Antioxidants as potential therapeutics for lung fibrosis

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 355-370

  Day, Brian J ^a  

^a NATIONAL JEWISH MEDICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,2,6,6 TETRAMETHYLPIPERIDINE 1 OXYL; 21 [4 [2,6 BIS(1 PYRROLIDINYL) 4 PYRIMIDINYL] 1 PIPERAZINYL]PREGNA 1,4,9(11) TRIENE 3,20 DIONE; 3,4 DIHYDRO 4,4 DIMETHYL 1,3 BENZOSELENAZINE; AEOL 10113; AEOL 10150; AEOL 11207; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL DERIVATIVE; ANTIOXIDANT; CURCUMIN; DISUFENTON SODIUM; EBSELEN; ERDOSTEINE; EUK 189; EUK 207; LAZAROID; M 40401; MACROCYCLIC COMPOUND; MANGANESE DERIVATIVE; MANGANESE N,N' ETHYLENEBIS(3 METHOXYSALICYLIDENEAMINE); MANGANESE SALEN CHLORIDE; MANGANESEDICHLORO(3,10,13,20,26 PENTAAZATETRACYCLO[20.3.1.0(4,9).0(14,19)] 1(26),22(23),24 HEXACOSATRIENE); N TERT BUTYL ALPHA PHENYLNITRONE; NITROXIDE DERIVATIVE; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; PORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SC 52608; SC 55858; THIOL DERIVATIVE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2; U 75412; U 75412E; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; LUNG FIBROSIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCAR FORMATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ANTIOXIDANTS; CATALYSIS; FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; HUMANS; KINETICS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PULMONARY FIBROSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 37549066891     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1916     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. Abidi P, Afaq F, Arif JM, Lohani M, and Rahman Q. Chrysotile-mediated imbalance in the glutathione redox system in the development of pulmonary injury. Toxicol Lett 106: 31-39, 1999.
2. Adachi J, Ishii K, Tomita M, Fujita T, Nurhantari Y, Nagasaki Y, and Ueno Y. Consecutive administration of paraquat to rats induces enhanced cholesterol peroxidation and lung injury. Arch Toxicol 77: 353-357, 2003.
3. Adam A, Smith LL, and Cohen GM. An assessment of the role of redox cycling in mediating the toxicity of paraquat and nitrofurantoin. Environ Health Perspect 85: 113-117, 1990.
4. Adams WJ Jr, Kocsis JJ, and Snyder R. Acute toxicity and urinary excretion of diphenyldiselenide. Toxicol Lett 48: 301-310, 1989.
5. Ahmad N, Misra M, Husain MM, and Srivastava RC. Metal-independent putative superoxide dismutase mimics in chemistry, biology, and medicine. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 34: 141-144, 1996.
6. Ameen M, Musthapa MS, Abidi P, Ahmad I, and Rahman Q. Garlic attenuates chrysotile-mediated pulmonary toxicity in rats by altering the phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzyme system. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17: 366-371, 2003.
7. Antonini JM, van Dyke K, DiMatteo M, and Reasor MJ. Attenuation of acute inflammatory effects of silica in rat lung by 21-aminosteroid, U74389G. Inflammation 19: 9-21, 1995.
8. Arsalane K, Dubois CM, Muanza T, Begin R, Boudreau F, Asselin C, and Cantin AM. Transforming growth factor-beta1 is a potent inhibitor of glutathione synthesis in the lung epithelial cell line A549: transcriptional effect on the GSH rate-limiting enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 17: 599-607, 1997.
9. Arterbery VE, Pryor WA, Jiang L, Sehnert SS, Foster WM, Abrams RA, Williams JR, Wharam MD Jr, and Risby TH. Breath ethane generation during clinical total body irradiation as a marker of oxygen-free-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation: a case study. Free Radic Biol Med 17: 569-576, 1994.
10. Ask K, Martin GE, Kolb M, and Gauldie J. Targeting genes for treatment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: challenges and opportunities, promises and pitfalls. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3: 389-393, 2006.
11. Aston K, Rath N, Naik A, Slomczynska U, Schall OF, and Riley DP. Computer-aided design (CAD) of Mn(II) complexes: superoxide dismutase mimetics with catalytic activity exceeding the native enzyme. Inorg Chem 40: 1779-1789, 2001.
12. Barrett EG, Johnston C, Oberdorster G, and Finkelstein JN. Antioxidant treatment attenuates cytokine and chemokine levels in murine macrophages following silica exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 158: 211-220, 1999.
13. Baumgartner KB, Samet JM, Coultas DB, Stidley CA, Hunt WC, Colby TV, and Waldron JA. Occupational and environmental risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a multicenter case-control study collaborating centers. Am J Epidemiol 152: 307-315, 2000.
14. Behr J, Maier K, Degenkolb B, Krombach F, and Vogelmeier C. Antioxidative and clinical effects of high-dose N-acetylcysteine in fibrosing alveolitis: adjunctive therapy to maintenance immunosuppression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156: 1897-1901, 1997.
15. Behr J, Maier K, Krombach F, and Adelmann-Grill BC. Pathogenetic significance of reactive oxygen species in diffuse fibrosing alveolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 144: 146-150, 1991.
16. Bese NS, Munzuroglu F, Uslu B, Arbak S, Yesiladali G, Sut N, Altug T, and Ober A. Vitamin E protects against the development of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 19: 260-264, 2007.
17. Biewenga GP and Bast A. Reaction of lipoic acid with ebselen and hypochlorous acid. Methods Enzymol 251: 303-314, 1995.
18. Block ER. Potentiation of acute paraquat toxicity by vitamin E deficiency. Lung 156: 195-203, 1979.
19. Bolt MW, Card JW, Racz WJ, Brien JF, and Massey TE. Disruption of mitochondrial function and cellular ATP levels by amiodarone and N-desethylamiodarone in initiation of amiodarone-induced pulmonary cytotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298: 1280-1289, 2001.
20. Borok Z, Buhl R, Grimes GJ, Bokser AD, Hubbard RC, Holroyd KJ, Roum JH, Czerski DB, Cantin AM, and Crystal RG. Effect of glutathione aerosol on oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet 338: 215-216, 1991.
21. Boveris A. Mitochondrial production of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide. Adv Exp Med Biol 78: 67-82, 1977.
22. Boyaci H, Maral H, Turan G, Basyigit I, Dillioglugil MO, Yildiz F, Tugay M, Pala A, and Ercin C. Effects of erdosteine on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 281: 129-137, 2006.
23. Brigelius R, Dostal LA, Horton JK, and Bend JR. Alteration of the redox state of NADPH and glutathione in perfused rabbit lung by paraquat. Toxicol Ind Health 2: 417-428, 1986.
24. Broekelmann TJ, Limper AH, Colby TV, and McDonald JA. Transforming growth factor beta 1 is present at sites of extracellular matrix gene expression in human pulmonary fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88: 6642-6646, 1991.
25. Bus JS, Aust SD, and Gibson JE. Paraquat toxicity: proposed mechanism of action involving lipid peroxidation. Environ Health Perspect 16: 139-146, 1976.
26. Cantin AM, Hubbard RC, and Crystal RG. Glutathione deficiency in the epithelial lining fluid of the lower respiratory tract in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 139: 370-372, 1989.
27. Cantin AM, North SL, Hubbard RC, and Crystal RG. Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione. J Appl Physiol 63: 152-157, 1987.
28. Cantor JO, Osman M, Cerreta JM, Suarez R, Mandl I, and Turino GM. Amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters. Exp Lung Res 6: 1-10, 1984.
29. Card JW, Leeder RG, Racz WJ, Brien JF, Bray TM, and Massey TE. Effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on pulmonary morphology and collagen deposition in amiodarone- and vehicle-treated hamsters. Toxicology 133: 75-84, 1999.
30. Card JW, Racz WJ, Brien JF, and Massey TE. Attenuation of amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis by vitamin E is associated with suppression of transforming growth factor-beta1 gene expression but not prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 304: 277-283, 2003.
31. Caselli A, Marzocchini R, Camici G, Manao G, Moneti G, Pieraccini G, and Ramponi G. The inactivation mechanism of low molecular weight phosphotyrosine-protein phosphatase by H2O2. J Biol Chem 273: 32554-32560, 1998.
32. Castello P, Day BJ, and Patel M. Inhibition of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production by lipophilic metalloporphyrins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (submitted).
33. Cederbaum AI. Microsomal generation of reactive oxygen species and their possible role in alcohol hepatotoxicity. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1: 291-296, 1991.
34. Chamulitrat W, Mason RP, and Riendeau D. Nitroxide metabolites from alkylhydroxylamines and N-hydroxyurea derivatives resulting from reductive inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase. J Biol Chem 267: 9574-9579, 1992.
35. Cheson BD, Curnette JT, and Babior BM. The oxidative killing mechanisms of the neutrophil. Prog Clin Immunol 3: 1-65, 1977.
36. Cho HY, Reddy SP, Yamamoto M, and Kleeberger SR. The transcription factor NRF2 protects against pulmonary fibrosis. FASEB J 18: 1258-1260, 2004.
37. Choi NC. Radioprotective effect of amifostine in radiation pneumonitis. Semin Oncol 30: 10-17, 2003.
38. Chua F, Gauldie J, and Laurent GJ. Pulmonary fibrosis: searching for model answers. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 33: 9-13, 2005.
39. Clark WM, Hazel JS, and Coull BM. Lazaroids: CNS pharmacology and current research. Drugs 50: 971-983, 1995.
40. Clemens MR, Ladner C, Schmidt H, Ehninger G, Einsele H, Buhler E, Waller HD, and Gey KF. Decreased essential antioxidants and increased lipid hydroperoxides following high-dose radiochemotherapy. Free Radic Res Commun 7: 227-232, 1989.
41. Coggle JE, Lambert BE, and Moores SR. Radiation effects in the lung. Environ Health Perspect 70: 261-291, 1986.
42. Conning DM and Phillips JC. Comparative metabolism of BHA, BHT and other phenolic antioxidants and its toxicological relevance. Food Chem Toxicol 24: 1145-1148, 1986.
43. Copland GM, Kolin A, and Shulman HS. Fatal pulmonary intraalveolar fibrosis after paraquat ingestion. N Engl J Med 291: 290-292, 1974.
44. Cortijo J, Cerda-Nicolas M, Serrano A, Bioque G, Estrela JM, Santangelo F, Esteras A, Llombart-Bosch A, and Morcillo EJ. Attenuation by oral N-acetylcysteine of bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats. Eur Respir J 17: 1228-1235, 2001.
45. Cotgreave IA. N-acetylcysteine: pharmacological considerations and experimental and clinical applications. Adv Pharmacol 38: 205-227, 1997.
46. Cotgreave IA, Duddy SK, Kass GE, Thompson D, and Moldeus P. Studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of ebselen: ebselen interferes with granulocyte oxidative burst by dual inhibition of NADPH oxidase and protein kinase C? Biochem Pharmacol 38: 649-656, 1989.
47. Coultas DB, Zumwalt RE, Black WC, and Sobonya RE. The epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150: 967-972, 1994.
48. Daba MH, Abdel-Aziz AA, Moustafa AM, Al-Majed AA, Al-Shabanah OA, and El-Kashef HA. Effects of L-carnitine and Ginkgo biloba extract (EG b 761) in experimental bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 45: 461-467, 2002.
49. Dallessio JJ, McLaughlin GE, and Frank L. Reduction of bleomycin-induced acute DNA injury in the rat lung by the 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G. Crit Care Med 25: 652-656, 1997.
50. Day BJ. Catalytic antioxidants: a radical approach to new therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 9: 557-566, 2004.
51. Day BJ, Batinic-Haberle I, and Crapo JD. Metalloporphyrins are potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 26: 730-736, 1999.
52. Day BJ and Crapo JD. A metalloporphyrin superoxide dismutase mimetic protects against paraquat-induced lung injury in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 140: 94-100, 1996.
53. Day BJ, Fridovich I, and Crapo JD. Manganic porphyrins possess catalase activity and protect endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide-mediated injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 347: 256-262, 1997.
54. Day BJ and Kariya C. A novel class of cytochrome P450 reductase redox cyclers: cationic manganoporphyrins. Toxicol Sci 85: 713-719, 2005.
55. Day BJ, Shawen S, Liochev SI, and Crapo JD. A metalloporphyrin superoxide dismutase mimetic protects against paraquat-induced endothelial cell injury, in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275: 1227-1232, 1995.
56. Dechant KL and Noble S. Erdosteine. Drugs 52: 875-881; discussion 882, 1996.
57. Dede S, Mert H, Mert N, Yur F, Ertekin A, and Deger Y. Effects of alpha-tocopherol on serum trace and major elements in rats with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 114: 175-184, 2006.
58. Deger Y, Yur F, Ertekin A, Mert N, Dede S, and Mert H. Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol on oxidative stress in experimental pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2006 (Epub ahead of print).
59. Delanian S and Lefaix JL. The radiation-induced fibroatrophic process: therapeutic perspective via the antioxidant pathway. Radiother Oncol 73: 119-131, 2004.
60. Demedts M, Behr J, Buhl R, Costabel U, Dekhuijzen R, Jansen HM, MacNee W, Thomeer M, Wallaert B, Laurent F, Nicholson AG, Verbeken EK, Verschakelen J, Flower CD, Capron F, Petruzzelli S, De Vuyst P, van den Bosch JM, Rodriguez-Becerra E, Corvasce G, Lankhorst I, Sardina M, and Montanari M. High-dose acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 353: 2229-2242, 2005.
61. Desai VG, Lyn-Cook LE, Aidoo A, Casciano DA, and Feuers RJ. Modulation of antioxidant enzymes in bleomycin-treated rats by vitamin C and beta-carotene. Nutr Cancer 29: 127-132, 1997.
62. Dickinson DA and Forman HJ. Glutathione in defense and signaling: lessons from a small thiol. Ann N Y Acad Sci 973: 488-504, 2002.
63. Doctrow SR, Huffman K, Marcus CB, Musleh W, Bruce A, Baudry M, and Malfroy B. Salen-manganese complexes: combined superoxide dismutase/catalase mimics with broad pharmacological efficacy. Adv Pharmacol 38: 247-269, 1997.
64. Driscoll KE, Maurer JK, Higgins J, and Poynter J. Alveolar macrophage cytokine and growth factor production in a rat model of crocidolite-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. J Toxicol Environ Health 46: 155-169, 1995.
65. Duijvestijn YC and Brand PL. Systematic review of N-acetylcysteine in cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr 88: 38-41, 1999.
66. Dusinska M, Kovacikova Z, Vallova B, and Collins A. Responses of alveolar macrophages and epithelial type II cells to oxidative DNA damage caused by paraquat. Carcinogenesis 19: 809-812, 1998.
67. El-Khatib AS, Moustafa AM, Abdel-Aziz AA, Al-Shabanah OA, and El-Kashef HA. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) modulates bleomycin-induced acute lung injury in rats. Tumori 87: 417-422, 2001.
68. Epperly MW, Epstein CJ, Travis EL, and Greenberger JS. Decreased pulmonary radiation resistance of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)-deficient mice is corrected by human manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome (SOD2-PL) intratracheal gene therapy. Radiat Res 154: 365-374, 2000.
69. Evelo CT, Bos RP, and Borm PJ. Decreased glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity in red blood cells of coal miners with early stages of pneumoconiosis. Br J Ind Med 50: 633-636, 1993.
70. Fajer J, Borg DC, Forman A, Dolphin D, and Felton RH. pi-Cation radicals and indications of metalloporphyrins. J Am Chem Soc 92: 3451-3459, 1970.
71. Fattman CL, Tan RJ, Tobolewski JM, and Oury TD. Increased sensitivity to asbestos-induced lung injury in mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Biol Med 40: 601-607, 2006.
72. Fleckenstein K, Zgonjanin L, Chen L, Rabbani Z, Jackson IL, Thrasher B, Kirkpatrick J, Foster WM, and Vujaskovic Z. Temporal onset of hypoxia and oxidative stress after pulmonary irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68: 196-204, 2007.
73. Forman HJ, Torres M, and Fukuto J. Redox signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 234-235: 49-62, 2002.
74. Gao F, Kinnula VL, Myllärniemi M, and Oury TD. Extracellular superoxide dismutase in pulmonary fibrosis. Antiox Redox Signal 10: 000-000, 2008.
75. Gao SJ, Chen M, Lin W, Luo GM, and Shen JC. Kinetic studies of abzyme with glutathione peroxidase activity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 864: 280-283, 1998.
76. Gray JP, Heck DE, Mishin V, Smith PJ, Hong JY, Thiruchelvam M, Cory-Slechta DA, Laskin DL, and Laskin JD. Paraquat increases cyanide-insensitive respiration in murine lung epithelial cells by activating an NAD(P)H:paraquat oxidoreductase: identification of the enzyme as thioredoxin reductase. J Biol Chem 282: 7939-7949, 2007.
77. Gulumian M. The role of oxidative stress in diseases caused by mineral dusts and fibres: current status and future of prophylaxis and treatment. Mol Cell Biochem 196: 69-77, 1999.
78. Gutteridge JM. Biological origin of free radicals, and mechanisms of antioxidant protection. Chem Biol Interact 91: 133-140, 1994.
79. Hagen TM, Brown LA, and Jones DP. Protection against paraquat-induced injury by exogenous GSH in pulmonary alveolar type II cells. Biochem Pharmacol 35: 4537-4542, 1986.
80. Hagiwara SI, Ishii Y, and Kitamura S. Aerosolized administration of N-acetylcysteine attenuates lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: 225-231, 2000.
81. Hashimoto S, Gon Y, Takeshita I, Matsumoto K, Maruoka S, and Horie T. Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces phenotypic modulation of human lung fibroblasts to myofibroblast through a c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase-dependent pathway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163: 152-157, 2001.
82. Herrera B, Murillo MM, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Beltran J, Fernandez M, and Fabregat I. Source of early reactive oxygen species in the apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor-beta in fetal rat hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 36: 16-26, 2004.
83. Hoffer E, Avidor I, Benjaminov O, Shenker L, Tabak A, Tamir A, Merzbach D, and Taitelman U. N-acetylcysteine delays the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lungs of paraquat-intoxicated rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 120: 8-12, 1993.
84. Hoshino T, Nakamura H, Okamoto M, Kato S, Araya S, Nomiyama K, Oizumi K, Young HA, Aizawa H, and Yodoi J. Redox-active protein thioredoxin prevents proinflammatory cytokine-or bleomycin-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168: 1075-1083, 2003.
85. Huang SH, Leonard S, Shi X, Goins MR, and Vallyathan V. Antioxidant activity of lazaroid (U-75412E) and its protective effects against crystalline silica-induced cytotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 24: 529-536, 1998.
86. Huang X, Dong Z, Liu J, Mao S, Xu J, Luo G, and Shen J. Selenium-mediated micellar catalyst: an efficient enzyme model for glutathione peroxidase-like catalysis. Langmuir 23: 1518-1522, 2007.
87. Hubbard R, Lewis S, Richards K, Johnston I, and Britton J. Occupational exposure to metal or wood dust and aetiology of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Lancet 347: 284-289, 1996.
88. Hyde DM, Giri SN, Schiedt MJ, and Krishna GA. Effects of three cysteine pro-drugs on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in hamsters. Pathology 22: 93-101, 1990.
89. Iles KE, Dickinson DA, Watanabe N, Iwamoto T, and Forman HJ. AP-1 activation through endogenous H(2)O(2) generation by alveolar macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 32: 1304-1313, 2002.
90. Ilizarov AM, Koo HC, Kazzaz JA, Mantell LL, Li Y, Bhapat R, Pollack S, Horowitz S, and Davis JM. Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase protects lung epithelial cells against oxidant injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 24: 436-441, 2001.
91. Inghilleri S, Morbini P, Oggionni T, Barni S, and Fenoglio C. In situ assessment of oxidant and nitrogenic stress in bleomycin pulmonary fibrosis. Histochem Cell Biol 125: 661-669, 2006.
92. Inglesi M, Nicola M, Fregnan GB, Bradamante S, and Pagani G. Synthesis and free radical scavenging properties of the enantiomers of erdosteine. Farmaco 40: 703-708, 1994.
93. Iraz M, Erdogan H, Kotuk M, Yagmurca M, Kilic T, Ermis H, Fadillioglu E, and Yildirim Z. Ginkgo biloba inhibits bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Pharmacol Res 53: 310-316, 2006.
94. Ishii K, Adachi J, Tomita M, Kurosaka M, and Ueno Y. Oxysterols as indices of oxidative stress in man after paraquat ingestion. Free Radic Res 36: 163-168, 2002.
95. Itoh K, Ishii T, Wakabayashi N, and Yamamoto M. Regulatory mechanisms of cellular response to oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 31: 319-324, 1999.
96. Jack CI, Cottier B, Jackson MJ, Cassapi L, Fraser WD, and Hind CR. Indicators of free radical activity in patients developing radiation pneumonitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 34: 149-154, 1996.
97. Kachadourian R, Flaherty MM, Crumbliss AL, Patel M, and Day BJ. Synthesis and in vitro antioxidant properties of manganese(III) beta-octabromo-meso- tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin. J Inorg Biochem 95: 240-248, 2003.
98. Kachadourian R, Johnson CA, Min E, Spasojevic I, and Day BJ. Flavin-dependent antioxidant properties of a new series of meso-N,N′- dialkyl-imidazolium substituted manganese(III) porphyrins. Biochem Pharmacol 67: 77-85, 2004.
99. Kang SK, Rabbani ZN, Folz RJ, Golson ML, Huang H, Yu D, Samulski TS, Dewhirst MW, Anscher MS, and Vujaskovic Z. Overexpression of extracellular superoxide dismutase protects mice from radiation-induced lung injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57: 1056-1066, 2003.
100. Kanoh S, Kobayashi H, and Motoyoshi K. Exhaled ethane: an in vivo biomarker of lipid peroxidation in interstitial lung diseases. Chest 128: 2387-2392, 2005.
101. Kappus H, Mahmutoglu I, Kostrucha J, and Scheulen ME. Liver nuclear NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase may be involved in redox cycling of bleomycin-Fe(III), oxy radical formation and DNA damage. Free Radic Res Commun 2: 271-277, 1987.
102. Kasai H, Allen JT, Mason RM, Kamimura T, and Zhang Z. TGFbeta1 induces human alveolar epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition (EMT). Respir Res 6: 56, 2005.
103. Kaul N and Forman HJ. Activation of NF kappa B by the respiratory burst of macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 21: 401-405, 1996.
104. Kawanami O, Jiang HX, Mochimaru H, Yoneyama H, Kudoh S, Ohkuni H, Ooami H, and Ferrans VJ. Alveolar fibrosis and capillary alteration in experimental pulmonary silicosis in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151: 1946-1955, 1995.
105. Kehrer JP, Lee YC, and Smith RD. Effect of intratracheally administered anticancer drugs on lung hydroxyproline content. Toxicol Lett 30: 63-70, 1986.
106. Kennedy TP, Gordon GB, Paky A, McShane A, Adkinson NF Jr, Peters SP, Friday K, Jackman W, Sciuto AM, and Gurtner GH. Amiodarone causes acute oxidant lung injury in ventilated and perfused rabbit lungs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12: 23-36, 1988.
107. Kilinc C, Ozcan O, Karaoz E, Sunguroglu K, Kutluay T, and Karaca L. Vitamin E reduces bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice: biochemical and morphological studies. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 4: 249-269, 1993.
108. Kim DS, Collard HR, and King TE Jr. Classification and natural history of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3: 285-292, 2006.
109. Kinnula VL. Oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms of lung disease caused by asbestos fibres. Eur Respir J 14: 706-716, 1999.
110. Kinnula VL, Fattman CL, Tan RJ, and Oury TD. Oxidative stress in pulmonary fibrosis: a possible role for redox modulatory therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172: 417-422, 2005.
111. Koli K, Myllärniemi M, Keski-Oja J, and Kinnula VL. Transforming growth factor-β activation in the lung: focus on fibrosis and reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redos Signal 10: 000-000, 2008.
112. Kondo Y, Woo ES, Michalska AE, Choo KH, and Lazo JS. Metallothionein null cells have increased sensitivity to anticancer drugs. Cancer Res 55: 2021-2023, 1995.
113. Kornbrust DJ and Mavis RD. The effect of paraquat on microsomal lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 53: 323-332, 1980.
114. Kotsonis P, Frohlich LG, Shutenko ZV, Horejsi R, Pfleiderer W, and Schmidt HH. Allosteric regulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by tetrahydrobiopterin and suppression of auto-damaging superoxide. Biochem J 346: 767-776, 2000.
115. Kukreja RC, Kontos HA, Hess ML, and Ellis EF. PGH synthase and lipoxygenase generate superoxide in the presence of NADH or NADPH. Circ Res 59: 612-619, 1986.
116. Langan AR, Khan MA, Yeung IW, Van Dyk J, and Hill RP. Partial volume rat lung irradiation: the protective/mitigating effects of Eukarion-189, a superoxide dismutase-catalase mimetic. Radiother Oncol 79: 231-238, 2006.
117. Lazo JS and Humphreys CJ. Lack of metabolism as the biochemical basis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80: 3064-3068, 1983.
118. Ledwozyw A. Protective effect of liposome-entrapped superoxide dismutase and catalase on bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats, I: antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation. Acta Vet Hung 39: 215-224, 1991.
119. Ledwozyw A. Protective effect of liposome-entrapped superoxide dismutase and catalase on bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats, II: phospholipids of the lung surfactant. Acta Physiol Hung 78: 157-162, 1991.
120. Leeder RG, Brien JF, and Massey TE. Investigation of the role of oxidative stress in amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity in the hamster. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 72: 613-621, 1994.
121. Lenz AG, Costabel U, and Maier KL. Oxidized BAL fluid proteins in patients with interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir J 9: 307-312, 1996.
122. Liang LP, Huang J, Fulton R, Day BJ, and Patel M. An orally active catalytic metalloporphyrin protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity in vivo. J Neurosci 27: 4326-4333, 2007.
123. Liu H, Zhang H, and Forman HJ. Silica induces macrophage cytokines through phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C with hydrogen peroxide. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 36: 594-599, 2007.
124. Liu J, Luo G, Ren X, Mu Y, Bai Y, and Shen J. A bis-cyclodextrin diselenide with glutathione peroxidase-like activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1481: 222-228, 2000.
125. Lombard-Gillooly K and Hubbard AK. Modulation of silica-induced lung injury by reducing lung non-protein sulfhydryls with buthionine sulfoximine. Toxicol Lett 66: 305-315, 1993.
126. Malaker K and Das RM. Effect of superoxide dismutase on early radiation injury of lungs in the rat. Mol Cell Biochem 84: 141-145, 1988.
127. Mannino DM, Etzel RA, and Parrish RG. Pulmonary fibrosis deaths in the United States, 1979-1991: an analysis of multiple-cause mortality data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153: 1548-1552, 1996.
128. Masumoto H and Sies H. The reaction of ebselen with peroxynitrite. Chem Res Toxicol 9: 262-267, 1996.
129. Mata M, Ruiz A, Cerda M, Martinez-Losa M, Cortijo J, Santangelo F, Serrano-Mollar A, Llombart-Bosch A, and Morcillo EJ. Oral N-acetylcysteine reduces bleomycin-induced lung damage and mucin Muc5ac expression in rats. Eur Respir J 22: 900-905, 2003.
130. McCord JM. Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 312: 159-163, 1985.
131. McCord JM and Fridovich I. The biology and pathology of oxygen radicals. Ann Intern Med 89: 122-127, 1978.
132. McLaughlin GE and Frank L. Effects of the 21-aminosteroid, U74389F, on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Crit Care Med 22: 313-319, 1994.
133. Meyer A, Buhl R, Kampf S, and Magnussen H. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine and lung glutathione of patients with pulmonary fibrosis and normals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152: 1055-1060, 1995.
134. Meyer A, Buhl R, and Magnussen H. The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine on lung glutathione levels in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 7: 431-436, 1994.
135. Minakata K, Suzuki O, Saito S, and Harada N. Ascorbate radical levels in human sera and rat plasma intoxicated with paraquat and diquat. Arch Toxicol 67: 126-130, 1993.
136. Mitchell JB, Krishna MC, Kuppusamy P, Cook JA, and Russo A. Protection against oxidative stress by nitroxides. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 226: 620-621, 2001.
137. Mossman BT, Janssen YM, Marsh JP, Sesko A, Shatos MA, Doherty J, Adler KB, Hemenway D, Mickey R, Vacek, and et al. Development and characterization of a rapid-onset rodent inhalation model of asbestosis for disease prevention. Toxicol Pathol 19: 412-418, 1991.
138. Mossman BT and Marsh JP. Evidence supporting a role for active oxygen species in asbestos-induced toxicity and lung disease. Environ Health Perspect 81: 91-94, 1989.
139. Mossman BT, Marsh JP, Sesko A, Hill S, Shatos MA, Doherty J, Petruska J, Adler KB, Hemenway D, Mickey R, Vacek P, and Kagan E. Inhibition of lung injury, inflammation, and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis by polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase in a rapid inhalation model of asbestosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 141: 1266-1271, 1990.
140. Mu Y, Lv S, Ren X, Jin G, Liu J, Yan G, Li W, Shen J, and Luo G. UV-B induced keratinocyte apoptosis is blocked by 2-selenium-bridged beta-cyclodextrin, a GPX mimic. J Photochem Photobiol B 69: 7-12, 2003.
141. Muller I, Niethammer D, and Bruchelt G. Anthracycline-derived chemotherapeutics in apoptosis and free radical cytotoxicity [Review]. Int J Mol Med 1: 491-494, 1998.
142. Nakamura H, Sato S, and Takahashi K. Effects of vitamin E deficiency on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the hamster. Lung 166: 161-176, 1988.
143. Neal R, Matthews RH, Lutz P, and Ercal N. Antioxidant role of N-acetyl cysteine isomers following high dose irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med 34: 689-695, 2003.
144. Nici L and Calabresi P. Amifostine modulation of bleomycin-induced lung injury in rodents. Semin Oncol 26: 28-33, 1999.
145. Nici L, Santos-Moore A, Kuhn C, and Calabresi P. Modulation of bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity in the hamster by the antioxidant amifostine. Cancer 83: 2008-2014, 1998.
146. Nicolescu AC, Comeau JL, Hill BC, Bedard LL, Takahashi T, Brien JF, Racz WJ, and Massey TE. Aryl radical involvement in amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity: investigation of protection by spin-trapping nitrones. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 220: 60-71, 2007.
147. Ogata H, Luo XX, and Xu X. Comparison of effects of margarite extract and recombinant human superoxide dismutase on paraquat-induced superoxide anion radicals in rat lung. Circ Shock 43: 161-165, 1994.
148. Oury TD, Thakker K, Menache M, Chang LY, Crapo JD, and Day BJ. Attenuation of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by a catalytic antioxidant metalloporphyrin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 25: 164-169, 2001.
149. Pasternack RF SW. Catalysis of the disproportionation of superoxide by metalloporphyrins. J Inorgan Biochem 11: 261-267, 1979.
150. Phan SH and Fantone JC. Inhibition of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by lipopolysaccharide. Lab Invest 50: 587-591, 1984.
151. Psathakis K, Mermigkis D, Papatheodorou G, Loukides S, Panagou P, Polychronopoulos V, Siafakas NM, and Bouros D. Exhaled markers of oxidative stress in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Clin Invest 36: 362-367, 2006.
152. Punithavathi D, Venkatesan N, and Babu M. Curcumin inhibition of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Br J Pharmacol 131: 169-172, 2000.
153. Rabbani ZN, Batinic-Haberle I, Anscher MS, Huang J, Day BJ, Alexander E, Dewhirst MW, and Vujaskovic Z. Long-term administration of a small molecular weight catalytic metalloporphyrin antioxidant, AEOL 10150, protects lungs from radiation-induced injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67: 573-580, 2007.
154. Rahman I and Adcock IM. Oxidative stress and redox regulation of lung inflammation in COPD. Eur Respir J 28: 219-242, 2006.
155. Rahman I, Biswas SK, and Kode A. Oxidant and antioxidant balance in the airways and airway diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 533: 222-239, 2006.
156. Rahman I and Kilty I. Antioxidant therapeutic targets in COPD. Curr Drug Targets 7: 707-720, 2006.
157. Rahman I, Skwarska E, Henry M, Davis M, O'Connor CM, FitzGerald MX, Greening A, and MacNee W. Systemic and pulmonary oxidative stress in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 27: 60-68, 1999.
158. Rahman I, Yang SR, and Biswas SK. Current concepts of redox signaling in the lungs. Antioxid Redox Signal 8: 681-689, 2006.
159. Ramakrishnan N, Kalinich JF, and McClain DE. Ebselen inhibition of apoptosis by reduction of peroxides. Biochem Pharmacol 51: 1443-1451, 1996.
160. Reddy JK and Rao MS. Oxidative DNA damage caused by persistent peroxisome proliferation: its role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Mutat Res 214: 63-68, 1989.
161. Ren X, Liu J, Luo G, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Yan G, and Shen J. A novel selenocystine-beta-cyclodextrin conjugate that acts as a glutathione peroxidase mimic. Bioconjug Chem 11: 682-687, 2000.
162. Ren X, Xue Y, Zhang K, Liu J, Luo G, Zheng J, Mu Y, and Shen J. A novel dicyclodextrinyl ditelluride compound with antioxidant activity. FEBS Lett 507: 377-380, 2001.
163. Rosa RM, Sulzbacher K, Picada JN, Roesler R, Saffi J, Brendel M, and Henriques JA. Genotoxicity of diphenyl diselenide in bacteria and yeast. Mutat Res 563: 107-115, 2004.
164. Ross MH and Murray J. Occupational respiratory disease in mining. Occup Med (Lond) 54: 304-310, 2004.
165. Rostock RA, Stryker JA, and Abt AB. Evaluation of high-dose vitamin E as a radioprotective agent. Radiology 136: 763-766, 1980.
166. Rottoli P, Magi B, Cianti R, Bargagli E, Vagaggini C, Nikiforakis N, Pallini V, and Bini L. Carbonylated proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis associated with systemic sclerosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Proteomics 5: 2612-2618, 2005.
167. Russo A, Mitchell JB, McPherson S, and Friedman N. Alteration of bleomycin cytotoxicity by glutathione depletion or elevation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10: 1675-1678, 1984.
168. Safayhi H, Tiegs G, and Wendel A. A novel biologically active seleno-organic compound V: inhibition by ebselen (PZ 51) of rat peritoneal neutrophil lipoxygenase. Biochem Pharmacol 34: 2691-2694, 1985.
169. Sanchez-Capelo A. Dual role for TGF-beta1 in apoptosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 16: 15-34, 2005.
170. Sata T, Kubota E, Misra HP, Mojarad M, Pakbaz H, and Said SI. Paraquat-induced lung injury: prevention by N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone, a free-radical spin-trapping agent. Am J Physiol 262: L147-L152, 1992.
171. Sawyer RT, Dobis DR, Goldstein M, Velsor L, Maier LA, Fontenot AP, Silveira L, Newman LS, and Day BJ. Beryllium-stimulated reactive oxygen species and macrophage apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 38: 928-937, 2005.
172. Schapira RM, Ghio AJ, Effros RM, Morrisey J, Almagro UA, Dawson CA, and Hacker AD. Hydroxyl radical production and lung injury in the rat following silica or titanium dioxide instillation in vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 12: 220-226, 1995.
173. Schwartz DA, Van Fossen DS, Davis CS, Helmers RA, Dayton CS, Burmeister LF, and Hunninghake GW. Determinants of progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149: 444-449, 1994.
174. Scurlock R, Rougee M, Bensasson RV, Evers M, and Dereu N. Deactivation of singlet molecular oxygen by organo-selenium compounds exhibiting glutathione peroxidase activity and by sulfur-containing homologs. Photochem
175. Sener G, Kabasakal L, Atasoy BM, Erzik C, Velioglu-Ogunc A, Cetinel S, Gedik N, and Yegen BC. Ginkgo biloba extract protects against ionizing radiation-induced oxidative organ damage in rats. Pharmacol Res 53: 241-252, 2006.
176. Serrano-Mollar A, Closa D, Prats N, Blesa S, Martinez-Losa M, Cortijo J, Estrela JM, Morcillo EJ, and Bulbena O. In vivo antioxidant treatment protects against bleomycin-induced lung damage in rats. Br J Pharmacol 138: 1037-1048, 2003.
177. Shahzeidi S, Sarnstrand B, Jeffery PK, McAnulty RJ, and Laurent GJ. Oral N-acetylcysteine reduces bleomycin-induced collagen deposition in the lungs of mice. Eur Respir J 4: 845-852, 1991.
178. Sharpe MA, Ollosson R, Stewart VC, and Clark JB. Oxidation of nitric oxide by oxomanganese-salen complexes: a new mechanism for cellular protection by superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics. Biochem J 366: 97-107, 2002.
179. Sies H. Ebselen, a selenoorganic compound as glutathione peroxidase mimic. Free Radic Biol Med 14: 313-323, 1993.
180. Sime PJ, Xing Z, Graham FL, Csaky KG, and Gauldie J. Adenovector-mediated gene transfer of active transforming growth factor-beta1 induces prolonged severe fibrosis in rat lung. J Clin Invest 100: 768-776, 1997.
181. Smith P. A light- and electron-microscope study of the pulmonary lesions induced in rats by paraquat. J Pathol 104: vii, 1971.
182. Smith P, Heath D, and Kay JM. The pathogenesis and structure of paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. J Pathol 114: 57-67, 1974.
183. Sobol SM and Rakita L. Pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis associated with amiodarone treatment: a possible complication of a new antiarrhythmic drug. Circulation 65: 819-824, 1982.
184. Sogut S, Ozyurt H, Armutcu F, Kart L, Iraz M, Akyol O, Ozen S, Kaplan S, Temel I, and Yildirim Z. Erdosteine prevents bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 494: 213-220, 2004.
185. Sturrock A, Cahill B, Norman K, Huecksteadt TP, Hill K, Sanders K, Karwande SV, Stringham JC, Bull DA, Gleich M, Kennedy TP, and Hoidal JR. Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces Nox4 NAD(P)H oxidase and reactive oxygen species-dependent proliferation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 290: L661-L673, 2006.
186. Sun Y, Mu Y, Ma S, Gong P, Yan G, Liu J, Shen J, and Luo G. The molecular mechanism of protecting cells against oxidative stress by 2-selenium-bridged beta-cyclodextrin with glutathione peroxidase activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1743: 199-204, 2005.
187. Suntres ZE and Shek PN. Intratracheally administered liposomal alpha-tocopherol protects the lung against long-term toxic effects of paraquat. Biomed Environ Sci 8: 289-300, 1995.
188. Suntres ZE and Shek PN. Protective effect of liposomal alpha-tocopherol against bleomycin-induced lung injury. Biomed Environ Sci 10: 47-59, 1997.
189. Suzuki YJ, Forman HJ, and Sevanian A. Oxidants as stimulators of signal transduction. Free Radic Biol Med 22: 269-285, 1997.
190. Swartz HM. Principles of the metabolism of nitroxides and their implications for spin trapping. Free Radic Res Commun 9: 399-405, 1990.
191. Szabo C, Day BJ, and Salzman AL. Evaluation of the relative contribution of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite to the suppression of mitochondrial respiration in immunostimulated macrophages using a manganese mesoporphyrin superoxide dismutase mimetic and peroxynitrite scavenger. FEBS Lett 381: 82-86, 1996.
192. Szabo L, Matkovics B, Barabas K, and Oroszlan G. Effects of various thiols on paraquat toxicity. Comp Biochem Physiol C 83: 149-153, 1986.
193. Tamagawa K, Taooka Y, Maeda A, Hiyama K, Ishioka S, and Yamakido M. Inhibitory effects of a lecithinized superoxide dismutase on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161: 1279-1284, 2000.
194. Tamasi V, Jeffries JM, Arteel GE, and Falkner KC. Ebselen augments its peroxidase activity by inducing nrf-2-dependent transcription. Arch Biochem Biophys 431: 161-168, 2004.
195. Taskar VS and Coultas DB. Is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis an environmental disease? Proc Am Thorac Soc 3: 293-298, 2006.
196. Terasaki Y, Akuta T, Terasaki M, Sawa T, Mori T, Okamoto T, Ozaki M, Takeya M, and Akaike T. Guanine nitration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and its implication for carcinogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174: 665-673, 2006.
197. Thanislass J, Raveendran M, and Devaraj H. Buthionine sulfoximine-induced glutathione depletion: its effect on antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and calcium homeostasis in the lung. Biochem Pharmacol 50: 229-234, 1995.
198. Thannickal VJ and Fanburg BL. Activation of an H2O2-generating NADH oxidase in human lung fibroblasts by transforming growth factor beta 1. J Biol Chem 270: 30334-30338, 1995.
199. Thannickal VJ, Toews GB, White ES, Lynch JP, 3rd, and Martinez FJ. Mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis. Annu Rev Med 55: 395-417, 2004.
200. Thresiamma KC, George J, and Kuttan R. Protective effect of curcumin, ellagic acid and bixin on radiation induced toxicity. Indian J Exp Biol 34: 845-847, 1996.
201. Tomioka H, Kuwata Y, Imanaka K, Hashimoto K, Ohnishi H, Tada K, Sakamoto H, and Iwasaki H. A pilot study of aerosolized N-acetylcysteine for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 10: 449-455, 2005.
202. Toner PG, Vetters JM, Spilg WG, and Harland WA. Fine structure of the lung lesion in a case of paraquat poisoning. J Pathol 102: 182-185, 1970.
203. Tuvlin JA and Kane SV. Novel therapies in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 12: 483-490, 2003.
204. Vallyathan V, Castranova V, Pack D, Leonard S, Shumaker J, Hubbs AF, Shoemaker DA, Ramsey DM, Pretty JR, McLaurin JL, and et al. Freshly fractured quartz inhalation leads to enhanced lung injury and inflammation: potential role of free radicals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152: 1003-1009, 1995.
205. Vallyathan V, Leonard S, Kuppusamy P, Pack D, Chzhan M, Sanders SP, and Zweir JL. Oxidative stress in silicosis: evidence for the enhanced clearance of free radicals from whole lungs. Mol Cell Biochem 168: 125-132, 1997.
206. Venkatesan N. Pulmonary protective effects of curcumin against paraquat toxicity. Life Sci 66: PL21-L28, 2000.
207. Venkatesan N, Punithavathi V, and Chandrakasan G. Curcumin protects bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats. Life Sci 61: PL51-PL58, 1997.
208. Vereckei A, Blazovics A, Gyorgy I, Feher E, Toth M, Szenasi G, Zsinka A, Foldiak G, and Feher J. The role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of amiodarone toxicity. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 4: 161-177, 1993.
209. Vujaskovic Z, Anscher MS, Feng QF, Rabbani ZN, Amin K, Samulski TS, Dewhirst MW, and Haroon ZA. Radiation-induced hypoxia may perpetuate late normal tissue injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50: 851-855, 2001.
210. Vujaskovic Z, Batinic-Haberle I, Rabbani ZN, Feng QF, Kang SK, Spasojevic I, Samulski TV, Fridovich I, Dewhirst MW, and Anscher MS. A small molecular weight catalytic metalloporphyrin antioxidant with superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic properties protects lungs from radiation-induced injury. Free Radic Biol Med 33: 857-863, 2002.
211. Vujaskovic Z, Feng QF, Rabbani ZN, Samulski TV, Anscher MS, and Brizel DM. Assessment of the protective effect of amifostine on radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity. Exp Lung Res 28: 577-590, 2002.
212. Waghray M, Cui Z, Horowitz JC, Subramanian IM, Martinez FJ, Toews GB, and Thannickal VJ. Hydrogen peroxide is a diffusible paracrine signal for the induction of epithelial cell death by activated myofibroblasts. FASEB J 19: 854-856, 2005.
213. Wallach-Dayan SB, Izbicki G, Cohen PY, Gerstl-Golan R, Fine A, and Breuer R. Bleomycin initiates apoptosis of lung epithelial cells by ROS but not by Fas/FasL pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 290: L790-L796, 2006.
214. Walter N, Collard HR, and King TE Jr. Current perspectives on the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3: 330-338, 2006.
215. Wasserman B and Block ER. Prevention of acute paraquat toxicity in rats by superoxide dismutase. Aviat Space Environ Med 49: 805-809, 1978.
216. Wegener T, Sandhagen B, Chan KW, and Saldeen T. N-acetylcysteine in paraquat toxicity: toxicological and histological evaluation in rats. Ups J Med Sci 93: 81-89, 1988.
217. Wiegman EM, van Gameren MM, Kampinga HH, Szabo BG, and Coppes RP. Post-irradiation dietary vitamin E does not affect the development of radiation-induced lung damage in rats. Radiother Oncol 72: 67-70, 2004.
218. Wilhelm J, Frydrychova M, and Vizek M. Hydrogen peroxide in the breath of rats: the effects of hypoxia and paraquat. Physiol Res 48: 445-449, 1999.
219. Xaubet A, Marin-Arguedas A, Lario S, Ancochea J, Morell F, Ruiz-Manzano J, Rodriguez-Becerra E, Rodriguez-Arias JM, Inigo P, Sanz S, Campistol JM, Mullol J, and Picado C. Transforming growth factor-beta1 gene polymorphisms are associated with disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168: 431-435, 2003.
220. Yamano Y, Kagawa J, Hanaoka T, Takahashi T, Kasai H, Tsugane S, and Watanabe S. Oxidative DNA damage induced by silica in vivo. Environ Res 69: 102-107, 1995.
221. Yamazaki C, Hoshino J, Hori Y, Sekiguchi T, Miyauchi S, Mizuno S, and Horie K. Effect of lecithinized-superoxide dismutase on the interstitial pneumonia model induced by bleomycin in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 75: 97-100, 1997.
222. Yang IV, Burch LH, Steele MP, Savov JD, Hollingsworth JW, McElvania-Tekippe E, Berman KG, Speer MC, Sporn TA, Brown KK, Schwarz MI, and Schwartz DA. Gene expression profiling of familial and sporadic interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175: 45-54, 2007.
223. Yeh ST, Guo HR, Su YS, Lin HJ, Hou CC, Chen HM, Chang MC, and Wang YJ. Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine treatment post acute paraquat intoxication in rats and in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicology 223: 181-190, 2006.
224. Yildirim Z, Kotuk M, Iraz M, Kuku I, Ulu R, Armutcu F, and Ozen S. Attenuation of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by oral sulfhydryl containing antioxidants in rats: erdosteine and N-acetylcysteine. Pulmon Pharmacol Ther 18: 367-373, 2005.
225. Yu TW and Anderson D. Reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage and its modification: a chemical investigation. Mutat Res 379: 201-210, 1997.
226. Zembowicz A, Hatchett RJ, Radziszewski W, and Gryglewski RJ. Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by ebselen: prevention by thiols suggests the inactivation by ebselen of a critical thiol essential for the catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267: 1112-1118, 1993.
227. Zhang K and Phan SH. Cytokines and pulmonary fibrosis. Biol Signals 5: 232-239, 1996.
228. Zimmerman MS, Ruckdeschel JC, and Hussain M. Chemotherapy-induced interstitial pneumonitis during treatment of small cell anaplastic lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2: 396-405, 1984.
229. Zollner S, Haseloff RF, Kirilyuk IA, Blasig IE, and Rubanyi GM. Nitroxides increase the detectable amount of nitric oxide released from endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 272: 23076-23080, 1997.