Type-2 diabetes: A cocktail of genetic discovery

Human Molecular Genetics

Volumn 15, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2006, Pages

  Freeman, H ^a   Cox, R D ^a  

^a MRC MAMMALIAN GENETICS UNIT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALPAIN 10; GENE PRODUCT; HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1BETA; INSULIN; INWARDLY RECTIFYING POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KIR6.2; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PROTEIN ENPP1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 7 LIKE 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

DISEASE MODEL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; POPULATION GENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ANIMALS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; GENETICS, POPULATION; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MALE; MICE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, GENETIC; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 33748997922     PISSN: 09646906     EISSN: 14602083     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl191     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Rosenbloom, A.L., Joe, J.R., Young, R.S. and Winter, W.E. (1999) Emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in youth. Diab. Care, 22, 345-354.
2. http://www.diabetes.org.uk/infocentre/reports/in_the_UK_2004.doc.
3. Brownlee, M. (2001) Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature, 414, 813-820.
4. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. (1998) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet, 352, 837-853.
5. Gottlieb, M.S. (1980) Diabetes in offspring and siblings of juvenile- and maturity-onset-type diabetics. J. Chronic Dis., 33, 331-339.
6. Zimmet, P., Taylor, R., Ram, P., King, H., Sloman, G., Raper, L.R. and Hunt, D. (1983) Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in the biracial (Melanesian and Indian) population of Fiji: A rural-urban comparison. Am. J. Epidemiol., 118, 673-688.
7. Knowler, W.C., Pettitt, D.J., Saad, M.F. and Bennett, P.H. (1990) Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: Incidence, risk factors and pathogenesis. Diab. Metab. Rev., 6, 1-27.
8. Stern, M.P. and O'Connell, P. (1999) Type 2 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK, pp. 39-60.
9. Barnett, A.H., Eff, C., Leslie, R.D. and Pyke, D.A. (1981) Diabetes in identical twins. A study of 200 pairs. Diabetologia, 20, 87-93.
10. Newman, B., Selby, J.V., King, M.C., Slemenda, C., Fabsitz, R. and Friedman, G.D. (1987) Concordance for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in male twins. Diabetologia, 30, 763-768.
11. Florez, J.C., Hirschhorn, J. and Altshuler, D. (2003) The inherited basis of diabetes mellitus: Implications for the genetic analysis of complex traits. Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet., 4, 257-291.
12. Grant, S.F., Thorleifsson, G., Reynisdottir, I., Benediktsson, R., Manolescu, A., Sainz, J., Helgason, A., Stefansson, H., Emilsson, V., Helgadottir, A. et al. (2006) Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat. Genet., 38, 320-323.
13. Horikawa, Y., Oda, N., Cox, N.J., Li, X., Orho-Melander, M., Hara, M., Hinokio, Y., Lindner, T.H., Mashima, H., Schwarz, P.E. et al. (2000) Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat. Genet., 26, 163-175.
14. Turner, M.D., Cassell, P.G. and Hitman, G.A. (2005) Calpain-10: From genome search to function. Diab. Metab. Res. Rev., 21, 505-514.
15. Cox, N.J., Hayes, M.G., Roe, C.A., Tsuchiya, T. and Bell, G.I. (2004) Linkage of calpain 10 to type 2 diabetes: The biological rationale. Diabetes, 53(Suppl. 1), S19-S25.
16. McCarthy, M.I. (2004) Progress in defining the molecular basis of type 2 diabetes mellitus through susceptibility-gene identification. Hum. Mol. Genet., 13(Spec no. 1), R33-R41.
17. Barroso, I. (2005) Genetics of type 2 diabetes. Diab. Med., 22, 517-535.
18. Gloyn, A.L. (2003) The search for type 2 diabetes genes. Ageing Res. Rev., 2, 111-127.
19. Barroso, I., Luan, J., Sandhu, M.S., Franks, P.W., Crowley, V., Schafer, A.J., O'Rahilly, S. and Wareham, N.J. (2006) Meta-analysis of the Gly482Ser variant in PPARGC1A in type 2 diabetes and related phenotypes. Diabetologia, 49, 501-505.
20. Schwanstecher, C. and Schwanstecher, M. (2002) Nucleotide sensitivity of pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium channels and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 51(Suppl. 3), S358-S362.
21. Altshuler, D., Hirschhorn, J.N., Klannemark, M., Lindgren, C.M., Vohl, M.C., Nemesh, J., Lane, C.R., Schaffner, S.F., Bolk, S., Brewer, C. et al. (2000) The common PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat. Genet., 26, 76-80.
22. Hara, K., Horikoshi, M., Kitazato, H., Ito, C., Noda, M., Ohashi, J., Froguel, P., Tokunaga, K., Tobe, K., Nagai, R. et al. (2006) Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha P2 promoter haplotypes are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. Diabetes, 55, 1260-1264.
23. Love-Gregory, L.D., Wasson, J., Ma, J., Jin, C.H., Glaser, B., Suarez, B.K. and Permutt, M.A. (2004) A common polymorphism in the upstream promoter region of the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha gene on chromosome 20q is associated with type 2 diabetes and appears to contribute to the evidence for linkage in an Ashkenazi Jewish population. Diabetes, 53, 1134-1140.
24. Silander, K., Mohlke, K.L., Scott, L.J., Peck, E.C., Hollstein, P., Skol, A.D., Jackson, A.U., Deloukas, P., Hunt, S., Stavrides, G. et al. (2004) Genetic variation near the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha gene predicts susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 53, 1141-1149.
25. Damcott, C.M., Hoppman, N., Ott, S.H., Reinhart, L.J., Wang, J., Pollin, T.I., O'Connell, J.R., Mitchell, B.D. and Shuldiner, A.R. (2004) Polymorphisms in both promoters of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Amish. Diabetes, 53, 3337-3341.
26. Lyssenkko, V., Almgren, P., Anevski, D., Orho-Melander, M., Sjogren, M., Saloranta, C., Tuomi, T., Groop, L. and The Botnia Study Group (2005) Genetic prediction of future type 2 diabetes. PLoS Med., 2, e345.
27. Reynisdottir, I., Thorleifsson, G., Benediktsson, R., Sigurdsson, G., Emilsson, V., Einarsdottir, A.S., Hjorleifsdottir, E.E., Orlygsdottir, G.T., Bjornsdottir, G.T., Saemundsdottir, J. et al. (2003) Localization of a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes to chromosome 5q34-q35.2. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 73, 323-335.
28. Duggirala, R., Blangero, J., Almasy, L., Dyer, T.D., Williams, K.L., Leach, R.J., O'Connell, P. and Stern, M.P. (1999) Linkage of type 2 diabetes mellitus and of age at onset to a genetic location on chromosome 10q in Mexican Americans. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 64, 1127-1140.
29. Nakae, J., Biggs, W.H. III, Kitamura, T., Cavenee, W.K., Wright, C.V., Arden, K.C. and Accili, D. (2002) Regulation of insulin action and pancreatic beta-cell function by mutated alleles of the gene encoding forkhead transcription factor Foxo1. Nat. Genet., 32, 245-253.
30. Wolfrum, C., Asilmaz, E., Luca, E., Friedman, J.M. and Stoffel, M. (2004) Foxa2 regulates lipid metabolism and ketogenesis in the liver during fasting and in diabetes. Nature, 432, 1027-1032.
31. Korinek, V., Barker, N., Moerer, P., van Donselaar, E., Huls, G., Peters, P.J. and Clevers, H. (1998) Depletion of epithelial stem-cell compartments in the small intestine of mice lacking Tcf-4. Nat. Genet., 19, 379-383.
32. Wong, N.A. and Pignatelli, M. (2002) Beta-catenin-a linchpin in colorectal carcinogenesis? Am. J. Pathol., 160, 389-401.
33. Lepourcelet, M., Chen, Y.N., France, D.S., Wang, H., Crews, P., Petersen, F., Bruseo, C., Wood, A.W. and Shivdasani, R.A. (2004) Small-molecule antagonists of the oncogenic Tcf/beta-catenin protein complex. Cancer Cell, 5, 91-102.
34. Yi, F., Brubaker, P.L. and Jin, T. (2005) TCF-4 mediates cell type-specific regulation of proglucagon gene expression by beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 1457-1464.
35. Meyre, D., Bouatia-Naji, N., Tounian, A., Samson, C., Lecoeur, C., Vatin, V., Ghoussaini, M., Wachter, C., Hercberg, S., Charpentier, G. et al. (2005) Variants of ENPP1 are associated with childhood and adult obesity and increase the risk of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. Nat. Genet., 37, 863-867.
36. Meyre, D., Lecoeur, C., Delplanque, J., Francke, S., Vatin, V., Durand, E., Weill, J., Dina, C. and Froguel, P. (2004) A genome-wide scan for childhood obesity-associated traits in French families shows significant linkage on chromosome 6q22.31-q23.2. Diabetes, 53, 803-811.
37. Ghosh, S., Watanabe, R.M., Valle, T.T., Hauser, E.R., Magnuson, V.L., Langefeld, C.D., Ally, D.S., Mohlke, K.L., Silander, K., Kohtamaki, K. et al. (2000) The Finland-United States investigation of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus genetics (FUSION) study. I. An autosomal genome scan for genes that predispose to type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 67, 1174-1185.
38. Xiang, K., Wang, Y., Zheng, T., Jia, W., Li, J., Chen, L., Shen, K., Wu, S., Lin, X., Zhang, G. et al. (2004) Genome-wide search for type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose homeostasis susceptibility genes in the Chinese: Significant linkage to chromosome 6q21-q23 and chromosome 1q21-q24. Diabetes, 53, 228-234.
39. Ehm, M.G., Karnoub, M.C., Sakul, H., Gottschalk, K., Holt, D.C., Weber, J.L., Vaske, D., Briley, D., Briley, L., Kopf, J. et al. (2000) Genome-wide search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in four American populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 66, 1871-1881.
40. Duggirala, R., Blangero, J., Almasy, L., Arya, R., Dyer, T.D., Williams, K.L., Leach, R.J., O'Connell, P. and Stern, M.P. (2001) A major locus for fasting insulin concentrations and insulin resistance on chromosome 6q with strong pleiotropic effects on obesity-related phenotypes in non-diabetic Mexican Americans. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 68, 1149-1164.
41. Atwood, L.D., Heard-Costa, N.L., Cupples, L.A., Jaquish, C.E., Wilson, P.W. and D'Agostino, R.B. (2002) Genome-wide linkage analysis of body mass index across 28 years of the Framingham Heart Study. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 71, 1044-1050.
42. Abney, M., Ober, C. and McPeek, M.S. (2002) Quantitative-trait homozygosity and association mapping and empirical genomewide significance in large, complex pedigrees: Fasting serum-insulin level in the Hutterites. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 70, 920-934.
43. Demenais, F., Kanninen, T., Lindgren, C.M., Wiltshire, S., Gaget, S., Dandrieux, C., Almgren, P., Sjogren, M., Hattersley, A., Dina, C. et al. (2003) A meta-analysis of four European genome screens (GIFT Consortium) shows evidence for a novel region on chromosome 17p11.2-q22 linked to type 2 diabetes. Hum. Mol. Genet., 12, 1865-1873.
44. Maddux, B.A., Sbraccia, P., Kumakura, S., Sasson, S., Youngren, J., Fisher, A., Spencer, S., Grupe, A., Henzel, W., Stewart, T.A. et al. (1995) Membrane glycoprotein PC-1 and insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature, 373, 448-451.
45. Pizzuti, A., Frittitta, L., Argiolas, A., Baratta, R., Goldfine, I.D., Bozzali, M., Ercolino, T., Scarlato, G., Iacoviello, L., Vigneri, R. et al. (1999) A polymorphism (K121Q) of the human glycoprotein PC-1 gene coding region is strongly associated with insulin resistance. Diabetes, 48, 1881-1884.
46. Bacci, S., Ludovico, O., Prudente, S., Zhang, Y.Y., Di Paola, R., Mangiacotti, D., Rauseo, A., Nolan, D., Duffy, J., Fini, G. et al. (2005) The K121Q polymorphism of the ENPP1/PC-1 gene is associated with insulin resistance/atherogenic phenotypes, including earlier onset of type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction. Diabetes, 54, 3021-3025.
47. Abate, N., Chandalia, M., Satija, P., Adams-Huet, B., Grundy, S.M., Sandeep, S., Radha, V., Deepa, R. and Mohan, V. (2005) ENPP1/PC-1 K121Q polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 54, 1207-1213.
48. Abate, N., Carulli, L., Cabo-Chan, A., Jr., Chandalia, M., Snell, P.G. and Grundy, S.M. (2003) Genetic polymorphism PC-1 K121Q and ethnic susceptibility to insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88, 5927-5934.
49. Keshavarz, P., Inoue, H., Sakamoto, Y., Kunika, K., Tanahashi, T., Nakamura, N., Yoshikawa, T., Yasui, N., Shiota, H. and Itakura, M. (2006) No evidence for association of the ENPP1 (PC-1) K121Q variant with risk of type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population. J. Hum. Genet., 51, 559-566.
50. Kubaszek, A., Markkanen, A., Eriksson, J.G., Forsen, T., Osmond, C., Barker, D.J. and Laakso, M. (2004) The association of the K121Q polymorphism of the plasma cell glycoprotein-1 gene with type 2 diabetes and hypertension depends on size at birth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89, 2044-2047.
51. Gu, H.F., Almgren, P., Lindholm, E., Frittitta, L., Pizzuti, A., Trischitta, V. and Groop, L.C. (2000) Association between the human glycoprotein PC-1 gene and elevated glucose and insulin levels in a paired-sibling analysis. Diabetes, 49, 1601-1603.
52. Rasmussen, S.K., Urhammer, S.A., Pizzuti, A., Echwald, S.M., Ekstrom, C.T., Hansen, L., Hansen, T., Borch-Johnsen, K., Frittitta, L., Trischitta, V. et al. (2000) The K121Q variant of the human PC-1 gene is not associated with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes among Danish Caucasians. Diabetes, 49, 1608-1611.
53. Yang, Q., Graham, T.E., Mody, N., Preitner, F., Peroni, O.D., Zabolotny, J.M., Kotani, K., Quadro, L. and Kahn, B.B. (2005) Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature, 436, 356-362.
54. Halaas, J.L., Gajiwala, K.S., Maffei, M., Cohen, S.L., Chait, B.T., Rabinowitz, D., Lallone, R.L., Burley, S.K. and Friedman, J.M. (1995) Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science, 269, 543-546.
55. Mora, S. and Pessin, J.E. (2002) An adipocentric view of signaling and intracellular trafficking. Diab. Metab. Res. Rev., 18, 345-356.
56. Kahn, B.B. (1994) Dietary regulation of glucose transporter gene expression: Tissue specific effects in adipose cells and muscle. J. Nutr., 124, 1289S-1295S.
57. Abel, E.D., Peroni, O., Kim, J.K., Kim, Y.B., Boss, O., Hadro, E., Minnemann, T., Shulman, G.I. and Kahn, B.B. (2001) Adipose-selective targeting of the GLUT4 gene impairs insulin action in muscle and liver. Nature, 409, 729-733.
58. Chambon, P. (1996) A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. FASEB J., 10, 940-954.
59. Sivaprasadarao, A. and Findlay, J.B. (1988) The interaction of retinol-binding protein with its plasma-membrane receptor. Biochem. J., 255, 561-569.
60. Graham, T.E., Yang, Q., Bluher, M., Hammarstedt, A., Ciaraldi, T.P., Henry, R.R., Wason, C.J., Oberbach, A., Jansson, P.A., Smith, U. et al. (2006) Retinol-binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in lean, obese, and diabetic subjects. N. Engl. J. Med., 354, 2552-2563.
61. Rodgers, J.T., Lerin, C., Haas, W., Gygi, S.P., Spiegelman, B.M. and Puigserver, P. (2005) Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of PGC-1alpha and SIRT1. Nature, 434, 113-118.
62. Moynihan, K.A., Grimm, A.A., Plueger, M.M., Bernal-Mizrachi, E., Ford, E., Cras-Meneur, C., Permutt, M.A. and Imai, S. (2005) Increased dosage of mammalian Sir2 in pancreatic beta cells enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice. Cell Metab., 2, 105-117.
63. Smith, J.S., Brachmann, C.B., Celic, I., Kenna, M.A., Muhammad, S., Starai, V.J., Avalos, J.L., Escalante-Semerena, J.C., Grubmeyer, C., Wolberger, C. et al. (2000) A phylogenetically conserved NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase activity in the Sir2 protein family. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 6658-6663.
64. Tissenbaum, H.A. and Guarente, L. (2001) Increased dosage of a sir-2 gene extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 410, 227-230.
65. Kaeberlein, M., McVey, M. and Guarente, L. (1999) The SIR2/3/4 complex and SIR2 alone promote longevity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two different mechanisms. Genes Dev., 13, 2570-2580.
66. Fulco, M., Schiltz, R.L., Iezzi, S., King, M.T., Zhao, P., Kashiwaya, Y., Hoffman, E., Veech, R.L. and Sartorelli, V. (2003) Sir2 regulates skeletal muscle differentiation as a potential sensor of the redox state. Mol. Cell., 12, 51-62.
67. Vaziri, H., Dessain, S.K., Ng Eaton, E., Imai, S.I., Frye, R.A., Pandita, T.K., Guarente, L. and Weinberg, R.A. (2001) hSIR2(SIRT1) functions as an NAD-dependent p53 deacetylase. Cell, 107, 149-159.
68. Motta, M.C., Divecha, N., Lemieux, M., Kamel, C., Chen, D., Gu, W., Bultsma, Y., McBurney, M. and Guarente, L. (2004) Mammalian SIRT1 represses forkhead transcription factors. Cell, 116, 551-563.
69. Luo, J., Nikolaev, A.Y., Imai, S., Chen, D., Su, F., Shiloh, A., Guarente, L. and Gu, W. (2001) Negative control of p53 by Sir2alpha promotes cell survival under stress. Cell, 107, 137-148.
70. Kitamura, Y.I., Kitamura, T., Kruse, J.P., Raum, J.C., Stein, R., Gu, W. and Accili, D. (2005) FoxO1 protects against pancreatic beta cell failure through NeuroD and MafA induction. Cell Metab., 2, 153-163.
71. Leibiger, I.B. and Berggren, P.O. (2005) A SIRTain role in pancreatic beta cell function. Cell Metab., 2, 80-82.
72. Martinez, S.C., Cras-Meneur, C., Bernal-Mizrachi, E. and Permutt, M.A. (2006) Glucose regulates Foxo1 through insulin receptor signaling in the pancreatic islet {beta}-cell. Diabetes, 55, 1581-1591.
73. Jensen, C.C., Cnop, M., Hull, R.L., Fujimoto, W.Y. and Kahn, S.E. (2002) Beta-cell function is a major contributor to oral glucose tolerance in high-risk relatives of four ethnic groups in the U.S. Diabetes, 51, 2170-2178.
74. Bell, G.I., Pilkis, S.J., Weber, I.T. and Polonsky, K.S. (1996) Glucokinase mutations, insulin secretion, and diabetes mellitus. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 58, 171-186.
75. Kahn, S.E. (2003) The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 46, 3-19.
76. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group. (1995) U.K. prospective diabetes study 16. Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: A progressive disease. Diabetes, 44, 1249-1258.
77. Maechler, P. and Wollheim, C.B. (2001) Mitochondrial function in normal and diabetic beta-cells. Nature, 414, 807-812.
78. Kayo, T., Fujita, H., Nozaki, J.,E.X. and Koizumi, A. (2000) Identification of two chromosomal loci determining glucose intolerance in a C57BL/6 mouse strain. Comp. Med., 50, 296-302.
79. Kooptiwut, S., Zraika, S., Thorburn, A.W., Dunlop, M.E., Darwiche, R., Kay, T.W., Proietto, J. and Andrikopoulos, S. (2002) Comparison of insulin secretory function in two mouse models with different susceptibility to beta-cell failure. Endocrinology, 143, 2085-2092.
80. Kaku, K., Fiedorek, F.T., Jr., Province, M. and Permutt, M.A. (1988) Genetic analysis of glucose tolerance in inbred mouse strains. Evidence for polygenic control. Diabetes, 37, 707-713.
81. Toye, A.A., Lippiat, J.D., Proks, P., Shimomura, K., Bentley, L., Hugill, A., Mijat, V., Goldsworthy, M., Moir, L., Haynes, A. et al. (2005) A genetic and physiological study of impaired glucose homeostasis control in C57BL/6J mice. Diabetologia, 48, 675-686.
82. Rossmeisl, M., Rim, J.S., Koza, R.A. and Kozak, L.P. (2003) Variation in type 2 diabetes-related traits in mouse strains susceptible to diet-induced obesity. Diabetes, 52, 1958-1966.
83. Freeman, H.C., Hugill, A., Dear, N.T., Ashcroft, F.M. and Cox, R.D. (2006) Deletion of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase: A new quantitive trait locus accounting for glucose intolerance in C57BL/6J mice. Diabetes, 55, 2153-2156.
84. Hoek, J.B. and Rydstrom, J. (1988) Physiological roles of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase. Biochem. J., 254, 1-10.
85. Freeman, H., Shimomura, K., Horner, E., Cox, R.D. and Ashcroft, F.M. (2006) Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase: A key role in insulin secretion. Cell Metab., 3, 35-45.
86. Pocai, A., Lam, T.K., Gutierrez-Juarez, R., Obici, S., Schwartz, G.J., Bryan, J., Aguilar-Bryan, L. and Rossetti, L. (2005) Hypothalamic K(ATP) channels control hepatic glucose production. Nature, 434, 1026-1031.
87. Gunton, J.E., Kulkarni, R.N., Yim, S., Okada, T., Hawthorne, W.J., Tseng, Y.H., Roberson, R.S., Ricordi, C., O'Connell, P.J., Gonzalez, F.J. et al. (2005) Loss of ARNT/HIF1beta mediates altered gene expression and pancreatic-islet dysfunction in human type 2 diabetes. Cell, 122, 337-349.
88. Poy, M.N., Eliasson, L., Krutzfeldt, J., Kuwajima, S., Ma, X., Macdonald, P.E., Pfeffer, S., Tuschl, T., Rajewsky, N., Rorsman, P. et al. (2004) A pancreatic islet-specific microRNA regulates insulin secretion. Nature, 432, 226-230.
89. Ashcroft, F. and Rorsman, P. (2004) Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Not quite exciting enough? Hum. Mol. Genet., 13(Spec no. 1), R21-R31.
90. Ashcroft, F.M. and Rorsman, P. (1989) Electrophysiology of the pancreatic beta-cell. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 54, 87-143.