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Two recent examples for the application of artificial peptide receptors can be found in: a) X. Salvatella, M. Martinell, M. Gairí, M. G. Mateu, M. Feliz, A. D. Hamilton, J. de Mendoza, E. Giralt, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 198-200;
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For review articles on the use of combinatorial receptor libraries in supramolecular studies see: a) N. Srinivasan, J. D. Kilburn, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2004, 8, 305-310;
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For another interesting approach to sequence-specific peptide recognition by designed receptors see: a) M. Wehner, D. Janssen, G. Schäfer, T. Schrader, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 138-153;
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note
-
Cyclodextrins and calixarenes are also often used as hydrophobic pockets in supramolecular receptors but these are too large to allow discrimination between different alkyl groups such as methyl and isopropyl.
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For selected examples of other artificial receptors that bind D-Ala-D-Ala, but mostly only in organic and not in aqueous solvents, see; a) J. Shepherd, T. Gale, K. B. Jensen, J. D. Kilburn, Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 713-720;
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Carboxylate-binding pockets more closely related to the natural antibiotic have also been used in the past, but these are synthetically much more challenging without providing any improvement in terms of affinity; see for example: a) H. T. ten Brink, D. T. S. Rijkers, R. M. J. Liskamp, J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 1817-1824;
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The more readily available cyclotriveratrylenes (= symmetrically tris-substituted cyclotribenzylenes) have already been used in supramolecular chemistry but mostly only as rigid scaffolds to attach other binding groups and not as binding pockets in themselves. For some examples see: a) C. J. Sumby, J. Fisher, T. J. Prioir, M. J. Hardie, Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 2945-2959:
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33845799954
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A related receptor derived from simple phenylalanine instead of this unnatural cyclotribenzylene amino acid had already been studied in the past but failed to show efficient and selective dipeptide binding in aqueous solvents: C. Schmuck, W. Wienand, unpublished results
-
A related receptor derived from simple phenylalanine instead of this unnatural cyclotribenzylene amino acid had already been studied in the past but failed to show efficient and selective dipeptide binding in aqueous solvents: C. Schmuck, W. Wienand, unpublished results.
-
-
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68
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For the iodocyclotribenzylene 3 we did not observe any coalescence due to ring flip in the NMR up to a temperature of 120 °C. For data on the conformational behavior of cyclotriveratrylenes and the unsubstituted parent hydrocarbon see also: T. Sato, K. Uno, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1973, 895-900.
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note
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-3 M.
-
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75
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33845789322
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-
note
-
To avoid detection of the Raman band of water the spectra were recorded with use of synchronous wavelength screening with a Δλ of 20 nm between excitation and emission.
-
-
-
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76
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33845797198
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note
-
Titrations were carried out in a pH range from 5.77 to 6.29 to ensure that the acyl guanidine is fully protonated while the dipeptide is still deprotonated. In this range we did not observe any variation in the association constant K as a function of pH for different titrations with the same substrate.
-
-
-
-
78
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33845740401
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note
-
Other solvents such as methanol, in which the receptor is more readily soluble, are not reasonable here as they would drastically reduce the importance of hydrophobic interactions between the cyclotribenzylene moiety and the dipeptide, thereby destroying any substrate selectivity.
-
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79
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