysis. Indian J Exp Nol 1998; 36: 152-6.
170. Bartschat DK, Rhodes TE. PKC modulates Ca channels in isolated presynaptic nerve terminals of rat hippocampus. J Neurochem 1995; 64: 2064-72.
171. Volanti C, Hendrickx N, Van Lint J, Matroule JY, Agostinis P, Piette J. Distinct transduction mechanisms of cyclooxygenase 2 gene activation in tumour cells after photodynamic therapy. Oncogene 2005; 24: 2981-91.
172. Iyengar R. Gating by cyclic AMP: expanded role for an old signaling pathway. Science 1996; 271: 461-3.
173. Penning LC, VanSteveninck J, Dubbelman TM. HPD-induced photodynamic changes in intracellular cyclic AMP levels in human bladder transitional carcinoma cells, clone 724. Biochem Biophys Res Common 1993; 194: 1084-9.
174. Thibaut S, Bourre L, Hernot D, Rousset N, Lajat Y, Patrice T. Effects of BAPTA-AM, Forskolin, DSF and Z VAD fmk on PDT-induccd apoptosis and m-THPC phototoxicity on B16 cells. Apoptosis 2002; 7: 99-106.
175. Uzdensky A, Kolosov M, Bragin D, Dergacheva O, Vanzha O, Oparina L. Involvement of adenylate cyclase and tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in response of crayfish stretch receptor neuron and satellite glia cell to photodynamic treatment. Glia 2005; 49: 339-48.
176. Glinski JA, David E, Warren TC, et al. Inactivation of cell surface receptors by pheophorbide α, a green pigment isolated from Psichotria acuminata. Photochem Photobiol 1995; 62: 144-50.
177. de Witte P. Agostinis P, Van Lint J, Merlevede W, Vandenheede JR. Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity by hypericin. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46: 1929-36.
178. Agostinis P, Donella-Deana A, Cuveele J, et al. A comparative analysis of the photosensitized inhibition of growth factor regulated protein kinases by hypericin-derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Common 1996; 220: 613-7.
179. Agostinis P, Vandenbogaerde A, Donella-Deana A, et al. Photosensitized inhibition of growth factor regulated protein kinases by hypericin. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 49: 1615-22.
180. Zhuang S, Kochevar IE. Singlet oxygen-induced activation of Akt/protein kinase B is independent of growth factor receptors. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78: 361-71.
181. Wong TW, Tracy E, Oseroff AR, Baumann H. Photodynamic therapy mediates immediate loss of cellular responsiveness to cytokines and growth factors. Cancer Res 2003, 63: 3812-8.
182. Liu W, Oseroff AR, Baumann H. Photodynamic therapy causes cross-linking of signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins and attenuation of interleukin-6 cytokine responsiveness in epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 6579-87.
183. Ahmad N, Kalka K, Mukhtar H. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase pathway by photodynamic therapy Oncogene 2001, 20: 2214-7.
184. Schieke SM, VonMontfort C, Buchczyk DP, et al. Singlet oxygen-induced attenuation of growth factor signaling: Possible role of ceramides. Free Rad Res 2004; 38: 729-37.
185. Kiriakis JM, Avruch J. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation. Physiol Rev 2001; 81: 807-69.
186. Tao J, Sanghera JS, Pelech SL, Wong G, Levy JG. Stimulation of stress-activated protein kinase and p38 HOG1 kinase in murine keratinocytes following photodynamic therapy with benzoporphyrin derivative. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 27107-15.
187. Assefa Z, Vantieghem A, Declercq W, et al. The activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways protects HeLa cells from apoptosis following photodynamic therapy with hypericin. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 8788-96.
188. Xue L, He J, Oleinick NL. Promotion of photodynamic therapy induced apoptosis by stress kinases. Cell Death Differ 1999; 6: 855-64.
189. Tong Z, Singh G, Rainbow AJ. Sustained activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase pathway protects cells from Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 5528-35.
190. Chan WH, Yu JS, Yang SD. Apoptotic signaling cascade in photosensitized human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells: invovement of singlet oxygen, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, caspase-3 and p21-activated kinase 2. Biochem J 2000; 351: 221-32.
191. Zhuang S, Demirs JT, Kochevar IE. p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates Bid cleavage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and caspase-3 activation during apoptosis induced by singlet oxygen but not by hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 25939-48.
192. Buchczyk DP, Klotz LO, Lang K, Fritsch C, Sies H. High efficiency of 5-aminolevulinate-photodynamic treatment using UVA irradiation. Carciogenesis 2001; 22: 879-83.
193. Tong Z, Singh G, Valerie K, Rainbow AJ. Activation of the stress-activated JNK and p38 MAPK kinases in human cells by Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2003; 71: 77-85.
194. Whitacre CM, Feyes DK, Satoh T, et al. Photodynamic therapy with the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 of SW 480 human colon cancer xenografts in athymic mice. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2021-7.
195. Hsien YJ, Wu CC, Chang CJ, Yu S. Subcellular localization of Photofrin determines the death phenotype of human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells triggered by photodynamic therapy: when plasma membranes are the main targets. J Cell Physiol 2003; 194: 363-75.
196. Hendrickx N, Volanti C, Moens U, et al. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and apoptosis resistance by p38 MAPK in hypericin mediated photodynamic therapy of human cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 52231-9.
197. Waetzig V, Herdegen T. Context-specific inhibition of JNKs: overcoming the dilemma of protection and damage. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005; 26: 455-61.
198. Xue LY, Qiu Y, He J, Kung HJ, Oleinick NL. Etk/Bmx, a PH-domain containing tyrosine kinase, protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis induced by photodynamic therapy or thapsigargin. Oncogene 1999; 18: 3391-8.
199. + entry mechanism. J Biol Chem 275; 2000: 16242-50.
200. Wild PJ, Krieg RC, Seidl J, et al. RNA expression profiling of normal and tumor cells following photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX in vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4: 516-28.
201. Xue LY, He J, Oleinick NL. Rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of HS1 in the response of mouse lymphoma L5178Y-R cells to photodynamic treatment sensitized by the phthalocyanine Pc 4. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66: 105-13.
202. Bredt DS. Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis: biological functions and pathophysiology. Free Radic Res 1999; 31: 577-96.
203. Coutier S, Bezdetnaya L, Marchal S, et al. Foscan (mTHPC) photosensitized macrophage activation: enhancement of phagocytosis, nitric oxide release and tumour necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cytolytic activity. Br J Cancer 1999; 81: 37-42.
204. Ali SM, Olivo M. Nitric oxide mediated photo-induced cell death in human malignant cells. Int J Oncol 2003; 22: 751-6.
205. Gupta S, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Involvement of nitric oxide during phthalocyanine (Pc4) photodynamic therapy-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 1785-8.
206. Liu L, Stamler JS. NO: an inhibitor of cell death. Cell Death Differ 1999; 6: 937-42.
207. Niziolek M, Korytowski W, Girotti AW. Chain-breaking antioxidant and cytoprotective action of nitric oxide on photodynamically stressed tumor cells. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78: 262-70.
208. Niziolek M, Korytowski W, Girotti AW. Nitric oxide inhibition of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in photodynamically treated membranes and cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34: 997-1005.
209. Niziolek M, Korytowski W, Girotti AW. Nitric oxide-induced resistance to lethal photooxidative damage in a breast tumor cell line. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40: 1323-31.
210. Gomes ER, Almeida RD, Carvalho AP, Duarte CB. Nitric oxide modulates tumor cell death induced by photodynamic therapy through a cGMP-dependent mechanism. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76: 423-30.
211. Zareba M, Niziolek M, Korytowski W, Girotti AW. Merocyanine 540-sensitized photokilling of leukemia cells: role of post-irradiation chain peroxidation of plasma membrane lipids as revealed by nitric oxide protection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005; 1722: 51-9.
212. Di Venosa G, Perotti C, Fukuda H, Battle A, Casas A. Sensitivity to ALA-PDT of cell lines with different nitric oxide production and resistance to NO cytotoxicity. J Photochem Photobiol B 2005; 80: 195-202.
213. Di Venosa G, Casas A, Fukuda H, Perotti C, Battle A. No cross-resistance between ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy and nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2005; 13: 155-62.
214. Shaulian E, Karin M. AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death. Nat Cell Biol 2002; 4: E131-6.
215. Young MR, Yang HS, Colburn NH. Promising molecular targets for cancer prevention: AP-1, NF-AB, and Pdcd4. Trends Mol Med 2003; 9: 36-41.
216. Verwanger T, Sanovic R, Aberger F, Frischauf AM, Krammer B. Gene expression pattern following photodynamic treatment of carcinoma cell line A431 analyzed by cDNA arrays. Int J Oncol 2002; 21: 1353-59.
217. Legrand-Poels S, Bours V, Piret B, et al. Transcription factor NF-kappa B is activated by photosensitization generating oxidative DNA damages. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 6925-34.
218. Piret B, Legrand-Poels S, Sappey C, Piette J. NF-kappa B transcription factor and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activation by methylene blue photosensitization. Eur J Biochem 1995; 228: 447-55.
219. Kick G, Messer G, Goetz A, Plewig G, Kind P. Photodynamic therapy induces expression of interleukin 6 by activation of AP-1 but not NF-kappa B DNA binding. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2373-9.
220. Kick G, Messer G, Plewig G, Kind P, Goetz AE. Strong and prolonged induction of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes by photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer 1996; 74: 30-6.
221. Gollnick SO, Lee BY, Vaughan L, Owczarczak B, Henderson BW. Activation of the IL-10 gene promoter following photodynamic therapy of murine keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73: 170-7.
222. Aggarwal BB, Sethi G, Nair A, Ichikawa H. Nuclear factor-AB: a holy grail in cancer prevention and therapy. Curr Sign Transduct Ther 2006; 1: 25-52.
223. Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation: a question of life or death. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2002; 35: 28-40.
224. Ryter SW, Gomer CJ. Nuclear factor kappa B binding activity in mouse L1210 cells following photofrm II-mediated photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58: 753-6.
225. Matroule JY, Hellin AC, Morliere P, et al. Role of nuclear factor-kappa B in colon cancer cell apoptosis mediated by aminopyropheophorbide photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol 1999; 70: 540-8.
226. Matroule JY, Carthy CM, Granville DJ, Jolois O, Hunt DW, Piette J. Mechanism of colon cancer cell apoptosis mediated by pyropheophorbide-a methylester photosensitization. Oncogene 2001; 20: 4070-84.
227. Granville DJ, Carthy CM, Jiang H, et al. Nuclear factor-kappa B activation by the photochemotherapeutic agent verteporfin. Blood 2000; 95: 256-62.
228. Volanti C, Matroule JY, Piette J. Involvement of oxidative stress in NFAB activation in endothelial cells treated by photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 75: 36-45.
229. Volanti C, Gloire G, Vanderplasschen A, Jacobs N, Habraken Y, Piette J. Downregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells treated by photodynamic therapy. Oncogene 2004; 23: 8649-58.
230. Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A, Skarlatos J, et al. Hypoxia inducible factor (IIIF-1α and HIF-2α) expression in early esophageal cancer and response to photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 1830-2.
231. Ji Z, Yang G, Shahzidi S, et al. Induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha overexpression by cobalt chloride enhances cellular resistance to photodynamic therapy. Cancer Lett. 2006; 244:182-9.
232. Ferrario A, von Tiehl KF, Rucker N, Schwarz MA, Gill PS, Gomer CJ. Antiangiogenic treatment enhances photodynamic therapy responsiveness in a mouse mammary carcinoma. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 4066-4069.
233. Culmsee C, Mattson MP. p53 in neuronal apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331: 761-777.
234. Yu J, Zhang L. The transcriptional targets of p53 in apoptosis control. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331: 851-858.
235. Fisher AM, Danenberg K, Banerjee D, Bertino JR, Danenberg P, Gomer CJ. Increased photosensitivity in HL60 cells expressing wild-type p53 Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66: 265-270.
236. Tong Z, Singh G, Rainbow AJ. The role of the p53 tumor suppressor in the response of human cells to Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 71: 201-210.
237. Lim DS, Bae SM, Kwak SY, et al. Adenovirus-mediated p53 treatment enhances photodynamic antitumor response. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17: 347-352.
238. Gupta S, Dwarakanath BS, Muralidhar K, Jain V. Role of apoptosis in photodynamic sensitivity of human tumour cell lines. Indian J Exp Biol 2003; 41: 33-40.
239. Heinzelmann-Schwarz V, Fedier A, Hornung R, Walt H, Haller U, Fink D. Role of p53 and ATM in photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis. Lasers Surg Med 2003; 33: 182-189.
240. Barberi-Heyob M, Vedrine PO, Merlin JL, et al. Wild-type p53 gene transfer into mutated p53 HT29 cells improves sensitivity to photodynamic therapy via induction of apoptosis. Int J Oncol 2004; 24: 951-58.
241. Fisher AM, Ferrario A, Rucker N, Zhang S, Gomer CJ. Photodynamic therapy sensitivity is not altered in human tumor cells after abrogation of p53 function. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 331-5.
242. Hajri A, Wack S, Meyer C, et al. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of Photofrin and pheophorbide a, a bacteriochlorin, in photodynamic therapy of colonic cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 75: 140-148.
243. Lee HB, Ho AS, Teo SH. p53 Status does not affect photodynamic cell killing induced by hypericin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 58: 91-98.
244. Zhang WG, Li XW, Ma LP, Wang SW, Yang HY, Zhang ZY. Wild-type p53 protein potentiates phototoxicity of 2-BA-2-DMHA in HT29 cells expressing endogenous mutant p53. Cancer Lett 1999; 138: 189-95.
245. McGarrity TJ, Peiffer LP, Granville DJ, et al. Apoptosis associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma: influence of photodynamic therapy. Cancer Lett 2001; 163: 33-41.
246. O'Reilly MA. Redox activation of p21 Cip1/WAF1/Sdi1: a multifunctional regulator of cell survival and death. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7: 108-18.
247. Ahmad N, Feyes DK, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Photodynamic therapy results in induction of WAF1/CIP1/P21 leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 6977-82.
248. Verwanger T, Schhitzhofer G, Krammer B. Expression kinetics of the (proto)oncogenes c-myc and bcl-2 following photodynamic treatment of normal and transformed human fibroblasts with 5-aminolaevulinic acid-stimulated endogenous protoporphyrin IX. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 1998; 45: 131-35.
249. Ahmad N, Gupta S, Mukhtar H. Involvement of retinoblastoma (Rb) and E2F transcription factors during photodynamic therapy of human epidermoid carcinoma cells A431. Oncogene 1999; 18: 1891-6.
250. Oyadomari S, Mori M. Roles of CHOP/GADD153 in endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Death Differ 2004; 11: 381-9.
251. Wong S, Luna M, Ferrario A, Gomer CJ. CHOP activation by photodynamic therapy increases treatment induced photosensitization. Lasers Surg Med 2004; 35: 336-41.