Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: What is the biological relevance?

Exercise Immunology Review

Volumn 12, Issue , 2006, Pages 6-33

  Fischer, Christian P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Cortisol; Cytokines; Glucose metabolism; Inflammation; Lipid metabolism; Skeletal muscle

Indexed keywords

INTERLEUKIN 6;

ADAPTATION; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BLOOD; EXERCISE; FITNESS; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SECRETION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TIME;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; EXERCISE; HUMANS; INTERLEUKIN-6; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL FITNESS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 33947529793     PISSN: 10775552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (196)

1. Abbott KL, Loss JR, II, Robida AM and Murphy TJ. Evidence That Galpha q- Coupled Receptor-Induced Interleukin-6 mRNA in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Involves the Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells. Mol Pharmacol 58: 946-953, 2000.
2. Akerstrom TCA, Birk JB, Klein DK, Erikstrup C, Plomgaard P, Pedersen BK and Wojtaszewski JFP. Oral glucose ingestion attenuates exercise-induced activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase in human skeletal muscle. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 342: 949-955, 2006. (Pubitemid 43320489)
3. Akira S, Taga T and Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6 in biology and medicine. Advances in Immunology 54: 1-78, 1993. (Pubitemid 23289250)
4. Bailey DM, Young IS, McEneny J, Lawrenson L, Kim J, Barden J and Richardson RS. Regulation of free radical outflow from an isolated muscle bed in exercising humans. AJP - Heart and Circulatory Physiology 287: H1689-99, 2004.
5. Barnes PJ. Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 94: 557-572, 1998. (Pubitemid 28269054)
6. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, Vidal H and Hainque B. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 3338-3342, 2000.
7. Bauer J, Ganter U, Geiger T, Jacobshagen U, Hirano T, Matsuda T, Kishimoto T, Andus T, Acs G and Gerok W. Regulation of interleukin-6 expression in cultured human blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Blood 72: 1134-1140, 1988. (Pubitemid 18265870)
8. Bergfors M, Barnekow-Bergkvist M, Kalezic N, Lyskov E and Eriksson JW. Short-term effects of repetitive arm work and dynamic exercise on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 183: 345-356, 2005. (Pubitemid 40516705)
9. Bergstedt K, Hu BR and Wieloch T. Initiation of protein synthesis and heat-shock protein-72 expression in the rat brain following severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 86: 145-153, 1993. (Pubitemid 23265602)
10. Bogdan C, Paik J, Vodovotz Y and Nathan C. Contrasting mechanisms for suppression of macrophage cytokine release by transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10. J Biol Chem 267: 23301-23308, 1992.
11. Brenner IK, Natale VM, Vasiliou P, Moldoveanu AI, Shek PN and Shephard RJ. Impact of three different types of exercise on components of the inflammatory response. Eur J Appl Physiol 80: 452-460, 1999. (Pubitemid 29440509)
12. Brenner IKM, Castellani JW, Gabaree C, Young AJ, Zamecnik J, Shephard RJ and Shek PN. Immune changes in humans during cold exposure: effects of prior heating and exercise. J Appl Physiol 87: 699-710, 1999. (Pubitemid 29375007)
13. Bruun JM, Verdich C, Toubro S, Astrup AV and Richelsen B. Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. Eur J Endocrinol 148: 535-542, 2003. (Pubitemid 36622161)
14. Bruun JM, Helge JW, Richelsen B and Stallknecht B. Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E961-E967, 2006.
15. Bruunsgaard H. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in elderly populations. Eur Cytokine Netw 13: 389-91, 2002. (Pubitemid 36174091)
16. Bruunsgaard H, Bjerregaard E, Schroll M and Pedersen BK. Muscle strength after resistance training is inversely correlated with baseline levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in the oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc 52: 237-241, 2004. (Pubitemid 38233486)
17. Bruunsgaard H, Galbo H, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Johansen TL, MacLean DA and Pedersen BK. Exercise-induced increase in serum interleukin-6 in humans is related to muscle damage. J Physiol (Lond) 499 (Pt 3): 833-841, 1997. (Pubitemid 27153602)
18. Camus G, Poortmans J, Nys M, Deby-Dupont G, Duchateau J, Deby C and Lamy M. Mild endotoxaemia and the inflammatory response induced by a marathon race. Clin Sci (Lond) 92: 415-422, 1997. (Pubitemid 27163101)
19. Carey AL, Steinberg GR, Macaulay SL, Thomas WG, Holmes AG, Ramm G, Prelovsek O, Hohnen-Behrens C, Watt MJ, James DE, Kemp BE, Pedersen BK and Febbraio MA. Interleukin-6 Increases Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Disposal in Humans and Glucose Uptake and Fatty Acid Oxidation In Vitro via AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Diabetes 55: 2688-2697, 2006. (Pubitemid 44923666)
20. Castell JV, Geiger T, Gross V, Andus T, Walter E, Hirano T, Kishimoto T and Heinrich PC. Plasma-Clearance, Organ Distribution and Target-Cells of Interleukin-6 Hepatocyte-Stimulating Factor in the Rat. European Journal of Biochemistry 177: 357-361, 1988.
21. Castell LM, Poortmans JR, Leclercq R, Brasseur M, Duchateau J and Newsholme EA. Some aspects of the acute phase response after a marathon race, and the effects of glutamine supplementation. Eur J Appl Physiol 75: 47-53, 1997. (Pubitemid 27029622)
22. Cavaliere F, D'Ambrosi N, Sancesario G, Bernardi G and Volonte C. Hypoglycaemia- induced cell death: features of neuroprotection by the P2 receptor antagonist basilen blue. Neurochem Int 38: 199-207, 2001.
23. Cesari M, Penninx BWJH, Pahor M, Lauretani F, Corsi AM, Williams GR, Guralnik JM and Ferrucci L. Inflammatory Markers and Physical Performance in Older Persons: The InCHIANTI Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59: M242-M248, 2004.
24. Chan MHS, McGee SL, Watt MJ, Hargreaves M and Febbraio MA. Altering dietary nutrient intake that reduces glycogen content leads to phosphorylation of nuclear p38 MAP kinase in human skeletal muscle: association with IL-6 gene transcription during contraction. FASEB J 18: 1785-1787, 2004. (Pubitemid 39561684)
25. Colbert LH, Visser M, Simonsick EM, Tracy RP, Newman AB, Kritchevsky SB, Pahor M, Taaffe DR, Brach J, Rubin S and Harris TB. Physical Activity, Exercise, and Inflammatory Markers in Older Adults: Findings from The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 52: 1098-1104, 2004. (Pubitemid 38869068)
26. Crampes F, Beauville M, Riviere D and Garrigues M. Effect of physical training in humans on the response of isolated fat cells to epinephrine. J Appl Physiol 61: 25-29, 1986. (Pubitemid 16015879)
27. Davies KJ, Quintanilha AT, Brooks GA and Packer L. Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 107: 1198-1205, 1982. (Pubitemid 13222413)
28. Divertie GD, Jensen MD, Cryer PE and Miles JM. Lipolytic responsiveness to epinephrine in nondiabetic and diabetic humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 272: E1130-E1135, 1997.
29. Dolmetsch RE, Xu K and Lewis RS. Calcium oscillations increase the efficiency and specificity of gene expression. Nature 392: 933-936, 1998. (Pubitemid 28232066)
30. Drenth JP, Van Uum SH, Van Deuren M, Pesman GJ, Van der Ven-Jongekrijg J and van der Meer JW. Endurance run increases circulating IL-6 and IL-1ra but downregulates ex vivo TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta production. J Appl Physiol 79: 1497-1503, 1995.
31. Febbraio MA, Ott P, Nielsen HB, Steensberg A, Keller C, Krustrup P, Secher NH and Pedersen BK. Hepatosplanchnic clearance of interleukin-6 in humans during exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285: E397-E402, 2003. (Pubitemid 36899714)
32. Febbraio MA, Steensberg A, Keller C, Starkie RL, Nielsen HB, Krustrup P, Ott P, Secher NH and Pedersen BK. Glucose ingestion attenuates interleukin-6 release from contracting skeletal muscle in humans. J Physiol 549: 607-612, 2003. (Pubitemid 36701770)
33. Febbraio MA, Steensberg A, Starkie RL, McConell GK and Kingwell BA. Skeletal muscle interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes at rest and during exercise. Metabolism 52: 939-944, 2003. (Pubitemid 36949561)
34. Febbraio MA, Steensberg A, Walsh R, Koukoulas I, Van Hall G and Pedersen BK. Reduced muscle glycogen availability elevates HSP72 in contracting human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 538: 911-917, 2002. (Pubitemid 35190081)
35. Febbraio MA, Hiscock N, Sacchetti M, Fischer CP and Pedersen BK. Interleukin-6 Is a Novel Factor Mediating Glucose Homeostasis During Skeletal Muscle Contraction. Diabetes 53: 1643-1648, 2004. (Pubitemid 38864744)
36. Fischer CP, Berntsen A, Perstrup LB, Eskildsen P and Pedersen BK. Plasma levels of IL-6 and CRP are associated with physical inactivity independent of obesity. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2006 (In Press).
37. Fischer CP, Hiscock NJ, Penkowa M, Basu S, Vessby B, Kallner A, Sjoberg LB and Pedersen BK. Supplementation with vitamins C and E inhibits the release of interleukin- 6 from contracting human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 558: 633-645, 2004. (Pubitemid 39117607)
38. Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Hansen AK, Pilegaard H, Saltin B and Pedersen BK. Endurance training reduces the contraction-induced interleukin-6 mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287: E1189-E1194, 2004. (Pubitemid 39491961)
39. Fisman EZ, Benderly M, Esper RJ, Behar S, Boyko V, Adler Y, Tanne D, Matas Z and Tenenbaum A. Interleukin-6 and the Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Angina Pectoris and/or Healed Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol 98: 14-18, 2006. (Pubitemid 43902673)
40. Friedland JS, Suputtamongkol Y, Remick DG, Chaowagul W, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, White NJ and Griffin GE. Prolonged elevation of interleukin-8 and interleukin-6 concentrations in plasma and of leukocyte interleukin-8 mRNA levels during septicemic and localized Pseudomonas pseudomallei infection. Infect Immun 60: 2402-2408, 1992.
41. Gabay C, Smith MF, Eidlen D and Arend WP. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an acute-phase protein. J Clin Invest 99: 2930-2940, 1997. (Pubitemid 27278670)
42. Galassetti PR, Iwanaga K, Pontello AM, Zaldivar FP, Flores RL and Larson JK. Effect of prior hyperglycemia on IL-6 responses to exercise in children with type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E833-E839, 2006.
43. Galton DJ and Bray GA. Studies on lipolysis in human adipose cells. J Clin Invest 46: 621-629, 1967.
44. Goldhammer E, Tanchilevitch A, Maor I, Beniamini Y, Rosenschein U and Sagiv M. Exercise training modulates cytokines activity in coronary heart disease patients. International Journal of Cardiology 100: 93-99, 2005. (Pubitemid 40487942)
45. Gonzalez-Hernandez JA, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Spath-Schwalbe E, Jirikowski G and Scherbaum WA. Interleukin-6 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human adrenal gland in vivo: new clue to a paracrine or autocrine regulation of adrenal function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79: 1492-1497, 1994. (Pubitemid 24369871)
46. Gross V, Andus T, Castell J, Vom BD, Heinrich PC and Gerok W. O- and N-glycosylation lead to different molecular mass forms of human monocyte interleukin-6. FEBS Lett 247: 323-326, 1989. (Pubitemid 19129272)
47. Hagobian TA, Jacobs KA, Subudhi AW, Fattor JA, Rock PB, Muza SR, Fulco CS, Braun B, Grediagin A, Mazzeo RS, Cymerman A and Friedlander AL. Cytokine responses at high altitude: effects of exercise and antioxidants at 4300 m. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: 276-285, 2006. (Pubitemid 43271579)
48. Hanisch A, Dieterich KD, Dietzmann K, Ludecke K, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R and Lehnert H. Expression of Members of the Interleukin-6 Family of Cytokines and their Receptors in Human Pituitary and Pituitary Adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 4411, 2000.
49. Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Haan S, Hermanns HM, Muller-Newen G and Schaper F. Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation. Biochem J 374: 1-20, 2003. (Pubitemid 37046923)
50. Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Muller-Newen G, Schaper F and Graeve L. Interleukin- 6-type cytokine signalling through the gp130/Jak/STAT pathway. Biochem J 334 (Pt 2): 297-314, 1998. (Pubitemid 28448572)
51. Helfgott DC, Tatter SB, Santhanam U, Clarick RH, Bhardwaj N, May LT and Sehgal PB. Multiple forms of IFN-beta 2/IL-6 in serum and body fluids during acute bacterial infection. J Immunol 142: 948-953, 1989. (Pubitemid 19093932)
52. Helge JW, Stallknecht B, Pedersen BK, Galbo H, Kiens B and Richter EA. The effect of graded exercise on IL-6 release and glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 546: 299-305, 2003. (Pubitemid 36104989)
53. Hellsten Y, Frandsen U, Orthenblad N, Sjodin B and Richter EA. Xanthine oxidase in human skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise: a role in inflammation. J Physiol 498 (Pt 1): 239-248, 1997. (Pubitemid 27056893)
54. Hirano T, Ishihara K and Hibi M. Roles of STAT3 in mediating the cell growth, differentiation and survival signals relayed through the IL-6 family of cytokine receptors. Oncogene 19: 2548-2556, 2000. (Pubitemid 30339210)
55. Hirano T, Taga T, Nakano N, Yasukawa K, Kashiwamura S, Shimizu K, Nakajima K, Pyun KH and Kishimoto T. Purification to homogeneity and characterization of human B-cell differentiation factor (BCDF or BSFp-2). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82: 5490-5494, 1985. (Pubitemid 15012129)
56. Hirano T, Yasukawa K, Harada H, Taga T, Watanabe Y, Matsuda T, Kashiwamura S, Nakajima K, Koyama K, Iwamatsu A and . Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin. Nature 324: 73-76, 1986.
57. Hirose L, Nosaka K, Newton M, Laveder A, Kano M, Peake J and Suzuki K. Changes in inflammatory mediators following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Exerc Immunol Rev 10: 75-90, 2004.
58. Hiscock N, Chan MHS, Bisucci T, Darby IA and Febbraio MA. Skeletal myocytes are a source of interleukin-6 mRNA expression and protein release during contraction: evidence of fiber type specificity. FASEB J 18: 992-994, 2004. (Pubitemid 39561502)
59. Hiscock N, Fischer CP, Sacchetti M, Van Hall G, Febbraio MA and Pedersen BK. Recombinant human interleukin-6 infusion during low intensity exercise does not enhance whole body lipolysis or fat oxidation in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289: E2-7, 2005. (Pubitemid 40874927)
60. Hiscock N, Petersen EW, Krzywkowski K, Boza J, Halkjaer-Kristensen J and Pedersen BK. Glutamine supplementation further enhances exercise-induced plasma IL-6. J Appl Physiol 95: 145-148, 2003. (Pubitemid 36753795)
61. Holloszy JO and Booth FW. Biochemical Adaptations to Endurance Exercise in Muscle. Ann Rev Physiol 38: 273-291, 1976.
62. Holmes AG, Watt MJ and Febbraio MA. Suppressing lipolysis increases interleukin- 6 at rest and during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 97: 689-696, 2004. (Pubitemid 38963143)
63. Jackson MJ, Edwards RH and Symons MC. Electron spin resonance studies of intact mammalian skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta 847: 185-190, 1985. (Pubitemid 16233547)
64. Jensen MD, Caruso M, Heiling V and Miles JM. Insulin regulation of lipolysis in nondiabetic and IDDM subjects. Diabetes 38: 1595-1601, 1989. (Pubitemid 20006686)
65. Ji LL, Gomez-Cabrera MC, STEINHAFEL N and Vina J. Acute exercise activates nuclear factor (NF)-{kappa}B signaling pathway in rat skeletal muscle. FASEB J 18: 1499-1506, 2004. (Pubitemid 39336631)
66. Jonsdottir IH, Schjerling P, Ostrowski K, Asp S, Richter EA and Pedersen BK. Muscle contractions induce interleukin-6 mRNA production in rat skeletal muscles. J Physiol 528: 157-163, 2001.
67. Kado S, Nagase T and Nagata N. Circulating levels of interleukin-6, its soluble receptor and interleukin-6/interleukin-6 receptor complexes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetologica 36: 67-72, 1999.
68. Kanemaki T, Kitade H, Kaibori M, Sakitani K, Hiramatsu Y, Kamiyama Y, Ito S and Okumura T. Interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6, but not tumor necrosis factor alpha, inhibit insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 27: 1296-1303, 1998. (Pubitemid 28227856)
69. Keller C, Keller P, Marshal S and Pedersen BK. IL-6 gene expression in human adipose tissue in response to exercise - effect of carbohydrate ingestion. J Physiol 550: 927-931, 2003. (Pubitemid 37010075)
70. Keller C, Steensberg A, Hansen AK, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P and Pedersen BK. The effect of exercise, training, and glycogen availability on IL-6 receptor expression in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 99: 2075-2079, 2005. (Pubitemid 41691622)
71. Keller C, Steensberg A, Pilegaard H, Osada T, Saltin B, Pedersen BK and Neufer PD. Transcriptional activation of the IL-6 gene in human contracting skeletal muscle: influence of muscle glycogen content. FASEB J 15: 2748-50, 2001.
72. Keller P, Keller C, Carey AL, Jauffred S, Fischer CP, Steensberg A and Pedersen BK. Interleukin-6 production by contracting human skeletal muscle: autocrine regulation by IL-6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310: 550-554, 2003. (Pubitemid 37163699)
73. Keller P, Keller C, Robinson LE and Pedersen BK. Epinephrine infusion increases adipose interleukin-6 gene expression and systemic levels in humans. J Appl Physiol 97: 1309-1312, 2004. (Pubitemid 39299345)
74. Kestler DP, Agarwal S, Cobb J, Goldstein KM and Hall RE. Detection and analysis of an alternatively spliced isoform of interleukin-6 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood 86: 4559-4567, 1995.
75. Kim HJ, Higashimori T, Park SY, Choi H, Dong J, Kim YJ, Noh HL, Cho YR, Cline G, Kim YB and Kim JK. Differential Effects of Interleukin-6 and -10 on Skeletal Muscle and Liver Insulin Action In Vivo. Diabetes 53: 1060-1067, 2004. (Pubitemid 38436619)
76. Kishimoto T, Akira S, Narazaki M and Taga T. Interleukin-6 family of cytokines and gp130. Blood 86: 1243-1254, 1995.
77. Klover PJ, Clementi AH and Mooney RA. Interleukin-6 depletion selectively improves hepatic insulin action in obesity. Endocrinology 146: 3417-27, 2005. (Pubitemid 41058114)
78. Klover PJ, Zimmers TA, Koniaris LG and Mooney RA. Chronic Exposure to Interleukin-6 Causes Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Mice. Diabetes 52: 2784-2789, 2003. (Pubitemid 37339708)
79. Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, Konopka DN, Cunnick JE, Franke WD, Castillo MC, Reighard AE and Vanderah E. Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of [beta]-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 20: 201-209, 2006.
80. Kopp E and Ghosh S. Inhibition of NF-kappa B by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Science 265: 956-959, 1994.
81. Kosmidou I, Vassilakopoulos T, Xagorari A, Zakynthinos S, Papapetropoulos A and Roussos C. Production of interleukin-6 by skeletal myotubes: role of reactive oxygen species. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26: 587-593, 2002. (Pubitemid 34315867)
82. Krogh-Madsen R, Plomgaard P, Moller K, Mittendorfer B and Pedersen BK. Influence of TNF-{alpha} and IL-6 infusions on insulin sensitivity and expression of IL-18 in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291: E108-E114, 2006. (Pubitemid 44035315)
83. Kubis HP, Hanke N, Scheibe RJ, Meissner JD and Gros G. Ca2+ transients activate calcineurin/NFATc1 and initiate fast-to-slow transformation in a primary skeletal muscle culture. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285: C56-C63, 2003. (Pubitemid 36736337)
84. Langberg H, Olesen JL, Gemmer C and Kjaer M. Substantial elevation of inter- leukin-6 concentration in peritendinous tissue, in contrast to muscle, following prolonged exercise in humans. J Physiol 542: 985-990, 2002. (Pubitemid 34947289)
85. Larsen AI, Aukrust P, Aarsland T and Dickstein K. Effect of aerobic exercise training on plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with heart failure. The American Journal of Cardiology 88: 805-808, 2001.
86. Li TL and Gleeson M. The effects of carbohydrate supplementation during the second of two prolonged cycling bouts on immunoendocrine responses. Eur J Appl Physiol 95: 391-399, 2005. (Pubitemid 41762544)
87. Lundby C and Steensberg A. Interleukin-6 response to exercise during acute and chronic hypoxia. European Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 88-93, 2004. (Pubitemid 38292355)
88. Lyngso D, Simonsen L and Bulow J. Interleukin-6 production in human subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue: the effect of exercise. J Physiol 543: 373-378, 2002. (Pubitemid 34947322)
89. MacDonald C, Wojtaszewski JFP, Pedersen BK, Kiens B and Richter EA. Interleukin- 6 release from human skeletal muscle during exercise: relation to AMPK activity. J Appl Physiol 95: 2273-2277, 2003. (Pubitemid 37444967)
90. MacIntyre DL, Sorichter S, Mair J, Berg A and McKenzie DC. Markers of inflammation and myofibrillar proteins following eccentric exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 84: 180-186, 2001. (Pubitemid 32229391)
91. Mandell GL, Rubin W and Hook EW. The effect of an NADH oxidase inhibitor (hydrocortisone) on polymorphonuclear leukocyte bactericidal activity. J Clin Invest 49: 1381-1388, 1970.
92. Margeli A, Skenderi K, Tsironi M, Hantzi E, Matalas AL, Vrettou C, Kanavakis E, Chrousos G and Papassotiriou I. Dramatic elevations of interleukin-6 and acute phase reactants in athletes participating in the ultradistance foot race "spartathlon": severe systemic inflammation and lipid and lipoprotein changes in protracted exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 3914-8, 2005. (Pubitemid 41058151)
93. Matsusaka T, Fujikawa K, Nishio Y, Mukaida N, Matsushima K, Kishimoto T and Akira S. Transcription factors NF-IL6 and NF-kappa B synergistically activate transcription of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90: 10193-10197, 1993. (Pubitemid 23328278)
94. Matthys P, Mitera T, Heremans H, Van Damme J and Billiau A. Anti-gamma interferon and anti-interleukin-6 antibodies affect staphylococcal enterotoxin Binduced weight loss, hypoglycemia, and cytokine release in D-galactosamine- sensitized and unsensitized mice. Infect Immun 63: 1158-1164, 1995.
95. May LT, Santhanam U, Tatter SB, Bhardwaj N, Ghrayeb J and Sehgal PB. Phosphorylation of secreted forms of human beta 2-interferon/hepatocyte stimulating factor/interleukin-6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 152: 1144-1150, 1988.
96. Mazzeo RS, Donovan D, Fleshner M, Butterfield GE, Zamudio S, Wolfel EE and Moore LG. Interleukin-6 response to exercise and high-altitude exposure: influence of alpha -adrenergic blockade. J Appl Physiol 91: 2143-2149, 2001. (Pubitemid 33015067)
97. McGee SL and Hargreaves M. Exercise and Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 Regulation in Human Skeletal Muscle. Diabetes 53: 1208-1214, 2004. (Pubitemid 38569005)
98. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS, Klein S and Coppack SW. Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Releases Interleukin-6, But Not Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}, in Vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 4196-4200, 1997. (Pubitemid 27525539)
99. Montero-Julian FA, Klein B, Gautherot E and Brailly H. Pharmacokinetic study of anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) therapy with monoclonal antibodies: enhancement of IL-6 clearance by cocktails of anti-IL-6 antibodies. Blood 85: 917-924, 1995.
100. Moore KW, Garra A, Malefyt RW, Vieira P and Mosmann TR. Interleukin-10. Annual Review of Immunology 11: 165-190, 1993. (Pubitemid 23115005)
101. Naitoh Y, Fukata J, Tominaga T, Nakai Y, Tamai S, Mori K and Imura H. Interleukin- 6 stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone in conscious, freely-moving rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155: 1459-1463, 1988.
102. Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Fagoaga OR, Nieman DC, Henson DA, Butterworth DE, Schmitt RL, Bailey EM, Warren BJ, Utter A and Davis JM. Carbohydrate and the cytokine response to 2.5 h of running. J Appl Physiol 82: 1662-1667, 1997. (Pubitemid 27203876)
103. Nemet D, Eliakim A, Zaldivar F and Cooper DM. The Effect of rhIL-6 Infusion on GH-->IGF-I Axis Mediators in Humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291: R1663-8, 2006. (Pubitemid 44904133)
104. Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP, Miller GD, Penninx BW, Loeser RF, Palla S, Bleecker E and Pahor M. Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 79: 544-551, 2004. (Pubitemid 41103895)
105. Nielsen HB, Secher NH, Christensen NJ and Pedersen BK. Lymphocytes and NK cell activity during repeated bouts of maximal exercise. Am J Physiol 271: R222-R227, 1996.
106. Nieman DC, Davis JM, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Dumke CL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Carson JA, Brown A, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS and Triplett NT. Muscle cytokine mRNA changes after 2.5 h of cycling: influence of carbohydrate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37: 1283-1290, 2005. (Pubitemid 41209281)
107. Nieman DC, Davis JM, Henson DA, Walberg-Rankin J, Shute M, Dumke CL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Carson JA, Brown A, Lee WJ, McAnulty SR and McAnulty LS. Carbohydrate ingestion influences skeletal muscle cytokine mRNA and plasma cytokine levels after a 3-h run. J Appl Physiol 94: 1917-1925, 2003. (Pubitemid 36457443)
108. Nieman DC, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, McAnulty L, Swick NS, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Opiela SJ and Morrow JD. Influence of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative and immune changes after an ultramarathon. J Appl Physiol 92: 1970-1977, 2002. (Pubitemid 34666424)
109. Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Fagoaga OR, Henson DA, Utter A, Davis JM, Williams F and Butterworth DE. Influence of mode and carbohydrate on the cytokine response to heavy exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: 671-678, 1998. (Pubitemid 28210989)
110. Nieman DC, Peters EM, Henson DA, Nevines EI and Thompson MM. Influence of vitamin C supplementation on cytokine changes following an ultramarathon. J Interferon Cytokine Res 20: 1029-1035, 2000.
111. Nieman DC, Dumke CL, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, Gross SJ and Lind RH. Muscle damage is linked to cytokine changes following a 160-km race. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 19: 398-403, 2005. (Pubitemid 41074778)
112. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Smith LL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Davis JM, Kaminsky DE and Shute M. Cytokine changes after a marathon race. J Appl Physiol 91: 109-114, 2001. (Pubitemid 32574715)
113. Niess AM, Fehrenbach E, Lehmann R, Opavsky L, Jesse M, Northoff H and Dickhuth HH. Impact of elevated ambient temperatures on the acute immune response to intensive endurance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 89: 344-351, 2003. (Pubitemid 36748694)
114. Niess AM, Fehrenbach E, Strobel G, Roecker K, Schneider EM, Buergler J, Fuss S, Lehmann R, Northoff H and Dickhuth HH. Evaluation of Stress Responses to Interval Training at Low and Moderate Altitudes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise February 35: 263-269, 2003.
115. Northoff H and Berg A. Immunologic mediators as parameters of the reaction to strenuous exercise. Int J Sports Med 12 Suppl 1: S9-15, 1991.
116. Nosaka K and Clarkson PM. Changes in indicators of inflammation after eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28: 953-961, 1996. (Pubitemid 26275084)
117. Nybo L, Moller K, Pedersen BK, Nielsen B and Secher NH. Association between fatigue and failure to preserve cerebral energy turnover during prolonged exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 179: 67-74, 2003. (Pubitemid 37083064)
118. Nybo L, Nielsen B, Pedersen BK, Moller K and Secher NH. Interleukin-6 release from the human brain during prolonged exercise. J Physiol 542: 991-995, 2002. (Pubitemid 34947290)
119. Ostrowski K, Hermann C, Bangash A, Schjerling P, Nielsen JN and Pedersen BK. A trauma-like elevation of plasma cytokines in humans in response to treadmill running. J Physiol 513 (Pt 3): 889-894, 1998. (Pubitemid 29008116)
120. Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S, Schjerling P and Pedersen BK. Pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans. J Physiol 515 (Pt 1): 287-291, 1999. (Pubitemid 29092641)
121. Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Zacho M, Asp S and Pedersen BK. Evidence that interleukin- 6 is produced in human skeletal muscle during prolonged running. J Physiol 508 (Pt 3): 949-953, 1998. (Pubitemid 28220743)
122. Ostrowski K, Schjerling P and Pedersen BK. Physical activity and plasma interleukin-6 in humans - effect of intensity of exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 83: 512-515, 2000. (Pubitemid 32014240)
123. Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Kavouras S and Stefanadis C. The associations between leisure-time physical activity and inflammatory and coagulation markers related to cardiovascular disease: the ATTICA Study. Preventive Medicine 40: 432-437, 2005. (Pubitemid 39458062)
124. Papanicolaou DA, Petrides JS, Tsigos C, Bina S, Kalogeras KT, Wilder R, Gold PW, Deuster PA and Chrousos GP. Exercise stimulates interleukin-6 secretion: inhibition by glucocorticoids and correlation with catecholamines. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 271: E601-E605, 1996.
125. Paroo Z and Noble EG. Isoproterenol potentiates exercise-induction of Hsp70 in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Cell Stress Chaperones 4: 199-204, 1999. (Pubitemid 29435927)
126. Pedersen BK and Hoffmann-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: Regulation, integration and adaption. Physiol Rev 80: 1055-1081, 2000.
127. Pedersen M, Steensberg A, Keller C, Osada T, Zacho M, Saltin B, Febbraio MA and Pedersen BK. Does the aging skeletal muscle maintain its endocrine function? Exerc Immunol Rev 10: 42-55, 2004.
128. Penkowa M, Keller C, Keller P, Jauffred S and Pedersen BK. Immunohistochemical detection of interleukin-6 in human skeletal muscle fibers following exercise. FASEB J 17: 2166-2168, 2003.
129. Pepys MB, Hawkins PN, Kahan MC, Tennent GA, Gallimore JR, Graham D, Sabin CA, Zychlinsky A and de Diego J. Proinflammatory Effects of Bacterial Recombinant Human C-Reactive Protein Are Caused by Contamination With Bacterial Products, Not by C-Reactive Protein Itself. Circ Res 97: e97-103, 2005.
130. Pepys MB and Hirschfield GM. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest 111: 1805-1812, 2003. (Pubitemid 38057722)
131. Perlstein RS, Whitnall MH, Abrams JS, Mougey EH and Neta R. Synergistic roles of interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor in the adrenocorticotropin response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in vivo. Endocrinology 132: 946-952, 1993. (Pubitemid 23068604)
132. Peters EM, Anderson R and Theron AJ. Attenuation of increase in circulating cortisol and enhancement of the acute phase protein response in vitamin C-supplemented ultramarathoners. Int J Sports Med 22: 120-126, 2001. (Pubitemid 32195348)
133. Petersen EW, Carey AL, Sacchetti M, Steinberg GR, Macaulay SL, Febbraio MA and Pedersen BK. Acute IL-6 treatment increases fatty acid turnover in elderly humans in vivo and in tissue culture in vitro. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288: E155-E162, 2005. (Pubitemid 40023802)
134. Petersen EW, Ostrowski K, Ibfelt T, Richelle M, Offord E, Halkjaer-Kristensen J and Pedersen BK. Effect of vitamin supplementation on cytokine response and on muscle damage after strenuous exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280: C1570-C1575, 2001.
135. Phillips SM, Green HJ, Tarnopolsky MA, Heigenhauser GJ, Hill RE and Grant SM. Effects of training duration on substrate turnover and oxidation during exercise. J Appl Physiol 81: 2182-2191, 1996. (Pubitemid 26384548)
136. Pilegaard H, Saltin B and Neufer PD. Exercise induces transient transcriptional activation of the PGC-1alpha gene in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 546: 851-858, 2003. (Pubitemid 36204518)
137. Plomgaard P, Penkowa M and Pedersen BK. Fiber type specific expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-18 in human skeletal muscles. Exerc Immunol Rev 11: 53-63, 2005.
138. Plomgaard P, Bouzakri K, Krogh-Madsen R, Mittendorfer B, Zierath JR and Pedersen BK. Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Induces Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Healthy Human Subjects via Inhibition of Akt Substrate 160 Phosphorylation. Diabetes 54: 2939-2945, 2005. (Pubitemid 41401090)
139. Poupart P, Vandenabeele P, Cayphas S, Van Snick J, Haegeman G, Kruys V, Fiers W and Content J. B cell growth modulating and differentiating activity of recombinant human 26-kd protein (BSF-2, HuIFN-beta 2, HPGF). EMBO J 6: 1219-1224, 1987.
140. Pretolani M. Interleukin-10: an anti-inflammatory cytokine with therapeutic potential. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 29: 1164-1171, 1999. (Pubitemid 29406463)
141. Pritts TA, Hungness ES, Hershko DD, Robb BW, Sun X, Luo GJ, Fischer JE, Wong HR and Hasselgren PO. Proteasome inhibitors induce heat shock response and increase IL-6 expression in human intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282: R1016-R1026, 2002. (Pubitemid 34664553)
142. Pue CA, Mortensen RF, Marsh CB, Pope HA and Wewers MD. Acute phase levels of C-reactive protein enhance IL-1 beta and IL-1ra production by human blood monocytes but inhibit IL-1 beta and IL-1ra production by alveolar macrophages. J Immunol 156: 1594-1600, 1996. (Pubitemid 26065872)
143. Rhind SG, Gannon GA, Shephard RJ and Shek PN. Indomethacin modulates circulating cytokine responses to strenuous exercise in humans. Cytokine 19: 153-158, 2002. (Pubitemid 35216196)
144. Rohde T, MacLean DA, Richter EA, Kiens B and Pedersen BK. Prolonged submaximal eccentric exercise is associated with increased levels of plasma IL-6. Am J Physiol 273: E85-E91, 1997.
145. Ronsen O, Holm K, Staff H, Opstad PK, Pedersen BK and Bahr R. No effect of seasonal variation in training load on immuno-endocrine responses to acute exhaustive exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 11: 141-148, 2001. (Pubitemid 33641060)
146. Ronsen O, Lea T, Bahr R and Pedersen BK. Enhanced plasma IL-6 and IL-1ra responses to repeated vs. single bouts of prolonged cycling in elite athletes. J Appl Physiol 92: 2547-2553, 2002. (Pubitemid 34666383)
147. Rosendal L, Sogaard K, Kjaer M, Sjogaard G, Langberg H and Kristiansen J. Increase in interstitial interleukin-6 of human skeletal muscle with repetitive low-force exercise. J Appl Physiol 98: 477-481, 2005. (Pubitemid 40129954)
148. Rotter V, Nagaev I and Smith U. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Induces Insulin Resistance in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Is, Like IL-8 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}, Overexpressed in Human Fat Cells from Insulin-resistant Subjects. J Biol Chem 278: 45777-45784, 2003. (Pubitemid 37432722)
149. Rowsey PJ and Kluger MJ. Corticotropin releasing hormone is involved in exercise- induced elevation in core temperature. Psychoneuroendocrinology 19: 179-187, 1994. (Pubitemid 24182346)
150. Saltin B and Rowell LB. Functional adaptations to physical activity and inactivity. Fed Proc 39: 1506-1513, 1980. (Pubitemid 10075138)
151. Samra JS, Clark ML, Humphreys SM, Macdonald IA, Matthews DR and Frayn KN. Effects of morning rise in cortisol concentration on regulation of lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 271: E996-1002, 1996.
152. Schantz P, Henriksson J and Jansson E. Adaptation of human skeletal muscle to endurance training of long duration. Clin Physiol 3: 141-151, 1983. (Pubitemid 13135042)
153. Schindler R, Mancilla J, Endres S, Ghorbani R, Clark SC and Dinarello CA. Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL- 6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF. Blood 75: 40-47, 1990. (Pubitemid 20031487)
154. Schreck R, Rieber P and Baeuerle PA. Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and HIV-1. The EMBO Journal 10: 2247-2258, 1991. (Pubitemid 21905698)
155. Sehgal PB, Zilberstein A, Ruggieri RM, May LT, Ferguson-Smith A, Slate DL, Revel M and Ruddle FH. Human Chromosome 7 Carries the {beta} 2 Interferon Gene. PNAS 83: 5219-5222, 1986. (Pubitemid 16051346)
156. Senn JJ, Klover PJ, Nowak IA and Mooney RA. Interleukin-6 Induces Cellular Insulin Resistance in Hepatocytes. Diabetes 51: 3391-3399, 2002. (Pubitemid 35403441)
157. Senn JJ, Klover PJ, Nowak IA, Zimmers TA, Koniaris LG, Furlanetto RW and Mooney RA. Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 (SOCS-3), a Potential Mediator of Interleukin-6-dependent Insulin Resistance in Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 278: 13740-13746, 2003. (Pubitemid 36799910)
158. Shi H, Tzameli I, Bjorbaek C and Flier JS. Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Is a Physiological Regulator of Adipocyte Insulin Signaling. J Biol Chem 279: 34733-34740, 2004. (Pubitemid 39318104)
159. Singh A, Papanicolaou DA, Lawrence LL, Howell EA, Chrousos GP and Deuster PA. Neuroendocrine responses to running in women after zinc and vitamin E supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 536-542, 1999. (Pubitemid 29173745)
160. Sopasakis VR, Sandqvist M, Gustafson B, Hammarstedt A, Schmelz M, Yang X, Jansson PA and Smith U. High Local Concentrations and Effects on Differentiation Implicate Interleukin-6 as a Paracrine Regulator. Obesity Res 12: 454-460, 2004. (Pubitemid 41132524)
161. Starkie R, Ostrowski SR, Jauffred S, Febbraio M and Pedersen BK. Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans. FASEB J 17: 884-886, 2003.
162. Starkie RL, Angus DJ, Rolland J, Hargreaves M and Febbraio MA. Effect of prolonged, submaximal exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on monocyte intracellular cytokine production in humans. J Physiol 528: 647-655, 2000.
163. Starkie RL, Arkinstall MJ, Koukoulas I, Hawley JA and Febbraio MA. Carbohydrate ingestion attenuates the increase in plasma interleukin-6, but not skeletal muscle interleukin-6 mRNA, during exercise in humans. J Physiol 533: 585-591, 2001. (Pubitemid 32520010)
164. Starkie RL, Hargreaves M, Rolland J and Febbraio MA. Heat stress, cytokines, and the immune response to exercise. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 19: 404-412, 2005. (Pubitemid 41074779)
165. Steensberg A, Febbraio MA, Osada T, Schjerling P, Van Hall G, Saltin B and Pedersen BK. Interleukin-6 production in contracting human skeletal muscle is influenced by pre-exercise muscle glycogen content. J Physiol 537: 633-639, 2001. (Pubitemid 33130517)
166. Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Keller C, Moller K and Pedersen BK. IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285: E433-E437, 2003. (Pubitemid 36899719)
167. Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Sacchetti M, Keller C, Osada T, Schjerling P, Van Hall G, Febbraio MA and Pedersen BK. Acute interleukin-6 administration does not impair muscle glucose uptake or whole-body glucose disposal in healthy humans. J Physiol 548: 631-8, 2003. (Pubitemid 36527483)
168. Steensberg A, Keller C, Starkie RL, Osada T, Febbraio MA and Pedersen BK. IL- 6 and TNF-alpha expression in, and release from, contracting human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283: E1272-E1278, 2002. (Pubitemid 35340635)
169. Steensberg A, Toft AD, Bruunsgaard H, Sandmand M, Halkjaer-Kristensen J and Pedersen BK. Strenuous exercise decreases the percentage of type 1 T cells in the circulation. J Appl Physiol 91: 1708-1712, 2001. (Pubitemid 32900363)
170. Steensberg A, Toft AD, Schjerling P, Halkjaer-Kristensen J and Pedersen BK. Plasma interleukin-6 during strenuous exercise: role of epinephrine. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281: 1001-1004, 2001.
171. Steensberg A, Van Hall G, Keller C, Osada T, Schjerling P, Pedersen BK, Saltin B and Febbraio MA. Muscle glycogen content and glucose uptake during exercise in humans: influence of prior exercise and dietary manipulation. J Physiol 541: 273-281, 2002. (Pubitemid 35190198)
172. Steensberg A, Van Hall G, Osada T, Sacchetti M, Saltin B and Klarlund PB. Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6. J Physiol 529 Pt 1: 237-242, 2000.
173. Stith RD and Luo J. Endocrine and carbohydrate responses to interleukin-6 in vivo. Circ Shock 44: 210-215, 1994.
174. Stouthard JM, Romijn JA, van der PT, Endert E, Klein S, Bakker PJ, Veenhof CH and Sauerwein HP. Endocrinologic and metabolic effects of interleukin-6 in humans. Am J Physiol 268: E813-E819, 1995.
175. Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Liu Q, Kurakake S, Okamura N, Kumae T, Umeda T and Sugawara K. Impact of a Competitive Marathon Race on Systemic Cytokine and Neutrophil Responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35: 348-355, 2003. (Pubitemid 36184289)
176. Suzuki K, Yamada M, Kurakake S, Okamura N, Yamaya K, Liu Q, Kudoh S, Kowatari K, Nakaji S and Sugawara K. Circulating cytokines and hormones with immunosuppressive but neutrophil-priming potentials rise after endurance exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 81: 281-287, 2000. (Pubitemid 30189950)
177. Suzuki K, Totsuka M, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Kudoh S, Liu Q, Sugawara K, Yamaya K and Sato K. Endurance exercise causes interaction among stress hormones, cytokines, neutrophil dynamics, and muscle damage. J Appl Physiol 87: 1360-1367, 1999. (Pubitemid 29483120)
178. Thompson D, Williams C, Garcia-Roves P, McGregor SJ, McArdle F and Jackson MJ. Post-exercise vitamin C supplementation and recovery from demanding exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 89: 393-400, 2003. (Pubitemid 36748701)
179. Thompson D, Williams C, McGregor SJ, Nicholas CW, McArdle F, Jackson MJ and Powell JR. Prolonged vitamin C supplementation and recovery from demanding exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 11: 466-481, 2001.
180. Tilg H, Trehu E, Atkins MB, Dinarello CA and Mier JW. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an anti-inflammatory cytokine: induction of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55. Blood 83: 113-118, 1994. (Pubitemid 24016522)
181. Timmons BW, Hamadeh MJ, Devries MC and Tarnopolsky MA. Influence of gender, menstrual phase, and oral contraceptive use on immunological changes in response to prolonged cycling. J Appl Physiol 99: 979-985, 2005. (Pubitemid 41214512)
182. Toft AD, Bruunsgaard H, Ibfelt T, Halkjaer-Kristensen J and Pedersen BK. The cytokine response to eccentric exercise in young versus elderly humans. J Physiol 283: C289-C295, 2002. (Pubitemid 34670573)
183. Toft AD, Thorn M, Ostrowski K, Asp S, Moller K, Iversen S, Hermann C, Sondergaard SR and Pedersen BK. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids do not affect cytokine response to strenuous exercise. J Appl Physiol 89: 2401-2406, 2000.
184. Tsigos C, Papanicolaou DA, Defensor R, Mitsiadis CS, Kyrou I and Chrousos GP. Dose effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on pituitary hormone secretion and energy expenditure. Neuroendocrinology 66: 54-62, 1997. (Pubitemid 27271992)
185. Tsigos C, Papanicolaou DA, Kyrou I, Defensor R, Mitsiadis CS and Chrousos GP. Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on glucose regulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 4167-4170, 1997. (Pubitemid 27525533)
186. Ullum H, Haahr PM, Diamant M, Palmo J, Halkjaer-Kristensen J and Pedersen BK. Bicycle exercise enhances plasma IL-6 but does not change IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, or TNF-alpha pre-mRNA in BMNC. J Appl Physiol 77: 93-97, 1994. (Pubitemid 24226120)
187. Van Hall G, Steensberg A, Sacchetti M, Fischer C, Keller C, Schjerling P, Hiscock N, Moller K, Saltin B, Febbraio MA and Pedersen BK. Interleukin-6 stimulates lipolysis and fat oxidation in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 3005-3010, 2003. (Pubitemid 36877463)
188. van Helvoort HAC, Heijdra YF, Heunks LMA, Meijer PLM, Ruitenbeek W, Thijs HMH and Dekhuijzen PNR. Supplemental Oxygen Prevents Exercise-induced Oxidative Stress in Muscle-wasted Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173: 1122-1129, 2006. (Pubitemid 43726893)
189. Vassilakopoulos T, Karatza MH, Katsaounou P, Kollintza A, Zakynthinos S and Roussos C. Antioxidants attenuate the plasma cytokine response to exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 94: 1025-1032, 2003. (Pubitemid 36232018)
190. Wallen ES, Buettner GR and Moseley PL. Oxidants differentially regulate the heat shock response. Int J Hyperthermia 13: 517-524, 1997. (Pubitemid 27460151)
191. Wang P, Wu P, Siegel MI, Egan RW and Billah MM. IL-10 inhibits transcription of cytokine genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol 153: 811-816, 1994. (Pubitemid 24206311)
192. Watt MJ, Carey AL, Wolsk-Petersen E, Kraemer FB, Pedersen BK and Febbraio MA. Hormone-sensitive lipase is reduced in the adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: influence of IL-6 infusion. Diabetologia 48: 105-112, 2005. (Pubitemid 40174662)
193. Welch WJ, Garrels JI, Thomas GP, Lin JJ and Feramisco JR. Biochemical characterization of the mammalian stress proteins and identification of two stress proteins as glucose- and Ca2+-ionophore- regulated proteins. J Biol Chem 258: 7102-7111, 1983. (Pubitemid 13059963)
194. Willoughby DS, McFarlin B and Bois C. Interleukin-6 Expression After Repeated Bouts of Eccentric Exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 15-21, 2003. (Pubitemid 36254683)
195. Yamada M, Suzuki K, Kudo S, Totsuka M, Nakaji S and Sugawara K. Raised plasma G-CSF and IL-6 after exercise may play a role in neutrophil mobilization into the circulation. J Appl Physiol 92: 1789-1794, 2002.
196. Zhang D, Sun M, Samols D and Kushner I. STAT3 Participates in Transcriptional Activation of the C-reactive Protein Gene by Interleukin-6. J Biol Chem 271: 9503-9509, 1996. (Pubitemid 26139927)